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Enhancing the intestinal absorption of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate by conjugation with α-linolenic acid and the transport mechanism of the conjugates. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:143-58. [PMID: 24524826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this report was to demonstrate the effect of amphiphilic polysaccharides-based self-assembling micelles on enhancing the oral absorption of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (LMCS) in vitro and in vivo, and identify the transepithelial transport mechanism of LMCS micelles across the intestinal barrier. α-Linolenic acid-low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate polymers(α-LNA-LMCS) were successfully synthesized, and characterized by FTIR, (1)HNMR, TGA/DSC, TEM, laser light scattering and zeta potential. The significant oral absorption enhancement and elimination half-life (t₁/₂) extension of LNA-LMCS2 in rats were evidenced by intragastric administration in comparison with CS and LMCS. Caco-2 transport studies demonstrated that the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of LNA-LMCS2 was significantly higher than that of CS and LMCS (p<0.001), and no significant effects on the overall integrity of the monolayer were observed during the transport process. In addition, α-LNA-LMCS micelles accumulated around the cell membrane and intercellular space observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Furthermore, evident alterations in the F-actin cytoskeleton were detected by CLSM observation following the treatment of the cell monolayers with α-LNA-LMCS micelles, which further certified the capacity of α-LNA-LMCS micelles to open the intercellular tight junctions rather than disrupt the overall integrity of the monolayer. Therefore, LNA-LMCS2 with low cytotoxicity and high bioavailability might be a promising substitute for CS in clinical use, such as treating osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, etc.
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Sibbons CM, Brenna JT, Lawrence P, Hoile SP, Clarke-Harris R, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Effect of sex hormones on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in HepG2 cells and in human primary hepatocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:47-54. [PMID: 24411721 PMCID: PMC4046896 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Female humans and rodents have been shown to have higher 22:6n-3 status and synthesis than males. It is unclear which sex hormone is involved. We investigated the specificity of the effects of physiological concentrations of sex hormones in vitro on the mRNA expression of genes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis and on the conversion of [d5]-18:3n-3 to longer chain fatty acids. Progesterone, but not 17α-ethynylestradiol or testosterone, increased FADS2, FADS1, ELOVl 5 and ELOVl 2 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells, but only FADS2 in primary human hepatocytes. In HepG2 cells, these changes were accompanied by hypomethylation of specific CpG loci in the FADS2 promoter. Progesterone, not 17α-ethynylestradiol or testosterone, increased conversion of [d5]-18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. These findings show that progesterone increases n-3 PUFA biosynthesis by up-regulating the mRNA expression of genes involved in this pathway, possibly via changes in the epigenetic regulation of FADS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Sibbons
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Samuel P Hoile
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rebecca Clarke-Harris
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham C Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Zhao JP, Levy E, Fraser WD, Julien P, Delvin E, Montoudis A, Spahis S, Garofalo C, Nuyt AM, Luo ZC. Circulating docosahexaenoic acid levels are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85054. [PMID: 24454790 PMCID: PMC3890289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (AA; C20∶4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22∶6 n-3) are important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in maintaining pancreatic beta-cell structure and function. Newborns of gestational diabetic mothers are more susceptible to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. It is not known whether low circulating AA or DHA is involved in perinatally “programming” this susceptibility. This study aimed to assess whether circulating concentrations of AA, DHA and other fatty acids are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity or beta-cell function, and whether low circulating concentrations of AA or DHA are involved in compromised fetal insulin sensitivity in gestational diabetic pregnancies. Methods and Principal Findings In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort, maternal (32-35 weeks gestation) and cord plasma fatty acids were assessed in relation to surrogate indicators of fetal insulin sensitivity (cord plasma glucose-to-insulin ratio, proinsulin concentration) and beta-cell function (proinsulin-to-insulin ratio) in 108 mother-newborn pairs. Cord plasma DHA levels (in percentage of total fatty acids) were lower comparing newborns of gestational diabetic (n = 24) vs. non-diabetic pregnancies (2.9% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.01). Adjusting for gestational age at blood sampling, lower cord plasma DHA levels were associated with lower fetal insulin sensitivity (lower glucose-to-insulin ratio, r = 0.20, P = 0.036; higher proinsulin concentration, r = −0.37, P <0.0001). The associations remained after adjustment for maternal and newborn characteristics. Cord plasma saturated fatty acids C18∶0 and C20∶0 were negatively correlated with fetal insulin sensitivity, but their levels were not different between gestational diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. Cord plasma AA levels were not correlated with fetal insulin sensitivity. Conclusion Low circulating DHA levels are associated with compromised fetal insulin sensitivity, and may be involved in perinatally “programming” the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the offspring of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, Laval University Hospital Research Centre, and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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104
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Casado C, Moya J, Pascual JJ, Blas E, Cervera C. Dietary fatty acid profile: effects on caecal fermentation and performance of young and fattening rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2013.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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105
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Brown AG, Basell LS, Robinson S, Burdge GC. Site distribution at the edge of the palaeolithic world: a nutritional niche approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81476. [PMID: 24339935 PMCID: PMC3858259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents data from the English Channel area of Britain and Northern France on the spatial distribution of Lower to early Middle Palaeolithic pre-MIS5 interglacial sites which are used to test the contention that the pattern of the richest sites is a real archaeological distribution and not of taphonomic origin. These sites show a marked concentration in the middle-lower reaches of river valleys with most being upstream of, but close to, estimated interglacial tidal limits. A plant and animal database derived from Middle-Late Pleistocene sites in the region is used to estimate the potentially edible foods and their distribution in the typically undulating landscape of the region. This is then converted into the potential availability of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) and selected micronutrients. The floodplain is shown to be the optimum location in the nutritional landscape (nutriscape). In addition to both absolute and seasonal macronutrient advantages the floodplains could have provided foods rich in key micronutrients, which are linked to better health, the maintenance of fertility and minimization of infant mortality. Such places may have been seen as ‘good (or healthy) places’ explaining the high number of artefacts accumulated by repeated visitation over long periods of time and possible occupation. The distribution of these sites reflects the richest aquatic and wetland successional habitats along valley floors. Such locations would have provided foods rich in a wide range of nutrients, importantly including those in short supply at these latitudes. When combined with other benefits, the high nutrient diversity made these locations the optimal niche in northwest European mixed temperate woodland environments. It is argued here that the use of these nutritionally advantageous locations as nodal or central points facilitated a healthy variant of the Palaeolithic diet which permitted habitation at the edge of these hominins’ range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony G. Brown
- Palaeoenvironmental Laboratories (PLUS), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura S. Basell
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sian Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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106
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Marangoni F, Poli A. n−3 fatty acids: functional differences between food intake, oral supplementation and drug treatments. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170:S12-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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107
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Morel PC, Leong J, Nuijten WG, Purchas RW, Wilkinson BH. Effect of lipid type on growth performance, meat quality and the content of long chain n−3 fatty acids in pork meat. Meat Sci 2013; 95:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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108
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Maroufyan E, Kasim A, Yong Meng G, Ebrahimi M, Teck Chwen L, Mehrbod P, Kamalidehghan B, Soleimani Farjam A. Effect of dietary combination of methionine and fish oil on cellular immunity and plasma fatty acids in infectious bursal disease challenged chickens. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:531397. [PMID: 24198724 PMCID: PMC3807704 DOI: 10.1155/2013/531397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the modulatory effects of dietary methionine and fish oil on immune response, plasma fatty acid profile, and blood parameters of infectious bursal disease (IBD) challenged broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to one of six dietary treatment groups in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were three levels of fish oil (0, 2.5 and 5.5%), and two levels of methionine (NRC recommendation and twice NRC recommendation). The results showed that the birds fed with 5.5% fish oil had higher total protein, white blood cell count, and IL-2 concentration than those of other groups at 7 days after IBD challenge. Inclusion of fish oil in diet had no effect on IFN- γ concentration. However, supplementation of methionine twice the recommendation enhanced the serum IFN- γ and globulin concentration. Neither of fish oil nor methionine supplementation affected the liver enzymes concentration. It can be suggested that a balance of moderate level of fish oil (2.5%) and methionine level (twice NRC recommendation) might enhance immune response in IBD challenged broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Maroufyan
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Kasim
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teck Chwen
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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109
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Samieri C, Lorrain S, Buaud B, Vaysse C, Berr C, Peuchant E, Cunnane SC, Barberger-Gateau P. Relationship between diet and plasma long-chain n-3 PUFAs in older people: impact of apolipoprotein E genotype. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2559-67. [PMID: 23801662 PMCID: PMC3735952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, age and the ε4 allele of the APOE gene (APOE4), might modify the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs and in turn, their impact on cognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary fat and plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in elderly persons, taking the APOE4 genotype into account. The sample was composed of 1,135 participants from the Three-City study aged 65 years and over, of whom 19% were APOE4 carriers. Mean plasma proportions of EPA [1.01%, standard deviation (SD) 0.60] and DHA (2.41%, SD 0.81) did not differ according to APOE4. In multivariate models, plasma EPA increased with frequency of fish consumption (P < 0.0001), alcohol intake (P = 0.0006), and female gender (P = 0.02), and decreased with intensive consumption of n-6 oils (P = 0.02). The positive association between fish consumption and plasma DHA was highly significant whatever the APOE genotype (P < 0.0001) but stronger in APOE4 noncarriers than in carriers (P = 0.06 for interaction). Plasma DHA increased significantly with age (P = 0.009) in APOE4 noncarriers only. These findings suggest that dietary habits, gender, and APOE4 genotype should be considered when designing interventions to increase n-3 PUFA blood levels in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Samieri
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon Lorrain
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Buaud
- ITERG-Equipe Nutrition Métabolisme et Santé, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG-Equipe Nutrition Métabolisme et Santé, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- INSERM, U1061-Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier I, UMR1061, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Peuchant
- INSERM, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- University Bordeaux, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, U1035, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Dept of Medicine, University Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Barberger-Gateau
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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111
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Ruiz-Núñez B, Pruimboom L, Dijck-Brouwer DJ, Muskiet FA. Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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112
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Al-Taan O, Stephenson JA, Spencer L, Pollard C, West AL, Calder PC, Metcalfe M, Dennison AR. Changes in plasma and erythrocyte omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in response to intravenous supply of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:64. [PMID: 23648075 PMCID: PMC3659039 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are functionally the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Oral supply of these fatty acids increases their levels in plasma and cell membranes, often at the expense of the omega-6 PUFAs arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid. This results in an altered pattern of lipid mediator production to one which is less pro-inflammatory. We investigated whether short term intravenous supply of omega-3 PUFAs could change the levels of EPA, DHA, ARA and linoleic acid in plasma and erythrocytes in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases. Methods Twenty patients were randomised to receive a 72 hour infusion of total parenteral nutrition with (treatment group) or without (control group) omega-3 PUFAs. EPA, DHA, ARA and linoleic acid were measured in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and erythrocytes at several times points up to the end of infusion and 5 to 12 days (mean 9 days) after stopping the infusion. Results The treatment group showed increases in plasma PC EPA and DHA and erythrocyte EPA and decreases in plasma PC and erythrocyte linoleic acid, with effects most evident late in the infusion period. Plasma PC and erythrocyte EPA and linoleic acid all returned to baseline levels after the 5–12 day washout. Plasma PC DHA remained elevated above baseline after washout. Conclusions Intravenous supply of omega-3 PUFAs results in a rapid increase of EPA and DHA in plasma PC and of EPA in erythrocytes. These findings suggest that infusion of omega-3 PUFAs could be used to induce a rapid effect especially in targeting inflammation. Trial registration http://www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00942292
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Al-Taan
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
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113
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Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:645-62. [PMID: 22765297 PMCID: PMC3575932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to inhibit partly a number of aspects of inflammation including leucocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leucocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, production of inflammatory cytokines and T cell reactivity. In parallel, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonioc acid and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving resolvins and protectins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of n-3 fatty acids include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B so reducing expression of inflammatory genes, activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor NR1C3 (i.e. peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) and binding to the G protein coupled receptor GPR120. These mechanisms are interlinked. In adult humans, an EPA plus DHA intake greater than 2 g day⁻¹ seems to be required to elicit anti-inflammatory actions, but few dose finding studies have been performed. Animal models demonstrate benefit from n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Clinical trials of fish oil in patients with RA demonstrate benefit supported by meta-analyses of the data. Clinical trails of fish oil in patients with IBD and asthma are inconsistent with no overall clear evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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114
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The effect of sex and maturation on liver docosahexaenoic acid status in rats. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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115
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Azrad M, Zhang K, Vollmer RT, Madden J, Polascik TJ, Snyder DC, Ruffin MT, Moul JW, Brenner D, Hardy RW, Demark-Wahnefried W. Prostatic alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer: a relationship which may depend on genetic variation in ALA metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53104. [PMID: 23285256 PMCID: PMC3532426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous observational studies have reported associations between prostate cancer and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). However, few investigations have been able to study this relationship prospectively and in well-controlled settings. Moreover, no studies have determined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence ALA metabolism are associated with this common cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore associations between prostatic levels of ALA, SNPs and prostate cancer-specific biomarkers in samples collected from a previous randomized clinical trial conducted using a presurgical model and which tested the effects of flaxseed supplementation, a rich source of ALA, prior to prostatectomy (n = 134). Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined and immunohistochemistry was used to assess tumor proliferation rate (Ki67). Prostatic ALA was determined with gas chromatography. Seven previously identified SNPs associated with delta-6 desaturase activity (rs99780, rs174537, rs174545, rs174572, rs498793, rs3834458 and rs968567) were tested for associations with prostatic ALA, PSA and Ki67. Despite consuming seven times more ALA per day, men in the flaxseed arm had similar amounts of prostatic ALA relative to men not consuming flaxseed. In unadjusted analysis, there were significant positive associations between prostatic ALA and PSA (ρ = 0.191, p = 0.028) and Ki67 (ρ = 0.186, p = 0.037). After adjusting for covariates (flaxseed, age, race, BMI and statin-use) the association between ALA and PSA remained (p = 0.004) but was slightly attenuated for Ki67 (p = 0.051). We did not observe associations between any of the SNPs studied and prostatic ALA; however, in models for PSA there was a significant interaction between rs498793 and ALA and for Ki67 there were significant interactions with ALA and rs99780 and rs174545. Independent and inverse associations were observed between rs174572 and Ki67. This study provides evidence that prostatic ALA, independent of the amount of ALA consumed, is positively associated with biomarkers of aggressive prostate cancer and that genetic variation may modify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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Magee P, Pearson S, Whittingham-Dowd J, Allen J. PPARγ as a molecular target of EPA anti-inflammatory activity during TNF-α-impaired skeletal muscle cell differentiation. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1440-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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119
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Guillén MD, Uriarte PS. Monitoring by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of the changes in the composition of virgin linseed oil heated at frying temperature. Comparison with the evolution of other edible oils. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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120
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Hoile SP, Irvine NA, Kelsall CJ, Sibbons C, Feunteun A, Collister A, Torrens C, Calder PC, Hanson MA, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Maternal fat intake in rats alters 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 status and the epigenetic regulation of Fads2 in offspring liver. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:1213-20. [PMID: 23107313 PMCID: PMC3698442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Poor prenatal nutrition, acting through epigenetic processes, induces persistent changes in offspring phenotype. We investigated the effect of maternal fat intake on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and on the epigenetic regulation of Fads2, encoding Δ6 desaturase (rate limiting in PUFA synthesis), in the adult offspring. Rats (n=6 per dietary group) were fed either 3.5% (w/w), 7% (w/w) or 21% (w/w) butter or fish oil (FO) from 14 days preconception until weaning. Offspring (n=6 males and females per dietary group) were fed 4% (w/w) soybean oil until postnatal day 77. 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 levels were lower in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine and plasma PC (all P<.0001) in offspring of dams fed 21% than 3.5% or 7% fat regardless of type. Hepatic Fads2 expression related inversely to maternal dietary fat. Fads2 messenger RNA expression correlated negatively with methylation of CpGs at −623, −394, −84 and −76 bases relative to the transcription start site (all P<.005). Methylation of these CpGs was higher in offspring of dams fed 21% than 3.5% or 7% fat; FO higher than butter. Feeding adult female rats 7% fat reduced 20:4n-6 status in liver PC and Fads2 expression and increased methylation of CpGs −623, −394, −84 and −76 that reversed in animals switched from 7% to 4% fat diets. These findings suggest that fat exposure during development induces persistent changes, while adults exhibit a transient response, in hepatic PUFA status in offspring through epigenetic regulation of Fads2. Thus, epigenetic regulation of Fads2 may contribute to short- and long-term regulation of PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Hoile
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nicola A. Irvine
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christopher J. Kelsall
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Charlene Sibbons
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aurélie Feunteun
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alex Collister
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christopher Torrens
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Corresponding authors. IDS Building (MP887), University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. Tel.: +44-0-23-80795259; fax: +44-0-23-80795255.
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Corresponding authors. IDS Building (MP887), University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. Tel.: +44-0-23-80795259; fax: +44-0-23-80795255.
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121
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Thacker P, Widyaratne G. Effects of expeller pressed camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:402-15. [PMID: 22881197 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.710082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of graded levels of camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility, performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. A total of 180-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of the six treatments. The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 15% canola meal. The experimental diets contained 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% or 15% camelina meal added at the expense of canola meal. Chromic oxide (0.35%) was added to all diets as a digestibility marker. On the morning of day 22, birds were killed by cervical dislocation and their abdominal fat pad was obtained. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and energy as well as nitrogen retention all declined linearly (p < 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary camelina meal. Weight gain (p < 0.01) and feed intake (p = 0.08) were linearly reduced as the level of camelina meal in the diet increased. Feed conversion ratio was also negatively affected by camelina meal (p < 0.01). Birds fed diets containing 15% camelina meal had significantly higher (p < 0.01) levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 fatty acids, total n-6 fatty acids and a significantly lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01) than birds fed canola meal. In conclusion, the inclusion of camelina meal in their diet significantly reduced the growth and feed conversion ratio of broilers compared with canola meal. However, the potential to incorporate n-3 fatty acids into carcass tissues may provide some justification for including camelina meal in poultry rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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122
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Egert S, Lindenmeier M, Harnack K, Krome K, Erbersdobler HF, Wahrburg U, Somoza V. Margarines fortified with α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid alter the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes but do not affect the antioxidant status of healthy adults. J Nutr 2012; 142:1638-44. [PMID: 22810989 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of increased intake of α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, or DHA incorporated into a food matrix on the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and on biomarkers of oxidant/antioxidant status. To this end, a controlled dietary study was conducted in 74 healthy men and women. The participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 interventions in which margarines fortified with either 10 weight percent ALA, EPA, or DHA ethyl esters replaced their normal spread for 6 wk. The total intakes of ALA, EPA, and DHA were 4.4, 2.2, and 2.3 g/d, respectively. Consuming EPA increased the erythrocyte proportion of EPA (394%) and the omega-3 index (sum of EPA and DHA, 38%). Consumption of DHA increased erythrocyte DHA (91%), the omega-3 index (98%), and EPA (137%). The omega-3 index increased to a significantly greater extent in the DHA group than in the EPA group. ALA did not increase erythrocyte EPA or the omega-3 index. We found no change in plasma uric acid or antioxidant capacity in any of the groups. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with the EPA and DHA interventions. All 3 interventions decreased erythrocyte linoleic acid hydroperoxides but did not affect their MDA concentrations. In conclusion, the intake of both isolated EPA and DHA incorporated into margarine resulted in an enhanced incorporation of EPA and DHA into erythrocytes. Our findings indicate that DHA is quantitatively superior to EPA in view of the EPA+DHA tissue incorporation and also that 4 g/d ALA is not sufficient to increase the omega-3 index over a 6-wk period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Egert
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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123
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Role of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant allergies and respiratory diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:730568. [PMID: 23049602 PMCID: PMC3461300 DOI: 10.1155/2012/730568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition has critical effects on the developing structures and functions of the fetus. Malnutrition during pregnancy can result in low birth weight and small for gestational age babies, increase risk for infection, and impact the immune system. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Decreased consumption of omega-6 PUFAs, in favor of more anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs in modern diets, has demonstrated the potential protective role of omega-3 PUFAs in allergic and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we examine the role of PUFAs consumption during pregnancy and early childhood and its influence on allergy and respiratory diseases. PUFAs act via several mechanisms to modulate immune function. Omega-3 PUFAs may alter the T helper (Th) cell balance by inhibiting cytokine production which in turn inhibits immunoglobulin E synthesis and Th type 2 cell differentiation. PUFAs may further modify cellular membrane, induce eicosanoid metabolism, and alter gene expression. These studies indicate the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the long-term effects of omega-3 PUFAs in preventing other immune-mediated diseases, as well as its effects on the later immunodefense and health status during early growth and development.
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124
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Effects of duodenal infusion of free α-linolenic acid on the plasma and milk proteome of lactating dairy cows. Animal 2012; 7:293-9. [PMID: 23031206 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111200153x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is an exploratory analysis for understanding the effect of a duodenal infusion of an α-linolenic acid (LNA) on the plasma and milk proteome of lactating dairy cows. Four primiparous Holstein cows were fitted with duodenal cannulas and received 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/day of LNA in a two-treatment crossover design. Blood and milk were collected for determination of protein composition by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Alteration of protein spots was detected and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS). Plasma haptoglobin levels, and milk β-casein A2, αs1-casein variant and albumin, did not differ in cows after infusion of 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/day of LNA, but were increased after the cows received duodenal infusion of 400 g/day of LNA. Western blot analysis of haptoglobin expression in plasma confirmed the alterations in protein expression seen using MS. This study demonstrated that infusion of high doses of LNA by duodenal cannula can result in metabolic stress within the bovine intestine and in changes in milk composition.
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125
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Recommended dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S8-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat and its effects on health and disease has attracted interest for research and Public Health. Since the 1980s many bodies and organizations have published recommendations regarding fat intake. In this paper different sets of recommendations are analyzed following a systematic review process to examine dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids. A literature search was conducted in relevant literature databases along a search for suitable grey literature reports. Documents were included if they reported information on either recommended intake levels or dietary reference values or nutritional objectives or dietary guidelines regarding fat and/or fatty acids and/or cholesterol intake or if reported background information on the process followed to produce the recommendations. There is no standard approach for deriving nutrient recommendations. Recommendations vary between countries regarding the levels of intake advised, the process followed to set the recommendations. Recommendations on fat intake share similar figures regarding total fat intake, saturated fats andtransfats. Many sets do not include a recommendation about cholesterol intake. Most recent documents provide advice regarding specificn-3 fatty acids. Despite efforts to develop evidence based nutrient recommendations and dietary guidelines that may contribute to enhance health, there are still many gaps in research. It would be desirable that all bodies concerned remain transparent about the development of dietary recommendations. In order to achieve this, the type of evidence selected to base the recommendations should be specified and ranked. Regular updates of such recommendations should be planned.
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126
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ApoE genotype: from geographic distribution to function and responsiveness to dietary factors. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:410-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ApoE is a key protein in lipid metabolism with three major isoforms.ApoEallele frequencies show non-random global distribution especially in Europe with highapoEε3frequency in the Mediterranean area, whereas theapoEε4genotype is enriched in Northern Europe. TheapoEε4genotype is one of the most important genetic risk factors for age-dependent chronic diseases, including CVD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The apoE polymorphism has been shown to impact on blood lipids, biomarkers of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which all may contribute to the isoform-dependent disease risk. Studies in mice and human subjects indicate that theapoEε3but not theapoEε4genotype may significantly benefit from dietary flavonoids (e.g. quercetin) andn-3 fatty acids. Metabolism of lipid soluble vitamins E and D is likewise differentially affected by theapoEgenotype. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest a better vitamin D status inapoEε4than ε3subjects indicating a certain advantage of ε4over ε3. The present review aims at evaluation of current data available on interactions between apoE polymorphism and dietary responsiveness to flavonoids, fat soluble vitamins andn-3 fatty acids. Likewise, distinct geographic distribution and chronic disease risk of the different apoE isoforms are addressed.
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127
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Kelsall CJ, Hoile SP, Irvine NA, Masoodi M, Torrens C, Lillycrop KA, Calder PC, Clough GF, Hanson MA, Burdge GC. Vascular dysfunction induced in offspring by maternal dietary fat involves altered arterial polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34492. [PMID: 22509311 PMCID: PMC3317992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during development affects risk of future cardiovascular disease. Relatively little is known about whether the amount and type of fat in the maternal diet affect vascular function in the offspring. To investigate this, pregnant and lactating rats were fed either 7%(w/w) or 21%(w/w) fat enriched in either 18:2n-6, trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, or fish oil. Their offspring were fed 4%(w/w) soybean oil from weaning until day 77. Type and amount of maternal dietary fat altered acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vaso-relaxation in offspring aortae and mesenteric arteries, contingent on sex. Amount, but not type, of maternal dietary fat altered phenylephrine (Pe)-induced vasoconstriction in these arteries. Maternal 21% fat diet decreased 20:4n-6 concentration in offspring aortae. We investigated the role of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases, showing that their inhibition in aortae and mesenteric arteries reduced vasoconstriction, but not vaso-relaxation, and the synthesis of specific pro-constriction eicosanoids. Removal of the aortic endothelium did not alter the effect of inhibition of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases on Pe-mediated vasoconstriction. Thus arterial smooth muscle 20:4n-6 biosynthesis de novo appears to be important for Pe-mediated vasoconstriction. Next we studied genes encoding these desaturases, finding that maternal 21% fat reduced Fads2 mRNA expression and increased Fads1 in offspring aortae, indicating dysregulation of 20:4n-6 biosynthesis. Methylation at CpG -394 bp 5' to the Fads2 transcription start site predicted its expression. This locus was hypermethylated in offspring of dams fed 21% fat. Pe treatment of aortae for 10 minutes increased Fads2, but not Fads1, mRNA expression (76%; P<0.05). This suggests that Fads2 may be an immediate early gene in the response of aortae to Pe. Thus both amount and type of maternal dietary fat induce altered regulation of vascular tone in offspring though differential effects on vaso-relaxation, and persistent changes in vasoconstriction via epigenetic processes controlling arterial polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Arteries/drug effects
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/physiopathology
- Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
- Dietary Fats/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/metabolism
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Mothers
- Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Muscarinic/metabolism
- Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/genetics
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Kelsall
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel P. Hoile
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A. Irvine
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Torrens
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine F. Clough
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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128
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Childs CE, Hoile SP, Burdge GC, Calder PC. Changes in rat n-3 and n-6 fatty acid composition during pregnancy are associated with progesterone concentrations and hepatic FADS2 expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:141-7. [PMID: 22495065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for changes to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC PUFA) status during pregnancy have not been fully elucidated. Tissue samples were collected from virgin and pregnant (day 12 and 20) female rats. LC PUFA status, sex hormone concentrations and hepatic mRNA expression of FADS1, FADS2 and elongase were assessed. Day 20 gestation females had higher plasma and liver docosahexaenoic acid and lower arachidonic acid content than virgin females (P<0.05). There was higher FADS2 mRNA expression during pregnancy (P=0.051). Progesterone and oestradiol concentrations positively correlated with hepatic FADS2 mRNA expression (P=0.043, P=0.004). Progesterone concentration positively correlated with hepatic n-6 docosapentaenoic acid content (P=0.006), and inversely correlated with intermediates in LC PUFA synthesis including n-3 docosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and 20:2n-6 (P<0.05). Changes in progesterone and oestradiol during pregnancy may promote the synthesis of LC PUFA via increased FADS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Childs
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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129
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Kassem AA, Abu Bakar MZ, Yong Meng G, Mustapha NM. Dietary (n-6 : n-3) fatty acids alter plasma and tissue fatty acid composition in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:851437. [PMID: 22489205 PMCID: PMC3317550 DOI: 10.1100/2012/851437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the effects of varying dietary levels of n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio on plasma and tissue fatty acid composition in rat. The treatment groups included control rats fed chow diet only, rats fed 50% soybean oil (SBO): 50% cod liver oil (CLO) (1 : 1), 84% SBO: 16% CLO (6 : 1), 96% SBO: 4% CLO (30 : 1). Blood samples were taken at day 15 of pregnancy, and the plasma and tissue were analyzed for fatty acid profile. The n-3 PUFA in plasma of Diet 1 : 1 group was significantly higher than the other diet groups, while the total n-6 PUFA in plasma was significantly higher in Diet 30 : 1 group as compared to the control and Diet 1 : 1 groups. The Diet 1 : 1 group showed significantly greater percentages of total n-3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid in adipose and liver tissue, and this clearly reflected the contribution of n-3 fatty acids from CLO. The total n-6 PUFA, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid were significantly difference in Diet 30 : 1 as compared to Diet 1 : 1 and control group. These results demonstrated that the dietary ratio of n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio significantly affected plasma and tissue fatty acids profile in pregnant rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abdulbari Kassem
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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130
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Abstract
(n-3) PUFA are a family of biologically active fatty acids. The simplest member of this family, α-linolenic acid, can be converted to the more biologically active very long-chain (n-3) PUFA EPA and DHA; this process occurs by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions, with stearidonic acid being an intermediate in the pathway. Biological activity of α-linolenic and stearidonic acids most likely relates to their conversion to EPA. The very long-chain (n-3) PUFA have a range of physiological roles that relate to optimal cell membrane structure and optimal cell function and responses. Thus, (n-3) PUFA play a key role in preventing, and perhaps treating, many conditions of poor health and well-being. The multiple actions of (n-3) PUFA appear to involve multiple mechanisms that connect the cell membrane, the cytosol, and the nucleus. For some actions, (n-3) PUFA appear to act via receptors or sensors, so regulating signaling processes that influence patterns of gene expression. Some effects of (n-3) PUFA seem to involve changes in cell membrane fatty acid composition. Changing membrane composition can in turn affect membrane order, formation of lipid rafts, intracellular signaling processes, gene expression, and the production of both lipid and peptide mediators. Under typical Western dietary conditions, human cells tend to have a fairly high content of the (n-6) fatty acid arachidonic acid. Increased oral intake of EPA and DHA modifies the content of arachidonic acid as well as of EPA and DHA. Arachidonic acid is the substrate for eicosanoids involved in physiology and pathophysiology. The eicosanoids produced from EPA frequently have properties that are different from those that are produced from arachidonic acid. EPA and DHA are also substrates for production of resolvins and protectins, which seem to be biologically extremely potent. Increasing the contents of EPA and DHA in membranes modifies the pattern of production of these different lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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131
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Grogan JL, Casson DH, Terry A, Burdge GC, El-Matary W, Dalzell AM. Enteral feeding therapy for newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with two years follow-up. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:246-53. [PMID: 21425210 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the efficacy of an elemental formula (EF) to a polymeric formula (PF) in inducing remission for pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Newly diagnosed CD children were randomized to EF or PF for 6 weeks. Change in the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), fecal calprotectin, and plasma fatty acids were measured at 0 and 6 weeks. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Time and treatment choice for first relapse were documented. RESULTS Thirty-four children completed the study; EF: 15 (7 M, 8 F), PF: 19 (13 M, 6 F). The mean age was (years) EF: 12.6, PF: 11.7. Ninety-three percent of children (14/15) achieved remission in the EF group and 79% (15/19) in the PF group. One-third of patients maintained remission for 2 years. Mean time to relapse (days); EF: 183 (63-286), PF: 162 (53-301). Most children who relapsed used feed as a treatment for that relapse (EF: 9/10 and PF: 8/13). With PF, an increase of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and alpha linolenic acid was found with a reciprocal decrease in arachidonic acid (AA). With EF, AA and EPA levels were reduced with a significant decrease in docosahexaenoic acid. Fecal calprotectin measurements decreased significantly but did not normalize at the end of week 6. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference between EF and PF in inducing remission. One-third of children maintained remission. Changes in plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid status were subtle and may be relevant; however, further evaluation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Grogan
- Dietetic Department, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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132
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Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Noakes PS, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Calder PC. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish, oily fish, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:36-66. [PMID: 19997989 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There are two main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the n-6 and the n-3 families. It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between n-6 PUFA intake and allergic disease, and there are biologically plausible mechanisms, involving eicosanoid mediators of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid, that could explain this. Fish and fish oils are sources of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and these fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs. Thus, it is considered that n-3 PUFAs will protect against atopic sensitization and against the clinical manifestations of atopy. Evidence to examine this has been acquired from epidemiologic studies investigating associations between fish intake in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children and from intervention studies with fish oil supplements in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children. All five epidemiological studies investigating the effect of maternal fish intake during pregnancy on atopic or allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies concluded protective associations. One study investigating the effects of maternal fish intake during lactation did not observe any significant associations. The evidence from epidemiological studies investigating the effects of fish intake during infancy and childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants or children is inconsistent, although the majority of the studies (nine of 14) showed a protective effect of fish intake during infancy or childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants/children. Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and lactation or during infancy or childhood results in a higher n-3 PUFA status in the infants or children. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood and such changes may persist. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitization to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence with a reduction in eczema, hay fever, and asthma. Fish oil provision to infants or children may be associated with immunologic changes in the blood but it is not clear if these are of clinical significance and whether they persist. Fish oil supplementation in infancy may decrease the risk of developing some manifestations of allergic disease, but this benefit may not persist as other factors come into play. It is not clear whether fish oil can be used to treat children with asthma as the two studies conducted to date give divergent results. Further studies of increased long-chain n-3 PUFA provision in during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy are needed to more clearly identify the immunologic and clinical effects in infants and children and to identify protective and therapeutic effects and their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefkothea-Stella Kremmyda
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Institute of Developmental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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133
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Kitessa SM, Young P. Enriching milk fat with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by supplementing grazing dairy cows with ruminally protected Echium oil. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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134
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Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cognitive decline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in stable myocardial infarction patients. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 8:278-87. [PMID: 21967845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest a protective effect of n-3 fatty acids derived from fish (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) against cognitive decline. For α-linolenic acid (ALA) obtained from vegetable sources, the effect on cognitive decline is unknown. We examined the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on cognitive decline in coronary heart disease patients. METHODS The analysis included 2911 coronary patients (78% men) aged 60 to 80 years who participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases (Alpha Omega Trial). By using a 2 × 2 factorial design, patients were randomly assigned to margarines that provided 400 mg/d of EPA-DHA, 2 g/d of ALA, both EPA-DHA and ALA, or placebo for 40 months. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline and after 40 months. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on change in MMSE score was assessed using analysis of variance. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effects on risk of cognitive decline, defined as a decrease of 3 or more points in MMSE score or incidence of dementia. RESULTS Patients in the active treatment groups had an additional intake of 384 mg of EPA-DHA, 1.9 g of ALA, or both. The overall MMSE score in this cohort was 28.3 ± 1.6 points, which decreased by 0.67 ± 2.25 points during follow-up. Changes in MMSE score during intervention did not differ significantly between EPA-DHA and placebo (-0.65 vs -0.69 points, P = .44) or between ALA and placebo (-0.60 vs -0.74 points, P = .12). The risk of cognitive decline was 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.84-1.26, P = .80) for EPA-DHA (vs placebo) and 0.90 (0.74-1.10, P = .31) for ALA (vs placebo). CONCLUSION This large intervention study showed no effect of dietary doses of n-3 fatty acids on global cognitive decline in coronary heart disease patients.
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135
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Fatty acids and inflammation: The cutting edge between food and pharma. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bejrapha P, Choi MJ, Surassmo S, Chun JY, Min SG. Formulation and Antimicrobial Activity on Escherichia coli of Nanoemulsion Coated with Whey Protein Isolate. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.4.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Chronic dietary intake of α-linolenic acid does not replicate the effects of DHA on passive properties of entorhinal cortex neurons. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1099-111. [PMID: 21851757 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
n-3 PUFA are receiving growing attention for their therapeutic potential in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We have recently shown that long-term treatment with DHA alters the physiology of entorhinal cortex (EC) neurons. In the present study, we investigated by patch-clamp the effect of another major dietary n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid (LNA), on the intrinsic properties of EC neurons. Mice were chronically exposed to isoenergetic diets deficient in n-3 PUFA or enriched in either DHA or LNA on an equimolar basis. GC analyses revealed an increase in DHA (34%) and a decrease in arachidonic acid (AA, - 23%) in brain fatty acid concentrations after consumption of the DHA-enriched diet. Dietary intake of LNA similarly affected brain fatty acid profiles, but at a lower magnitude (DHA: 23%, AA: - 13%). Compared to the n-3 PUFA-deficient diet, consumption of DHA, but not LNA, induced membrane hyperpolarisation ( -60 to -70 mV), increased cellular capacitance (32%) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency (50%). We propose that the inefficiency of LNA to modulate cellular capacitance was related to its inability to increase the brain DHA:AA ratio over the threshold necessary to up-regulate syntaxin-3 (46%) and translocate drebrin (40% membrane:cytosol ratio). In summary, our present study shows that the increase in brain DHA content following chronic administration of LNA was not sufficient to alter the passive and synaptic properties of EC neurons, compared to direct dietary intake of DHA. These diverging results have important implications for the therapeutic use of n-3 PUFA in CNS disease, favouring the use of preformed DHA.
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Zivkovic AM, Telis N, German JB, Hammock BD. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic health. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE 2011; 65:106-111. [PMID: 24860193 PMCID: PMC4030645 DOI: 10.3733/ca.v065n03p106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the role of omega-3 fatty acids as precursors for lipid signaling molecules known as oxylipins. Although omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases and heart disease, they are generally underrepresented in the American diet. A literature review confirms that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids - whether in food sources such as walnuts, flax seeds and fatty fish (including salmon and sardines), or in supplements - is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. This growing body of evidence, including the results of a recent study of patients with kidney disease, highlights the need to measure omega-3 fatty acids and their oxylipin products as markers of metabolic health and biomarkers of disease. In addition, there is substantial evidence of the need to increase the omega-3 fatty acid content of American diets to optimize metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Zivkovic
- Associate Director of Scientific Development and Translation, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis
| | - Natalie Telis
- Undergraduate Research Assistant, Foods for Health Institute, UC Davis
| | - J Bruce German
- Director, Foods for Health Institute, and Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis
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Svensson J, Rosenquist A, Ohlsson L. Postprandial lipid responses to an alpha-linolenic acid-rich oil, olive oil and butter in women: a randomized crossover trial. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:106. [PMID: 21711508 PMCID: PMC3141546 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postprandial lipaemia varies with gender and the composition of dietary fat due to the partitioning of fatty acids between beta-oxidation and incorporation into triacylglycerols (TAGs). Increasing evidence highlights the importance of postprandial measurements to evaluate atherogenic risk. Postprandial effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in women are poorly characterized. We therefore studied the postprandial lipid response of women to an ALA-rich oil in comparison with olive oil and butter, and characterized the fatty acid composition of total lipids, TAGs, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in plasma. Methods A randomized crossover design (n = 19) was used to compare the postprandial effects of 3 meals containing 35 g fat. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for 7 h. Statistical analysis was carried out with ANOVA (significant difference = P < 0.05). Results No significant difference was seen in incremental area under the curve (iAUC) plasma-TAG between the meals. ALA and oleic acid levels were significantly increased in plasma after ALA-rich oil and olive oil meals, respectively. Palmitic acid was significantly increased in plasma-TAG after the butter meal. The ratios of 18:2 n-6 to18:3 n-3 in plasma-TAGs, three and seven hours after the ALA-rich oil meal, were 1.5 and 2.4, respectively. The corresponding values after the olive oil meal were: 13.8 and 16.9; and after the butter meal: 9.0 and 11.6. Conclusions The postprandial p-TAG and NEFA response in healthy pre-menopausal women was not significantly different after the intake of an ALA-rich oil, olive oil and butter. The ALA-rich oil significantly affected different plasma lipid fractions and improved the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids several hours postprandially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Svensson
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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140
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Fernandes FS, de Souza AS, do Carmo MDGT, Boaventura GT. Maternal intake of flaxseed-based diet (Linum usitatissimum) on hippocampus fatty acid profile: implications for growth, locomotor activity and spatial memory. Nutrition 2011; 27:1040-7. [PMID: 21439792 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate flaxseed as a partial source of protein and an exclusive source of lipids and fibers in the development of the central nervous system by analyzing hippocampal fatty acid composition and cognitive and locomotor functions. METHODS Experimental diets were given to dams during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation and to their pups after weaning. Female Wistar rats were separated into three groups according to experimental diet: a control group (CG) and a flaxseed group (FG), fed ad libitum diets, and a modified control group (MCG), pair-fed with the FG. After weaning, the pups received their mothers' diets. After 30 d, eight males from each group were tested in a Morris water maze to assess learning, memory, and motor function. RESULTS The offspring of FG dams showed a lower body mass than CG dams, probably due to non-nutritional factors and an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids of the seed, and displayed a higher concentration of α-linolenic acid, possibly suggesting inhibition of arachidonic acid synthesis. The content of docosahexaenoic acid in the hippocampus was higher in the FG followed by the MCG compared with the CG. Hippocampal docosahexaenoic acid content correlated with better spatial memory performance in the FG, whereas arachidonic acid content correlated with longer time in solving the task. CONCLUSION Flaxseed during perinatal and postweaning periods improves spatial memory to the detriment of growth. These findings indicate that there must be caution in encouraging the maternal intake of flaxseed during pregnancy and lactation.
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141
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Alpha-linolenic acid intake and 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke in 20,000 middle-aged men and women in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17967. [PMID: 21464993 PMCID: PMC3064584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the plant-derived n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), could prevent cardiovascular diseases is
not yet clear. We examined the associations of ALA intake with 10-year
incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the Netherlands. Methods Data were collected from a general population of 20,069 generally healthy men
and women, aged 20 to 65 years. Habitual diet was assessed at baseline
(1993–1997) with a validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire.
Incidences of CHD and stroke were assessed through linkage with mortality
and morbidity registers. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with
multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, gender,
lifestyle, and dietary factors. Results During 8–13 years of follow-up, we observed 280 incident CHD events
(19% fatal) and 221 strokes (4% fatal). Intakes of
energy-adjusted ALA in quintiles ranged from less than 1.0 g/d in the bottom
quintile (Q1) to more than 1.9 g/d in the top quintile (Q5). ALA intake was
not associated with incident CHD, with HRs varying between 0.89 and 1.01
(all p>0.05) in Q2–Q5 compared with the bottom quintile of ALA
intake. For incident stroke, however, participants in Q2–Q5 had a
35–50% lower risk compared with the reference group. HRs were
0.65 (0.43–0.97), 0.49 (0.31–0.76), 0.53 (0.34–0.83), and
0.65 (0.41–1.04) for Q2–Q5 respectively. Conclusion In this general Dutch population, ALA intake was not associated with incident
CHD. The data suggested that a low intake of ALA may be a risk factor for
incident stroke. These results warrant confirmation in other
population-based studies and in trials.
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Burdge GC. Polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:665-6; author reply 666-7. [PMID: 21191139 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Calder PC, Dangour AD, Diekman C, Eilander A, Koletzko B, Meijer GW, Mozaffarian D, Niinikoski H, Osendarp SJM, Pietinen P, Schuit J, Uauy R. Essential fats for future health. Proceedings of the 9th Unilever Nutrition Symposium, 26-27 May 2010. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 64 Suppl 4:S1-13. [PMID: 21119686 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 9th Unilever Nutrition Symposium entitled 'Essential fats for future health', held on 26-27 May 2010, aimed to review the dietary recommendations for essential fatty acids (EFA); discuss the scientific evidence for the roles of EFA in cognition, immune function and cardiovascular health; and to identify opportunities for joint efforts by industry, academia, governmental and non-governmental organizations to effectively improve health behaviour. This paper summarizes the main conclusions of the presentations given at the symposium. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are EFA that cannot by synthesized by the human body. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered as conditionally essential because of its limited formation from ALA in the human body and its critical role in early normal retinal and brain development and, jointly with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Some evidence for possible beneficial roles of n-3 fatty acids for immune function and adult cognitive function is emerging. A higher consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; >10%E), including LA, ALA and at least 250-500 mg per day of EPA+DHA, is recommended for prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Two dietary interventions suggest that EFA may affect CVD risk factors in children similarly as in adults. To ensure an adequate EFA intake of the population, including children, public health authorities should develop clear messages based on current science; ensure availability of healthy, palatable foods; and collaborate with scientists, the food industry, schools, hospitals, health-care providers and communities to encourage consumers to make healthy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Maternal high fat diet induces impaired polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in adult female offspring in rats. Proc Nutr Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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146
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17-α-ethynylestradiol alters conversion of α-linolenic acid to longer chain PUFA in rat hepatocarcinoma cells. Proc Nutr Soc 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665111002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CMC, McCullough R, Pierce GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26:489-96. [PMID: 21076723 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with nutritional interventions is a therapeutic strategy that may warrant greater research attention. The increased use of omega (ω)-3 fatty acids is a powerful example of one such nutritional strategy that may produce significant cardiovascular benefits. Marine food products have provided the traditional dietary sources of ω-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed is an alternative to marine products. It is one of the richest sources of the plant-based ω-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Based on the results of clinical trials, epidemiological investigations and experimental studies, ingestion of ALA has been suggested to have a positive impact on CVD. Because of its high ALA content, the use of flaxseed has been advocated to combat CVD. The purpose of the present review was to identify the known cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and ALA and, just as importantly, what is presently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Supplementation with a low–moderate dose ofn-3 long-chain PUFA has no short-term effect on bone resorption in human adults. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:1145-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests thatn-3 PUFA may play a role in bone health. The present analysis aimed to investigate the impact ofn-3 PUFA supplementation on bone resorption in adult men and women. Serum samples from 113 mild–moderately depressed individuals (twenty-six males and eighty-seven females, aged 18–67 years) randomised to receive 1·48 g EPA+DHA/d (n53) or placebo (n60) for 12 weeks as part of a large recent randomised controlled trial were assayed forn-3 PUFA status and a bone resorption marker, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX). Regression analyses revealed thatn-3 PUFA status following supplementation was associated with randomisation (placebo/n-3 PUFA) (B = 3·25, 95 % CI 2·60, 3·91,P < 0·01). However, β-CTX status following supplementation was not associated with randomisation (B = − 0·01, 95 % CI − 0·03, 0·04). Change in β-CTX status was also not associated with change inn-3 PUFA status (B = − 0·002, 95 % CI − 0·01, 0·01). These findings provide no evidence for an association betweenn-3 PUFA supplementation (1·48 g EPA+DHA/d) for 12 weeks and bone resorption in humans assessed by β-CTX, and suggest thatn-3 PUFA supplementation may be unlikely to be of benefit in preventing bone loss.
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Oosting A, Kegler D, Boehm G, Jansen HT, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM. N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent excessive fat deposition in adulthood in a mouse model of postnatal nutritional programming. Pediatr Res 2010; 68:494-9. [PMID: 20724957 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181f74940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether improved quality of nutrients during early postnatal life has effects on adult metabolic profile and body composition in a murine model of nutritional programming. Male offspring of C57Bl/6j dams received a diet containing 21% energy (En%) as fat of either 100% vegetable oils [control (CTRL)] or 80% vegetable oils/20% tuna fish oil [rich in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCP)] from postnatal day (PN) 2 to 42. Subsequently, mice of both experimental groups were switched to a western style diet (WSD; 21 En% fat, high saturated fatty acid [FA] content, and cholesterol) until dissection at PN98. Body composition was analyzed by dual x-ray absorptiometry during the WSD challenge. Results showed that a n-3 LCP-rich diet during postnatal life not only reduced fat accumulation by ∼30% during the WSD challenge from PN42 to 98 (p < 0.001) but also led to a healthier plasma lipid profile, healthier plasma glucose homeostasis, and less hypertrophic adipocytes compared with CTRL. This study shows that postnatal nutrition has programming effects on adult body composition and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, it emphasizes that moderate alterations in fat quality during early postnatal life considerably affect adult metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Oosting
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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150
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Slater-Jefferies JL, Hoile SP, Lillycrop KA, Townsend PA, Hanson MA, Burdge GC. Effect of sex and dietary fat intake on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerol in rat heart. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 83:219-23. [PMID: 20719489 PMCID: PMC3000522 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the fatty acid composition of lipids in the heart alter its function and susceptibility to ischaemic injury. We investigated the effect of sex and dietary fat intake on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerol in rat heart. Rats were fed either 40 or 100g/kg fat (9:1 lard:soybean oil) from weaning until day 105. There were significant interactive effects of sex and fat intake on the proportions of fatty acids in heart phospholipids, dependent on phospholipid classes. 20:4n-6, but not 22:6n-3, was higher in phospholipids in females than males fed a low, but not a high, fat diet. There was no effect of sex on the composition of triacylglycerol. These findings suggest that sex is an important factor in determining the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into cardiac lipids. This may have implications for sex differences in susceptibility to heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Slater-Jefferies
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, MP887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Samuel P. Hoile
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, MP887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Development and Cell Biology, University of Southampton School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark A. Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Institute of Developmental Sciences Building, MP887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Corresponding author. +44 2380798663; fax: +44 2380795255.
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