101
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Suzuki T, Sobu Y, Hata S. γ-Secretase structure and activity are modified by alterations in its membrane localization and ambient environment. J Biochem 2021; 171:253-256. [PMID: 34865063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase cleaves type I transmembrane proteins in a hydrophobic membrane environment following ectodomain shedding. Mutations in PSEN genes, encoding the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, presenilins, are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathogenic mutations in PSEN genes increase production of longer and neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) by intramembrane cleavage of membrane-associated amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) carboxy-terminal fragment β (APP CTFβ), which is generated via primary cleavage of APP by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1. The longer Aβ is prone to aggregate and accumulate in the brain, however, the accumulation of Aβ in brain is also a pathological feature of sporadic AD. Increased pathogenic Aβ generation, even in the absence of pathogenic PSEN gene mutations, is one of proposed mechanisms for sporadic AD pathogenesis. γ-Secretase digests substrates in the transmembrane region, generating Aβ peptide intermediates of various lengths. The end-products, shorter Aβ40 and Aβ38 peptides, are less neurotoxic, whereas PSEN gene mutations increase the production ratio of longer, neurotoxic Aβ species such as Aβ42, an intermediate in Aβ38 production. γ-Secretase activity or structures is altered because of its aberrant membrane localization or changes in the ambient environment such as luminal acidification. Interestingly, γ-secretase has a pH sensor in presenilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Suzuki
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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102
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Pugazhendhi A, Suganthy N, Chau TP, Sharma A, Unpaprom Y, Ramaraj R, Karuppusamy I, Brindhadevi K. Cannabinoids as anticancer and neuroprotective drugs: Structural insights and pharmacological interactions—A review. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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103
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Li Y, Laws SM, Miles LA, Wiley JS, Huang X, Masters CL, Gu BJ. Genomics of Alzheimer's disease implicates the innate and adaptive immune systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7397-7426. [PMID: 34708251 PMCID: PMC11073066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterised by cognitive impairment, behavioural alteration, and functional decline. Over 130 AD-associated susceptibility loci have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), while whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) studies have identified AD-associated rare variants. These variants are enriched in APOE, TREM2, CR1, CD33, CLU, BIN1, CD2AP, PILRA, SCIMP, PICALM, SORL1, SPI1, RIN3, and more genes. Given that aging is the single largest risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), the accumulation of somatic mutations in the brain and blood of AD patients have also been explored. Collectively, these genetic findings implicate the role of innate and adaptive immunity in LOAD pathogenesis and suggest that a systemic failure of cell-mediated amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance contributes to AD onset and progression. AD-associated variants are particularly enriched in myeloid-specific regulatory regions, implying that AD risk variants are likely to perturbate the expression of myeloid-specific AD-associated genes to interfere Aβ clearance. Defective phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy may drive Aβ accumulation, which may be related to naturally-occurring antibodies to Aβ (Nabs-Aβ) produced by adaptive responses. Passive immunisation is providing efficiency in clearing Aβ and slowing cognitive decline, such as aducanumab, donanemab, and lecanemab (ban2401). Causation of AD by impairment of the innate immunity and treatment using the tools of adaptive immunity is emerging as a new paradigm for AD, but immunotherapy that boosts the innate immune functions of myeloid cells is highly expected to modulate disease progression at asymptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Luke A Miles
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Huang
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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104
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Matuszyk MM, Garwood CJ, Ferraiuolo L, Simpson JE, Staniforth RA, Wharton SB. Biological and methodological complexities of beta-amyloid peptide: Implications for Alzheimer's disease research. J Neurochem 2021; 160:434-453. [PMID: 34767256 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controversial, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains central to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field and posits amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the central factor initiating disease onset. In recent years, there has been an increase in emphasis on studying the role of low molecular weight aggregates, such as oligomers, which are suggested to be more neurotoxic than fibrillary Aβ. Other Aβ isoforms, such as truncated Aβ, have also been implicated in disease. However, developing a clear understanding of AD pathogenesis has been hampered by the complexity of Aβ biochemistry in vitro and in vivo. This review explores factors contributing to the lack of consistency in experimental approaches taken to model Aβ aggregation and toxicity and provides an overview of the different techniques available to analyse Aβ, such as electron and atomic force microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dye-based assays, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE. The review also explores how different types of Aβ can influence Aβ aggregation and toxicity, leading to variation in experimental outcomes, further highlighting the need for standardisation in Aβ preparations and methods used in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna M Matuszyk
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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105
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Behl T, Arora A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Mostafavi E. Molecular and Biochemical Pathways Encompassing Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:542-556. [PMID: 34758720 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211110115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder that has now emerged as an epidemic, and it affects the brain through an array of pathways. Diabetes mellitus patients can develop pathological changes in the brain, which eventually take the shape of mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer's Disease. A number of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate this fact, and it comes out to be those molecular pathways such as amyloidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling are identical in diabetes mellitus and dementia. However, the critical player involved in the vicious cycle of diabetes mellitus and dementia is insulin, whose signaling, when impaired in diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and 2), leads to a decline in cognition, although other pathways are also essential contributors. Moreover, it is not only that diabetes mellitus patients indicate cognitive decline at a later stage; many Alzheimer's Disease patients also reflect symptoms of diabetes mellitus, thus creating a vicious cycle inculcating a web of complex molecular mechanisms and hence categorizing Alzheimer's Disease as 'brain diabetes'. Thus, it is practical to suggest that anti-diabetic drugs are beneficial in Alzheimer's Disease; but only smaller trials, not the larger ones, have showcased positive outcomes mainly because of the late onset of therapy. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop more of such molecules that target insulin in dementia patients along with such methods that diagnose impaired insulin signaling and the associated cognitive decline so that early therapy may be initiated and the progression of the disease be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Arpita Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana. India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa. Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. United States
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106
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Baldinotti R, Fronza MG, Fetter J, Silva L, Bender CB, Lüdtke DS, Seixas FK, Collares T, Alves D, Savegnago L. Protective effects of octylseleno-xylofuranoside in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174499. [PMID: 34508753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Octylseleno-xylofuranoside (OSX) is an organic selenium compound which has previously shown antioxidant and antidepressant-like activities, trough the modulation of monoaminergic system and synaptic plasticity pathways. Since recent studies have suggested Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a potential risk factor or condition that precedes and correlates with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), this study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of OSX in an AD mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). To address this protective effect, mice were pre-treated with intragastrical OSX (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle for 20 days. After the pre-treatment, mice were submitted to two alternated intracerebroventricular infusions of STZ (days 21 and 23) or saline. 15 days after the last STZ injection, cognitive and memory skills of the treated mice were evaluated on object recognition test, Y-maze, stepdown passive avoidance and social recognition paradigms. Added to that, measurements of oxidative stress markers and gene expression were evaluated in brain samples of the same mice groups. Mice pre-treatment with OSX protected mice from cognitive and memory decline elicited by STZ. This effect was attributed to the prevention of lipid peroxidation and modulation of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities in cerebral cortices and hippocampi by OSX treatment. Furthermore, OSX treatment demonstrated reduction of amyloidogenic pathway genes expression when compared to the control groups. Besides that, OSX treatment showed no hepatic and renal toxicity in the protocol used for treatment. Considering the antidepressant-like effect of OSX, together with the ability to prevent memory and cognitive impairment, this new compound may be an interesting strategy for targeting the comorbidity between MDD and AD, in a multitarget drug paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Baldinotti
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Fetter
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Silva
- Chemical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonemann Bender
- Technological Development Center, Division of Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Seibert Lüdtke
- Chemical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Technological Development Center, Division of Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Technological Development Center, Division of Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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107
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Rimal S, Li Y, Vartak R, Geng J, Tantray I, Li S, Huh S, Vogel H, Glabe C, Grinberg LT, Spina S, Seeley WW, Guo S, Lu B. Inefficient quality control of ribosome stalling during APP synthesis generates CAT-tailed species that precipitate hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:169. [PMID: 34663454 PMCID: PMC8522249 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism is central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but the key etiological driver remains elusive. Recent failures of clinical trials targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, the proteolytic fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that are the main component of amyloid plaques, suggest that the proteostasis-disrupting, key pathogenic species remain to be identified. Previous studies suggest that APP C-terminal fragment (APP.C99) can cause disease in an Aβ-independent manner. The mechanism of APP.C99 pathogenesis is incompletely understood. We used Drosophila models expressing APP.C99 with the native ER-targeting signal of human APP, expressing full-length human APP only, or co-expressing full-length human APP and β-secretase (BACE), to investigate mechanisms of APP.C99 pathogenesis. Key findings are validated in mammalian cell culture models, mouse 5xFAD model, and postmortem AD patient brain materials. We find that ribosomes stall at the ER membrane during co-translational translocation of APP.C99, activating ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) to resolve ribosome collision and stalled translation. Stalled APP.C99 species with C-terminal extensions (CAT-tails) resulting from inadequate RQC are prone to aggregation, causing endolysosomal and autophagy defects and seeding the aggregation of amyloid β peptides, the main component of amyloid plaques. Genetically removing stalled and CAT-tailed APP.C99 rescued proteostasis failure, endolysosomal/autophagy dysfunction, neuromuscular degeneration, and cognitive deficits in AD models. Our finding of RQC factor deposition at the core of amyloid plaques from AD brains further supports the central role of defective RQC of ribosome collision and stalled translation in AD pathogenesis. These findings demonstrate that amyloid plaque formation is the consequence and manifestation of a deeper level proteostasis failure caused by inadequate RQC of translational stalling and the resultant aberrantly modified APP.C99 species, previously unrecognized etiological drivers of AD and newly discovered therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Rimal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rasika Vartak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ji Geng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ishaq Tantray
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sungun Huh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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108
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Kaldun JC, Lone SR, Humbert Camps AM, Fritsch C, Widmer YF, Stein JV, Tomchik SM, Sprecher SG. Dopamine, sleep, and neuronal excitability modulate amyloid-β-mediated forgetting in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001412. [PMID: 34613972 PMCID: PMC8523056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the main causes of age-related dementia and neurodegeneration. However, the onset of the disease and the mechanisms causing cognitive defects are not well understood. Aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides is a pathological hallmark of AD and is assumed to be a central component of the molecular disease pathways. Pan-neuronal expression of Aβ42Arctic peptides in Drosophila melanogaster results in learning and memory defects. Surprisingly, targeted expression to the mushroom bodies, a center for olfactory memories in the fly brain, does not interfere with learning but accelerates forgetting. We show here that reducing neuronal excitability either by feeding Levetiracetam or silencing of neurons in the involved circuitry ameliorates the phenotype. Furthermore, inhibition of the Rac-regulated forgetting pathway could rescue the Aβ42Arctic-mediated accelerated forgetting phenotype. Similar effects are achieved by increasing sleep, a critical regulator of neuronal homeostasis. Our results provide a functional framework connecting forgetting signaling and sleep, which are critical for regulating neuronal excitability and homeostasis and are therefore a promising mechanism to modulate forgetting caused by toxic Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer C. Kaldun
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shahnaz R. Lone
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Cornelia Fritsch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves F. Widmer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Seth M. Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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109
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IKK2/NF-κB Activation in Astrocytes Reduces amyloid β Deposition: A Process Associated with Specific Microglia Polarization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102669. [PMID: 34685649 PMCID: PMC8534251 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by pronounced neuroinflammatory responses mainly characterized by marked microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, it remains open as to how different aspects of astrocytic and microglial activation affect disease progression. Previously, we found that microglia expansion in the spinal cord, initiated by IKK2/NF-κB activation in astrocytes, exhibits stage-dependent beneficial effects on the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we investigated the impact of NF-κB-initiated neuroinflammation on AD pathogenesis using the APP23 mouse model of AD in combination with conditional activation of IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes. We show that NF-κB activation in astrocytes triggers a distinct neuroinflammatory response characterized by striking astrogliosis as well as prominent microglial reactivity. Immunohistochemistry and Congo red staining revealed an overall reduction in the size and number of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Interestingly, isolated primary astrocytes and microglia cells exhibit specific marker gene profiles which, in the case of microglia, point to an enhanced plaque clearance capacity. In contrast, direct IKK2/NF-κB activation in microglia results in a pro-inflammatory polarization program. Our findings suggest that IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes may activate paracrine mechanisms acting on microglia function but also on APP processing in neurons.
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110
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Song XJ, Zhou HY, Sun YY, Huang HC. Phosphorylation and Glycosylation of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor: The Relationship to Trafficking and Cleavage in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:937-957. [PMID: 34602469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the central nervous system, and this disease is characterized by extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques, and this peptide is derived from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) through the successive cleaving by β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. AβPP undergoes the progress of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which might affect the trafficking and the cleavage of AβPP. In the recent years, about 10 phosphorylation sites of AβPP were identified, and they play complex roles in glycosylation modification and cleavage of AβPP. In this article, we introduced the transport and the cleavage pathways of AβPP, then summarized the phosphorylation and glycosylation sites of AβPP, and further discussed the links and relationship between phosphorylation and glycosylation on the pathways of AβPP trafficking and cleavage in order to provide theoretical basis for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Yan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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111
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Brodtmann A, Huq A. The Dose Makes the Poison. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e610. [PMID: 34514124 PMCID: PMC8428014 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brodtmann
- From the The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.B.), University of Melbourne; and Genomic Medicine (A.H.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aamira Huq
- From the The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.B.), University of Melbourne; and Genomic Medicine (A.H.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
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112
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Kuo CC, Chiang AWT, Baghdassarian HM, Lewis NE. Dysregulation of the secretory pathway connects Alzheimer's disease genetics to aggregate formation. Cell Syst 2021; 12:873-884.e4. [PMID: 34171228 PMCID: PMC8505362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) involve the aggregation of secreted proteins. However, it is largely unclear how secretory-pathway proteins contribute to amyloid formation. We developed a systems biology framework integrating expression data with protein-protein interaction networks to estimate a tissue's fitness for producing specific secreted proteins and analyzed the fitness of the secretory pathway of various brain regions and cell types for synthesizing the AD-associated amyloid precursor protein (APP). While key amyloidogenic pathway components were not differentially expressed in AD brains, we found Aβ deposition correlates with systemic down- and upregulation of the secretory-pathway components proximal to APP and amyloidogenic secretases, respectively, in AD. Our analyses suggest that perturbations from three AD risk loci cascade through the APP secretory-support network and into the endocytosis pathway, connecting amyloidogenesis to dysregulation of secretory-pathway components supporting APP and suggesting novel therapeutic targets for AD. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Kuo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Austin W T Chiang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hratch M Baghdassarian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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113
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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114
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Mencer S, Kartawy M, Lendenfeld F, Soluh H, Tripathi MK, Khaliulin I, Amal H. Proteomics of autism and Alzheimer's mouse models reveal common alterations in mTOR signaling pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 34535637 PMCID: PMC8448888 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two different neurological disorders that share common clinical features, such as language impairment, executive functions, and motor problems. A genetic convergence has been proposed as well. However, the molecular mechanisms of these pathologies are still not well understood. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated posttranslational modification, targets key proteins implicated in synaptic and neuronal functions. Previously, we have shown that NO and SNO are involved in the InsG3680(+/+) ASD and P301S AD mouse models. Here, we performed large-scale computational biology analysis of the SNO-proteome followed by biochemical validation to decipher the shared mechanisms between the pathologies. This analysis pointed to the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway as one of the shared molecular mechanisms. Activation of mTOR in the cortex of both mouse models was confirmed by western blots that showed increased phosphorylation of RPS6, a major substrate of mTORC1. Other molecular alterations affected by SNO and shared between the two mouse models, such as synaptic-associated processes, PKA signaling, and cytoskeleton-related processes were also detected. This is the first study to decipher the SNO-related shared mechanisms between SHANK3 and MAPT mutations. Understanding the involvement of SNO in neurological disorders and its intersection between ASD and AD might help developing an effective novel therapy for both neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Mencer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maryam Kartawy
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Felix Lendenfeld
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Huda Soluh
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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115
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Chee SEJ, Solito E. The Impact of Ageing on the CNS Immune Response in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738511. [PMID: 34603320 PMCID: PMC8484764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease strongly associated with increasing age. Neuroinflammation and the accumulation of amyloid protein are amongst the hallmarks of this disease and most translational research to date has focused on targeting these two processes. However, the exact etiology of AD remains to be fully elucidated. When compared alongside, the immune response in AD closely resembles the central nervous system (CNS) immune changes seen in elderly individuals. It is possible that AD is a pathological consequence of an aged immune system secondary to chronic stimulation by a previous or ongoing insult. Pathological changes like amyloid accumulation and neuronal cell death may reflect this process of immunosenescence as the CNS immune system fails to maintain homeostasis in the CNS. It is likely that future treatments designed to modulate the aged immune system may prove beneficial in altering the disease course. The development of new tests for appropriate biomarkers would also be essential in screening for patients most likely to benefit from such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan En Jie Chee
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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116
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Komaki K, Takano T, Sato Y, Asada A, Ikeda S, Yamada K, Wei R, Huo A, Fukuchi A, Saito T, Ando K, Murayama S, Araki W, Kametani F, Hasegawa M, Iwatsubo T, Tomomura M, Fukuda M, Hisanaga SI. Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1) regulates the endosomal localization of β-secretase BACE1. J Biochem 2021; 170:729-738. [PMID: 34523681 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1), previously called apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK), is an endosomal Ser/Thr kinase. We recently reported that LMTK1 regulates axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization and spine formation via Rab11-mediated vesicle transport. Rab11, a small GTPase regulating recycling endosome trafficking, is shown to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In fact, genome-wide association studies identified many proteins regulating vesicle transport as risk factors for LOAD. Furthermore, LMTK1 has been reported to be a risk factor for frontotemporal dementia. Then, we hypothesized that LMTK1 contributes to AD development through vesicle transport and examined the effect of LMTK1 on the cellular localization of AD-related proteins, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). The β-cleavage of APP by BACE1 is the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ generation. We found that LMTK1 accumulated BACE1, but not APP, to the perinuclear endosomal compartment, whereas the kinase-negative (kn) mutant of LMTK1A did not. The β-C-terminal fragment was prone to increase under overexpression of LMTK1A kn. Moreover, the expression level of LMTK1A was reduced in AD brains. These results suggest the possibility that LMTK1 is involved in AD development through the regulation of the proper endosomal localization of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shikito Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Anni Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Aoi Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Chiba 279-9950, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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117
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Shapira R, Gdalyahu A, Gottfried I, Sasson E, Hadanny A, Efrati S, Blinder P, Ashery U. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates vascular dysfunction and amyloid burden in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and in elderly patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20935-20961. [PMID: 34499614 PMCID: PMC8457592 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is entwined with aging and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and consequently, hypoxia. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is in clinical use for a wide range of medical conditions. In the current study, we exposed 5XFAD mice, a well-studied AD model that presents impaired cognitive abilities, to HBOT and then investigated the therapeutical effects using two-photon live animal imaging, behavioral tasks, and biochemical and histological analysis. HBOT increased arteriolar luminal diameter and elevated CBF, thus contributing to reduced hypoxia. Furthermore, HBOT reduced amyloid burden by reducing the volume of pre-existing plaques and attenuating the formation of new ones. This was associated with changes in amyloid precursor protein processing, elevated degradation and clearance of Aß protein and improved behavior of 5XFAD mice. Hence, our findings are consistent with the effects of HBOT being mediated partially through a persistent structural change in blood vessels that reduces brain hypoxia. Motivated by these findings, we exposed elderly patients with significant memory loss at baseline to HBOT and observed an increase in CBF and improvement in cognitive performances. This study demonstrates HBOT efficacy in hypoxia-related neurological conditions, particularly in AD and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Shapira
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Gdalyahu
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Gottfried
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Sasson
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Amir Hadanny
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Ashery
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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118
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Rangsinth P, Duangjan C, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Isidoro C, Prasansuklab A, Tencomnao T. Caesalpinia mimosoides Leaf Extract Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Inhibits BACE1 Activity in Mutant APP-Overexpressing Neuronal Neuro2a Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090901. [PMID: 34577601 PMCID: PMC8469274 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is implicated in the imbalance of several proteins, including Amyloid-β (Aβ), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and BACE1. APP overexpression interferes with neurite outgrowth, while BACE1 plays a role in Aβ generation. Medicinal herbs with effects on neurite outgrowth stimulation and BACE1 inhibition may benefit AD. This study aimed to investigate the neurite outgrowth stimulatory effect, along with BACE1 inhibition of Caesalpinia mimosoides (CM), using wild-type (Neuro2a) and APP (Swedish mutant)-overexpressing (Neuro2a/APPSwe) neurons. The methanol extract of CM leaves stimulated neurite outgrowth in wild-type and APP-overexpressing cells. After exposure to the extract, the mRNA expression of the neurite outgrowth activation genes growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and teneurin-4 (Ten-4) was increased in both Neuro2a and Neuro2a/APPSwe cells, while the mRNA expression of neurite outgrowth negative regulators Nogo receptor (NgR) and Lingo-1 was reduced. Additionally, the extract suppressed BACE1 activity in the APP-overexpressing neurons. Virtual screening demonstrated that quercetin-3′-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, clausarinol, and theogallin were possible inhibitors of BACE1. ADMET was analyzed to predict drug-likeness properties of CM-constituents. These results suggest that CM extract promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits BACE1 activity in APP-overexpressing neurons. Thus, CM may serve as a source of drugs for AD treatment. Additional studies for full identification of bioactive constituents and to confirm the neuritogenesis in vivo are needed for translation into clinic of the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Chatrawee Duangjan
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Anchalee Prasansuklab
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-2218-8048 (A.P.); +66-2218-1533 (T.T.)
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-2218-8048 (A.P.); +66-2218-1533 (T.T.)
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119
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Uddin MS, Yu WS, Lim LW. Exploring ER stress response in cellular aging and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101417. [PMID: 34339860 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One evident hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the irregular accumulation of proteins due to changes in proteostasis involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To alleviate ER stress and reinstate proteostasis, cells undergo an integrated signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR) that reduces the number of misfolded proteins and inhibits abnormal protein accumulation. Aging is associated with changes in the expression of ER chaperones and folding enzymes, leading to the impairment of proteostasis, and accumulation of misfolded proteins. The disrupted initiation of UPR prevents the elimination of unfolded proteins, leading to ER stress. In AD, the accumulation of misfolded proteins caused by sustained cellular stress leads to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Current research has revealed that ER stress can trigger an inflammatory response through diverse transducers of UPR. Although the involvement of a neuroinflammatory component in AD has been documented for decades, whether it is a contributing factor or part of the neurodegenerative events is so far unknown. Besides, a feedback loop occurs between neuroinflammation and ER stress, which is strongly associated with neurodegenerative processes in AD. In this review, we focus on the current research on ER stress and UPR in cellular aging and neuroinflammatory processes, leading to memory impairment and synapse dysfunction in AD.
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120
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Singh R, Kaur N, Dhingra N, Kaur T. Protein misfolding, ER Stress and Chaperones: An approach to develop chaperone-based therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Neurosci 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34402740 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1968859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder with complex etiology that eventually leads to dementia. The main culprit of AD is the extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The protein conformational change and protein misfolding are the key events of AD pathophysiology, therefore endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an apparent consequence. ER, stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) mediators (viz. PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) have been reported widely in the AD brain. Considering these factors, preventing proteins misfolding or aggregation of tau or amyloidogenic proteins appears to be the best approach to halt its pathogenesis. Therefore, therapies through chemical and pharmacological chaperones came to light as an alternative for the treatment of AD. Diverse studies have demonstrated 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) as a potential therapeutic agent in AD. The current review outlined the mechanism of protein misfolding, different etiological features behind the progression of AD, the significance of ER stress in AD, and the potential therapeutic role of different chaperones to counter AD. The study also highlights the gaps in current knowledge of the chaperones-based therapeutic approach and the possibility of developing chaperones as a potential therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimaljot Singh
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelima Dhingra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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121
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Hata S, Kano K, Kikuchi K, Kinoshita S, Sobu Y, Saito H, Saito T, Saido TC, Sano Y, Taru H, Aoki J, Komano H, Tomita T, Natori S, Suzuki T. Suppression of amyloid-β secretion from neurons by cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem 2021; 159:603-617. [PMID: 34379812 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two common conjugated linoleic acids (LAs), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA), exert various biological activities. However, the effect of CLA on the generation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) protein remains unclear. We found that c9,t11 CLA significantly suppressed the generation of Aβ in mouse neurons. CLA treatment did not affect the level of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a component of active γ-secretase complex presenilin 1 amino-terminal fragment, or Aβ protein precursor (APP) in cultured neurons. BACE1 and γ-secretase activities were not directly affected by c9,t11 CLA. Localization of BACE1 and APP in early endosomes increased in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA; concomitantly, the localization of both proteins was reduced in late endosomes, the predominant site of APP cleavage by BACE1. The level of CLA-containing phosphatidylcholine (CLA-PC) increased dramatically in neurons incubated with CLA. Incorporation of phospholipids containing c9,t11 CLA, but not t10,c12 CLA, into the membrane may affect the localization of some membrane-associated proteins in intracellular membrane compartments. Thus, in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA, reduced colocalization of APP with BACE1 in late endosomes may decrease APP cleavage by BACE1 and subsequent Aβ generation. Our findings suggest that accumulation of c9,t11 CLA-PC/LPC in neuronal membranes suppresses production of neurotoxic Aβ in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kikuchi
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroto Komano
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Division of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunji Natori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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122
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Ahmad SS, Younis K, Philippe J, Aschner M, Khan H. Strategic approaches to target the enzymes using natural compounds for the management of Alzheimer's disease: A review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:610-620. [PMID: 34382514 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210811160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. It is clinically characterized by memory loss and intellectual decrease, among other neurological deficits. The etiology of AD is not completely understood but includes amyloid plaques and intracellular helical filaments as well as neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also associated with alterations in amyloid processing genes, such as PSEN1 or PSEN2 and APP. The modulation immune system, cholesterol metabolism, and synaptic vesicle endocytosis have all been shown to remediate AD. In this review, enzymes such as AChE, BuChE, β-secretase, γ-secretase, MAO, and RAGE are discussed as potential targets for AD treatment. The aim of this review was to addresses the molecular mechanisms as well as various genetic factors in AD etiology. The use of natural compounds against these targets might be beneficial for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541. Korea
| | - Kaiser Younis
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow. India
| | - Jeandet Philippe
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461. United States
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200. Pakistan
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Huq AJ, Sexton A, Lacaze P, Masters CL, Storey E, Velakoulis D, James PA, Winship IM. Genetic testing in dementia-A medical genetics perspective. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1158-1170. [PMID: 33779003 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When a genetic cause is suspected in a person with dementia, it creates unique diagnostic and management challenges to the treating clinician. Many clinicians may be unaware of the practicalities surrounding genetic testing for their patients, such as when to test and what tests to use and how to counsel patients and their families. This review was conducted to provide guidance to clinicians caring for patients with dementia regarding clinically relevant genetics. METHODS We searched PubMed for studies that involved genetics of dementia up to March 2020. Patient file reviews were also conducted to create composite cases. RESULTS In addition to families where a strong Mendelian pattern of family history is seen, people with younger age of onset, especially before the age of 65 years were found to be at an increased risk of harbouring a genetic cause for their dementia. This review discusses some of the most common genetic syndromes, including Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, Parkinson disease dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies and some rarer types of genetic dementias, along with illustrative clinical case studies. This is followed by a brief review of the current genetic technologies and a discussion on the unique genetic counselling issues in dementia. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of genetic testing in the diagnostic pathway in some patients with dementia could potentially reduce the time taken to diagnose the cause of their dementia. Although a definite advantage as an addition to the diagnostic repository, genetic testing has many pros and cons which need to be carefully considered first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamira J Huq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne Sexton
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Neurosciences, The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Winship
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Godoy PA, Mennickent D, Cuchillo-Ibáñez I, Ramírez-Molina O, Silva-Grecchi T, Panes-Fernández J, Castro P, Sáez-Valero J, Fuentealba J. Increased P2×2 receptors induced by amyloid-β peptide participates in the neurotoxicity in alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111968. [PMID: 34343896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is tightly associated with the physiopathology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as one of the most important factors in the evolution of the pathology. In this context, we previously reported that Aβ increases the expression of ionotropic purinergic receptor 2 (P2×2R). However, its role on the cellular and molecular Aβ toxicity is unknown, especially in human brain of AD patients. Using cellular and molecular approaches in hippocampal neurons, PC12 cells, and human brain samples of patients with AD, we evaluated the participation of P2×2R in the physiopathology of AD. Here, we reported that Aβ oligomers (Aβo) increased P2×2 levels in mice hippocampal neurons, and that this receptor increases at late Braak stages of AD patients. Aβo also increases the colocalization of APP with Rab5, an early endosomes marker, and decreased the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of Fe65 and PGC-1α immunoreactivity. The overexpression in PC12 cells of P2×2a, but not P2×2b, replicated these changes in Fe65 and PGC-1α; however, both overexpressed isoforms increased levels of Aβ. Taken together, these data suggest that P2×2 is upregulated in AD and it could be a key potentiator of the physiopathology of Aβ. Our results point to a possible participation in a toxic cycle that increases Aβ production, Ca2+ overload, and a decrease of PGC-1α. These novel findings put the P2×2R as a key novel pharmacological target to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Godoy
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Mennickent
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibáñez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Oscar Ramírez-Molina
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tiare Silva-Grecchi
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jessica Panes-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Screening de Compuestos Neuroactivos, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas en Biomedicina (CIAB-UdeC), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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125
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Platelet APP Processing: Is It a Tool to Explore the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080750. [PMID: 34440494 PMCID: PMC8401829 DOI: 10.3390/life11080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical event in the formation of amyloid plaques. Platelets contain most of the enzymatic machinery required for APP processing and correlates of intracerebral abnormalities have been demonstrated in platelets of patients with AD. The goal of the present paper was to analyze studies exploring platelet APP metabolism in Alzheimer's disease patients trying to assess potential reliable peripheral biomarkers, to offer new therapeutic solutions and to understand the pathophysiology of the AD. According to the PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review through the PubMed database up to June 2020 with the search terms: "((((((APP) OR Amyloid Precursor Protein) OR AbetaPP) OR Beta Amyloid) OR Amyloid Beta) OR APP-processing) AND platelet". Thirty-two studies were included in this systematic review. The papers included are analytic observational studies, namely twenty-nine cross sectional studies and three longitudinal studies, specifically prospective cohort study. The studies converge in an almost unitary way in affirming that subjects with AD show changes in APP processing compared to healthy age-matched controls. However, the problem of the specificity and sensitivity of these biomarkers is still at issue and would deserve to be deepened in future studies.
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126
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CK1δ-Derived Peptides as Novel Tools Inhibiting the Interactions between CK1δ and APP695 to Modulate the Pathogenic Metabolism of APP. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126423. [PMID: 34203978 PMCID: PMC8232658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia, and affected individuals suffer from severe cognitive, mental, and functional impairment. Histologically, AD brains are basically characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Previous reports demonstrated that protein kinase CK1δ influences the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by inducing the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ), finally contributing to the formation of amyloid plaques and neuronal cell death. We therefore considered CK1δ as a promising therapeutic target and suggested an innovative strategy for the treatment of AD based on peptide therapeutics specifically modulating the interaction between CK1δ and APP. Initially, CK1δ-derived peptides manipulating the interactions between CK1δ and APP695 were identified by interaction and phosphorylation analysis in vitro. Selected peptides subsequently proved their potential to penetrate cells without inducing cytotoxic effects. Finally, for at least two of the tested CK1δ-derived peptides, a reduction in Aβ levels and amyloid plaque formation could be successfully demonstrated in a complex cell culture model for AD. Consequently, the presented results provide new insights into the interactions of CK1δ and APP695 while also serving as a promising starting point for further development of novel and highly innovative pharmacological tools for the treatment of AD.
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127
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Hata S, Hu A, Piao Y, Nakaya T, Taru H, Morishima-Kawashima M, Murayama S, Nishimura M, Suzuki T. Enhanced amyloid-β generation by γ-secretase complex in DRM microdomains with reduced cholesterol levels. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:382-393. [PMID: 31841137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of senile plaques that contain neurotoxic amyloid-β protein (Aβ) species, which are generated by the cleavage of amyloid β-protein precursor by secretases such as the γ-secretase complex, preferentially located in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) regions and comprising endoproteolysed amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments of presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 and presenilin enhancer 2. Whereas some of familial AD patients harbor causative PSEN mutations that lead to more generation of neurotoxic Aβ42, the contribution of Aβ generation to sporadic/late-onset AD remains unclear. We found that the carboxy-terminal fragment of presenilin 1 was redistributed from DRM regions to detergent-soluble membrane (non-DRM) regions in brain tissue samples from individuals with sporadic AD. DRM fractions from AD brain sample had the ability to generate significantly more Aβ and had a lower cholesterol content than DRM fractions from non-demented control subjects. We further demonstrated that lowering the cholesterol content of DRM regions from cultured cells contributed to the redistribution of γ-secretase components and Aβ production. Taken together, the present analyses suggest that the lowered cholesterol content in DRM regions may be a cause of sporadic/late-onset AD by enhancing overall Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yi Piao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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128
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Takada-Takatori Y. [Donepezil Reduces Amyloid Precursor Protein Endocytosis by Resulting from Increase in the Expression of Sorting Nexin Protein 33]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:851-856. [PMID: 34078793 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil, the most widely used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and is thought to improve cognition by stimulating cholinergic neurotransmission. However, no correlation has yet been established between the inhibitory role of AChE inhibitors and their therapeutic effects when used in AD patients. The cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP) includes amyloidgenic (β, γ-cleavage) and non-amyloidgenic (α-cleavage) pathways. The intracellular transportation of APP is important in determining these cleavage pathways. It has been suggested that sorting nexin (SNX) family proteins regulates the intracellular transport of APP, thereby enhancing α-cleavage. In this study, we examined the effects of donepezil on SNX33 expression changes and APP processing in primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons. While donepezil treatment increased the levels of SNX33 expression and soluble APPα (sAPPα) in culture media, no changes were observed regarding full-length APP expression in the cell lysate. Donepezil also reduced the release of amyloid β (Aβ) into culture media in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This reduction was not affected by acetylcholine receptor antagonists. The membrane surface expression of APP was elevated by donepezil. Furthermore, SNX knockdown by antisense morpholino oligos prevented the effects of donepezil. These results indicated that donepezil increased APP expression at the surface of the plasma membrane by decreasing APP endocytosis through upregulation of SNX33, suggesting donepezil might stimulate the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This new mechanism of action for the currently used anti-AD drug may provide a valuable basis for future drug discovery.
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129
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Wang L, Shen Q, Liao H, Fu H, Wang Q, Yu J, Zhang W, Chen C, Dong Y, Yang X, Guo Q, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang W, Lin H, Duan Y. Multi-Arm PEG/Peptidomimetic Conjugate Inhibitors of DR6/APP Interaction Block Hematogenous Tumor Cell Extravasation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2003558. [PMID: 34105277 PMCID: PMC8188212 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The binding of amyloid precursor protein (APP) expressed on tumor cells to death receptor 6 (DR6) could initiate the necroptosis pathway, which leads to necroptotic cell death of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and results in tumor cells (TCs) extravasation and metastasis. This study reports the first inhibitor of DR6/APP interaction as a novel class of anti-hematogenous metastatic agent. By rationally utilizing three combined strategies including selection based on phage display library, d-retro-inverso modification, and multiple conjugation of screened peptidomimetic with 4-arm PEG, the polymer-peptidomimetic conjugate PEG-tAHP-DRI (tetra-(D-retro-inverso isomer of AHP-12) substitued 4-arm PEG5k ) is obtained as the most promising agent with the strongest binding potency (KD = 51.12 × 10-9 m) and excellent pharmacokinetic properties. Importantly, PEG-tAHP-DRI provides efficient protection against TC-induced ECs necroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, this ligand exhibits prominent anti-hematogenous metastatic activity in serval different metastatic mouse models (B16F10, 4T1, CT26, and spontaneous lung metastasis of 4T1 orthotopic tumor model) and displays no apparent detrimental effects in preliminary safety evaluation. Collectively, this study demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting DR6/APP interaction to regulate hematogenous tumor cells transendothelial migration and provides PEG-tAHP-DRI as a novel and promising inhibitor of DR6/APP interaction for developments of anti-hematogenous metastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Hongze Liao
- Research Center for Marine DrugsState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesDepartment of PharmacyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Chuanrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Xupeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of PathophysiologyKey Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Center for Marine DrugsState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesDepartment of PharmacyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Houwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
- Research Center for Marine DrugsState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesDepartment of PharmacyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteSchool of Biomedical EngineeringRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Abdeen A, Ashraf GM, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Evidence Linking Protein Misfolding to Quality Control in Progressive Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2025-2043. [PMID: 32552649 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several proteolytic systems including ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperonemediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy are used by the mammalian cells to remove misfolded proteins (MPs). UPS mediates degradation of most of the MPs, where Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded, and passed through the proteasome's narrow chamber, and eventually break into smaller peptides. It has been observed that the substrates that show a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and go through CMA-mediated degradation in lysosomes. Macroautophagy can help in the degradation of substrates that are prone to aggregation and resistant to both the CMA and UPS. In the aforesaid case, cargoes are separated into autophagosomes before lysosomal hydrolase-mediated degradation. Even though the majority of the aggregated and MPs in the human proteome can be removed via cellular protein quality control (PQC), some mutant and native proteins tend to aggregate into β-sheet-rich oligomers that exhibit resistance to all identified proteolytic processes and can, therefore, grow into extracellular plaques or inclusion bodies. Indeed, the buildup of protease-resistant aggregated and MPs is a usual process underlying various protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) for example Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. In this article, we have focused on the contribution of PQC in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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131
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Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chételat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, Nixon RA, Jones DT. Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:33. [PMID: 33986301 PMCID: PMC8574196 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is biologically defined by the presence of β-amyloid-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. AD is a genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative disease that causes an amnestic cognitive impairment in its prototypical presentation and non-amnestic cognitive impairment in its less common variants. AD is a common cause of cognitive impairment acquired in midlife and late-life but its clinical impact is modified by other neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular conditions. This Primer conceives of AD biology as the brain disorder that results from a complex interplay of loss of synaptic homeostasis and dysfunction in the highly interrelated endosomal/lysosomal clearance pathways in which the precursors, aggregated species and post-translationally modified products of Aβ and tau play important roles. Therapeutic endeavours are still struggling to find targets within this framework that substantially change the clinical course in persons with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene Amieva
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Gäel Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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132
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Molecular Characteristics of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and Its Effects in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094999. [PMID: 34066808 PMCID: PMC8125876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, and its homologs amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) are highly conserved in mammals. APP and APLP are known to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease and to play important roles in neuronal homeostasis and development and neural transmission. APP and APLP are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and are overexpressed in cancer cells. Furthermore, research indicates they are involved in several cancers. In this review, we examine the biological characteristics of APP-related family members and their roles in cancer.
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133
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Cascella R, Cecchi C. Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094914. [PMID: 34066371 PMCID: PMC8124842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid β-protein deposition in senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles consisting of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, and neuronal loss leading to cognitive decline and dementia. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms underlying AD remain unknown and effective treatment is not available. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain AD pathophysiology; however, there is general consensus that the abnormal aggregation of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is the initial event triggering a pathogenic cascade of degenerating events in cholinergic neurons. The dysregulation of calcium homeostasis has been studied considerably to clarify the mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by Aβ. Intracellular calcium acts as a second messenger and plays a key role in the regulation of neuronal functions, such as neural growth and differentiation, action potential, and synaptic plasticity. The calcium hypothesis of AD posits that activation of the amyloidogenic pathway affects neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and the mechanisms responsible for learning and memory. Aβ can disrupt Ca2+ signaling through several mechanisms, by increasing the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space and by activating its release from intracellular stores. Here, we review the different molecular mechanisms and receptors involved in calcium dysregulation in AD and possible therapeutic strategies for improving the treatment.
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Crist AM, Hinkle KM, Wang X, Moloney CM, Matchett BJ, Labuzan SA, Frankenhauser I, Azu NO, Liesinger AM, Lesser ER, Serie DJ, Quicksall ZS, Patel TA, Carnwath TP, DeTure M, Tang X, Petersen RC, Duara R, Graff-Radford NR, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Li H, Ross OA, Ertekin-Taner N, Dickson DW, Asmann YW, Carter RE, Murray ME. Transcriptomic analysis to identify genes associated with selective hippocampal vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2311. [PMID: 33875655 PMCID: PMC8055900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective vulnerability of different brain regions is seen in many neurodegenerative disorders. The hippocampus and cortex are selectively vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD), however the degree of involvement of the different brain regions differs among patients. We classified corticolimbic patterns of neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem tissue to capture extreme and representative phenotypes. We combined bulk RNA sequencing with digital pathology to examine hippocampal vulnerability in AD. We identified hippocampal gene expression changes associated with hippocampal vulnerability and used machine learning to identify genes that were associated with AD neuropathology, including SERPINA5, RYBP, SLC38A2, FEM1B, and PYDC1. Further histologic and biochemical analyses suggested SERPINA5 expression is associated with tau expression in the brain. Our study highlights the importance of embracing heterogeneity of the human brain in disease to identify disease-relevant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Crist
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly M Hinkle
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Frankenhauser
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nkem O Azu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Lesser
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Tulsi A Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Troy P Carnwath
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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135
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Preclinical Marmoset Model for Targeting Chronic Inflammation as a Strategy to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040388. [PMID: 33920929 PMCID: PMC8071309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population, modern society is facing an increasing prevalence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is an age-related chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which no satisfying therapy exists. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset of AD is necessary to find targets for protective treatment. There is growing awareness of the essential role of the immune system in the early AD pathology. Amyloidopathy, the main feature of early-stage AD, has a deregulating effect on the immune function. This is reciprocal as the immune system also affects amyloidopathy. It seems that the inflammatory reaction shows a heterogeneous pattern depending on the stage of the disease and the variation between individuals, making not only the target but also the timing of treatment important. The lack of relevant translational animal models that faithfully reproduce clinical and pathogenic features of AD is a major cause of the delay in developing new disease-modifying therapies and their optimal timing of administration. This review describes the communication between amyloidopathy and inflammation and the possibility of using nonhuman primates as a relevant animal model for preclinical AD research.
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Slater C, Wang Q. Alzheimer's disease: An evolving understanding of noradrenergic involvement and the promising future of electroceutical therapies. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e397. [PMID: 33931975 PMCID: PMC8087948 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health concern over the next several decades. Multiple hypotheses have been put forth that attempt to explain the underlying pathophysiology of AD. Many of these are briefly reviewed here, but to-date no disease-altering therapy has been achieved. Despite this, recent work expanding on the role of noradrenergic system dysfunction in both the pathogenesis and symptomatic exacerbation of AD has shown promise. The role norepinephrine (NE) plays in AD remains complicated but pre-tangle tau has consistently been shown to arise in the locus coeruleus (LC) of patients with AD decades before symptom onset. The current research reviewed here indicates NE can facilitate neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects through β adrenergic receptors, while α2A adrenergic receptors may exacerbate amyloid toxicity through a contribution to tau hyperphosphorylation. AD appears to involve a disruption in the balance between these two receptors and their various subtypes. There is also a poorly characterized interplay between the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems. LC deterioration leads to maladaptation in the remaining LC-NE system and subsequently inhibits cholinergic neuron function, eventually leading to the classic cholinergic disruption seen in AD. Understanding AD as a dysfunctional noradrenergic system, provides new avenues for the use of advanced neural stimulation techniques to both study and therapeutically target the earliest stages of neuropathology. Direct LC stimulation and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) have both demonstrated potential use as AD therapeutics. Significant work remains, though, to better understand the role of the noradrenergic system in AD and how electroceuticals can provide disease-altering treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Slater
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Chu B, Li M, Cao X, Li R, Jin S, Yang H, Xu L, Wang P, Bi J. IRE1α-XBP1 Affects the Mitochondrial Function of Aβ25-35-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells by Regulating Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:614556. [PMID: 33841100 PMCID: PMC8027129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.614556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurotoxicity induced by the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is one of the most important pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of the adaptive IRE1α-XBP1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, making it a potential target for AD therapeutics. However, the mechanism of IRE1α-XBP1 pathway involvement in AD is unclear. We, therefore, investigated the effect of the IRE1α-XBP1 axis in an in vitro AD model and explored its potential mechanism. Methods: The human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, was used. Cells were treated with Aβ25–35, with or without 4μ8c, an inhibitor of IRE1α. Cells were collected and analyzed by Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, calcium imaging, and other biochemical assays. Results: Aβ-exposed SH-SY5Y cells showed an increased expression of XBP1s and p-IRE1α. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and calcium imaging analysis showed that the IRE1α inhibitor, 4μ8c, reduced Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. Increased levels of ATP, restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species after Aβ treatment in the presence of 4μ8c showed that inhibiting the IRE1α-XBP1 axis effectively mitigated Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, Aβ treatment increased the expression and interaction of IP3R, Grp75, and vdac1 and led to an increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria association, malfunction of mitochondria-associated ER-membranes (MAMs), and mitochondrial dysfunction. These deficits were rescued by inhibiting the IRE1α-XBP1 axis. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that Aβ peptide induces the activation of the IRE1α-XBP1 axis, which may aggravate cytotoxicity and mitochondrial impairment in SH-SY5Y cells by targeting MAMs. Inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1 axis provides the protection against Aβ-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells and may, therefore, be a new treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcong Chu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rulong Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suqin Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Inhibition of aggregation of amyloid-β through covalent modification with benzylpenicillin; potential relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100943. [PMID: 33778168 PMCID: PMC7985693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is correlated with the misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ). Here we report that the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (BP) can specifically bind to Aβ, modulate the process of aggregation and supress its cytotoxic effect, initially via a reversible binding interaction, followed by covalent bonding between specific functional groups (nucleophiles) within the Aβ peptide and the beta-lactam ring. Mass spectrometry and computational docking supported covalent modification of Aβ by BP. BP was found to inhibit aggregation of Aβ as revealed by the Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, BP treatment was found to have a cytoprotective activity against Aβ-induced cell cytotoxicity as shown by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell toxicity assay. The specific interaction of BP with Aβ suggests the possibility of structure-based drug design, leading to the identification of new drug candidates against AD. Moreover, good pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics and safety on long-time use make them valuable candidates for drug repurposing towards neurological disorders such as AD.
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139
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Wu T, Chen L, Zhou L, Xu J, Guo K. Platelets transport β-amyloid from the peripheral blood into the brain by destroying the blood-brain barrier to accelerate the process of Alzheimer's disease in mouse models. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7644-7659. [PMID: 33668038 PMCID: PMC7993748 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular aggregation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into toxic multimers in the brain is a prominent event occurring in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a large amount of Aβ in the blood is derived from platelets. Thus, we speculated that platelets may play an important role in the process of AD. We first investigated the changes in platelet Aβ secretion with age. Then, we injected platelets from aged amyloid precursor protein APP/PS1 mice into young C57 mice and assessed their memory capacity along with their brain and peripheral blood Aβ expression levels. The Aβ content in mouse platelets increased with age. Exogenously aged APP/PS1 platelets changed the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in vitro, accelerating Aβ deposition in the brain and increasing the Aβ content in peripheral blood, leading to learning and memory deficits in the recipient mice. Subsequently, aspirin was administered to mice as an inhibitor of platelet activation, which effectively alleviated these toxic processes. Finally, we chose an in vitro blood-brain barrier model to explore the possible cytotoxicity of these platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lizhi Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingqi Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kaihua Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Leng F, Edison P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:157-172. [PMID: 33318676 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 445.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, estimated to contribute 60-70% of all cases of dementia worldwide. According to the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is the initiating event in AD, although evidence is accumulating that this hypothesis is insufficient to explain many aspects of AD pathogenesis. The discovery of increased levels of inflammatory markers in patients with AD and the identification of AD risk genes associated with innate immune functions suggest that neuroinflammation has a prominent role in the pathogenesis of AD. In this Review, we discuss the interrelationships between neuroinflammation and amyloid and tau pathologies as well as the effect of neuroinflammation on the disease trajectory in AD. We specifically focus on microglia as major players in neuroinflammation and discuss the spatial and temporal variations in microglial phenotypes that are observed under different conditions. We also consider how these cells could be modulated as a therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangda Leng
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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Sappakhaw K, Jantarug K, Slavoff SA, Israsena N, Uttamapinant C. A Genetic Code Expansion-Derived Molecular Beacon for the Detection of Intracellular Amyloid-β Peptide Generation. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:3980-3985. [PMID: 38504667 PMCID: PMC10946459 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides generated from proteolytic processing of protein precursors, or proteolytic proteoforms, play an important role in diverse biological functions and diseases. However, their often-small size and intricate post-translational biogenesis preclude the use of simple genetic tagging in their cellular studies. Herein, we develop a labeling strategy for this class of proteoforms, based on residue-specific genetic code expansion labeling with a molecular beacon design. We demonstrate the utility of such a design by creating a molecular beacon reporter to detect amyloid-β peptides, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as they are produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) along the endocytic pathway of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomkrit Sappakhaw
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Krittapas Jantarug
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Sarah A Slavoff
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Nipan Israsena
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Research Unit and Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Chayasith Uttamapinant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Rayong 21210 Thailand
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142
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Sappakhaw K, Jantarug K, Slavoff SA, Israsena N, Uttamapinant C. A Genetic Code Expansion-Derived Molecular Beacon for the Detection of Intracellular Amyloid-β Peptide Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3934-3939. [PMID: 33063327 PMCID: PMC7898502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides generated from proteolytic processing of protein precursors, or proteolytic proteoforms, play an important role in diverse biological functions and diseases. However, their often-small size and intricate post-translational biogenesis preclude the use of simple genetic tagging in their cellular studies. Herein, we develop a labeling strategy for this class of proteoforms, based on residue-specific genetic code expansion labeling with a molecular beacon design. We demonstrate the utility of such a design by creating a molecular beacon reporter to detect amyloid-β peptides, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as they are produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) along the endocytic pathway of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomkrit Sappakhaw
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)Rayong21210Thailand
| | - Krittapas Jantarug
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)Rayong21210Thailand
| | | | - Nipan Israsena
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Research Unit and Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkok10330Thailand
| | - Chayasith Uttamapinant
- School of Biomolecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)Rayong21210Thailand
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143
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Crivelli SM, Luo Q, Stevens JA, Giovagnoni C, van Kruining D, Bode G, den Hoedt S, Hobo B, Scheithauer AL, Walter J, Mulder MT, Exley C, Mold M, Mielke MM, De Vries HE, Wouters K, van den Hove DLA, Berkes D, Ledesma MD, Verhaagen J, Losen M, Bieberich E, Martinez-Martinez P. CERT L reduces C16 ceramide, amyloid-β levels, and inflammation in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33597019 PMCID: PMC7890977 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of ceramide and sphingomyelin levels have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ceramide transfer proteins (CERTs) are ceramide carriers which are crucial for ceramide and sphingomyelin balance in cells. Extracellular forms of CERTs co-localize with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in AD brains. To date, the significance of these observations for the pathophysiology of AD remains uncertain. METHODS A plasmid expressing CERTL, the long isoform of CERTs, was used to study the interaction of CERTL with amyloid precursor protein (APP) by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence in HEK cells. The recombinant CERTL protein was employed to study interaction of CERTL with amyloid-β (Aβ), Aβ aggregation process in presence of CERTL, and the resulting changes in Aβ toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. CERTL was overexpressed in neurons by adeno-associated virus (AAV) in a mouse model of familial AD (5xFAD). Ten weeks after transduction, animals were challenged with behavior tests for memory, anxiety, and locomotion. At week 12, brains were investigated for sphingolipid levels by mass spectrometry, plaques, and neuroinflammation by immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and/or immunoassay. RESULTS Here, we report that CERTL binds to APP, modifies Aβ aggregation, and reduces Aβ neurotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, we show that intracortical injection of AAV, mediating the expression of CERTL, decreases levels of ceramide d18:1/16:0 and increases sphingomyelin levels in the brain of male 5xFAD mice. CERTL in vivo over-expression has a mild effect on animal locomotion, decreases Aβ formation, and modulates microglia by decreasing their pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a crucial role of CERTL in regulating ceramide levels in the brain, in amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation, thereby opening research avenues for therapeutic targets of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M. Crivelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 USA
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jo A.A. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Caterina Giovagnoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Kruining
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Bode
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra den Hoedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Hobo
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna-Lena Scheithauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Science Research, and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Helga E. De Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. A. van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dusan Berkes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 USA
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Spatiotemporal processing of neural cell adhesion molecules 1 and 2 by BACE1 in vivo. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100372. [PMID: 33548223 PMCID: PMC7949136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules 1 (NCAM1) and 2 (NCAM2) belong to the cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily and have been shown to regulate formation, maturation, and maintenance of synapses. NCAM1 and NCAM2 undergo proteolysis, but the identity of all the proteases involved and how proteolysis is used to regulate their functions are not known. We report here that NCAM1 and NCAM2 are BACE1 substrates in vivo. NCAM1 and NCAM2 overexpressed in HEK cells were both cleaved by metalloproteinases or BACE1, and NCAM2 was also processed by γ-secretase. We identified the BACE1 cleavage site of NCAM1 (at Glu 671) and NCAM2 (at Glu 663) using mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. Next, we assessed BACE1-mediated processing of NCAM1 and NCAM2 in the mouse brain during aging. NCAM1 and NCAM2 were cleaved in the olfactory bulb of BACE1+/+ but not BACE1−/− mice at postnatal day 10 (P10), 4 and 12 months of age. In the hippocampus, a BACE1-specific soluble fragment of NCAM1 (sNCAM1β) was only detected at P10. However, we observed an accumulation of full-length NCAM1 in hippocampal synaptosomes in 4-month-old BACE1−/− mice. We also found that polysialylated NCAM1 (PSA-NCAM1) levels were increased in BACE1−/− mice at P10 and demonstrated that BACE1 cleaves both NCAM1 and PSA-NCAM1 in vitro. In contrast, we did not find evidence for BACE1-dependent NCAM2 processing in the hippocampus at any age analyzed. In summary, our data demonstrate that BACE1 differentially processes NCAM1 and NCAM2 depending on the region of brain, subcellular localization, and age in vivo.
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta C, Uivarosan D, Munteanu MA, Bungau S. Multifaceted Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031413. [PMID: 33573368 PMCID: PMC7866808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is the pathological condition, in which the nervous system or neuron loses its structure, function, or both, leading to progressive degeneration or the death of neurons, and well-defined associations of tissue system, resulting in clinical manifestations. Neuroinflammation has been shown to precede neurodegeneration in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). No drug is yet known to delay or treat neurodegeneration. Although the etiology and potential causes of NDs remain widely indefinable, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) evidently have a crucial role in the progression of NDs. MMPs, a protein family of zinc (Zn2+)-containing endopeptidases, are pivotal agents that are involved in various biological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The current review delineates the several emerging evidence demonstrating the effects of MMPs in the progression of NDs, wherein they regulate several processes, such as (neuro)inflammation, microglial activation, amyloid peptide degradation, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, dopaminergic apoptosis, and α-synuclein modulation, leading to neurotoxicity and neuron death. Published papers to date were searched via PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., while using selective keywords highlighted in our manuscript. We also aim to shed a light on pathophysiological effect of MMPs in the CNS and focus our attention on its detrimental and beneficial effects in NDs, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD), and discussed various therapeutic strategies targeting MMPs, which could serve as potential modulators in NDs. Over time, several agents have been developed in order to overcome challenges and open up the possibilities for making selective modulators of MMPs to decipher the multifaceted functions of MMPs in NDs. There is still a greater need to explore them in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaveta Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology, GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, Punjab, India;
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Camelia Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Diana Uivarosan
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
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146
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Pseudopeptide Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitors: In Silico, Single Molecule and Cell Viability Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031051. [PMID: 33494369 PMCID: PMC7865305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by pathology featuring amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. Aβ monomers themselves are generally considered to be nontoxic, but misfold into β-sheets and aggregate to form neurotoxic oligomers. One suggested strategy to treat AD is to prevent the formation of toxic oligomers. The SG inhibitors are a class of pseudopeptides designed and optimized using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for affinity to Aβ and experimentally validated for their ability to inhibit amyloid-amyloid binding using single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). In this work, we provide a review of our previous MD and SMFS studies of these inhibitors and present new cell viability studies that demonstrate their neuroprotective effects against Aβ(1-42) oligomers using mouse hippocampal-derived HT22 cells. Two of the tested SG inhibitors, predicted to bind Aβ in anti-parallel orientation, demonstrated neuroprotection against Aβ(1-42). A third inhibitor, predicted to bind parallel to Aβ, was not neuroprotective. Myristoylation of SG inhibitors, intended to enhance delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulted in cytotoxicity. This is the first use of HT22 cells for the study of peptide aggregation inhibitors. Overall, this work will inform the future development of peptide aggregation inhibitors against Aβ toxicity.
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Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Neel L, Fabbrini M, Buabeid M, Fujihashi A, Dwyer D, Lynd T, Shah K, Mohanakumar KP, Smith F, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Nutraceutical based SIRT3 activators as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104958. [PMID: 33444675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence is increasing worldwide with increased lifespan. Currently, there is no effective treatment to cure or prevent the progression of AD, which indicates the need to develop novel therapeutic targets and agents. Sirtuins, especially SIRT3, a mitochondrial deacetylase, are NAD-dependent histone deacetylases involved in aging and longevity. Accumulating evidence indicates that SIRT3 dysfunction is strongly associated with pathologies of AD, hence, therapeutic modulation of SIRT3 activity may be a novel application to ameliorate the pathologies of AD. Natural products commonly used in traditional medicine have wide utility and appear to have therapeutic benefits for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The present review summarizes the currently available natural SIRT3 activators and their potentially neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of action that make them a promising agent in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mary Fabbrini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayaka Fujihashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Darby Dwyer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Karishma Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, D.Y. Patil Medical College and Research Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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148
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Shekari A, Fahnestock M. Cholinergic neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease mouse models. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:191-209. [PMID: 34266592 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling is critical for cognitive function. The basal forebrain is the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system. Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mouse models are invaluable tools in disease research and have been used to study AD for over 25 years. However, animal models of AD vary greatly with respect to the degree of cholinergic degeneration observed. The following review will outline the most influential animal models of AD with an emphasis on the basal forebrain cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Shekari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Brown D, Moezzi D, Dong Y, Koch M, Yong VW. Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Indapamide Attenuates Neurodegeneration in Models Relevant to Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:387-400. [PMID: 33410109 PMCID: PMC8116375 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-01002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As the underlying pathophysiology of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear, current treatment strategies are inadequate. Progressive MS is associated with increased oxidative stress and neuronal damage in lesions along with an extensive representation of activated microglia/macrophages. To target these disease mechanisms, we tested the novel combination of generic medications, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and indapamide, in tissue culture and in mice. HCQ is an anti-malarial medication found to inhibit microglial activation and to ameliorate disease activity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We are currently completing a phase II trial of HCQ in primary progressive MS ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02913157). Indapamide is an antihypertensive previously discovered in our laboratory drug screen to be an anti-oxidant. As these medications have a different spectrum of activities on disease mechanisms relevant to progressive MS, their use in combination may be more effective than either alone. We thus sought preclinical data for the effectiveness of this combination. In vitro, indapamide had robust hydroxyl scavenging activity, while HCQ and indapamide alone and in combination protected against iron-induced neuronal killing; TNF-α levels in activated microglia were reduced by either drug alone, without additional combination effects. In mice with a lysolecithin lesion that manifests demyelination and axonal loss in the spinal cord, the combination but not individual treatment of HCQ and indapamide reduced CD68+ microglia/macrophage representation in lesions, attenuated axonal injury, and lowered levels of lipid peroxidation. Our study supports the combination of indapamide and HCQ as a new treatment strategy targeting multiple facets of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Brown
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Marcus Koch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Zheng Y, Verhoeff TA, Perez Pardo P, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010118. [PMID: 33374371 PMCID: PMC7796333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Tessa A. Verhoeff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)3-02534509
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