101
|
Oral Drug Delivery: Conventional to Long Acting New-Age Designs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:23-42. [PMID: 33631319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Oral route of administration forms the heartwood of the ever-growing tree of drug delivery technology. It is one of the most preferred dosage forms among patients and controlled release community. Despite the high patient compliance, the deliveries of anti-cancerous drugs, vaccines, proteins, etc. via the oral route are limited and have recorded a very low bioavailability. The oral administration must overcome the physiological barriers (low solubility, permeation and early degradation) to achieve efficient and sustained delivery. This review aims at highlighting the conventional and modern-age strategies that address some of these physiological barriers. The modern age designs include the 3D printed devices and formulations. The superiority of 3D dosage forms over conventional cargos is summarized with a focus on long-acting designs. The innovations in Pharmaceutical organizations (Lyndra, Assertio and Intec) that have taken giant steps towards commercialization of long-acting vehicles are discussed. The recent advancements made in the arena of oral peptide delivery are also highlighted. The review represents a comprehensive journey from Nano-formulations to micro-fabricated oral implants aiming at specific patient-centric designs.
Collapse
|
102
|
Gong Y, Mohd S, Wu S, Liu S, Pei Y, Luo X. pH-Responsive Cellulose-Based Microspheres Designed as an Effective Oral Delivery System for Insulin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2734-2741. [PMID: 33553891 PMCID: PMC7860066 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional modified cellulose microsphere (CMs) materials exhibit great application potential in drug various fields. Here, we designed pH-responsive carboxylated cellulose microspheres (CCMs) by the citric/hydrochloric acid hydrolysis method to enhance oral bioavailability of insulin by a green route. The CMs were high purity cellulose that dissolved and regenerated from a green solvent by the green sol-gel method. The prepared microspheres were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XPS), etc. The spherical porous structure and carboxylation of cellulose were confirmed by FESEM and FT-IR, respectively. Insulin was loaded into the CCMs by electrostatic interactions, and the insulin release was controlled through ionization of carboxyl groups and proton balance. In vitro insulin release profiles demonstrated the suppression of insulin release in artificial gastric fluid (AGF), while a significant increase at artificial intestinal fluid (AIF) was observed. The insulin release profile was fitted in Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model, and insulin release was governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The stability of the secondary structure of insulin was studied by dichroism circular. Excellent biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity of designed CCMs cast them as a potential oral insulin carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Gong
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shabbir Mohd
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Simei Wu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Liu
- College
of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong
Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pei
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
- . Tel.: +86-182-39907053
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu
New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei Province, P.R. China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001 Henan Province, P.R. China
- ; . Tel.: +86-139-86270668
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Radiation development of gastroretentive amoxicillin trihydrate floating-alginate based beads for the treatment of helicobacter pylori. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
104
|
Hmar EBL, Paul S, Boruah N, Sarkar P, Borah S, Sharma HK. Apprehending Ulcerative Colitis Management With Springing Up Therapeutic Approaches: Can Nanotechnology Play a Nascent Role? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
105
|
Yadav E, Khatana AK, Sebastian S, Gupta MK. DAP derived fatty acid amide organogelators as novel carrier for drug incorporation and pH-responsive release. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular mass fatty acid amide gelators were synthesized using 2,6-diaminopyridine as a linker and alkyl chains of varying lengths. The prepared organogel-elusions are able to trap and release ibuprofen molecule without changing its structure and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eqvinshi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Central University of Haryana
- Haryana
- India
| | - Anil Kumar Khatana
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Central University of Haryana
- Haryana
- India
| | - Sharol Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Central University of Haryana
- Haryana
- India
| | - Manoj K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Central University of Haryana
- Haryana
- India
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ahmed K, Inamdar SN, Rohman N, Skelton AA. Acidity constant and DFT-based modelling of pH-responsive alendronate loading and releasing on propylamine-modified silica surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2015-2024. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A computational methodology that couples the acidity (Ka) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations has been developed to explain the pH-dependent drug loading on and releasing from mesoporous silica nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | | | - Nashiour Rohman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Adam A. Skelton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Nogami S, Uchiyama H, Kadota K, Tozuka Y. Design of a pH-responsive oral gel formulation based on the matrix systems of gelatin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate for controlled drug release. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
108
|
Challenges and opportunities in the delivery of cancer therapeutics: update on recent progress. Ther Deliv 2020; 12:55-76. [PMID: 33307811 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cancer prevalence has continuously increased in the last decades despite substantial progress achieved for patient care. Cancer is no longer recognized as a singular disease but as a plurality of different ones, leading to the important choice of the drug administration route and promoting the development of novel drug-delivery systems (DDS). Due to their structural diversity, therapeutic cancer drugs present specific challenges in physicochemical properties that can adversely affect their efficacy and toxicity profile. These challenges are addressed by innovative DDS to improve bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profiles. Here, we define the drug delivery challenges related to oral, intravenous, subcutaneous or alternative routes of administration, and review innovative DDS, marketed or in development, that answer those challenges.
Collapse
|
109
|
Jacob EM, Borah A, Pillai SC, Kumar DS. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Emergence of New Trends in Lifestyle and Nanomedicine as the Modern Tool for Pharmacotherapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2460. [PMID: 33316984 PMCID: PMC7764399 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human intestine, which harbors trillions of symbiotic microorganisms, may enter into dysbiosis when exposed to a genetic defect or environmental stress. The naissance of chronic inflammation due to the battle of the immune system with the trespassing gut bacteria leads to the rise of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Though the genes behind the scenes and their link to the disease are still unclear, the onset of IBD occurs in young adults and has expanded from the Western world into the newly industrialized countries. Conventional drug deliveries depend on a daily heavy dosage of immune suppressants or anti-inflammatory drugs targeted for the treatment of two types of IBD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which are often associated with systemic side effects and adverse toxicities. Advances in oral delivery through nanotechnology seek remedies to overcome the drawbacks of these conventional drug delivery systems through improved drug encapsulation and targeted delivery. In this review, we discuss the association of genetic factors, the immune system, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors like diet in the pathogenesis of IBD. We also review the various physiological concerns required for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and new strategies in nanotechnology-derived, colon-targeting drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan; (E.M.J.); (A.B.); (S.C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Deng Z, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhou B, Hou X, Li J, Li B, Liang H. Designable Carboxymethylpachymaran/Metal Ion Architecture on Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules as Delivery Vehicles for Bioactive Macromolecules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13990-14000. [PMID: 33174430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for oral administration of bioactive macromolecules. Here, we engineered an oral delivery vehicle (sporopollenin exine capsules with carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP)/metal ion modification) with targeted release based on food-grade ingredients and processing operations. Then, the interaction and binding mechanisms between CMP and metal ions in the vehicle were investigated. By using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as a model protein, the systems were characterized for the surface morphology and monitored by the in vitro release profile of β-Gal. Notably, the CMP/metal ion systems not only markedly decreased the CMP dosage but also achieved a valid long-term release compared with the previously reported CMP system. Among all the systems, the CMP/3% AlCl3 system showed the best ability to control the release with the maximum residual activity of β-Gal at nearly 72% after 24 h of treatment. Subsequently, the interaction mechanism between CMP and metal ions within the system was characterized by the perspectives of microstructure, rheological properties, and spectroscopy characteristics. The results indicated that the low pH conditions are conducive to the further cross-linking of CMP and metal ions, resulting in a high gel strength and thus a dense structure, which can impact the controlled release of β-Gal in the GIT. Overall, the system may be utilized in the administration of medical and functional foods, specifically for the delivery of bioactive proteins via the oral route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
- Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Dou Y, Li C, Li L, Guo J, Zhang J. Bioresponsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Control Release 2020; 327:641-666. [PMID: 32911014 PMCID: PMC7476894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is intimately related to the pathogenesis of numerous acute and chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore anti-inflammatory therapy is a very promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of these inflammatory diseases. To overcome the shortcomings of existing anti-inflammatory agents and their traditional formulations, such as nonspecific tissue distribution and uncontrolled drug release, bioresponsive drug delivery systems have received much attention in recent years. In this review, we first provide a brief introduction of the pathogenesis of inflammation, with an emphasis on representative inflammatory cells and mediators in inflammatory microenvironments that serve as pathological fundamentals for rational design of bioresponsive carriers. Then we discuss different materials and delivery systems responsive to inflammation-associated biochemical signals, such as pH, reactive oxygen species, and specific enzymes. Also, applications of various bioresponsive drug delivery systems in the treatment of typical acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are described. Finally, crucial challenges in the future development and clinical translation of bioresponsive anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Moreira A, Lawson D, Onyekuru L, Dziemidowicz K, Angkawinitwong U, Costa PF, Radacsi N, Williams GR. Protein encapsulation by electrospinning and electrospraying. J Control Release 2020; 329:1172-1197. [PMID: 33127450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing interest in the use of peptide- and protein-based agents in therapeutic strategies, it is fundamental to develop delivery systems capable of preserving the biological activity of these molecules upon administration, and which can provide tuneable release profiles. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques, encompassing electrospinning and electrospraying, allow the generation of fibres and particles with high surface area-to-volume ratios, versatile architectures, and highly controllable release profiles. This review is focused on exploring the potential of different EHD methods (including blend, emulsion, and co-/multi-axial electrospinning and electrospraying) for the development of peptide and protein delivery systems. An overview of the principles of each technique is first presented, followed by a survey of the literature on the encapsulation of enzymes, growth factors, antibodies, hormones, and vaccine antigens using EHD approaches. The possibility for localised delivery using stimuli-responsive systems is also explored. Finally, the advantages and challenges with each EHD method are summarised, and the necessary steps for clinical translation and scaled-up production of electrospun and electrosprayed protein delivery systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Lawson
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Lesley Onyekuru
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Karolina Dziemidowicz
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ukrit Angkawinitwong
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Pedro F Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Rohani Shirvan A, Hemmatinejad N, Bahrami SH, Bashari A. Synthesis and Characterization of Phenylalanine Nanotubes as Green pH‐Responsive Drug Nanocarriers. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Hemmatinejad
- Textile Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Hajir Bahrami
- Textile Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Bashari
- Textile Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Hasan N, Rahman L, Kim SH, Cao J, Arjuna A, Lallo S, Jhun BH, Yoo JW. Recent advances of nanocellulose in drug delivery systems. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
115
|
Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Walker D, Ionescu CM, Shah U, Stojanovic G, Kojic S, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Alginate-based drug oral targeting using bio-micro/nano encapsulation technologies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1361-1376. [PMID: 32597249 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1789587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral delivery is the most common administrated drug delivery path. However, oral administration of lipophilic drugs has some limitations: they have poor dose-response due to low and varied dissolution kinetics and oral bioavailability with sub-optimal dissolution within the aqueous gastrointestinal microenvironment. Therefore, there is a need for robust formulating methods that protect the drug until it reaches to its optimum absorption site, allowing its optimum pharmacological effects via increasing its intestinal permeation and bioavailability. AREA COVERED Herein, we provide insights on orally administered lipophilic drug delivery systems. The detailed description of the obstacles associated with the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs are also discussed. Following this, techniques to overcome these obstacles with much emphasis on optimal safety and efficacy are addressed. Newly designed ionic vibrational jet flow encapsulation technology has enormous growth in lipophilic drug delivery systems, which is discussed thereafter. EXPERT OPINION Researchers have shown interest in drug's encapsulation. A combination of drug-bile acid and microencapsulation methods can be one promising strategy to improve the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. However, the most critical aspect of this approach is the selection of bile acids, polymer, and encapsulation technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susbin Raj Wagle
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Walker
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Umar Shah
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University , Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Goran Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Han R, Wu S, Tang K, Hou Y. Facilitating drug release in mesoporous silica coated upconversion nanoparticles by photoacid assistance upon near-infrared irradiation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
117
|
Sikdar R, Elias M. Quorum quenching enzymes and their effects on virulence, biofilm, and microbiomes: a review of recent advances. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1221-1233. [PMID: 32749905 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1794815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous bacterial behaviors are regulated by a cell-density dependent mechanism known as Quorum Sensing (QS). QS relies on communication between bacterial cells using diffusible signaling molecules known as autoinducers. QS regulates physiological processes such as metabolism, virulence, and biofilm formation. Quorum Quenching (QQ) is the inhibition of QS using chemical or enzymatic means to counteract behaviors regulated by QS. AREAS COVERED We examine the main, diverse QS mechanisms present in bacterial species, with a special emphasis on AHL-mediated QS. We also discuss key in vitro and in vivo systems in which interference in QS was investigated. Additionally, we highlight promising developments, such as the substrate preference of the used enzymatic quencher, in the application of interference in QS to counter bacterial virulence. EXPERT OPINION Enabled via the recent isolation of highly stable quorum quenching enzymes and/or molecular engineering efforts, the effects of the interference in QS were recently evaluated outside of the traditional model of single species culture. Signal disruption in complex microbial communities was shown to result in the disruption of complex microbial behaviors, and changes in population structures. These new findings, and future studies, may result in significant changes in the traditional views about QS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sikdar
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics Department and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mikael Elias
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics Department and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Sampath U. Gunathilake TM, Ching YC, Chuah CH, Rahman NA, Nai-Shang L. pH-responsive poly(lactic acid)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose film for enhanced delivery of curcumin in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
119
|
Nahari G, Braitbard O, Larush L, Hochman J, Tshuva EY. Effective Oral Administration of an Antitumorigenic Nanoformulated Titanium Complex. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:108-112. [PMID: 32657024 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered anticancer drugs facilitate treatment, but the acidic conditions in the stomach often challenge their availability. PhenolaTi is a TiIV -based nontoxic anticancer drug with marked in-vivo efficacy. We report that nanoformulation protects phenolaTi from decomposition in stomach-like conditions. This is evidenced by similar NMR characteristics and similar in-vitro cytotoxicity toward murine (CT-26) and human (HT-29) colon cancer cells before and after incubation of nanoformulated phenolaTi (phenolaTi-F) at pH 2, unlike results with the unformulated form of the complex. Furthermore, administration of phenolaTi-F in animal drinking water revealed a notable inhibition of tumor growth in Balb/c and immune-deficient (Nude) mice inoculated with CT-26 and HT-29 cells, respectively. In-vivo efficacy was at least similar to that of the corresponding intraperitoneal treatment with phenolaTi-F and the clinically employed oral drug, capecitabine. No body weight loss or clinical signs of toxicity were evident in the phenolaTi-F-treated animals. These findings demonstrate a new convenient mode of cancer treatment through oral administration by safe titanium-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Nahari
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ori Braitbard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Liraz Larush
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Jacob Hochman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Edit Y Tshuva
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Woźniczka M, Sutradhar M, Pombeiro AJL, Świątek M, Pająk M, Gądek-Sobczyńska J, Chmiela M, Gonciarz W, Pasternak B, Kufelnicki A. Equilibria in Aqueous Cobalt(II)-Reduced Schiff Base N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine System: Chemical Characterization, Kinetic Analysis, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153462. [PMID: 32751474 PMCID: PMC7436002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the coordination properties of a reduced Schiff base, N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine, towards cobalt(II) using potentiometric as well as spectroscopic (UV-Vis and ESI-MS) methods. The results indicate the formation of six mononuclear complexes showing high stability in aqueous solution. Coordination occurs in the {O−phenolic,N,O−carboxyl} and {N,O−carboxyl} chelation modes, depending on the degree of ligand deprotonation. Examination of the complexation equilibria at pH ca 7, which is important from a biological point of view, allowed to identify two species: [CoL] and [CoL2H]−. The kinetic analysis showed a structural change of those cobalt(II) complexes from octahedral to tetrahedral in accordance with a first-order time relationship. The antimicrobial properties of N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine, cobalt(II) nitrate and of the Co(II) – ligand complexes were determined against Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori) and a fungal strain (Candida). The results indicate that the complexes are more active for more strains than the ligand alone. Nevertheless, the complexes induce a higher decrease in the metabolic activity of cells but without damage to nuclei. Tetrahedral structures show stronger anti-cellular toxicity than octahedral complexes, which is most likely due to the higher accessibility of the cobalt(II) center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woźniczka
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.P.); (J.G.-S.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manas Sutradhar
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
| | - Mirosława Świątek
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.P.); (J.G.-S.); (A.K.)
| | - Marek Pająk
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.P.); (J.G.-S.); (A.K.)
| | - Joanna Gądek-Sobczyńska
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.P.); (J.G.-S.); (A.K.)
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.C.); (W.G.)
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.C.); (W.G.)
| | - Beata Pasternak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Kufelnicki
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.P.); (J.G.-S.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Marinopoulou A, Christofilos D, Arvanitidis J, Raphaelides SN. Interaction of Tretinoin and Nimesulide with Amylose Matrices. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marinopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Central Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods International Hellenic University Alexandrian Campus Thessaloniki 57400 Greece
| | - Dimitrios Christofilos
- School of Chemical Engineering & Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - John Arvanitidis
- Physics Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - Stylianos N. Raphaelides
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Central Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods International Hellenic University Alexandrian Campus Thessaloniki 57400 Greece
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Hegab RA, Pardue S, Shen X, Kevil C, Peppas NA, Caldorera‐Moore ME. Effect of network mesh size and swelling to the drug delivery from pH responsive hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Hegab
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringLouisiana Tech University Ruston Louisiana 71272
| | - Sibile Pardue
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and SciencesLSU Health Shreveport Shreveport Louisiana 71130‐3932
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and SciencesLSU Health Shreveport Shreveport Louisiana 71130‐3932
| | - Christopher Kevil
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and SciencesLSU Health Shreveport Shreveport Louisiana 71130‐3932
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative MedicineThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical SchoolThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical SchoolThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Castillo-Henríquez L, Vargas-Zúñiga R, Pacheco-Molina J, Vega-Baudrit J. Electrospun nanofibers: A nanotechnological approach for drug delivery and dissolution optimization in poorly water-soluble drugs. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:325-353. [PMID: 35300196 PMCID: PMC8915594 DOI: 10.5599/admet.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a novel and sophisticated technique for the production of nanofibers with high surface area, extreme porous structure, small pore size, and surface morphologies that make them suitable for biomedical and bioengineering applications, which can provide solutions to current drug delivery issues of poorly water-soluble drugs. Electrospun nanofibers can be obtained through different methods asides from the conventional one, such as coaxial, multi-jet, side by side, emulsion, and melt electrospinning. In general, the application of an electric potential to a polymer solution causes a charged liquid jet that moves downfield to an oppositely charged collector, where the nanofibers are deposited. Plenty of polymers that differ in their origin, degradation character and water affinity are used during the process. Physicochemical properties of the drug, polymer(s), and solvent systems need to be addressed to guarantee successful manufacturing. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent progress in electrospun nanofibers for their use as a nanotechnological tool for dissolution optimization and drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Henríquez
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), 1174-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Vargas-Zúñiga
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Pacheco-Molina
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Vega-Baudrit
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), 1174-1200, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratory of Polymers (POLIUNA), Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Behzadi Nia S, Pooresmaeil M, Namazi H. Carboxymethylcellulose/layered double hydroxides bio-nanocomposite hydrogel: A controlled amoxicillin nanocarrier for colonic bacterial infections treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:1401-1409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
125
|
Das SS, Bharadwaj P, Bilal M, Barani M, Rahdar A, Taboada P, Bungau S, Kyzas GZ. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Theragnosis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1397. [PMID: 32580366 PMCID: PMC7362228 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as promising tools and have gained attention from researchers for their potential to efficiently deliver bioactive compounds, including drugs, proteins, genes, nucleic acids, etc., in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Remarkably, these polymeric nanocarriers could be further modified as stimuli-responsive systems based on the mechanism of triggered release, i.e., response to a specific stimulus, either endogenous (pH, enzymes, temperature, redox values, hypoxia, glucose levels) or exogenous (light, magnetism, ultrasound, electrical pulses) for the effective biodistribution and controlled release of drugs or genes at specific sites. Various nanoparticles (NPs) have been functionalized and used as templates for imaging systems in the form of metallic NPs, dendrimers, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, and liposomes. The use of polymeric nanocarriers for imaging and to deliver active compounds has attracted considerable interest in various cancer therapy fields. So-called smart nanopolymer systems are built to respond to certain stimuli such as temperature, pH, light intensity and wavelength, and electrical, magnetic and ultrasonic fields. Many imaging techniques have been explored including optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging, ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). This review reports on the most recent developments in imaging methods by analyzing examples of smart nanopolymers that can be imaged using one or more imaging techniques. Unique features, including nontoxicity, water solubility, biocompatibility, and the presence of multiple functional groups, designate polymeric nanocues as attractive nanomedicine candidates. In this context, we summarize various classes of multifunctional, polymeric, nano-sized formulations such as liposomes, micelles, nanogels, and dendrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India;
| | - Priyanshu Bharadwaj
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Particle Physics Department Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Yang X, Li W, Sun Z, Yang C, Tang D. Electrospun P(NVCL-co-MAA) nanofibers and their pH/temperature dual-response drug release profiles. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
127
|
Teimouri S, Morrish C, Kasapis S. Release profile of vitamin B6 from a pH-responsive BSA network crosslinked with genipin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
128
|
Ibrahim YHEY, Regdon G, Hamedelniel EI, Sovány T. Review of recently used techniques and materials to improve the efficiency of orally administered proteins/peptides. Daru 2020; 28:403-416. [PMID: 31811628 PMCID: PMC7214593 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of present review is to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of recently developed methods to improve the bioavailability of orally administered biopharmaceutical drugs. METHODS A systematic search of sciencedirect, tandfonline and Google Scholar databases based on various sets of keywords was performed. All results were evaluated based on their abstracts, and irrelevant studies were neglected during further evaluation. RESULTS At present, biopharmaceuticals are used as injectable therapies as they are not absorbed adequately from the different routes of drug administration, particularly the oral one. Their insufficient absorption is attributed to their high molecular weight, degradation by proteolytic enzymes, high hydrophilicity and rigidity of the absorptive tissues. From industrial aspect incorporation of enzyme inhibitors (EIs) and permeation enhancers (PEs) and mucoadhesive polymers into conventional dosage forms may be the easiest way of formulation of orally administered macromolecular drugs, but the effectiveness of protection and absorption enhancement here is the most questionable. Conjugation may be problematic from regulatory aspect. Encapsulation into lipid-based vesicles sufficiently protects the incorporated macromolecule and improves intestinal uptake but have considerable stability issues. In contrast, polymeric nanocarriers may provide good stability but provides lower internalization efficacy in comparison with the lipid-based carriers. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the combination of the advantages of mucoadhesive polymeric and lid-based carriers in hybrid lipid/polymer nanoparticles may result in improved absorption and might represent a potential means for the oral administration of therapeutic proteins in the near future. Graphical abstract Delivery systems for oral protein daministration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousif H-E Y Ibrahim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
- Pharmaceutics Department, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Géza Regdon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Sovány
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Birk SE, Haagensen JAJ, Johansen HK, Molin S, Nielsen LH, Boisen A. Microcontainer Delivery of Antibiotic Improves Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901779. [PMID: 32323480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat effectively with antibiotics despite repeated treatments. Polymeric microdevices (microcontainers) have previously been shown to engulf in mucus layers and to provide tunable release. Such devices may overcome the challenge of delivering antibiotics into the biofilm, increasing the local drug concentration and hence improve local bacterial killing. In this work, microcontainers are loaded with the antibiotic, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, and functionalized with polymeric lids of polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, or Eudragit S100. The PEG lid gives rise to a drug release comparable to uncoated microcontainers showing complete release after 8 h, whereas chitosan and Eudragit S100 lids result in continuous release during the course of 24 h. All antibiotic-containing microcontainers inhibit planktonic growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) cells, but the degree of inhibition depends on the coating. Microcontainers with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride kill about three times more biofilm-associated PAO1 cells compared with a single standard bolus. Moreover, the use of microcontainers in biofilm result in bacterial killing equal to a constant flow of a three times higher concentration of solubilized antibiotics. These studies suggest that microcontainers can be useful for antibiotic delivery in treatment of biofilm-associated infections, resulting in more effective treatment and reduced use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Egebro Birk
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Janus Anders Juul Haagensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 220 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Helle Krogh Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section 9301Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Henrik Harpestrengs Vej 4A Copenhagen Ø 2100 Denmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 Copenhagen Ø 2100 Denmark
| | - Søren Molin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 220 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN)Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Hua S. Advances in Oral Drug Delivery for Regional Targeting in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Influence of Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Factors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32425781 PMCID: PMC7212533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral route is by far the most common route of drug administration in the gastrointestinal tract and can be used for both systemic drug delivery and for treating local gastrointestinal diseases. It is the most preferred route by patients, due to its advantages, such as ease of use, non-invasiveness, and convenience for self-administration. Formulations can also be designed to enhance drug delivery to specific regions in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Despite the clear advantages offered by the oral route, drug delivery can be challenging as the human gastrointestinal tract is complex and displays a number of physiological barriers that affect drug delivery. Among these challenges are poor drug stability, poor drug solubility, and low drug permeability across the mucosal barriers. Attempts to overcome these issues have focused on improved understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in both healthy and diseased states. Innovative pharmaceutical approaches have also been explored to improve regional drug targeting in the gastrointestinal tract, including nanoparticulate formulations. This review will discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmaceutical considerations influencing drug delivery for the oral route of administration, as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery approaches. The translational challenges and development aspects of novel formulations will also be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Asfour MH. Advanced trends in protein and peptide drug delivery: a special emphasis on aquasomes and microneedles techniques. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1-23. [PMID: 32337668 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides have a great potential as therapeutic agents; they have higher efficiency and lower toxicity, compared to chemical drugs. However, their oral bioavailability is very low; also, the transdermal peptide delivery faces absorption limitations. Accordingly, most of proteins and peptides are administered by parenteral route, but there are many problems associated with this route such as patient discomfort, especially for pediatric use. Thus, it is a great challenge to develop drug delivery systems for administration of proteins and peptides by routes other than parenteral one. This review provides an overview on recent advances adopted for protein and peptide drug delivery, focusing on oral and transdermal routes. This is followed by an emphasis on two recent approaches adopted as delivery systems for protein and peptide drugs, namely aquasomes and microneedles. Aquasomes are nanoparticles fabricated from ceramics developed to enhance proteins and peptides stability, providing an adequate residence time in circulation. It consists of ceramic core coated with poly hydroxyl oligomer, on which protein and peptide drug can be adsorbed. Aquasomes preparation, characterization, and application in protein and peptide drug delivery are discussed. Microneedles are promising transdermal approach; it involves creation of micron-sized pores in the skin for enhancing the drug delivery across the skin, as their length ranged between 150 and 1500 μm. Types of microneedles with different drug delivery mechanisms, characterization, and application in protein and peptide drug delivery are discussed. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Hasanein Asfour
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Bermejo M, Sanchez-Dengra B, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I. Oral controlled release dosage forms: dissolution versus diffusion. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:791-803. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1750593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Barbara Sanchez-Dengra
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Ruff A, Jaikaew W, Khunkaewla P, Schuhmann W, Schulte A. Drug Release from Polymer Thin Films and Gel Pellets: Insights from Programmed Microplate Electroanalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:627-633. [PMID: 32237228 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Robotic electroanalysis in 24-well microplates was used to determine Paracetamol (PCT) release from thin films of chitosan and two pH-sensitive synthetic polymers as well as blends of the polymers with each other and with agarose. Square-wave voltammograms were recorded automatically in a potential window of 0.35 V-0.85 V vs. Ag/AgCl/0.1 M KCl and their evaluation revealed time-dependent PCT release into acidic and basic media. Comparison of the release profiles showed that pure chitosan layers released PCT quickly in a single-phase process while liberation from synthetic polymer thin films was slower with a sigmoidal shape at pH 1.2 and pH 8.0 with a maximum release of PCT after approximately 150 and 140 min, respectively. The release profile from thicker agarose films was between those of the thin films. Agarose blended with chitosan or synthetic polymers formed films with biphasic release behavior. Chitosan linearized the initial section of the release profile in chitosan/polymer blends. The automated procedure for release testing offers the advantage of low-cost, labor-effective and error-free data acquisition. The procedure has been validated as a useful microplate assay option for release profile testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wajee Jaikaew
- School of Chemistry, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- School of Chemistry, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Yan J, Guan ZY, Zhu WF, Zhong LY, Qiu ZQ, Yue PF, Wu WT, Liu J, Huang X. Preparation of Puerarin Chitosan Oral Nanoparticles by Ionic Gelation Method and Its Related Kinetics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030216. [PMID: 32131425 PMCID: PMC7150795 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, as an active ingredient, puerarin chitosan nanoparticles (Pur-CS/TPP-NPs) are prepared by an ionic gelation method. The chitosan (CS) concentration, pH of the CS solution, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration, stirring speed, stirring time, ultrasonic power, and dosage are used as single factors for investigation, and the encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) are used as indicators for investigation. The optimal prescription is determined using the Box–Behnken effect surface design method. The characterization of the best formulation, which is determined via an in vitro release assay and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis methods, is used here for pharmacokinetic studies. An in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model is used to investigate drug absorption in the intestine. After characterization, the morphologies of the nanoparticles are intact. It can be seen from the in vitro release experiments that the equation fitted by the nanoparticles is the Higuchi model, the nanoparticle release process is very stable and without sudden release, indicating that the nanoparticles are well-released in vitro. The pharmacokinetic results and the in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model study show that the bioavailability and absorption of Pur-CS/TPP-NPs were significantly higher than Pur. Thus, all the results show that the prepared nanoparticles can significantly improve the bioavailability of Pur, and we hope to lay the foundation for the development of new products of Pur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-Yu Guan
- Correspondence: (Z.-Y.G.); (W.-F.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-(0791)-87118614 (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Wei-Feng Zhu
- Correspondence: (Z.-Y.G.); (W.-F.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-(0791)-87118614 (Z.-Y.G.)
| | - Ling-Yun Zhong
- Correspondence: (Z.-Y.G.); (W.-F.Z.); (L.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-(0791)-87118614 (Z.-Y.G.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Sarfraz RM, Khan MU, Mahmood A, Akram MR, Minhas MU, QAISAR MN, ALI MR, Ahmad H, Zaman M. Synthesis of co-polymeric network of carbopol-g-methacrylic acid nanogels drug carrier system for gastro-protective delivery of ketoprofen and its evaluation. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1719148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asif Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hasnain Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Chiu HI, Ayub AD, Mat Yusuf SNA, Yahaya N, Abd Kadir E, Lim V. Docetaxel-Loaded Disulfide Cross-Linked Nanoparticles Derived from Thiolated Sodium Alginate for Colon Cancer Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E38. [PMID: 31906511 PMCID: PMC7023491 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, fluorescein-labelled wheat germ agglutinin (fWGA)-conjugated disulfide cross-linked sodium alginate nanoparticles were developed to specifically target docetaxel (DTX) to colon cancer cells. Different amounts of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were covalently attached to sodium alginate to form thiolated sodium alginate (MPA1-5). These polymers were then self-assembled and air-oxidised to form disulfide cross-linked nanoparticles (MP1-5) under sonication. DTX was successfully loaded into the resulting MP1-5 to form DTX-loaded nanoparticles (DMP1-5). DMP2 had the highest loading efficiency (17.8%), thus was chosen for fWGA surface conjugation to form fWGA-conjugated nanoparticles (fDMP2) with a conjugation efficiency of 14.1%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed spherical nanoparticles, and an in vitro drug release study recorded a cumulative drug release of 48.6%. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a mean diameter (MD) of 289 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.3 and a zeta potential of -2.2 mV for fDMP2. HT-29 human colon cancer cells treated with fDMP2 showed lower viability than that of L929 mouse fibroblast cells. These results indicate that fDMP2 was efficiently taken up by HT-29 cells (29.9%). Fluorescence and confocal imaging analyses also showed possible internalisation of nanoparticles by HT-29 cells. In conclusion, fDMP2 shows promise as a DTX carrier for colon cancer drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hock Ing Chiu
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Asila Dinie Ayub
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Siti Nur Aishah Mat Yusuf
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, UniCITI Alam Campus, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis 02600, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erazuliana Abd Kadir
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Vuanghao Lim
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; (H.I.C.); (A.D.A.); (S.N.A.M.Y.); (N.Y.); (E.A.K.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Chyzy A, Tomczykowa M, Plonska-Brzezinska ME. Hydrogels as Potential Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Scale Systems for Controlled Drug Delivery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E188. [PMID: 31906527 PMCID: PMC6981598 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review is an extensive evaluation and essential analysis of the design and formation of hydrogels (HGs) for drug delivery. We review the fundamental principles of HGs (their chemical structures, physicochemical properties, synthesis routes, different types, etc.) that influence their biological properties and medical and pharmaceutical applications. Strategies for fabricating HGs with different diameters (macro, micro, and nano) are also presented. The size of biocompatible HG materials determines their potential uses in medicine as drug carriers. Additionally, novel drug delivery methods for enhancing treatment are discussed. A critical review is performed based on the latest literature reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.C.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Development andIn-VitroEvaluation of pH Responsive Polymeric Nano Hydrogel Carrier System for Gastro-Protective Delivery of Naproxen Sodium. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current research work was carried out for gastro-protective delivery of naproxen sodium. Polyethylene glycol-g-poly (methacrylic acid) nanogels was developed through free radical polymerization technique. Formulation was characterized for swelling behaviour, entrapment efficiency, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Zeta size distribution, and Zeta potential measurements, andin-vitrodrug release. pH dependent swelling was observed with maximum drug release at higher pH. PXRD studies confirmed the conversion of loaded drug from crystalline to amorphous form while Zeta size measurement showed size reduction. On the basis of these results it was concluded that prepared nanogels proved an effective tool for gastro-protective delivery of naproxen sodium.
Collapse
|
139
|
Campbell KT, Wysoczynski K, Hadley DJ, Silva EA. Computational-Based Design of Hydrogels with Predictable Mesh Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:308-319. [PMID: 33313390 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel systems are an appealing class of therapeutic delivery vehicles, though it can be challenging to design hydrogels that maintain desired spatiotemporal presentation of therapeutic cargo. In this work, we propose a different approach in which computational tools are developed that creates a theoretical representation of the hydrogel polymer network to design hydrogels with predefined mesh properties critical for controlling therapeutic delivery. We postulated and confirmed that the computational model could incorporate properties of alginate polymers, including polymer content, monomer composition and polymer chain radius, to accurately predict cross-link density and mesh size for a wide range of alginate hydrogels. Additionally, the simulations provided a robust strategy to determine the mesh size distribution and identified properties to control the mesh size of alginate hydrogels. Furthermore, the model was validated for additional hydrogel systems and provided a high degree of correlation (R2 > 0.95) to the mesh sizes determined for both fibrin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels. Finally, a full factorial and Box-Behnken design of experiments (DOE) approach utilized in combination with the computational model predicted that the mesh size of hydrogels could be varied from approximately 5 nm to 5 μm through controlling properties of the polymer network. Overall, this computational model of the hydrogel polymer network provides a rapid and accessible strategy to predict hydrogel mesh properties and ultimately design hydrogel systems with desired mesh properties for potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kajetan Wysoczynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dustin J Hadley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Dragan ES, Dinu MV. Polysaccharides constructed hydrogels as vehicles for proteins and peptides. A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
141
|
Wu Z, Duan M, Xiong D, Zhang CY. Mesoscale Simulations of pH-Responsive Amphiphilic Polymeric Micelles for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120620. [PMID: 31757065 PMCID: PMC6956019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to study the structure property and self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymer in order to effectively and efficiently design and prepare drug delivery systems. In this work, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method was used to investigate the structure property and self-assembly ability of pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)-b-poly(aminoethyl methacrylate) (poly(MMA-co-MAA)-b-PAEMA). The effects of different block ratios (hydrophilic PAEMA segment and pH-sensitive PMAA segment) in copolymer on self-assembly and drug loading capacity including drug distribution were extensively investigated. The increase of hydrophilic PAEMA facilitated the formation of a typical core-shell structure as well as a hydrophobic PMAA segment. Furthermore, the optimal drug-carrier ratio was confirmed by an analysis of the drug distribution during the self-assembly process of block copolymer and model drug Ibuprofen (IBU). In addition, the drug distribution and nanostructure of IBU-loaded polymeric micelles (PMs) self-assembled from precise block copolymer (PMMA-b-PMAA-b-PAEMA) and block copolymer (poly(MMA-co-MAA)-b-PAEMA) with random pH-responsive/hydrophobic structure were evaluated, showing that almost all drug molecules were encapsulated into a core for a random copolymer compared to the analogue. The nanostructures of IBU-loaded PMs at different pH values were evaluated. The results displayed that the nanostructure was stable at pH < pKa and anomalous at pH > pKa which indicated drug release, suggesting that the PMs could be used in oral drug delivery. These findings proved that the amphiphilic block copolymer P(MMA30-co-MAA33)-b-PAEMA38 with random structure and pH-sensitivity might be a potential drug carrier. Moreover, DPD simulation shows potential to study the structure property of PMs self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (M.D.); (D.X.)
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (C.Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0731-58293549 (Z.W.); +1-509218-0453 (C.Y.Z.)
| | - Manzhen Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (M.D.); (D.X.)
| | - Di Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; (M.D.); (D.X.)
| | - Can Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (C.Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0731-58293549 (Z.W.); +1-509218-0453 (C.Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Hu X, Yang G, Chen S, Luo S, Zhang J. Biomimetic and bioinspired strategies for oral drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:1020-1044. [PMID: 31621709 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery remains the most preferred approach due to its multiple advantages. Recently there has been increasing interest in the development of advanced vehicles for oral delivery of different therapeutics. Among them, biomimetic and bioinspired strategies are emerging as novel approaches that are promising for addressing biological barriers encountered by traditional drug delivery systems. Herein we provide a state-of-the-art review on the current progress of biomimetic particulate oral delivery systems. Different biomimetic nanoparticles used for oral drug delivery are first discussed, mainly including ligand/antibody-functionalized nanoparticles, transporter-mediated nanoplatforms, and nanoscale extracellular vesicles. Then we describe bacteria-derived biomimetic systems, with respect to oral delivery of therapeutic proteins or antigens. Subsequently, yeast-derived oral delivery systems, based on either chemical engineering or bioengineering approaches are discussed, with emphasis on the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer as well as oral vaccination. Finally, bioengineered plant cells are introduced for oral delivery of biological agents. A future perspective is also provided to highlight the existing challenges and possible resolution toward clinical translation of currently developed biomimetic oral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiankang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. and The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Suxin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Kaur G, Arora M, Ravi Kumar MNV. Oral Drug Delivery Technologies-A Decade of Developments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:529-543. [PMID: 31010845 PMCID: PMC6806634 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced drug delivery technologies, in general, enable drug reformulation and administration routes, together contributing to life-cycle management and allowing the innovator to maintain the product monopoly. Over the years, there has been a steady shift from mere life-cycle management to drug repurposing-applying delivery technologies to tackle solubility and permeability issues in early stages or safety and efficacy issues in the late stages of drug discovery processes. While the drug and the disease in question primarily drive the choice of route of administration, the oral route, for its compliance and safety attributes, is the most preferred route, particularly when it comes to chronic conditions, including pain, which is not considered a disease but a symptom of a primary cause. Therefore, the attempt of this review is to take a stock of the advances in oral delivery technologies that are applicable for injectable to oral transformation, improve risk-benefit profiles of existing orals, and apply them in the early discovery program to minimize the drug attrition rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - M Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - M N V Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Ribeiro AM, Flores-Sahagun THS. Application of stimulus-sensitive polymers in wound healing formulation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1655744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreza M Ribeiro
- Engineering and Material Science, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Chen XY, Butt AM, Mohd Amin MCI. Molecular Evaluation of Oral Immunogenicity of Hepatitis B Antigen Delivered by Hydrogel Microparticles. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3853-3872. [PMID: 31398038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of oral vaccine formulation is crucial to facilitate an effective mass immunization program for various vaccine-preventable diseases. In this work, the efficacy of hepatitis B antigen delivered by bacterial nanocellulose/poly(acrylic acid) composite hydrogel microparticles (MPs) as oral vaccine carriers was assessed to induce both local and systemic immunity. Optimal pH-responsive swelling, mucoadhesiveness, protein drug loading, and drug permeability were characterized by MPs formulated with minimal irradiation doses and acrylic acid concentration. The composite hydrogel materials of bacterial nanocellulose and poly(acrylic acid) showed significantly greater antigen release in simulated intestinal fluid while ensuring the integrity of antigen. In in vivo study, mice orally vaccinated with antigen-loaded hydrogel MPs showed enhanced vaccine immunogenicity with significantly higher secretion of mucosal immunoglobulin A, compared to intramuscular vaccinated control. The splenocytes from the same group demonstrated lymphoproliferation and significant increased secretion of interleukin-2 cytokines upon stimulation with hepatitis B antigen. Expression of CD69 in CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes in splenocytes from mice orally vaccinated with antigen-loaded hydrogel MPs was comparable to that of the intramuscular vaccinated control, indicating early activation of lymphocytes elicited by our oral vaccine formulation in just two doses. These results demonstrated the potential of antigen-loaded hydrogel MPs as an oral vaccination method for hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi Chen
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz , 50300 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Adeel Masood Butt
- Department of Pharmacy , The University of Lahore , Gujrat Campus, Adjacent Chenab Bridge, Main GT Road , 50700 Gujrat , Pakistan
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz , 50300 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Augustine R, Kalva N, Kim HA, Zhang Y, Kim I. pH-Responsive Polypeptide-Based Smart Nano-Carriers for Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E2961. [PMID: 31443287 PMCID: PMC6719039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart nano-carriers have attained great significance in the biomedical field due to their versatile and interesting designs with different functionalities. The initial stages of the development of nanocarriers mainly focused on the guest loading efficiency, biocompatibility of the host and the circulation time. Later the requirements of less side effects with more efficacy arose by attributing targetability and stimuli-responsive characteristics to nano-carriers along with their bio- compatibility. Researchers are utilizing many stimuli-responsive polymers for the better release of the guest molecules at the targeted sites. Among these, pH-triggered release achieves increasing importance because of the pH variation in different organ and cancer cells of acidic pH. This specific feature is utilized to release the guest molecules more precisely in the targeted site by designing polymers having specific functionality with the pH dependent morphology change characteristics. In this review, we mainly concert on the pH-responsive polypeptides and some interesting nano-carrier designs for the effective theranostic applications. Also, emphasis is made on pharmaceutical application of the different nano-carriers with respect to the organ, tissue and cellular level pH environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimesh Augustine
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Nagendra Kalva
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ho An Kim
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Zhang
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Chatterjee S, Chi-Leung Hui P. Review of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers in Drug Delivery and Textile Application. Molecules 2019; 24:E2547. [PMID: 31336916 PMCID: PMC6681499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes some commercially available stimuli-responsive polymers of natural and synthetic origin, and their applications in drug delivery and textiles. The polymers of natural origin such as chitosan, cellulose, albumin, and gelatin are found to show both thermo-responsive and pH-responsive properties and these features of the biopolymers impart sensitivity to act differently under different temperatures and pH conditions. The stimuli-responsive characters of these natural polymers have been discussed in the review, and their respective applications in drug delivery and textile especially for textile-based transdermal therapy have been emphasized. Some practically important thermo-responsive polymers such as pluronic F127 (PF127) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) of synthetic origin have been discussed in the review and they are of great importance commercially because of their in situ gel formation capacity. Some pH-responsive synthetic polymers have been discussed depending on their surface charge, and their drug delivery and textile applications have been discussed in this review. The selected stimuli-responsive polymers of synthetic origin are commercially available. Above all, the applications of bio-based or synthetic stimuli-responsive polymers in textile-based transdermal therapy are given special regard apart from their general drug delivery applications. A special insight has been given for stimuli-responsive hydrogel drug delivery systems for textile-based transdermal therapy, which is critical for the treatment of skin disease atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chatterjee
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Chi-Leung Hui
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Pishnamazi M, Hafizi H, Shirazian S, Culebras M, Walker GM, Collins MN. Design of Controlled Release System for Paracetamol Based on Modified Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1059. [PMID: 31216694 PMCID: PMC6630591 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of lignin modification on drug release and pH-dependent releasing behavior of oral solid dosage forms was investigated using three different formulations. The first formulation contains microcrystalline cellulose (MCC 101) as the excipient and paracetamol as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The second formulation includes Alcell lignin and MCC 101 as the excipient and paracetamol, and the third formulation consists of carboxylated Alcell lignin, MCC 101 and paracetamol. Direct compaction was carried out in order to prepare the tablets. Lignin can be readily chemically modified due to the existence of different functional groups in its structure. The focus of this investigation is on lignin carboxylation and its influence on paracetamol control release behavior at varying pH. Results suggest that carboxylated lignin tablets had the highest drug release, which is linked to their faster disintegration and lower tablet hardness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Pishnamazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Hamid Hafizi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Saeed Shirazian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Mario Culebras
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Gavin M Walker
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Maurice N Collins
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Jiang W, Guo J, Wen W, Jia YG, Liu S. Nano-Carriers Based on pH-Sensitive Star-Shaped Copolymers for Drug-Controlled Release. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101610. [PMID: 31100826 PMCID: PMC6566147 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nano-carriers are considered as promising tools in biomedical applications due to multiple attractive characteristics including their low toxicity, high loading capacity, controlled drug release capabilities, and highly tunable chemical properties. Here, a series of pH-sensitive star-shaped copolymers, Ad-P[(EMA-co-MAA)-b-PPEGMA]4, was prepared via electron transfer atom radical polymerization (ARGETE ATRP) and selective hydrolysis. These star-shaped copolymers can be self-assembled into micelles (Dh = 150–160 nm) and their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were estimated to be 3.9–5.0 mg/L. The pH-sensitiveness of the micelles was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The maximal paclitaxel (PTX) loading efficiency (DLC) and entrapment efficiency (EE) were 18.9% and 36%, respectively. In vitro release studies revealed that about 19% of the PTX released at an acidic condition of pH 1.2 over 70 h, whereas more than 70% was released within the same time interval at pH 6.8. In vitro cytotoxicity suggested that the low cytotoxicity of the blank micelles, while the PTX-loaded micelles providing the cytotoxicity close to that of free PTX. These results indicated that this novel pH-sensitive nano-carriers have great potential applications for oral drug-controlled release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianwei Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiqiu Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Sa Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Smart Freeze-Dried Bigels for the Prevention of the Sexual Transmission of HIV by Accelerating the Vaginal Release of Tenofovir during Intercourse. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050232. [PMID: 31086015 PMCID: PMC6571877 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan African women are still at risk from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and sex with men is the main route of transmission. Vaginal formulations containing antiretroviral drugs are promising tools to give women the power to protect themselves. The aim of this work was to obtain freeze-dried bigels containing pectin, chitosan, or hypromellose for the vaginal controlled release of Tenofovir, which is accelerated in the presence of semen. Nine batches of bigels were formulated using different proportions of these polymers in the hydrogel (1, 2, and 3% w/w). The bigels obtained were freeze-dried and then underwent hardness and deformability, mucoadhesion, swelling, and drug release tests, the last two in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) and SVF/simulated seminal fluid (SSF) mixture. The formulation containing 3% pectin (fd3P) has the highest values for hardness, resistance to deformation, and good mucoadhesivity. Its swelling is conditioned by the pH of the medium, which is responsive to the controlled release of Tenofovir in SVF, with the fastest release in the SVF/SSF mixture. fd3P would be an interesting smart microbicidal system to allow faster release of Tenofovir in the presence of semen, and thus increase women’s ability to protect themselves from the sexual transmission of HIV.
Collapse
|