101
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Kong F, Saldarriaga OA, Spratt H, Osorio EY, Travi BL, Luxon BA, Melby PC. Transcriptional Profiling in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Reveals a Broad Splenic Inflammatory Environment that Conditions Macrophages toward a Disease-Promoting Phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006165. [PMID: 28141856 PMCID: PMC5283737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani, is characterized by relentlessly increasing visceral parasite replication, cachexia, massive splenomegaly, pancytopenia and ultimately death. Progressive disease is considered to be due to impaired effector T cell function and/or failure of macrophages to be activated to kill the intracellular parasite. In previous studies, we used the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) as a model because it mimics the progressive nature of active human VL. We demonstrated previously that mixed expression of macrophage-activating (IFN-γ) and regulatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-21) cytokines, parasite-induced expression of macrophage arginase 1 (Arg1), and decreased production of nitric oxide are key immunopathologic factors. Here we examined global changes in gene expression to define the splenic environment and phenotype of splenic macrophages during progressive VL. We used RNA sequencing coupled with de novo transcriptome assembly, because the Syrian hamster does not have a fully sequenced and annotated reference genome. Differentially expressed transcripts identified a highly inflammatory spleen environment with abundant expression of type I and type II interferon response genes. However, high IFN-γ expression was ineffective in directing exclusive M1 macrophage polarization, suppressing M2-associated gene expression, and restraining parasite replication and disease. While many IFN-inducible transcripts were upregulated in the infected spleen, fewer were induced in splenic macrophages in VL. Paradoxically, IFN-γ enhanced parasite growth and induced the counter-regulatory molecules Arg1, Ido1 and Irg1 in splenic macrophages. This was mediated, at least in part, through IFN-γ-induced activation of STAT3 and expression of IL-10, which suggests that splenic macrophages in VL are conditioned to respond to macrophage activation signals with a counter-regulatory response that is ineffective and even disease-promoting. Accordingly, inhibition of STAT3 activation led to a reduced parasite load in infected macrophages. Thus, the STAT3 pathway offers a rational target for adjunctive host-directed therapy to interrupt the pathogenesis of VL. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected parasitic disease that is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani. Patients with this disease suffer from muscle wasting, enlargement of the spleen, reduced blood counts and ultimately will die without treatment. Progressive disease is considered to be due to impaired cellular immunity, with T cell or macrophage dysfunction, or both. We studied the Syrian hamster as an infection model because it mimics the progressive nature of human disease. We examined global changes in gene expression in the spleen and splenic macrophages during experimental VL and identified a highly inflammatory spleen environment with abundant expression of interferon and interferon-response genes that would be expected to control the infection. However, the high level of IFN-γ expression was ineffective in mediating a protective macrophage response, restraining parasite replication and halting progression of disease. We found that IFN-γ itself stimulated parasite growth in splenic macrophages and induced expression of counter-regulatory molecules, which may paradoxically make the host more susceptible. These data give insights into the nature of the immune response that promotes the infection, and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Kong
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Omar A. Saldarriaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heidi Spratt
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCM); (HS)
| | - E. Yaneth Osorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Luxon
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PCM); (HS)
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102
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Mayer-Barber KD, Yan B. Clash of the Cytokine Titans: counter-regulation of interleukin-1 and type I interferon-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:22-35. [PMID: 27264686 PMCID: PMC5214938 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades the notion of 'inflammation' has been extended beyond the original hallmarks of rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling) and dolor (pain) described by Celsus. We have gained a more detailed understanding of the cellular players and molecular mediators of inflammation which is now being applied and extended to areas of biomedical research such as cancer, obesity, heart disease, metabolism, auto-inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Innate cytokines are often central components of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss how the type I interferon and interleukin-1 cytokine pathways represent distinct and specialized categories of inflammatory responses and how these key mediators of inflammation counter-regulate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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103
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Kovarik P, Castiglia V, Ivin M, Ebner F. Type I Interferons in Bacterial Infections: A Balancing Act. Front Immunol 2016; 7:652. [PMID: 28082986 PMCID: PMC5183637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Defense against bacterial infections requires activation of the immune response as well as timely reestablishment of tissue and immune homeostasis. Instauration of homeostasis is critical for tissue regeneration, wound healing, and host recovery. Recent studies revealed that severe infectious diseases frequently result from failures in homeostatic processes rather than from inefficient pathogen eradication. Type I interferons (IFN) appear to play a key role in such processes. Remarkably, the involvement of type I IFNs in the regulation of immune and tissue homeostasis upon bacterial insult may have beneficial or detrimental consequences for the host. The reasons for such ambivalent function of type I IFNs are not understood. The disparate effects of type I IFNs on bacterial infections are in marked contrast to their well-established protective roles in most viral infections. In this review, we will focus on type I IFN effector mechanisms which balance processes involved in immune and tissue homeostasis during specific bacterial infections and highlight the most important missing links in our understanding of type I IFN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Masa Ivin
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Ebner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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104
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Perelman SS, Abrams ME, Eitson JL, Chen D, Jimenez A, Mettlen M, Schoggins JW, Alto NM. Cell-Based Screen Identifies Human Interferon-Stimulated Regulators of Listeria monocytogenes Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006102. [PMID: 28002492 PMCID: PMC5176324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) activated transcriptional response is a critical antiviral defense mechanism, yet its role in bacterial pathogenesis remains less well characterized. Using an intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) as a model bacterial pathogen, we sought to identify the roles of individual interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in context of bacterial infection. Previously, IFN has been implicated in both restricting and promoting Lm growth and immune stimulatory functions in vivo. Here we adapted a gain-of-function flow cytometry based approach to screen a library of more than 350 human ISGs for inhibitors and enhancers of Lm infection. We identify 6 genes, including UNC93B1, MYD88, AQP9, and TRIM14 that potently inhibit Lm infection. These inhibitors act through both transcription-mediated (MYD88) and non-transcriptional mechanisms (TRIM14). Further, we identify and characterize the human high affinity immunoglobulin receptor FcγRIa as an enhancer of Lm internalization. Our results reveal that FcγRIa promotes Lm uptake in the absence of known host Lm internalization receptors (E-cadherin and c-Met) as well as bacterial surface internalins (InlA and InlB). Additionally, FcγRIa-mediated uptake occurs independently of Lm opsonization or canonical FcγRIa signaling. Finally, we established the contribution of FcγRIa to Lm infection in phagocytic cells, thus potentially linking the IFN response to a novel bacterial uptake pathway. Together, these studies provide an experimental and conceptual basis for deciphering the role of IFN in bacterial defense and virulence at single-gene resolution. While the type I interferon response is known to be activated by both viruses and bacteria, it has mostly been characterized in terms of its antiviral properties. Listeria monocytogenes, an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterial pathogen with up to 50% mortality rate and a variety of clinical manifestations, is a potent activator of interferon secretion. In mouse models, interferon has been previously implicated in both restricting and promoting L. monocytogenes infection. Here, we utilized a high-throughput flow-cytometry based approach to screen a library of human interferon I stimulated genes (ISGs) and identified regulators of L. monocytogenes infection. These include inhibitors that act through both transcriptional (MYD88) and transcription-independent (TRIM14) mechanisms. Strikingly, expression of the human high affinity immunoglobulin receptor FcγRIa (CD64) was found to potently enhance L. monocytogenes infection. Both biochemical and cellular studies indicate that FcγRIa increases primary invasion of L. monocytogenes through a previously uncharacterized IgG-independent internalization mechanism. Together, these studies provide an important insight into the complex role of interferon response in bacterial virulence and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya S. Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Eitson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John W. Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JWS); (NMA)
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JWS); (NMA)
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105
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Cui Y, Zhao D, Sreevatsan S, Liu C, Yang W, Song Z, Yang L, Barrow P, Zhou X. Mycobacterium bovis Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated-Apoptosis by Activating IRF3 in a Murine Macrophage Cell Line. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:182. [PMID: 28018864 PMCID: PMC5149527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is highly adapted to macrophages and has developed multiple mechanisms to resist intracellular assaults. However, the host cells in turn deploy a multipronged defense mechanism to control bacterial infection. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is one such primary defense mechanism. However, the role of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) between ER stress and apoptosis during M. bovis infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that M. bovis effectively induced apoptosis in murine macrophages. Caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were activated over a 48 h infection period. The splicing of XBP-1 mRNA and the level of phosphorylation of eIF2α, indicators of ER stress, significantly increased at early time points after M. bovis infection. The expansion of the ER compartment, a morphological hallmark of ER stress, was observed at 6 h. Pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with 4-PBA (an ER stress-inhibitor) reduced the activation of the ER stress indicators, caspase activation and its downstream poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 and cytoplasmic co-localization of STING and TBK1. M. bovis infection led to the interaction of activated IRF3 and cytoplasmic Bax leading to mitochondrial damage. Role of IRF3 in apoptosis was further confirmed by blocking this molecule with BX-795 that showed significant reduction expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Intracellular survival of M. bovis increased in response to 4-PBA and BX-795. These findings indicate that STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway mediates a crosstalk between ER stress and apoptosis during M. bovis infection, which can effectively control intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Cui
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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106
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Yu X, Cai B, Wang M, Tan P, Ding X, Wu J, Li J, Li Q, Liu P, Xing C, Wang HY, Su XZ, Wang RF. Cross-Regulation of Two Type I Interferon Signaling Pathways in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Controls Anti-malaria Immunity and Host Mortality. Immunity 2016; 45:1093-1107. [PMID: 27793594 PMCID: PMC7128466 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is critical for controlling pathogen infection; however, its regulatory mechanisms in plasmacytoid cells (pDCs) still remain unclear. Here, we have shown that nucleic acid sensors cGAS-, STING-, MDA5-, MAVS-, or transcription factor IRF3-deficient mice produced high amounts of type I IFN-α and IFN-β (IFN-α/β) in the serum and were resistant to lethal plasmodium yoelii YM infection. Robust IFN-α/β production was abolished when gene encoding nucleic acid sensor TLR7, signaling adaptor MyD88, or transcription factor IRF7 was ablated or pDCs were depleted. Further, we identified SOCS1 as a key negative regulator to inhibit MyD88-dependent type I IFN signaling in pDCs. Finally, we have demonstrated that pDCs, cDCs, and macrophages were required for generating IFN-α/β-induced subsequent protective immunity. Thus, our findings have identified a critical regulatory mechanism of type I IFN signaling in pDCs and stage-specific function of immune cells in generating potent immunity against lethal YM infection. cGAS functions as a DNA sensor in vivo for detecting malaria genomic DNA STING- and MAVS-mediated signaling induces a negative regulator SOCS1 expression SOCS1 inhibits MyD88-mediated type I IFN signaling in pDCs Type I IFN produced by pDCs activates cDCs and macrophages for adaptive immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baowei Cai
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xilai Ding
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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107
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Type I interferon promotes cell-to-cell spread ofListeria monocytogenes. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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108
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Abstract
The host takes use of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to defend against pathogen invasion or cellular damage. Among microorganism-associated molecular patterns detected by host PRRs, nucleic acids derived from bacteria or viruses are tightly supervised, providing a fundamental mechanism of host defense. Pathogenic DNAs are supposed to be detected by DNA sensors that induce the activation of NFκB or TBK1-IRF3 pathway. DNA sensor cGAS is widely expressed in innate immune cells and is a key sensor of invading DNAs in several cell types. cGAS binds to DNA, followed by a conformational change that allows the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) from adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. cGAMP is a strong activator of STING that can activate IRF3 and subsequent type I interferon production. Here we describe recent progresses in DNA sensors especially cGAS in the innate immune responses against pathogenic DNAs.
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109
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Nick JA, Caceres SM, Kret JE, Poch KR, Strand M, Faino AV, Nichols DP, Saavedra MT, Taylor-Cousar JL, Geraci MW, Burnham EL, Fessler MB, Suratt BT, Abraham E, Moss M, Malcolm KC. Extremes of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression Associate with Worse Outcomes in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162490. [PMID: 27606687 PMCID: PMC5015849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) severity may be influenced by heterogeneity of neutrophil activation. Interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) are a broad gene family induced by Type I interferons, often as a response to viral infections, which evokes extensive immunomodulation. We tested the hypothesis that over- or under-expression of immunomodulatory ISG by neutrophils is associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with ARDS. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of circulating neutrophils isolated from patients with sepsis-induced ARDS (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 19) were used to characterize ISG expression. Hierarchical clustering of expression identified 3 distinct subject groups with Low, Mid and High ISG expression. ISG accounting for the greatest variability in expression were identified (MX1, IFIT1, and ISG15) and used to analyze a prospective cohort at the Colorado ARDS Network site. One hundred twenty ARDS patients from four urban hospitals were enrolled within 72 hours of initiation of mechanical ventilation. Circulating neutrophils were isolated from patients and expression of ISG determined by PCR. Samples were stratified by standard deviation from the mean into High (n = 21), Mid, (n = 82) or Low (n = 17) ISG expression. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with High or Low ISG expression to those with Mid-range expression. At enrollment, there were no differences in age, gender, co-existing medical conditions, or type of physiologic injury between cohorts. After adjusting for age, race, gender and BMI, patients with either High or Low ISG expression had significantly worse clinical outcomes than those in the Mid for number of 28-day ventilator- and ICU-free days (P = 0.0006 and 0.0004), as well as 90-day mortality and 90-day home with unassisted breathing (P = 0.02 and 0.004). These findings suggest extremes of ISG expression by circulating neutrophils from ARDS patients recovered early in the syndrome are associated with poorer clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. Caceres
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Kret
- St Louis County Department of Public Health, Berkeley, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katie R. Poch
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew Strand
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anna V. Faino
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David P. Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Milene T. Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Taylor-Cousar
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Geraci
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ellen L. Burnham
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin T. Suratt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Edward Abraham
- Office of the Dean, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marc Moss
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kenneth C. Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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110
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Pietras EM, Saha SK, Genhong Cheng. The interferon response to bacterial and viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) were first described several decades ago as soluble factors that were capable of `interfering' with viral replication when added to infected cells. Type I IFNs have been shown to be induced by recognition of viral DNA and RNA via three distinct pathways: (i) a TRIFdependent pathway in macrophages via TLRs 3 and 4; (ii) a MyD88-dependent pathway in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) via TLRs 7/8 and 9; and (iii) an intracellular recognition pathway utilizing the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I/MDA5. Interestingly, these viral recognition pathways converge on TRAF3, which induces interferon through the activation of IRF3 or IRF7 by the TBK-1 and IKKi complexes. While type I IFN has been traditionally associated with antiviral responses, recent studies have demonstrated that many bacteria also induce type I interferon responses. The mechanisms of type I IFN induction and its role in host defense, however, are largely unclear. Studies with the Gram-positive intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes indicated that it may trigger type I IFN induction through novel TLR-independent intracellular receptors and type I IFN may play a detrimental role to host response against listerial infection. In this article, we summarize some of these findings and discuss the functional differences of type I IFNs in bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Pietras
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Supriya K. Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, , Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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111
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For Better or Worse: Cytosolic DNA Sensing during Intracellular Bacterial Infection Induces Potent Innate Immune Responses. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3372-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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112
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Calame DG, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Wetsel RA. Innate and adaptive immunologic functions of complement in the host response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1407-1417. [PMID: 27476791 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a leading cause of foodborne-illness associated mortality that has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to several significant outbreaks. It has also served as a model organism for the study of intracellular pathogens. For these reasons the host response to L. monocytogenes has long been the subject of investigation. A potent innate and adaptive immune response is required for containment and clearance of L. monocytogenes. However, some elements of this response, such as type 1 interferons, can be detrimental to the host. Recent studies have revealed novel functions for the complement system, an ancient arm of innate immunity, in this process. Here we review the role of complement in the host response to L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Calame
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States; University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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113
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines well recognized for their role in the induction of a potent antiviral gene program essential for host defense against viruses. They also modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role of type I IFNs in host defense against bacterial infections is enigmatic. Depending on the bacterium, they exert seemingly opposite and capricious functions. In this review, we summarize the effect of type I IFNs on specific bacterial infections and highlight the effector mechanisms regulated by type I IFNs in an attempt to elucidate new avenues to understanding their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle M Boxx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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114
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Mitchell G, Chen C, Portnoy DA. Strategies Used by Bacteria to Grow in Macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0012-2015. [PMID: 27337444 PMCID: PMC4922531 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0012-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are often clinically relevant pathogens that infect virtually every cell type found in host organisms. However, myeloid cells, especially macrophages, constitute the primary cells targeted by most species of intracellular bacteria. Paradoxically, macrophages possess an extensive antimicrobial arsenal and are efficient at killing microbes. In addition to their ability to detect and signal the presence of pathogens, macrophages sequester and digest microorganisms using the phagolysosomal and autophagy pathways or, ultimately, eliminate themselves through the induction of programmed cell death. Consequently, intracellular bacteria influence numerous host processes and deploy sophisticated strategies to replicate within these host cells. Although most intracellular bacteria have a unique intracellular life cycle, these pathogens are broadly categorized into intravacuolar and cytosolic bacteria. Following phagocytosis, intravacuolar bacteria reside in the host endomembrane system and, to some extent, are protected from the host cytosolic innate immune defenses. However, the intravacuolar lifestyle requires the generation and maintenance of unique specialized bacteria-containing vacuoles and involves a complex network of host-pathogen interactions. Conversely, cytosolic bacteria escape the phagolysosomal pathway and thrive in the nutrient-rich cytosol despite the presence of host cell-autonomous defenses. The understanding of host-pathogen interactions involved in the pathogenesis of intracellular bacteria will continue to provide mechanistic insights into basic cellular processes and may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutics targeting infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A. Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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115
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Blériot C, Lecuit M. The interplay between regulated necrosis and bacterial infection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2369-78. [PMID: 27048818 PMCID: PMC11108542 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis has long been considered as a passive event resulting from a cell extrinsic stimulus, such as pathogen infection. Recent advances have refined this view and it is now well established that necrosis is tightly regulated at the cell level. Regulated necrosis can occur in the context of host-pathogen interactions, and can either participate in the control of infection or favor it. Here, we review the two main pathways implicated so far in bacteria-associated regulated necrosis: caspase 1-dependent pyroptosis and RIPK1/RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. We present how these pathways are modulated in the context of infection by a series of model bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- U1117, Inserm, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
- U1117, Inserm, 75015, Paris, France.
- French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Pasteur Centre for Infectiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015, Paris, France.
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116
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Type I Interferon Counters or Promotes Coxiella burnetii Replication Dependent on Tissue. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1815-1825. [PMID: 27068091 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01540-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular pathogen and the cause of Q fever. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is critical for host protection from infection, but a role for type I IFN in C. burnetii infection has not been determined. Type I IFN supports host protection from a related pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, and we hypothesized that it would be similarly protective in C. burnetii infection. In contrast to our prediction, IFN-α receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice were protected from C. burnetii-induced infection. Therefore, the role of type I IFN in C. burnetii infection was distinct from that in L. pneumophila Mice treated with a double-stranded-RNA mimetic were protected from C. burnetii-induced weight loss through an IFNAR-independent pathway. We next treated mice with recombinant IFN-α (rIFN-α). When rIFN-α was injected by the intraperitoneal route during infection, disease-induced weight loss was exacerbated. Mice that received rIFN-α by this route had dampened interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. However, when rIFN-α was delivered to the lung, bacterial replication was decreased in all tissues. Thus, the presence of type I IFN in the lung protected from infection, but when delivered to the periphery, type I IFN enhanced disease, potentially by dampening inflammatory cytokines. To better characterize the capacity for type I IFN induction by C. burnetii, we assessed expression of IFN-β transcripts by human macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from C. burnetii Understanding innate responses in C. burnetii infection will support the discovery of novel therapies that may be alternative or complementary to the current antibiotic treatment.
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117
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Deriu E, Boxx GM, He X, Pan C, Benavidez SD, Cen L, Rozengurt N, Shi W, Cheng G. Influenza Virus Affects Intestinal Microbiota and Secondary Salmonella Infection in the Gut through Type I Interferons. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005572. [PMID: 27149619 PMCID: PMC4858270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza viruses replicate almost exclusively in the respiratory tract, yet infected individuals may also develop gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea. However, the molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Using an influenza mouse model, we found that influenza pulmonary infection can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota profile through a mechanism dependent on type I interferons (IFN-Is). Notably, influenza-induced IFN-Is produced in the lungs promote the depletion of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the enrichment of Proteobacteria in the gut, leading to a “dysbiotic” microenvironment. Additionally, we provide evidence that IFN-Is induced in the lungs during influenza pulmonary infection inhibit the antimicrobial and inflammatory responses in the gut during Salmonella-induced colitis, further enhancing Salmonella intestinal colonization and systemic dissemination. Thus, our studies demonstrate a systemic role for IFN-Is in regulating the host immune response in the gut during Salmonella-induced colitis and in altering the intestinal microbial balance after influenza infection. Influenza is a respiratory illness. Symptoms of flu include fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and muscle aches. Some people, especially children, can have additional gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In humans, there is no evidence that the influenza virus replicates in the intestine. Using an influenza mouse model, we found that influenza infection alters the intestinal microbial community through a mechanism dependent on type I interferons induced in the pulmonary tract. Futhermore, we demonstrate that influenza-induced type I interferons increase the host susceptibility to Salmonella intestinal colonization and dissemination during secondary Salmonella-induced colitis through suppression of host intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Deriu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gayle M. Boxx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xuesong He
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sammy David Benavidez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lujia Cen
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nora Rozengurt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, CURE Imaging and Stem Cell Biology Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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118
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Listeria monocytogenes – An examination of food chain factors potentially contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Food Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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119
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Christensen MH, Paludan SR. Viral evasion of DNA-stimulated innate immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:4-13. [PMID: 26972769 PMCID: PMC5214947 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular sensing of virus-derived nucleic acids is essential for early defenses against virus infections. In recent years, the discovery of DNA sensing proteins, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and gamma-interferon-inducible protein (IFI16), has led to understanding of how cells evoke strong innate immune responses against incoming pathogens carrying DNA genomes. The signaling stimulated by DNA sensors depends on the adaptor protein STING (stimulator of interferon genes), to enable expression of antiviral proteins, including type I interferon. To facilitate efficient infections, viruses have evolved a wide range of evasion strategies, targeting host DNA sensors, adaptor proteins and transcription factors. In this review, the current literature on virus-induced activation of the STING pathway is presented and we discuss recently identified viral evasion mechanisms targeting different steps in this antiviral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
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120
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Pitt JM, Blankley S, Potempa K, Graham CM, Moreira-Teixeira L, McNab FW, Howes A, Stavropoulos E, Pascual V, Banchereau J, Chaussabel D, O’Garra A. Analysis of Transcriptional Signatures in Response to Listeria monocytogenes Infection Reveals Temporal Changes That Result from Type I Interferon Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150251. [PMID: 26918359 PMCID: PMC4768944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the mouse transcriptional response to Listeria monocytogenes infection reveals that a large set of genes are perturbed in both blood and tissue and that these transcriptional responses are enriched for pathways of the immune response. Further we identified enrichment for both type I and type II interferon (IFN) signaling molecules in the blood and tissues upon infection. Since type I IFN signaling has been reported widely to impair bacterial clearance we examined gene expression from blood and tissues of wild type (WT) and type I IFNαβ receptor-deficient (Ifnar1-/-) mice at the basal level and upon infection with L. monocytogenes. Measurement of the fold change response upon infection in the absence of type I IFN signaling demonstrated an upregulation of specific genes at day 1 post infection. A less marked reduction of the global gene expression signature in blood or tissues from infected Ifnar1-/- as compared to WT mice was observed at days 2 and 3 after infection, with marked reduction in key genes such as Oasg1 and Stat2. Moreover, on in depth analysis, changes in gene expression in uninfected mice of key IFN regulatory genes including Irf9, Irf7, Stat1 and others were identified, and although induced by an equivalent degree upon infection this resulted in significantly lower final gene expression levels upon infection of Ifnar1-/- mice. These data highlight how dysregulation of this network in the steady state and temporally upon infection may determine the outcome of this bacterial infection and how basal levels of type I IFN-inducible genes may perturb an optimal host immune response to control intracellular bacterial infections such as L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Pitt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Blankley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Potempa
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Graham
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Moreira-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Finlay W. McNab
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anne O’Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, NHLI, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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121
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Pitts MG, Myers-Morales T, D'Orazio SEF. Type I IFN Does Not Promote Susceptibility to Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3109-16. [PMID: 26895837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) is thought to enhance growth of the foodborne intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by promoting mechanisms that dampen innate immunity to infection. However, the type I IFN response has been studied primarily using methods that bypass the stomach and, therefore, fail to replicate the natural course of L. monocytogenes infection. In this study, we compared i.v. and foodborne transmission of L. monocytogenes in mice lacking the common type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1(-/-)). Contrary to what was observed using i.v. infection, IFNAR1(-/-) and wild-type mice had similar bacterial burdens in the liver and spleen following foodborne infection. Splenocytes from wild-type mice infected i.v. produced significantly more IFN-β than did those infected by the foodborne route. Consequently, the immunosuppressive effects of type I IFN signaling, which included T cell death, increased IL-10 secretion, and repression of neutrophil recruitment to the spleen, were all observed following i.v. but not foodborne transmission of L. monocytogenes. Type I IFN was also previously shown to cause a loss of responsiveness to IFN-γ through downregulation of the IFN-γ receptor α-chain on macrophages and dendritic cells. However, we detected a decrease in surface expression of IFN-γ receptor α-chain even in the absence of IFN-α/β signaling, suggesting that in vivo, this infection-induced phenotype is not type I IFN-dependent. These results highlight the importance of using the natural route of infection for studies of host-pathogen interactions and suggest that the detrimental effects of IFN-α/β signaling on the innate immune response to L. monocytogenes may be an artifact of the i.v. infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Tanya Myers-Morales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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122
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular pathogen that causes diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. Salmonella bacteria trigger an autophagic response in host cells upon infection but have evolved mechanisms for suppressing this response, thereby enhancing intracellular survival. We recently reported that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium actively recruits the host tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to the surface of the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) (K. A. Owen et al., PLoS Pathog 10:e1004159, 2014). FAK then suppresses autophagy through activation of the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway. In FAK−/− macrophages, bacteria are captured in autophagosomes and intracellular survival is attenuated. Here we show that the cell-autonomous bacterial suppression of autophagy also suppresses the broader innate immune response by inhibiting production of beta interferon (IFN-β). Induction of bacterial autophagy (xenophagy), but not autophagy alone, triggers IFN-β production through a pathway involving the adapter TRIF and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4. Selective FAK knockout in macrophages resulted in rapid bacterial clearance from mucosal tissues after oral infection. Clearance correlated with increased IFN-β production by intestinal macrophages and with IFN-β-dependent induction of IFN-γ by intestinal NK cells. Blockade of either IFN-β or IFN-γ increased host susceptibility to infection, whereas experimental induction of IFN-β was protective. Thus, bacterial suppression of autophagy not only enhances cell-autonomous survival but also suppresses more-systemic innate immune responses by limiting type I and type II interferons. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium represents one of the most commonly identified bacterial causes of foodborne illness worldwide. S. Typhimurium has developed numerous strategies to evade detection by the host immune system. Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the recognition and degradation of defective proteins and organelles. More recently, autophagy has been described as an important means by which host cells recognize and eliminate invading intracellular pathogens and plays a key role in the production of cytokines. Previously, we determined that Salmonella bacteria are able to suppress their own autophagic capture and elimination by macrophages. Building on that study, we show here that the inhibition of autophagy by Salmonella also prevents the induction of a protective cytokine response mediated by beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-γ. Together, these findings identify a novel virulence strategy whereby Salmonella bacteria prevent cell autonomous elimination via autophagy and suppress the activation of innate immune responses.
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123
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Majoros A, Platanitis E, Szappanos D, Cheon H, Vogl C, Shukla P, Stark GR, Sexl V, Schreiber R, Schindler C, Müller M, Decker T. Response to interferons and antibacterial innate immunity in the absence of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:367-82. [PMID: 26882544 PMCID: PMC4772975 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system by directing the transcriptional response to interferons (IFNs). STAT1 is activated by Janus kinase (JAK)‐mediated phosphorylation of Y701. To determine whether STAT1 contributes to cellular responses without this phosphorylation event, we generated mice with Y701 mutated to a phenylalanine (Stat1Y701F). We show that heterozygous mice do not exhibit a dominant‐negative phenotype. Homozygous Stat1Y701F mice show a profound reduction in Stat1 expression, highlighting an important role for basal IFN‐dependent signaling. The rapid transcriptional response to type I IFN (IFN‐I) and type II IFN (IFNγ) was absent in Stat1Y701F cells. Intriguingly, STAT1Y701F suppresses the delayed expression of IFN‐I‐stimulated genes (ISG) observed in Stat1−/− cells, mediated by the STAT2/IRF9 complex. Thus, Stat1Y701F macrophages are more susceptible to Legionella pneumophila infection than Stat1−/− macrophages. Listeria monocytogenes grew less robustly in Stat1Y701F macrophages and mice compared to Stat1−/− counterparts, but STAT1Y701F is not sufficient to rescue the animals. Our studies are consistent with a potential contribution of Y701‐unphosphorylated STAT1 to innate antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Majoros
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Szappanos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - HyeonJoo Cheon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics Core, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Priyank Shukla
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Proteomics Core, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Schindler
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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124
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Wex K, Schmid U, Just S, Wang X, Wurm R, Naumann M, Schlüter D, Nishanth G. Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase-2 Inhibition by CYLD Impairs Antibacterial Immune Responses in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2016; 6:650. [PMID: 26834734 PMCID: PMC4717182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection with intracellular bacteria, nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 2 recognizes bacterial muramyl dipeptide and binds, subsequently, to receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), which activates immune responses via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Activation of RIPK2 depends on its K63 ubiquitination by E3 ligases, whereas the deubiquitinating enzyme A20 counter regulates RIPK2 activity by cleaving K63-polyubiquitin chains from RIPK2. Here, we newly identify the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD as a new inhibitor of RIPK2. We show that CYLD binds to and removes K63-polyubiquitin chains from RIPK2 in Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. CYLD-mediated K63 deubiquitination of RIPK2 resulted in an impaired activation of both NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, anti-listerial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and, finally, impaired pathogen control. In turn, RIPK2 inhibition by siRNA prevented activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 and completely abolished the protective effect of CYLD deficiency with respect to the production of IL-6, NO, ROS, and pathogen control. Noteworthy, CYLD also inhibited autophagy of Listeria in a RIPK2-ERK1/2-dependent manner. The protective function of CYLD deficiency was dependent on interferon gamma (IFN-γ) prestimulation of infected macrophages. Interestingly, the reduced NF-κB activation in CYLD-expressing macrophages limited the protective effect of IFN-γ by reducing NF-κB-dependent signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (STAT1) activation. Taken together, our study identifies CYLD as an important inhibitor of RIPK2-dependent antibacterial immune responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wex
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Ursula Schmid
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Sissy Just
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Rebecca Wurm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Organ-Specific Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Organ-Specific Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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125
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Listeria monocytogenes and the Inflammasome: From Cytosolic Bacteriolysis to Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 397:133-60. [PMID: 27460808 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate immune surveillance systems that recognize a variety of danger signals, including those from pathogens. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium evolved to live within the harsh environment of the host cytosol. Further, L. monocytogenes can activate a robust cell-mediated immune response that is being harnessed as an immunotherapeutic platform. Access to the cytosol is critical for both causing disease and inducing a protective immune response, and it is hypothesized that the cytosolic innate immune system, including the inflammasome, is critical for both host protection and induction of long-term immunity. L. monocytogenes can activate a variety of inflammasomes via its pore-forming toxin listeriolysin-O, flagellin, or DNA released through bacteriolysis; however, inflammasome activation attenuates L. monocytogenes, and as such, L. monocytogenes has evolved a variety of ways to limit inflammasome activation. Surprisingly, inflammasome activation also impairs the host cell-mediated immune response. Thus, understanding how L. monocytogenes activates or avoids detection by the inflammasome is critical to understand the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes and improve the cell-mediated immune response generated to L. monocytogenes for more effective immunotherapies.
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Xu C, Yang L, Yuan Y, Du F, Wang S, Wang X, Zhu L, Zhang B, Weaver D. Up-regulation of CYLD enhances Listeria monocytogenes induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells. Microb Pathog 2016; 90:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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127
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Goubau D, van der Veen AG, Chakravarty P, Lin R, Rogers N, Rehwinkel J, Deddouche S, Rosewell I, Hiscott J, Reis e Sousa C. Mouse superkiller-2-like helicase DDX60 is dispensable for type I IFN induction and immunity to multiple viruses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3386-403. [PMID: 26457795 PMCID: PMC4833184 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IFN-α/β allow cells to fight virus infection by inducing the expression of many genes that encode effectors of antiviral defense. One of these, the Ski2-like DExH-box helicase DDX60, was recently implicated in resistance of human cells to hepatitis C virus, as well as in induction of IFN-α/β by retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors (RLRs) that detect the presence of RNA viruses in a cell-intrinsic manner. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DDX60 in IFN-α/β induction and in resistance to virus infection. Analysis of fibroblasts and myeloid cells from Ddx60-deficient mice revealed no impairment in IFN-α/β production in response to RLR agonists, RNA viruses, or other stimuli. Moreover, overexpression of DDX60 did not potentiate IFN induction and DDX60 did not interact with RLRs or capture RLR agonists from virally infected cells. We also failed to identify any impairment in Ddx60-deficient murine cells or mice in resistance to infection with influenza A virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Sindbis virus, vaccinia virus, or herpes simplex virus-1. These results put in question the reported role of DDX60 as a broad-acting positive regulator of RLR responses and hint at the possibility that it may function as a restriction factor highly specific for a particular virus or class of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Goubau
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
| | - Annemarthe G. van der Veen
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- BioinformaticsThe Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields LaboratoryLondonUK
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Molecular Oncology GroupLady Davis Institute—Jewish General Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Neil Rogers
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
| | - Safia Deddouche
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Transgenic ServicesThe Francis Crick Institute, Clare Hall LaboratoryPotters BarHertsUK
| | - John Hiscott
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of FloridaPort Saint LucieFLUSA
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory44 Lincoln's Inn FieldsLondonUK
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128
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Combined bacterial and viral treatment: a novel anticancer strategy. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:366-72. [PMID: 26648783 PMCID: PMC4655389 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.54601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An idea for a new combination therapy will be described herein. It is a proposition to combine viral and bacterial anticancer therapies and make them fight cancer in concert. We analyzed biological anticancer therapies and found overlapping advantages and disadvantages which led us to the conclusion that the combination therapy has the potential to create a new therapeutic quality. It is surprising how many weaknesses of viral anticancer therapy are the strengths of bacterial anticancer therapies and the other way round. We review the facts behind this concept and try to assess its value. We propose a few strategies how to combine these two therapies but as far as the review can go, final answers will have to come from the experiments. This review is the first attempt to describe a new strategy and understand the means for this idea but also to raise new questions and discuss new ways to look at anti-cancer treatment.
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129
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McAfee MS, Huynh TP, Johnson JL, Jacobs BL, Blattman JN. Interaction between unrelated viruses during in vivo co-infection to limit pathology and immunity. Virology 2015; 484:153-162. [PMID: 26099694 PMCID: PMC4567517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in understanding immunity to viral infection. However, infection can occur in the context of co-infection by unrelated pathogens that modulate immune responses and/or disease. We have studied immunity and disease during co-infection with two unrelated viruses: Ectromelia virus (ECTV) and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). ECTV infection can be a lethal in mice due in part to the blockade of Type I Interferons (IFN-I). We show that ECTV/LCMV co-infection results in decreased ECTV viral load and amelioration of ECTV-induced disease, likely due to IFN-I induction by LCMV, as rescue is not observed in IFN-I receptor deficient mice. However, immune responses to LCMV in ECTV co-infected mice were also lower compared to mice infected with LCMV alone and potentially biased toward effector-memory cell generation. Thus, we provide evidence for bi-directional effects of viral co-infection that modulate disease and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S McAfee
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Trung P Huynh
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John L Johnson
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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130
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Sato K, Yamamoto H, Nomura T, Matsumoto I, Miyasaka T, Zong T, Kanno E, Uno K, Ishii K, Kawakami K. Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Mice Lacking Type I Interferon Signaling Leads to Increased Fungal Clearance and IL-4-Dependent Mucin Production in the Lungs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138291. [PMID: 26384031 PMCID: PMC4575107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are secreted by many cell types upon stimulation via pattern recognition receptors and bind to IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR), which is composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. Although type I IFNs are well known as anti-viral cytokines, limited information is available on their role during fungal infection. In the present study, we addressed this issue by examining the effect of IFNAR1 defects on the host defense response to Cryptococcus neoformans. In IFNAR1KO mice, the number of live colonies was lower and the host immune response mediated not only by Th1 but also by Th2 and Th17-related cytokines was more accelerated in the infected lungs than in WT mice. In addition, mucin production by bronchoepithelial cells and expression of MUC5AC, a major core protein of mucin in the lungs, were significantly higher in IFNAR1KO mice than in WT mice. This increase in mucin and MUC5AC production was significantly inhibited by treatment with neutralizing anti-IL-4 mAb. In contrast, administration of recombinant IFN-αA/D significantly suppressed the production of IL-4, but not of IFN-γ and IL-17A, in the lungs of WT mice after cryptococcal infection. These results indicate that defects of IFNAR1 led to improved clearance of infection with C. neoformans and enhanced synthesis of IFN-γ and the IL-4-dependent production of mucin. They also suggest that type I IFNs may be involved in the negative regulation of early host defense to this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Sato
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nomura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tong Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuko Uno
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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131
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Meller S, Di Domizio J, Voo KS, Friedrich HC, Chamilos G, Ganguly D, Conrad C, Gregorio J, Le Roy D, Roger T, Ladbury JE, Homey B, Watowich S, Modlin RL, Kontoyiannis DP, Liu YJ, Arold ST, Gilliet M. T(H)17 cells promote microbial killing and innate immune sensing of DNA via interleukin 26. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:970-9. [PMID: 26168081 PMCID: PMC4776746 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 17-producing helper T cells (T(H)17 cells) have a major role in protection against infections and in mediating autoimmune diseases, yet the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. We found that interleukin 26 (IL-26), a human T(H)17 cell-derived cytokine, is a cationic amphipathic protein that kills extracellular bacteria via membrane-pore formation. Furthermore, T(H)17 cell-derived IL-26 formed complexes with bacterial DNA and self-DNA released by dying bacteria and host cells. The resulting IL-26-DNA complexes triggered the production of type I interferon by plasmacytoid dendritic cells via activation of Toll-like receptor 9, but independently of the IL-26 receptor. These findings provide insights into the potent antimicrobial and proinflammatory function of T(H)17 cells by showing that IL-26 is a natural human antimicrobial that promotes immune sensing of bacterial and host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Meller
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeremy Di Domizio
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kui S Voo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heike C Friedrich
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Curdin Conrad
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josh Gregorio
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanley Watowich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel Gilliet
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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132
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Radoshevich L, Impens F, Ribet D, Quereda JJ, Nam Tham T, Nahori MA, Bierne H, Dussurget O, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Knobeloch KP, Cossart P. ISG15 counteracts Listeria monocytogenes infection. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26259872 PMCID: PMC4530601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, linear di-ubiquitin-like protein, with anti-viral activity. The role of ISG15 during bacterial infection remains elusive. We show that ISG15 expression in nonphagocytic cells is dramatically induced upon Listeria infection. Surprisingly this induction can be type I interferon independent and depends on the cytosolic surveillance pathway, which senses bacterial DNA and signals through STING, TBK1, IRF3 and IRF7. Most importantly, we observed that ISG15 expression restricts Listeria infection in vitro and in vivo. We made use of stable isotope labeling in tissue culture (SILAC) to identify ISGylated proteins that could be responsible for the protective effect. Strikingly, infection or overexpression of ISG15 leads to ISGylation of ER and Golgi proteins, which correlates with increased secretion of cytokines known to counteract infection. Together, our data reveal a previously uncharacterized ISG15-dependent restriction of Listeria infection, reinforcing the view that ISG15 is a key component of the innate immune response. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06848.001 Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that can cause serious food poisoning in humans. Infections with this bacterium can be particularly dangerous to young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems because they are more susceptible to developing serious complications that can sometimes lead to death. The bacteria infect cells in the lining of the human gut. Cells that detect the bacteria respond by producing proteins called interferons and other signaling proteins that activate the body's immune system to fight the infection. One of the genes that the interferons activate encodes a protein called ISG15, which helps to defend the body against viruses. However, it is not clear what role ISG15 plays in fighting bacterial infections. Here, Radoshevich et al. studied the role of ISG15 in human cells exposed to L. monocytogenes. The experiments show that ISG15 levels increase in the cells, but that the initial increase does not depend on Interferon proteins. Instead, ISG15 production is triggered by an alternative pathway called the cytosolic surveillance pathway, which is activated by the presence of bacterial DNA inside the cell. Further experiments found that ISG15 can counteract the infections of L. monocytogenes both in cells grown in cultures and in living mice. ISG15 modifies other proteins in the cell to promote the release of proteins called cytokines that help the body to eliminate the bacteria. Radoshevich et al.'s findings reveal a new role for ISG15 in fighting bacterial infections. A future challenge will be to understand the molecular details of how ISG15 triggers the release of cytokines. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06848.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hélène Bierne
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1319, Micalis, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Molecular Genetics Group, Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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133
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Sionov E, Mayer-Barber KD, Chang YC, Kauffman KD, Eckhaus MA, Salazar AM, Barber DL, Kwon-Chung KJ. Type I IFN Induction via Poly-ICLC Protects Mice against Cryptococcosis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005040. [PMID: 26252005 PMCID: PMC4529209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in AIDS patients. Depletion of CD4 cells, such as occurs during advanced AIDS, is known to be a critical risk factor for developing cryptococcosis. However, the role of HIV-induced innate inflammation in susceptibility to cryptococcosis has not been evaluated. Thus, we sought to determine the role of Type I IFN induction in host defense against cryptococci by treatment of C. neoformans (H99) infected mice with poly-ICLC (pICLC), a dsRNA virus mimic. Unexpectedly, pICLC treatment greatly extended survival of infected mice and reduced fungal burdens in the brain. Protection from cryptococcosis by pICLC-induced Type I IFN was mediated by MDA5 rather than TLR3. PICLC treatment induced a large, rapid and sustained influx of neutrophils and Ly6Chigh monocytes into the lung while suppressing the development of eosinophilia. The pICLC-mediated protection against H99 was CD4 T cell dependent and analysis of CD4 T cell polyfunctionality showed a reduction in IL-5 producing CD4 T cells, marginal increases in Th1 cells and dramatic increases in RORγt+ Th17 cells in pICLC treated mice. Moreover, the protective effect of pICLC against H99 was diminished in IFNγ KO mice and by IL-17A neutralization with blocking mAbs. Furthermore, pICLC treatment also significantly extended survival of C. gattii infected mice with reduced fungal loads in the lungs. These data demonstrate that induction of type I IFN dramatically improves host resistance against the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis by beneficial alterations in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sionov
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun C Chang
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith D Kauffman
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyung J Kwon-Chung
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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134
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Lv M, Wu W, Zhang Y, Zhu M. Herpes virus entry mediator licenses Listeria infection induced immunopathology through control of type I interferon. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12954. [PMID: 26245828 PMCID: PMC4526852 DOI: 10.1038/srep12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of the splenic lymphocytes is often induced during the acute phase of Listeria infection in mice. However, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we found that herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) plays an important role for Listeria infection induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, HVEM is not directly involved in listeriolysin O (LLO) induced lymphocyte apoptosis or interferon beta induced T cell activation per se. Interestingly, HVEM is partially required for Listeria induced interferon (IFN)-I production in the spleen, particularly in macrophages. Consequently, the bystander activation of lymphocytes is significantly lower in HVEM deficient mice than that in wild-type (WT) mice upon Listeria infection. Thus, our results have revealed a novel role of HVEM on the regulation of IFN-I and immunopathology during Listeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Lv
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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135
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Okazaki T, Higuchi M, Takeda K, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Miyagishi M, Yanai H, Kato A, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Taniguchi T, Kawaoka Y, Ichijo H, Gotoh Y. The ASK family kinases differentially mediate induction of type I interferon and apoptosis during the antiviral response. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra78. [PMID: 26243192 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection activates host defense mechanisms, including the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the apoptosis of infected cells. We investigated whether these two antiviral responses were differentially regulated in infected cells. We showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase (MAPKKK) apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) was activated in cells by the synthetic double-stranded RNA analog polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] and by RNA viruses, and that ASK1 played an essential role in both the induction of the gene encoding IFN-β (IFNB) and apoptotic cell death. In contrast, we found that the MAPKKK ASK2, a modulator of ASK1 signaling, was essential for ASK1-dependent apoptosis, but not for inducing IFNB expression. Furthermore, genetic deletion of either ASK1 or ASK2 in mice promoted the replication of influenza A virus in the lung. These results indicated that ASK1 and ASK2 are components of the antiviral defense mechanism and suggested that ASK2 acts as a key modulator that promotes apoptosis rather than the type I IFN response. Because ASK2 is selectively present in epithelium-rich tissues, such as the lung, ASK2-dependent apoptosis may contribute to an antiviral defense in tissues with a rapid repair rate in which cells could be readily replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Maiko Higuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Takeda
- Division of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyagishi
- Molecular Composite Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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136
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Stifter SA, Feng CG. Interfering with immunity: detrimental role of type I IFNs during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2455-65. [PMID: 25747907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are known to inhibit viral replication and mediate protection against viral infection. However, recent studies revealed that these cytokines play a broader and more fundamental role in host responses to infections beyond their well-established antiviral function. Type I IFN induction, often associated with microbial evasion mechanisms unique to virulent microorganisms, is now shown to increase host susceptibility to a diverse range of pathogens, including some viruses. This article presents an overview of the role of type I IFNs in infections with bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens and discusses the key mechanisms mediating the regulatory function of type I IFNs in pathogen clearance and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Stifter
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia; and Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney 2050, New South Wales, Australia
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137
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Watson RO, Bell SL, MacDuff DA, Kimmey JM, Diner EJ, Olivas J, Vance RE, Stallings CL, Virgin HW, Cox JS. The Cytosolic Sensor cGAS Detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to Induce Type I Interferons and Activate Autophagy. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:811-819. [PMID: 26048136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of antiviral defense, but their elicitation by bacterial pathogens can be detrimental to hosts. Many intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, induce type I IFNs following phagosomal membrane perturbations. Cytosolic M. tuberculosis DNA has been implicated as a trigger for IFN production, but the mechanisms remain obscure. We report that the cytosolic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), is required for activating IFN production via the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway during M. tuberculosis and L. pneumophila infection of macrophages, whereas L. monocytogenes short-circuits this pathway by producing the STING agonist, c-di-AMP. Upon sensing cytosolic DNA, cGAS also activates cell-intrinsic antibacterial defenses, promoting autophagic targeting of M. tuberculosis. Importantly, we show that cGAS binds M. tuberculosis DNA during infection, providing direct evidence that this unique host-pathogen interaction occurs in vivo. These data uncover a mechanism by which IFN is likely elicited during active human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donna A MacDuff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Elie J Diner
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joanna Olivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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138
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Sellge G, Kufer TA. PRR-signaling pathways: Learning from microbial tactics. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:75-84. [PMID: 25911384 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of bacterial pathogens by the mammalian host relies on the induction of early innate immune responses initiated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) upon sensing of their cognate microbe-associated-patterns (MAMPs). Successful pathogens have evolved to intercept PRR activation and signaling at multiple steps. The molecular dissection of the underlying mechanisms revealed many of the basic mechanisms used by the immune system. Here we provide an overview of the different strategies used by bacterial pathogens and commensals to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated innate immune responses. A particular attention is given to recent discoveries highlighting novel molecular details of the host inflammatory response in mammalian cells and current advances in our understanding of the interaction of commensals with PRR-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Sellge
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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139
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McNab F, Mayer-Barber K, Sher A, Wack A, O'Garra A. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:87-103. [PMID: 25614319 DOI: 10.1038/nri3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1695] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the induction of other mediators. Type I IFNs are important for host defence against viruses. However, recently, they have been shown to cause immunopathology in some acute viral infections, such as influenza virus infection. Conversely, they can lead to immunosuppression during chronic viral infections, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. During bacterial infections, low levels of type I IFNs may be required at an early stage, to initiate cell-mediated immune responses. High concentrations of type I IFNs may block B cell responses or lead to the production of immunosuppressive molecules, and such concentrations also reduce the responsiveness of macrophages to activation by IFNγ, as has been shown for infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies in experimental models of tuberculosis have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 inhibit type I IFN expression and its downstream effects, demonstrating that a cross-regulatory network of cytokines operates during infectious diseases to provide protection with minimum damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay McNab
- 1] Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Disease Respiratory Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK. [2] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andreas Wack
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- 1] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. [2] National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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140
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Divangahi M, King IL, Pernet E. Alveolar macrophages and type I IFN in airway homeostasis and immunity. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:307-14. [PMID: 25843635 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globally, respiratory infections cause more than 4 million deaths per year, with influenza and tuberculosis (TB) in particular being major causes of mortality and morbidity. Although immune cell activation is critical for killing respiratory pathogens, this response must be tightly regulated to effectively control and eliminate invading microorganisms while minimizing immunopathology and maintaining pulmonary function. The distinct microenvironment of the lung is constantly patrolled by alveolar macrophages (Mφ), which are essential for tissue homeostasis, early pathogen recognition, initiation of the local immune response, and resolution of inflammation. Here, we focus on recent advances that have provided insight into the relation between pulmonary Mφ, type I interferon (IFN) signaling, and the delicate balance between protective and pathological immune responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
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141
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Porritt RA, Hertzog PJ. Dynamic control of type I IFN signalling by an integrated network of negative regulators. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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142
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Davidson S, Maini MK, Wack A. Disease-promoting effects of type I interferons in viral, bacterial, and coinfections. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:252-64. [PMID: 25714109 PMCID: PMC4389918 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While type I interferons (IFNs) are universally acknowledged for their antiviral and immunostimulatory functions, there is increasing appreciation of the detrimental effects of inappropriate, excessive, or mistimed type I IFN responses in viral and bacterial infections. The underlying mechanisms by which type I IFNs promote susceptibility or severity include direct tissue damage by apoptosis induction or suppression of proliferation in tissue cells, immunopathology due to excessive inflammation, and cell death induced by TRAIL- and Fas-expressing immune cells, as well as immunosuppression through IL-10, IL-27, PD-L1, IL-1Ra, and other regulatory molecules that antagonize the induction or action of IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, KC, and other effectors of the immune response. Bacterial superinfections following influenza infection are a prominent example of a situation where type I IFNs can misdirect the immune response. This review discusses current understanding of the parameters of signal strength, duration, timing, location, and cellular recipients that determine whether type I IFNs have beneficial or detrimental effects in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Davidson
- 1 Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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143
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Cho H, Kelsall BL. The role of type I interferons in intestinal infection, homeostasis, and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:145-67. [PMID: 24942688 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons are a widely expressed family of effector cytokines that promote innate antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Paradoxically, they can also suppress immune responses by driving production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dysregulation of these cytokines can contribute to host-mediated immunopathology and disease progression. Recent studies describe their anti-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation and the locus containing IFNAR, a heterodimeric receptor for the type I interferons has been identified as a susceptibility region for human inflammatory bowel disease. This review focuses on the role of type I IFNs in the intestine in health and disease and their emerging role as immune modulators. Clear understanding of type I IFN-mediated immune responses may provide avenues for fine-tuning existing IFN treatment for infection and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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144
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Branković I, van Ess EF, Noz MP, Wiericx WAJ, Spaargaren J, Morré SA, Ouburg S. NOD1 in contrast to NOD2 functional polymorphism influence Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk of tubal factor infertility. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-9. [PMID: 25854006 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 are capable of sensing common structural units of bacterial walls. Recognition triggers specific immune signalling pathways and leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation and adequate immune response. We investigated whether two functional polymorphisms in NOD1 and NOD2 exert an effect on susceptibility to (STD patients) and severity of (female patients visiting the fertility clinic) Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 807 Dutch Caucasian women. A significant association of the NOD1 +32656 GG insertion variant with protection against infection with C. trachomatis has been detected [p: 0.0057; OR: 0.52]. When comparing C. trachomatis-positive women without symptoms to C. trachomatis-positive women with symptoms, and to C. trachomatis-positive women with TFI, we observed an increasing trend in carriage of the GG allele [Ptrend: 0.0003]. NOD2 1007fs failed to reveal an association. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism might be a functional effect of the GG insertion on IFN-beta-dependent regulation of immune response in the genital tract. The research is part of an ongoing effort of identifying key polymorphisms that determine the risk of TFI and effectively translating them into the clinical setting for the purpose of optimizing diagnostic management of women at risk for developing TFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Branković
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanne F van Ess
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies P Noz
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina Anke J Wiericx
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Spaargaren
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Dutch Chlamydia trachomatis Reference Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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145
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Blériot C, Dupuis T, Jouvion G, Eberl G, Disson O, Lecuit M. Liver-resident macrophage necroptosis orchestrates type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated tissue repair during bacterial infection. Immunity 2014; 42:145-58. [PMID: 25577440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the phagocytes of fetal origin that line the liver sinusoids, are key contributors of host defense against enteroinvasive bacteria. Here, we found that infection by Listeria monocytogenes induced the early necroptotic death of Kupffer cells, which was followed by monocyte recruitment and an anti-bacterial type 1 inflammatory response. Kupffer cell death also triggered a type 2 response that involved the hepatocyte-derived alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) and basophil-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4). This led to the alternative activation of the monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the liver, which thereby replaced ablated Kupffer cells and restored liver homeostasis. Kupffer cell death is therefore a key signal orchestrating type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated liver repair upon infection. This indicates that beyond the classical dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 responses, these responses can develop sequentially in the context of a bacterial infection and act interdependently, orchestrating liver immune responses and return to homeostasis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Théo Dupuis
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Pasteur Centre for Infectiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015 Paris, France.
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146
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Dhariwala MO, Anderson DM. Bacterial programming of host responses: coordination between type I interferon and cell death. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:545. [PMID: 25389418 PMCID: PMC4211556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian infection, bacteria induce cell death from an extracellular or intracellular niche that can protect or hurt the host. Data is accumulating that associate type I interferon (IFN) signaling activated by intracellular bacteria with programmed death of immune effector cells and enhanced virulence. Multiple pathways leading to IFN-dependent host cell death have been described, and in some cases it is becoming clear how these mechanisms contribute to virulence. Yet common mechanisms of IFN-enhanced bacterial pathogenesis are not obvious and no specific interferon stimulated genes have yet been identified that cause sensitivity to pathogen-induced cell death. In this review, we will summarize some bacterial infections caused by facultative intracellular pathogens and what is known about how type I IFN signaling may promote the replication of extracellular bacteria rather than stimulate protection. Each of these pathogens can survive phagocytosis but their intracellular life cycles are very different, they express distinct virulence factors and trigger different pathways of immune activation and crosstalk. These differences likely lead to widely varying amounts of type I IFN expression and a different inflammatory environment, but these may not be important to the pathologic effects on the host. Instead, each pathogen induces programmed cell death of key immune cells that have been sensitized by the activation of the type I IFN response. We will discuss how IFN-dependent host cell death may increase host susceptibility and try to understand common pathways of pathogenesis that lead to IFN-enhanced bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Deborah M Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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147
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Calame DG, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. The C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR1) protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection by inhibiting type 1 IFN expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5099-107. [PMID: 25297874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a major cause of mortality resulting from food poisoning in the United States. In mice, C5 has been genetically linked to host resistance to listeriosis. Despite this genetic association, it remains poorly understood how C5 and its activation products, C5a and C5b, confer host protection to this Gram-positive intracellular bacterium. In this article, we show in a systemic infection model that the major receptor for C5a, C5aR1, is required for a normal robust host immune response against L. monocytogenes. In comparison with wild-type mice, C5aR1(-/-) mice had reduced survival and increased bacterial burden in their livers and spleens. Infected C5aR1(-/-) mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in all major subsets of splenocytes, which was associated with elevated caspase-3 activity and increased TUNEL staining. Because type 1 IFN has been reported to impede the host response to L. monocytogenes through the promotion of splenocyte death, we examined the effect of C5aR1 on type 1 IFN expression in vivo. Indeed, serum levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were significantly elevated in L. monocytogenes-infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Similarly, the expression of TRAIL, a type 1 IFN target gene and a proapoptotic factor, was elevated in NK cells isolated from infected C5aR1(-/-) mice. Treatment of C5aR1(-/-) mice with a type 1 IFNR blocking Ab resulted in near-complete rescue of L. monocytogenes-induced mortality. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for C5aR1 in host defense against L. monocytogenes through the suppression of type 1 IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Calame
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; M.D./Ph.D. Program, University of Texas Medical School at Houston/The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John E Morales
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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148
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Eshleman EM, Lenz LL. Type I interferons in bacterial infections: taming of myeloid cells and possible implications for autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:431. [PMID: 25309533 PMCID: PMC4161047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) were first described for their ability to protect the host from viral infections and may also have beneficial effects under specific conditions within some bacterial infections. Yet, these pleiotropic cytokines are now known to exacerbate infections by numerous life-threatening bacteria, including the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The evidence that such detrimental effects occur during bacterial infections in both animals and humans argues for selective pressure. In this review, we summarize the evidence demonstrating a pro-bacterial role for type I IFNs and discuss possible mechanisms that have been proposed to explain such effects. The theme emerges that type I IFNs act to suppress myeloid cell immune responses. The evolutionary conservation of such anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the context of infections, suggests they may be important for limiting chronic inflammation. Given the effectiveness of type I IFNs in treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, their production may also act to raise the threshold for activation of immune responses to self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Eshleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA
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149
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McNab FW, Ewbank J, Howes A, Moreira-Teixeira L, Martirosyan A, Ghilardi N, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. Type I IFN induces IL-10 production in an IL-27-independent manner and blocks responsiveness to IFN-γ for production of IL-12 and bacterial killing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3600-12. [PMID: 25187652 PMCID: PMC4170673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, currently causes ∼1.4 million deaths per year, and it therefore remains a leading global health problem. The immune response during tuberculosis remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding immune factors that are harmful rather than protective to the host. Overproduction of the type I IFN family of cytokines is associated with exacerbated tuberculosis in both mouse models and in humans, although the mechanisms by which type I IFN promotes disease are not well understood. We have investigated the effect of type I IFN on M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages and found that production of host-protective cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β is inhibited by exogenous type I IFN, whereas production of immunosuppressive IL-10 is promoted in an IL-27–independent manner. Furthermore, much of the ability of type I IFN to inhibit cytokine production was mediated by IL-10. Additionally, type I IFN compromised macrophage activation by the lymphoid immune response through severely disrupting responsiveness to IFN-γ, including M. tuberculosis killing. These findings describe important mechanisms by which type I IFN inhibits the immune response during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay W McNab
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom;
| | - John Ewbank
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howes
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Moreira-Teixeira
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anna Martirosyan
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group, Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; and
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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Cunha LD, Zamboni DS. Recognition of Legionella pneumophila nucleic acids by innate immune receptors. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:985-90. [PMID: 25172398 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors evolved to sense conserved molecules that are present in microbes or are released during non-physiological conditions. Activation of these receptors is essential for early restriction of microbial infections and generation of adaptive immunity. Among the conserved molecules sensed by innate immune receptors are the nucleic acids, which are abundantly contained in all infectious organisms including virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites. In this review we focus in the innate immune proteins that function to sense nucleic acids from the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila and the importance of these processes to the outcome of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa D Cunha
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
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