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Shah HB, Smith K, Wren JD, Webb CF, Ballard JD, Bourn RL, James JA, Lang ML. Insights From Analysis of Human Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Repertoires. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3064. [PMID: 30697210 PMCID: PMC6340933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells that are generated during an infection or following vaccination act as sentinels to guard against future infections. Upon repeat antigen exposure memory B cells differentiate into new antibody-secreting plasma cells to provide rapid and sustained protection. Some pathogens evade or suppress the humoral immune system, or induce memory B cells with a diminished ability to differentiate into new plasma cells. This leaves the host vulnerable to chronic or recurrent infections. Single cell approaches coupled with next generation antibody gene sequencing facilitate a detailed analysis of the pathogen-specific memory B cell repertoire. Monoclonal antibodies that are generated from antibody gene sequences allow a functional analysis of the repertoire. This review discusses what has been learned thus far from analysis of diverse pathogen-specific memory B cell compartments and describes major differences in their repertoires. Such information may illuminate ways to advance the goal of improving vaccine and therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi B Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Carol F Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rebecka L Bourn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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102
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Jiménez‐Saiz R, Ellenbogen Y, Koenig JFE, Gordon ME, Walker TD, Rosace D, Spill P, Bruton K, Kong J, Monteiro K, Wen J, Tuomanen EI, Kolbeck R, Chu DK, Waserman S, Jordana M. IgG1 + B-cell immunity predates IgE responses in epicutaneous sensitization to foods. Allergy 2019; 74:165-175. [PMID: 29790165 DOI: 10.1111/all.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of IgE-mediated food allergy in humans is silent and only diagnosed upon manifestation of clinical symptoms. While experimental models have been used to investigate some mechanisms of allergic sensitization, the generation of humoral immunity and memory remains to be elucidated. Here, we defined the evolution of allergen-specific B-cell responses during epicutaneous sensitization to foods. METHODS Wild-type and genetic knockout animals, and drug or antibody strategies for cell depletion and immunoglobulin signaling blockade were used to investigate epicutaneous sensitization and disease progression; we analyzed allergen-specific germinal centers and IgG1+ memory B cells by flow cytometry, evaluated humoral responses, and determined clinical reactivity (anaphylaxis). RESULTS Epicutaneous sensitization caused microscopic skin damage, inflammation, and recruitment of activated dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes. This process generated allergen-specific IgG1+ germinal center B cells, serum IgG1, and anaphylaxis that was mediated by the alternative pathway. Whether we used peanut and/or ovalbumin from the egg white for sensitization, the allergen-specific IgG1+ memory compartment predominantly exhibited an immature, pro-germinal center phenotype (PDL-2- CD80- CD35+ CD73+ ). Subsequent subclinical exposures to the allergen induced IgE+ germinal center B cells, serum IgE, and likely activated the classical pathway of anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IgG1+ B-cell immunity against food allergens in epicutaneous sensitization precedes the generation of IgE responses. Therefore, the assessment of allergen-specific cellular and humoral IgG1+ immunity may help to identify individuals at risk of developing IgE-mediated food allergy and hence provide a window for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jiménez‐Saiz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Y. Ellenbogen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. F. E. Koenig
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - T. D. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - D. Rosace
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - P. Spill
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. Bruton
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. Kong
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. Monteiro
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. Wen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - E. I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - R. Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg MA USA
| | - D. K. Chu
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - S. Waserman
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. Jordana
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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103
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Ando T, Kawakami T. Awaiting allograft antigen: For rejection or tolerance? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:560-562. [PMID: 30578882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, Calif.
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104
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Rondón C, Eguíluz-Gracia I, Shamji MH, Layhadi JA, Salas M, Torres MJ, Campo P. IgE Test in Secretions of Patients with Respiratory Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:67. [PMID: 30317418 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW IgE is a key player in multiple inflammatory airway diseases. Ample literature demonstrates its presence in mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), local allergic rhinitis (LAR), asthma, or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence shows that high-affinity IgE in blood stream of allergic individuals derives mainly from the mucosae. Also, mucosal synthesis of IgE can occur in the absence of systemic atopy, and may be relevant in atopic and non-atopic phenotypes of rhinitis as demonstrated in LAR. Specific IgE (sIgE) detection varies depending on technique used for sample collection and its measurement. sIgE detection is highly specific for diagnosis of LAR. Moreover, measurement of sIgE in secretions could be useful in monitoring response to allergen-specific immunotherapy in both AR and LAR phenotypes. This review will focus on recent developments in the role of IgE in respiratory diseases, and the clinical implications of its measurement in secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rondón
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, MRC Asthma UK Centre Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Janice A Layhadi
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, MRC Asthma UK Centre Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - María Salas
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Torres
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paloma Campo
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Plaza Hospital Civil, 29009, Málaga, Spain.
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105
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Zhang Q, Boisson B, Béziat V, Puel A, Casanova JL. Human hyper-IgE syndrome: singular or plural? Mamm Genome 2018; 29:603-617. [PMID: 30094507 PMCID: PMC6317873 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spectacular progress has been made in the characterization of human hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) over the last 50 years. HIES is a primary immunodeficiency defined as an association of atopy in a context of very high serum IgE levels, characteristic bacterial and fungal diseases, low-level clinical and biological inflammation, and various non-hematopoietic developmental manifestations. Somewhat arbitrarily, three disorders were successively put forward as the underlying cause of HIES: autosomal dominant (AD) STAT3 deficiency, the only disorder corresponding to the original definition of HIES, and autosomal recessive (AR) DOCK8 and PGM3 deficiencies, in which atopy and high serum IgE levels occur in a context of manifestations not seen in patients with typical HIES. Indeed, these three disorders disrupt different molecular pathways, affect different cell types, and underlie different clinical phenotypes. Surprisingly, several other inherited inborn errors of immunity in which serum IgE levels are high, sometimes almost as high as those in HIES patients, are not considered to belong to the HIES group of diseases. Studies of HIES have been further complicated by the lack of a high serum IgE phenotype in all mouse models of the disease other than two Stat3 mutant strains. The study of infections in mutant mice has helped elucidate only some forms of HIES and infection. Mouse models of these conditions have also been used to study non-hematopoietic phenotypes for STAT3 deficiency, tissue-specific immunity for DOCK8 deficiency, and cell lineage maturation for PGM3 deficiency. We review here the history of the field of HIES since the first clinical description of this condition in 1966, together with the three disorders commonly referred to as HIES, focusing, in particular, on their mouse models. We propose the restriction of the term "HIES" to patients with an AD STAT3-deficiency phenotype, including the most recently described AR ZNF341 deficiency, thus excluding AR DOCK8 and PGM3 deficiencies from the definition of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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106
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Allergic conversion of protective mucosal immunity against nasal bacteria in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1163-1175.e15. [PMID: 30053529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and polyposis at the nose and paranasal sinus and a high concentration of IgE in nasal polyps (NPs). The causative antigen and pathogenesis of CRSwNP remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify reactive allergens of IgE antibodies produced locally in NPs of patients with CRSwNP. We also attempted to unravel the differentiation pathway of IgE-producing B cells in NPs. METHODS IgE reactivity of patients with CRSwNP was investigated by characterizing single cell-derived mAbs. T-cell response against identified allergens was investigated in vitro. NP-infiltrating lymphocytes were characterized by using flow cytometry. Immunoglobulins expressed in NPs were analyzed by using high-throughput DNA sequencing for immunoglobulin. RESULTS About 20% of isolated IgE antibodies derived from NP-residing plasmablasts specifically recognized surface determinants of nasal bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. A TH2 response against S pyogenes was observed in patients with CRSwNP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed sizable germinal center B-like cell and plasmablast subsets expressing IgE on the cell surface in NPs. High-throughput DNA sequencing immunoglobulin analysis highlighted the clonal connectivity of IgE with IgG and IgA1. The Iε-Cα1 circle transcript was detected in NPs. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CRSwNP, nasal bacteria-reactive B cells differentiate into IgE-producing B cells through IgG/IgA1-IgE class switching, suggesting that allergic conversion of the mucosal response against nasal bacteria underlies disease pathogenesis.
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107
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Campo P, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Bogas G, Salas M, Plaza Serón C, Pérez N, Mayorga C, Torres MJ, Shamji MH, Rondon C. Local allergic rhinitis: Implications for management. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:6-16. [PMID: 29900607 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of rhinitis patients without systemic IgE-sensitisation tested by skin prick test and serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) display nasal reactivity upon nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT). This disease phenotype has been termed local allergic rhinitis (LAR). LAR is an underdiagnosed entity affecting children and adults from different parts of the world, with moderate-to-severe symptoms, impairment of quality of life and rapid progression to symptom worsening. LAR is a stable phenotype and not merely an initial state of AR. Allergic rhinitis and LAR share many clinical features including a positive NAPT response, markers of type 2 nasal inflammation including sIgE in nasal secretions and a significant rate of asthma development. LAR should be considered as a differential diagnosis in those subjects of any age with symptoms suggestive of AR but no evidence of systemic atopy. Although LAR pathophysiology is partially unknown, in some patients sIgE can be demonstrated directly in the nasal secretions and/or indirectly via positive responses in basophil activation test (BAT). LAR can coexist with other rhinitis phenotypes, especially AR. The diagnosis currently relies on the positivity of NAPT to a single or multiple allergens. NAPT has high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and it is considered the gold standard. BAT and the measurement of nasal sIgE can also contribute to LAR diagnosis. LAR patients benefit from the same therapeutic strategies than AR individuals, including the avoidance of allergen exposure and the pharmacotherapy. Moreover, several recent studies support the effectiveness and safety of allergen immunotherapy for LAR, which opens a window of treatment opportunity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Campo
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - I Eguiluz-Gracia
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - G Bogas
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Salas
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - C Plaza Serón
- Research Laboratory-Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - N Pérez
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - C Mayorga
- Research Laboratory-Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - M J Torres
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - M H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair & Development, MRC Asthma UK Centre Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Rondon
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
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108
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Valenta R, Karaulov A, Niederberger V, Gattinger P, van Hage M, Flicker S, Linhart B, Campana R, Focke-Tejkl M, Curin M, Eckl-Dorna J, Lupinek C, Resch-Marat Y, Vrtala S, Mittermann I, Garib V, Khaitov M, Valent P, Pickl WF. Molecular Aspects of Allergens and Allergy. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:195-256. [PMID: 29731005 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy is the most common immune disorder. More than 30% of the population suffer from symptoms of allergy which are often severe, disabling, and life threatening such as asthma and anaphylaxis. Population-based birth cohort studies show that up to 60% of the world population exhibit IgE sensitization to allergens, of which most are protein antigens. Thirty years ago the first allergen-encoding cDNAs have been isolated. In the meantime, the structures of most of the allergens relevant for disease in humans have been solved. Here we provide an update regarding what has been learned through the use of defined allergen molecules (i.e., molecular allergology) and about mechanisms of allergic disease in humans. We focus on new insights gained regarding the process of sensitization to allergens, allergen-specific secondary immune responses, and mechanisms underlying allergic inflammation and discuss open questions. We then show how molecular forms of diagnosis and specific immunotherapy are currently revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment of allergic patients and how allergen-specific approaches may be used for the preventive eradication of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Verena Niederberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Linhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirela Curin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Resch-Marat
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Garib
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; International Network of Universities for Molecular Allergology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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109
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Scott‐Taylor TH, Axinia S, Amin S, Pettengell R. Immunoglobulin G; structure and functional implications of different subclass modifications in initiation and resolution of allergy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:13-33. [PMID: 29164823 PMCID: PMC5818455 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE and not IgG is usually associated with allergy. IgE lodged on mast cells in skin or gut and basophils in the blood allows for the prolonged duration of allergy through the persistent expression of high affinity IgE receptors. However, many allergic reactions are not dependent on IgE and are generated in the absence of allergen specific and even total IgE. Instead, IgG plasma cells are involved in induction of, and for much of the pathogenesis of, allergic diseases. The pattern of IgG producing plasma cells in atopic children and the tendency for direct or further class switching to IgE are the principle factors responsible for long-lasting sensitization of mast cells in allergic children. Indirect class switching from IgG producing plasma cells has been shown to be the predominant pathway for production of IgE while a Th2 microenvironment, genetic predisposition, and the concentration and nature of allergens together act on IgG plasma cells in the atopic tendency to undergo further immunoglobulin gene recombination. The seminal involvement of IgG in allergy is further indicated by the principal role of IgG4 in the natural resolution of allergy and as the favourable immunological response to immunotherapy. This paper will look at allergy through the role of different antibodies than IgE and give current knowledge of the nature and role of IgG antibodies in the start, maintenance and resolution of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan‐Claudiu Axinia
- School of Life SciencesLondon Metropolitan University166‐220 Holloway RoadLondon, N7 8DB
| | - Sumeya Amin
- School of Life SciencesLondon Metropolitan University166‐220 Holloway RoadLondon, N7 8DB
| | - Ruth Pettengell
- Department of HaematologySt George's University of LondonCranmer TerraceLondon SW17 0RE
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110
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Lee SH, Park SR. Toll-like Receptor 1/2 Agonist Pam3CSK4 Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-driven IgG1 Production while Enhancing IgG2a Production by B Cells. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e10. [PMID: 29503740 PMCID: PMC5833117 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors triggers innate and adaptive immune responses. Several studies have reported that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in B cell proliferation, differentiation, and Ig class switch recombination (CSR). However, roles of TLRs in B cell activation and differentiation are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the direct effect of stimulation of TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 on mouse B cell viability, proliferation, activation, Ig production, and Ig CSR in vitro. Treatment with 0.5 µg/ml of Pam3CSK4 only barely induced IgG1 production although it enhanced B cell viability. In addition, high-dosage Pam3CSK4 diminished IgG1 production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the production of other Igs, cell viability, and proliferation increased. Pam3CSK4 additively increased TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse B cell growth and activation. However, interestingly, Pam3CSK4 abrogated LPS-induced IgG1 production but enhanced LPS-induced IgG2a production. Further, Pam3CSK4 decreased LPS-induced germline γ1 transcripts (GLTγ1)/GLTε expression but increased GLTγ2a expression. On the other hand, Pam3CSK4 had no effect on LPS-induced plasma cell differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 acts as a potent mouse B cell mitogen in combination with TLR4 agonist LPS, but these 2 different TLR agonists play diverse roles in regulating the Ig CSR of each isotype, particularly IgG1/IgE and IgG2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Seok-Rae Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.,Priority Research Center, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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111
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Immunoglobulin E-an Innocent Bystander in Host Defense? J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:223-224. [PMID: 29450679 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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112
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Huang X, Tsilochristou O, Perna S, Hofmaier S, Cappella A, Bauer CP, Hoffman U, Forster J, Zepp F, Schuster A, D'Amelio R, Wahn U, Keil T, Lau S, Matricardi PM. Evolution of the IgE and IgG repertoire to a comprehensive array of allergen molecules in the first decade of life. Allergy 2018; 73:421-430. [PMID: 28791748 DOI: 10.1111/all.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In early childhood, the allergen-specific IgG repertoire is mainly directed to animal and vegetable food molecules and infrequently to airborne molecules. It is unknown whether this early pattern is maintained throughout childhood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the evolution of IgG and IgE responses to a broad panel of allergenic molecules from birth to age 10 years. METHODS We examined the sera collected between birth and age 10 years from participants in the German Multicentre Allergy Study, a birth cohort born in 1990. The IgE (cutoff ≥0.30 ISU) and IgG (cutoff ≥0.10 ISU) responses to 35 genuine allergenic molecules were measured with a multiplex microarray approach (ImmunoCAP ISAC™). RESULTS IgE responses were mostly directed against a restricted group of airborne molecules, with a sequence and prevalence hierarchy (Phl p 1> Bet v 1> Fel d 1> Phl p 5> Der p 2> Der p 1) largely maintained over time. Conversely, the IgG repertoire was much broader, starting with animal foodborne, then spreading to vegetable foodborne and finally to airborne molecules. A strong and persistent IgG response to a given airborne molecule almost invariably preceded or accompanied an IgE response to that molecule. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of IgG and IgE responses throughout childhood differs widely at population level. IgG responses are mostly directed to animal food allergens, while IgE responses are dominated by airborne allergens. However, a strong IgG response almost invariably precedes or accompanies the appearance of IgE to the same molecule in specifically sensitized subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatrics; Shengzhou People's Hospital; Shengzhou China
| | - O. Tsilochristou
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Perna
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Hofmaier
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Cappella
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; S. Andrea University Hospital; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - C.-P. Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - U. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - J. Forster
- Department of Pediatrics St. Hedwig; St. Josefs Hospital; Freiburg Germany
| | - F. Zepp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; University Medicine Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - A. Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics; Heinrich-Heine-University; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - R. D'Amelio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine; S. Andrea University Hospital; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - U. Wahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - T. Keil
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - S. Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - P. M. Matricardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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113
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Pablos I, Eichhorn S, Machado Y, Briza P, Neunkirchner A, Jahn-Schmid B, Wildner S, Soh WT, Ebner C, Park JW, Pickl WF, Arora N, Vieths S, Ferreira F, Gadermaier G. Distinct epitope structures of defensin-like proteins linked to proline-rich regions give rise to differences in their allergenic activity. Allergy 2018; 73:431-441. [PMID: 28960341 PMCID: PMC5771466 DOI: 10.1111/all.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Art v 1, Amb a 4, and Par h 1 are allergenic defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins present in mugwort, ragweed, and feverfew pollen, respectively. We aimed to investigate the physicochemical and immunological features underlying the different allergenic capacities of those allergens. Methods Recombinant defensin‐polyproline–linked proteins were expressed in E. coli and physicochemically characterized in detail regarding identity, secondary structure, and aggregation status. Allergenic activity was assessed by mediator releases assay, serum IgE reactivity, and IgE inhibition ELISA using sera of patients from Austria, Canada, and Korea. Endolysosomal protein degradation and T‐cell cross‐reactivity were studied in vitro. Results Despite variations in the proline‐rich region, similar secondary structure elements were observed in the defensin‐like domains. Seventy‐four percent and 52% of the Austrian and Canadian patients reacted to all three allergens, while Korean patients were almost exclusively sensitized to Art v 1. This was reflected by IgE inhibition assays demonstrating high cross‐reactivity for Austrian, medium for Canadian, and low for Korean sera. In a subgroup of patients, IgE reactivity toward structurally altered Amb a 4 and Par h 1 was not changed suggesting involvement of linear epitopes. Immunologically relevant endolysosomal stability of the defensin‐like domain was limited to Art v 1 and no T‐cell cross‐reactivity with Art v 125‐36 was observed. Conclusions Despite structural similarity, different IgE‐binding profiles and proteolytic processing impacted the allergenic capacity of defensin‐polyproline–linked molecules. Based on the fact that Amb a 4 demonstrated distinct IgE‐binding epitopes, we suggest inclusion in molecule‐based allergy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Pablos
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - S. Eichhorn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Y. Machado
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Briza
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Neunkirchner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Institute of Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - B. Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - S. Wildner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biosimilar Characterization; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - W. T. Soh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - C. Ebner
- Allergy Clinic Reumannplatz; Vienna Austria
| | - J.-W. Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - W. F. Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Institute of Immunology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - N. Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section; CSIR-Institute of Genomic and Integrative Biology; Delhi India
| | - S. Vieths
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | - F. Ferreira
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - G. Gadermaier
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Molecular Biology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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114
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Takahashi M, Soejima K, Taniuchi S, Hatano Y, Yamanouchi S, Ishikawa H, Irahara M, Sasaki Y, Kido H, Kaneko K. Oral immunotherapy combined with omalizumab for high-risk cow's milk allergy: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17453. [PMID: 29234055 PMCID: PMC5727171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral immunotherapy (OIT) combined with 24 weeks of omalizumab (OMB) at inducing desensitization in children with cow's milk allergy (CM) compared with an untreated group. The present study was a prospective randomized controlled trial. Sixteen patients (age, 6-14 years) with high IgE levels to CM were enrolled in the present study. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive OMB-OIT group or untreated group. The primary outcome was the induction of desensitization at 8 weeks after OMB was discontinued in OMB-OIT treated group and at 32 weeks after study entry. None of the 6 children in the untreated group developed desensitization to CM while all of the 10 children in the OIT-OMB treated group achieved desensitization (P < 0.001). A significantly decreased wheal diameter in response to a skin prick test using CM was found in the OMB-OIT treated group (P < 0.05). These data suggest that OIT combined with OMB using microwave heated CM may help to induce desensitization for children with high-risk CM allergy. This prospective randomized controlled trial was intended for 50 participants but was prematurely discontinued due to overwhelming superiority of OMB combined with microwave heated OIT over CM avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Soejima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Taniuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, 569-1192, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Hatano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Sohsaku Yamanouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Irahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Youhei Sasaki
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
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115
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A generalized quantitative antibody homeostasis model: maintenance of global antibody equilibrium by effector functions. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e161. [PMID: 29201362 PMCID: PMC5704100 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of antibodies can be characterized as a balanced production, target-binding and receptor-mediated elimination regulated by an interaction network, which controls B-cell development and selection. Recently, we proposed a quantitative model to describe how the concentration and affinity of interacting partners generates a network. Here we argue that this physical, quantitative approach can be extended for the interpretation of effector functions of antibodies. We define global antibody equilibrium as the zone of molar equivalence of free antibody, free antigen and immune complex concentrations and of dissociation constant of apparent affinity: [Ab]=[Ag]=[AbAg]=KD. This zone corresponds to the biologically relevant KD range of reversible interactions. We show that thermodynamic and kinetic properties of antibody–antigen interactions correlate with immunological functions. The formation of stable, long-lived immune complexes correspond to a decrease of entropy and is a prerequisite for the generation of higher-order complexes. As the energy of formation of complexes increases, we observe a gradual shift from silent clearance to inflammatory reactions. These rules can also be applied to complement activation-related immune effector processes, linking the physicochemical principles of innate and adaptive humoral responses. Affinity of the receptors mediating effector functions shows a wide range of affinities, allowing the continuous sampling of antibody-bound antigen over the complete range of concentrations. The generation of multivalent, multicomponent complexes triggers effector functions by crosslinking these receptors on effector cells with increasing enzymatic degradation potential. Thus, antibody homeostasis is a thermodynamic system with complex network properties, nested into the host organism by proper immunoregulatory and effector pathways. Maintenance of global antibody equilibrium is achieved by innate qualitative signals modulating a quantitative adaptive immune system, which regulates molecular integrity of the host by tuning the degradation and recycling of molecules from silent removal to inflammatory elimination.
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116
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Laffleur B, Debeaupuis O, Dalloul Z, Cogné M. B Cell Intrinsic Mechanisms Constraining IgE Memory. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1277. [PMID: 29180995 PMCID: PMC5694035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells are key elements of adaptive humoral immunity. Regardless of the immunoglobulin class produced, these cells can ensure long-lasting protection but also long-lasting immunopathology, thus requiring tight regulation of their generation and survival. Among all antibody classes, this is especially true for IgE, which stands as the most potent, and can trigger dramatic inflammatory reactions even when present in minute amounts. IgE responses and memory crucially protect against parasites and toxic components of venoms, conferring selective advantages and explaining their conservation in all mammalian species despite a parallel broad spectrum of IgE-mediated immunopathology. Long-term memory of sensitization and anaphylactic responses to allergens constitute the dark side of IgE responses, which can trigger multiple acute or chronic pathologic manifestations, some punctuated with life-threatening events. This Janus face of the IgE response and memory, both necessary and potentially dangerous, thus obviously deserves the most elaborated self-control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Zeinab Dalloul
- UMR 7276 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- UMR 7276 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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117
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Taniuchi S, Takahashi M, Soejima K, Hatano Y, Minami H. Immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2443-2451. [PMID: 28825866 PMCID: PMC5647979 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1353845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is used regularly for young children with cow's milk (CM) allergy and has been shown to be effective in several studies. However, adverse events occur frequently during OIT. Furthermore, there are only 5 randomized controlled trial studies of CM-OIT and these are low-powered single center trials. Therefore, evidence levels are also low and sometimes frequent and severe allergic events occur during the OIT. Furthermore, there are no standardized protocols in pediatric allergy guidelines from several countries and studies with long-term follow-up observations and clinical tolerance defined as sustained unresponsiveness are rare. Additionally, clinical tolerance by OIT is generally not well defined and obscure. Thus, several problems remain to be resolved, however we hope OIT in combination with omalizumab and less allergenic heated CM products will resolve these problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Taniuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazukiko Soejima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hatano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Minami
- Department of Pediatrics, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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118
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He JS, Subramaniam S, Narang V, Srinivasan K, Saunders SP, Carbajo D, Wen-Shan T, Hidayah Hamadee N, Lum J, Lee A, Chen J, Poidinger M, Zolezzi F, Lafaille JJ, Curotto de Lafaille MA. IgG1 memory B cells keep the memory of IgE responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:641. [PMID: 28935935 PMCID: PMC5608722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique differentiation of IgE cells suggests unconventional mechanisms of IgE memory. IgE germinal centre cells are transient, most IgE cells are plasma cells, and high affinity IgE is produced by the switching of IgG1 cells to IgE. Here we investigate the function of subsets of IgG1 memory B cells in IgE production and find that two subsets of IgG1 memory B cells, CD80+CD73+ and CD80-CD73-, contribute distinctively to the repertoires of high affinity pathogenic IgE and low affinity non-pathogenic IgE. Furthermore, repertoire analysis indicates that high affinity IgE and IgG1 plasma cells differentiate from rare CD80+CD73+ high affinity memory clones without undergoing further mutagenesis. By identifying the cellular origin of high affinity IgE and the clonal selection of high affinity memory B cells into the plasma cell fate, our findings provide fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of allergies, and on the mechanisms of antibody production in memory B cell responses.IgE is an important mediator of protective immunity as well as allergic reaction, but how high affinity IgE antibodies are produced in memory responses is not clear. Here the authors show that IgE can be generated via class-switch recombination in IgG1 memory B cells without additional somatic hypermutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shu He
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Sharrada Subramaniam
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Sean P Saunders
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Carbajo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Tsao Wen-Shan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Nur Hidayah Hamadee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Andrea Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Galderma R&D, Les Templiers, 2400 route des Colles, Sophia Antipolis, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Skirball Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Maria A Curotto de Lafaille
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, 10016, USA.
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119
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Szabó K, Gáspár K, Dajnoki Z, Papp G, Fábos B, Szegedi A, Zeher M. Expansion of circulating follicular T helper cells associates with disease severity in childhood atopic dermatitis. Immunol Lett 2017; 189:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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120
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Oettgen HC. Fifty years later: Emerging functions of IgE antibodies in host defense, immune regulation, and allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 137:1631-1645. [PMID: 27263999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, after a long search, IgE emerged as the circulating factor responsible for triggering allergic reactions. Its extremely low concentration in plasma created significant hurdles for scientists working to reveal its identity. We now know that IgE levels are invariably increased in patients affected by atopic conditions and that IgE provides the critical link between the antigen recognition role of the adaptive immune system and the effector functions of mast cells and basophils at mucosal and cutaneous sites of environmental exposure. This review discusses the established mechanisms of action of IgE in pathologic immediate hypersensitivity, as well as its multifaceted roles in protective immunity, control of mast cell homeostasis, and its more recently revealed immunomodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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121
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Kawamoto N, Kamemura N, Kido H, Fukao T. Detection of ovomucoid-specific low-affinity IgE in infants and its relationship to eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:355-361. [PMID: 28140473 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific low-affinity IgE was previously detected in cord blood by a highly sensitive densely carboxylated protein (DCP) chip, but not by ImmunoCAP. Here, we investigated the presence of low-affinity IgE during the early life of infants and observed its relationship with eczema. METHODS We conducted a birth cohort study, collecting sera at birth and 6 and 14 months of age (n = 110). We monitored the ovomucoid (OM)- and egg white (EW)-specific IgE (sIgE) by ImmunoCAP or DCP chip and analyzed the antigen affinity of sIgE by binding inhibition assays in the presence or absence of a mild chaotropic agent, diethyl amine (DEA). The low- and high-affinity OM-sIgEs and sensitization risk factors were analyzed by a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS The OM-sIgE measured by DCP chip significantly correlated with that measured by ImmunoCAP, but some samples assessed as OM-sIgE positive by DCP chip were considered OM-sIgE negative by ImmunoCAP. Binding inhibition analysis after DEA treatment was performed for participants judged as OM-sIgE positive by DCP chip at 14 M. The group assessed as negative for OM- and EW-sIgE by ImmunoCAP at 6 and 14 months showed a larger binding inhibition curve shift after DEA treatment than did the group assessed as positive at these times, indicating the presence of low-affinity sIgE antibodies at 14 months. The logistic regression analysis found that persistent eczema from 6 to 14 months is a significant risk factor for developing high-affinity, but not low-affinity, sIgE. CONCLUSIONS Human infant peripheral blood contains allergen-specific low-affinity sIgE. Persistent eczema is related to the development of high-affinity, but not low-affinity, IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kawamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norio Kamemura
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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122
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Meli AP, Fontés G, Leung Soo C, King IL. T Follicular Helper Cell-Derived IL-4 Is Required for IgE Production during Intestinal Helminth Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:244-252. [PMID: 28533444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgE production plays a crucial role in protective as well as pathogenic type 2 immune responses. Although the cytokine IL-4 is required for the development of IgE-producing plasma cells, the source of IL-4 and cellular requirements for optimal IgE responses remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the primary producer of IL-4 in the reactive lymph node during type 2 immune responses. As Tfh cells are also required for the development of plasmablasts derived from germinal center and extrafollicular sources, we hypothesized that this cell subset is essential for the IgE plasmablast response. In this study, we show that during intestinal helminth infection, IL-4 derived from Tfh cells is required for IgE class switching and plasmablast formation. Notably, early IgE class switching did not require germinal center formation. Additionally, Tfh cell-derived IL-4 was required to maintain the Th2 response in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. Collectively, our results indicate that IL-4-producing Tfh cells are central orchestrators of the type 2 immune response in the reactive lymph nodes during parasitic helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Fontés
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cindy Leung Soo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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van Bilsen JHM, Sienkiewicz-Szłapka E, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Willemsen LEM, Antunes CM, Molina E, Smit JJ, Wróblewska B, Wichers HJ, Knol EF, Ladics GS, Pieters RHH, Denery-Papini S, Vissers YM, Bavaro SL, Larré C, Verhoeckx KCM, Roggen EL. Application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to structure the available in vivo and in vitro mechanistic data for allergic sensitization to food proteins. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7:13. [PMID: 28507730 PMCID: PMC5429547 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-017-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of whole new foods in a population may lead to sensitization and food allergy. This constitutes a potential public health problem and a challenge to risk assessors and managers as the existing understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the currently available biological tools for prediction of the risk for food allergy development and the severity of the reaction are not sufficient. There is a substantial body of in vivo and in vitro data describing molecular and cellular events potentially involved in food sensitization. However, these events have not been organized in a sequence of related events that is plausible to result in sensitization, and useful to challenge current hypotheses. The aim of this manuscript was to collect and structure the current mechanistic understanding of sensitization induction to food proteins by applying the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP). MAIN BODY The proposed AOP for food sensitization is based on information on molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathways evidenced to be involved in sensitization by food and food proteins and uses the AOPs for chemical skin sensitization and respiratory sensitization induction as templates. Available mechanistic data on protein respiratory sensitization were included to fill out gaps in the understanding of how proteins may affect cells, cell-cell interactions and tissue homeostasis. Analysis revealed several key events (KE) and biomarkers that may have potential use in testing and assessment of proteins for their sensitizing potential. CONCLUSION The application of the AOP concept to structure mechanistic in vivo and in vitro knowledge has made it possible to identify a number of methods, each addressing a specific KE, that provide information about the food allergenic potential of new proteins. When applied in the context of an integrated strategy these methods may reduce, if not replace, current animal testing approaches. The proposed AOP will be shared at the www.aopwiki.org platform to expand the mechanistic data, improve the confidence in each of the proposed KE and key event relations (KERs), and allow for the identification of new, or refinement of established KE and KERs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward F Knol
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona L Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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Kitaura K, Yamashita H, Ayabe H, Shini T, Matsutani T, Suzuki R. Different Somatic Hypermutation Levels among Antibody Subclasses Disclosed by a New Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Antibody Repertoire Analysis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:389. [PMID: 28515723 PMCID: PMC5413556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse antibody repertoire is primarily generated by the rearrangement of V, D, and J genes and subsequent somatic hypermutation (SHM). Class-switch recombination (CSR) produces various isotypes and subclasses with different functional properties. Although antibody isotypes and subclasses are considered to be produced by both direct and sequential CSR, it is still not fully understood how SHMs accumulate during the process in which antibody subclasses are generated. Here, we developed a new next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based antibody repertoire analysis capable of identifying all antibody isotype and subclass genes and used it to examine the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 12 healthy individuals. Using a total of 5,480,040 sequences, we compared percentage frequency of variable (V), junctional (J) sequence, and a combination of V and J, diversity, length, and amino acid compositions of CDR3, SHM, and shared clones in the IgM, IgD, IgG3, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, IgA1, IgE, and IgA2 genes. The usage and diversity were similar among the immunoglobulin (Ig) subclasses. Clonally related sequences sharing identical V, D, J, and CDR3 amino acid sequences were frequently found within multiple Ig subclasses, especially between IgG1 and IgG2 or IgA1 and IgA2. SHM occurred most frequently in IgG4, while IgG3 genes were the least mutated among all IgG subclasses. The shared clones had almost the same SHM levels among Ig subclasses, while subclass-specific clones had different levels of SHM dependent on the genomic location. Given the sequential CSR, these results suggest that CSR occurs sequentially over multiple subclasses in the order corresponding to the genomic location of IGHCs, but CSR is likely to occur more quickly than SHMs accumulate within Ig genes under physiological conditions. NGS-based antibody repertoire analysis should provide critical information on how various antibodies are generated in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitomi Ayabe
- Repertoire Genesis Incorporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadasu Shini
- BITS Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Repertoire Genesis Incorporation, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Japan
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125
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Boonpiyathad T, Meyer N, Moniuszko M, Sokolowska M, Eljaszewicz A, Wirz OF, Tomasiak-Lozowska MM, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Ruxrungtham K, van de Veen W. High-dose bee venom exposure induces similar tolerogenic B-cell responses in allergic patients and healthy beekeepers. Allergy 2017; 72:407-415. [PMID: 27341567 DOI: 10.1111/all.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of B cells in allergen tolerance induction remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the role of B cells in this process, by comparing B-cell responses in allergic patients before and during allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and naturally exposed healthy beekeepers before and during the beekeeping season. METHODS Circulating B cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Phospholipase A2 (PLA)-specific B cells were identified using dual-color staining with fluorescently labeled PLA. Expression of regulatory B-cell-associated surface markers, interleukin-10, chemokine receptors, and immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotypes, was measured. Specific and total IgG1, IgG4, IgA, and IgE from plasma as well as culture supernatants of PLA-specific cells were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Strikingly, similar responses were observed in allergic patients and beekeepers after venom exposure. Both groups showed increased frequencies of plasmablasts, PLA-specific memory B cells, and IL-10-secreting CD73- CD25+ CD71+ BR 1 cells. Phospholipase A2-specific IgG4-switched memory B cells expanded after bee venom exposure. Interestingly, PLA-specific B cells showed increased CCR5 expression after high-dose allergen exposure while CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR6, and CCR7 expression remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first detailed characterization of allergen-specific B cells before and after bee venom tolerance induction. The observed B-cell responses in both venom immunotherapy-treated patients and naturally exposed beekeepers suggest a similar functional immunoregulatory role for B cells in allergen tolerance in both groups. These findings can be investigated in other AIT models to determine their potential as biomarkers of early and successful AIT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Boonpiyathad
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zürich; Davos Switzerland
- Department of Medicine; Phramongkutklao Hospital; Bangkok Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - N. Meyer
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology; University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - M. Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zürich; Davos Switzerland
| | - A. Eljaszewicz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zürich; Davos Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - O. F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zürich; Davos Switzerland
| | - M. M. Tomasiak-Lozowska
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - A. Bodzenta-Lukaszyk
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - K. Ruxrungtham
- Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - W. van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zürich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
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126
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Chu DK, Mandur TS, Walker TD, Gordon ME, Chaudhary R, Koenig J, Saliba S, Galipeau HJ, Utley A, King IL, Lee K, Ettinger R, Waserman S, Kolbeck R, Jordana M. Lifelong memory responses perpetuate humoral T H2 immunity and anaphylaxis in food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1604-1615.e5. [PMID: 28216433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of food allergies (eg, fish, shellfish, and nuts) are lifelong, without any disease-transforming therapies, and unclear in their underlying immunology. Clinical manifestations of food allergy are largely mediated by IgE. Although persistent IgE titers have been attributed conventionally to long-lived IgE+ plasma cells (PCs), this has not been directly and comprehensively tested. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate mechanisms underlying persistent IgE and allergic responses to food allergens. METHODS We used a model of peanut allergy and anaphylaxis, various knockout mice, adoptive transfer experiments, and in vitro assays to identify mechanisms underlying persistent IgE humoral immunity over almost the entire lifespan of the mouse (18-20 months). RESULTS Contrary to conventional paradigms, our data show that clinically relevant lifelong IgE titers are not sustained by long-lived IgE+ PCs. Instead, lifelong reactivity is conferred by allergen-specific long-lived memory B cells that replenish the IgE+ PC compartment. B-cell reactivation requires allergen re-exposure and IL-4 production by CD4 T cells. We define the half-lives of antigen-specific germinal centers (23.3 days), IgE+ and IgG1+ PCs (60 and 234.4 days, respectively), and clinically relevant cell-bound IgE (67.3 days). CONCLUSIONS These findings can explain lifelong food allergies observed in human subjects as the consequence of allergen exposures that recurrently activate memory B cells and identify these as a therapeutic target with disease-transforming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek K Chu
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talveer S Mandur
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina D Walker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa E Gordon
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roopali Chaudhary
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Saliba
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Utley
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
| | - Susan Waserman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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127
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Laffleur B, Basu U, Lim J. RNA Exosome and Non-coding RNA-Coupled Mechanisms in AID-Mediated Genomic Alterations. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3230-3241. [PMID: 28069372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic RNA exosome is a well-conserved protein complex with ribonuclease activity implicated in RNA metabolism. Various families of non-coding RNAs have been identified as substrates of the complex, underscoring its role as a non-coding RNA processing/degradation unit. However, the role of RNA exosome and its RNA processing activity on DNA mutagenesis/alteration events have not been investigated until recently. B lymphocytes use two DNA alteration mechanisms, class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), to re-engineer their antibody gene expressing loci until a tailored antibody gene for a specific antigen is satisfactorily generated. CSR and SHM require the essential activity of the DNA activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Causing collateral damage to the B-cell genome during CSR and SHM, AID induces unwanted (and sometimes oncogenic) mutations at numerous non-immunoglobulin gene sequences. Recent studies have revealed that AID's DNA mutator activity is regulated by the RNA exosome complex, thus providing an example of a mechanism that relates DNA mutagenesis to RNA processing. Here, we review the emergent functions of RNA exosome during CSR, SHM, and other chromosomal alterations in B cells, and discuss implications relevant to mechanisms that maintain B-cell genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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128
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Initiation, Persistence and Exacerbation of Food Allergy. BIRKHÄUSER ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69968-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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129
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Ramadani F, Bowen H, Upton N, Hobson PS, Chan YC, Chen JB, Chang TW, McDonnell JM, Sutton BJ, Fear DJ, Gould HJ. Ontogeny of human IgE-expressing B cells and plasma cells. Allergy 2017; 72:66-76. [PMID: 27061189 PMCID: PMC5107308 DOI: 10.1111/all.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background IgE‐expressing (IgE+) plasma cells (PCs) provide a continuous source of allergen‐specific IgE that is central to allergic responses. The extreme sparsity of IgE+ cells in vivo has confined their study almost entirely to mouse models. Objective To characterize the development pathway of human IgE+PCs and to determine the ontogeny of human IgE+PCs. Methods To generate human IgE+ cells, we cultured tonsil B cells with IL‐4 and anti‐CD40. Using FACS and RT‐PCR, we examined the phenotype of generated IgE+ cells, the capacity of tonsil B‐cell subsets to generate IgE+PCs and the class switching pathways involved. Results We have identified three phenotypic stages of IgE+PC development pathway, namely (i) IgE+germinal centre (GC)‐like B cells, (ii) IgE+PC‐like ‘plasmablasts’ and (iii) IgE+PCs. The same phenotypic stages were also observed for IgG1+ cells. Total tonsil B cells give rise to IgE+PCs by direct and sequential switching, whereas the isolated GC B‐cell fraction, the main source of IgE+PCs, generates IgE+PCs by sequential switching. PC differentiation of IgE+ cells is accompanied by the down‐regulation of surface expression of the short form of membrane IgE (mIgES), which is homologous to mouse mIgE, and the up‐regulation of the long form of mIgE (mIgEL), which is associated with an enhanced B‐cell survival and expressed in humans, but not in mice. Conclusion Generation of IgE+PCs from tonsil GC B cells occurs mainly via sequential switching from IgG. The mIgEL/mIgES ratio may be implicated in survival of IgE+ B cells during PC differentiation and allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ramadani
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. Bowen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - N. Upton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - P. S. Hobson
- Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - Y.-C. Chan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - J.-B. Chen
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - T. W. Chang
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - J. M. McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - B. J. Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - D. J. Fear
- Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. J. Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
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130
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Wu YL, Stubbington MJT, Daly M, Teichmann SA, Rada C. Intrinsic transcriptional heterogeneity in B cells controls early class switching to IgE. J Exp Med 2016; 214:183-196. [PMID: 27994069 PMCID: PMC5206502 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining novel mouse reporters and single-cell transcriptomic analyses, Wu et al. uncover differential activation thresholds for the transcripts that direct antibody class switching to IgE versus IgG1 in response to IL-4 and explain how cell-intrinsic transcriptional heterogeneity governs CSR. Noncoding transcripts originating upstream of the immunoglobulin constant region (I transcripts) are required to direct activation-induced deaminase to initiate class switching in B cells. Differential regulation of Iε and Iγ1 transcription in response to interleukin 4 (IL-4), hence class switching to IgE and IgG1, is not fully understood. In this study, we combine novel mouse reporters and single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal the heterogeneity in IL-4–induced I transcription. We identify an early population of cells expressing Iε but not Iγ1 and demonstrate that early Iε transcription leads to switching to IgE and occurs at lower activation levels than Iγ1. Our results reveal how probabilistic transcription with a lower activation threshold for Iε directs the early choice of IgE versus IgG1, a key physiological response against parasitic infestations and a mediator of allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ling Wu
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | | | - Maria Daly
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Cristina Rada
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
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131
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Yang Z, Robinson MJ, Chen X, Smith GA, Taunton J, Liu W, Allen CDC. Regulation of B cell fate by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27935477 PMCID: PMC5207771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE can trigger potent allergic responses, yet the mechanisms regulating IgE production are poorly understood. Here we reveal that IgE+ B cells are constrained by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor (BCR). In the absence of cognate antigen, the IgE BCR promoted terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (PCs) under cell culture conditions mimicking T cell help. This antigen-independent PC differentiation involved multiple IgE domains and Syk, CD19, BLNK, Btk, and IRF4. Disruption of BCR signaling in mice led to consistently exaggerated IgE+ germinal center (GC) B cell but variably increased PC responses. We were unable to confirm reports that the IgE BCR directly promoted intrinsic apoptosis. Instead, IgE+ GC B cells exhibited poor antigen presentation and prolonged cell cycles, suggesting reduced competition for T cell help. We propose that chronic BCR activity and access to T cell help play critical roles in regulating IgE responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21238.001 Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules, and so help the immune system to defend the body against foreign substances that are potentially harmful. In some cases, harmless substances – such as pollen, dust or food – can trigger this response and lead to an allergic reaction. A type of antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) is particularly likely to trigger an allergic response. In general, immune cells called plasma cells produce antibodies and release them into the body. However, in B cells – the cells from which plasma cells develop – the antibodies remain on the surface of the cells. Here, the antibody acts as a “receptor” that allows the B cell to tell when its antibody has bound to a specific substance. Generally, B cells only activate when their B cell receptors bind to a specific substance. This binding triggers signals inside the cell that determine its fate – such as whether it will develop into a plasma cell. Recent studies have shown that B cells that have IgE on their surface (IgE+ B cells) are predisposed to develop rapidly into plasma cells. To investigate why this is the case, Yang et al. have now studied B cells both in cell culture and in mice. The results show that the IgE B cell receptor autonomously signals to the cell even when it is not bound to a specific substance, in a manner that differs from other types of B cell receptors. This increases the likelihood that the IgE+ B cell will develop into a plasma cell and limits the competitive fitness of IgE+ B cells. These findings provide new insights into how IgE responses are regulated by the B cell receptor. The next step will be to determine, at a molecular level, the basis for the autonomous signaling produced by the IgE B cell receptor when it is not bound to a specific substance. It will then be possible to investigate how this mechanism compares with the way that signals are normally transmitted when a B cell receptor binds to a specific substance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21238.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey A Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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132
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IJspeert H, van Schouwenburg PA, van Zessen D, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Driessen GJ, Stubbs AP, van der Burg M. Evaluation of the Antigen-Experienced B-Cell Receptor Repertoire in Healthy Children and Adults. Front Immunol 2016; 7:410. [PMID: 27799928 PMCID: PMC5066086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen recognition via their B cell receptor (BR), B cells migrate to the germinal center where they undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) to increase their affinity for the antigen, and class switch recombination (CSR) to change the effector function of the secreted antibodies. These steps are essential to create an antigen-experienced BR repertoire that efficiently protects the body against pathogens. At the same time, the BR repertoire should be selected to protect against responses to self-antigen or harmless antigens. Insights into the processes of SHM, selection, and CSR can be obtained by studying the antigen-experienced BR repertoire. Currently, a large reference data set of healthy children and adults, which ranges from neonates to the elderly, is not available. In this study, we analyzed the antigen-experienced repertoire of 38 healthy donors (HD), ranging from cord blood to 74 years old, by sequencing IGA and IGG transcripts using next generation sequencing. This resulted in a large, freely available reference data set containing 412,890 IGA and IGG transcripts. We used this data set to study mutation levels, SHM patterns, antigenic selection, and CSR from birth to elderly HD. Only small differences were observed in SHM patterns, while the mutation levels increase in early childhood and stabilize at 6 years of age at around 7%. Furthermore, comparison of the antigen-experienced repertoire with sequences from the naive immune repertoire showed that features associated with autoimmunity such as long CDR3 length and IGHV4-34 usage are reduced in the antigen-experienced repertoire. Moreover, IGA2 and IGG2 usage was increased in HD in higher age categories, while IGG1 usage was decreased. In addition, we studied clonal relationship in the different samples. Clonally related sequences were found with different subclasses. Interestingly, we found transcripts with the same CDR1–CDR3 sequence, but different subclasses. Together, these data suggest that a single antigen can provoke a B-cell response with BR of different subclasses and that, during the course of an immune response, some B cells change their isotype without acquiring additional SHM or can directly switch to different isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna IJspeert
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | | | - David van Zessen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J Driessen
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Stubbs
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
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133
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Mesin L, Ersching J, Victora GD. Germinal Center B Cell Dynamics. Immunity 2016; 45:471-482. [PMID: 27653600 PMCID: PMC5123673 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a renaissance in the past 10 years, with a succession of findings that have transformed our understanding of the cellular dynamics of affinity maturation. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field, with special emphasis on how GC cellular and clonal dynamics shape antibody affinity and diversity during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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134
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Horns F, Vollmers C, Croote D, Mackey SF, Swan GE, Dekker CL, Davis MM, Quake SR. Lineage tracing of human B cells reveals the in vivo landscape of human antibody class switching. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27481325 PMCID: PMC4970870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody class switching is a feature of the adaptive immune system which enables diversification of the effector properties of antibodies. Even though class switching is essential for mounting a protective response to pathogens, the in vivo patterns and lineage characteristics of antibody class switching have remained uncharacterized in living humans. Here we comprehensively measured the landscape of antibody class switching in human adult twins using antibody repertoire sequencing. The map identifies how antibodies of every class are created and delineates a two-tiered hierarchy of class switch pathways. Using somatic hypermutations as a molecular clock, we discovered that closely related B cells often switch to the same class, but lose coherence as somatic mutations accumulate. Such correlations between closely related cells exist when purified B cells class switch in vitro, suggesting that class switch recombination is directed toward specific isotypes by a cell-autonomous imprinted state. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16578.001 The human immune system comprises cells and processes that protect the body against infection and disease. B cells are immune cells that once activated produce antibodies, or proteins that help identify and neutralize infectious microbes and diseased host cells. Antibodies fall into one of ten different classes, and each class has a different, specialized role. Certain antibody classes are responsible for eradicating viruses, while others recruit and help activate additional cells of the immune system. B cells multiply quickly once they are activated. During this proliferation process, dividing B cells can switch from making one class of antibody to another. As such, a single activated B cell can yield a group of related B cells that produce distinct classes of antibodies. Although much has been learned about antibody class switching and its role in generating a diverse set of antibodies, the process of creating different antibody classes in humans remains unknown. Horns, Vollmers et al. now reveal how antibodies of every class are created in living humans. By developing a way to reconstruct the B cell proliferation process and thereby trace the lineage of individual B cells, the occurrence of class switching events could be measured and mapped. This approach revealed that most antibodies are produced via a single dominant pathway that involves first switching through one of two antibody classes. Horns, Vollmers et al. also determined that closely related B cells, which were recently born through division of a common ancestor, often switched to the same class. The shared fate is likely explained by the existence of similar conditions inside each cell, which are inherited during cell division and direct switching toward a particular class. All together, these new findings lay a foundation for developing techniques to direct antibody class switching in ways that support the immune system. Future work will aim to understand the conditions inside a cell that direct switching toward a particular class of antibody. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16578.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Horns
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Christopher Vollmers
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Derek Croote
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sally F Mackey
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
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135
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Svirshchevskaya E, Fattakhova G, Khlgatian S, Chudakov D, Kashirina E, Ryazantsev D, Kotsareva O, Zavriev S. Direct versus sequential immunoglobulin switch in allergy and antiviral responses. Clin Immunol 2016; 170:31-8. [PMID: 27471213 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Allergy is characterized by IgE production to innocuous antigens. The question whether the switch to IgE synthesis occurs via direct or sequential pathways is still unresolved. The aim of this work was to analyze the distribution of immunoglobulins (Ig) to house dust mite D. farinae and A. alternata fungus in allergic children with primarily established diagnosis and compare it to Epstein-Barr antiviral (EBV) response in the same patients. In allergy patients the only significant difference was found in allergen specific IgE, likely mediated by a direct isotype switch, while antiviral response was dominated by EBV specific IgG and low level of concordant IgA and IgG4 production consistent with a minor sequential Ig switches. Taken collectively, we concluded that sequential isotype switch is likely to be a much rarer event than a direct one.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Svirshchevskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - G Fattakhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - S Khlgatian
- Mechnikov's Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Maliy Kazenny pereulok, 5A, 105064 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - D Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - E Kashirina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - D Ryazantsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - O Kotsareva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - S Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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136
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Noble A, Zhao J. Follicular helper T cells are responsible for IgE responses to Der p 1 following house dust mite sensitization in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1075-82. [PMID: 27138589 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th2 cells have long been considered responsible for the switching of B cells to production of IgE during cognate interaction, primarily due to their expression of CD40L and secretion of IL-4. This concept has been challenged by the more recent definition of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) as the key T cell subset in B cell isotype switching, due to their physical location at the boundary of T cell:B cell areas in lymphoid follicles and ability to express IL-4 and CD40L. OBJECTIVE To determine whether Tfh cells are responsible for IgE responses to Der p 1 allergen after house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic sensitization. METHODS Mice deficient in Tfh cells were sensitized to HDM and Der p 1-specific IgE measured by ELISA. RESULTS Mice with a mutation in T cell-expressed IL-6R were unable to expand Tfh populations after HDM sensitization, and their anti-Der p 1 IgE, IgG1 and total IgE responses were reduced by 80-90% compared with wild-type mice. These animals displayed unaltered lung Th2 and eosinophilic responses after intranasal HDM challenge and normal IL-4 production, but B cell infiltration of the airways was abrogated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data indicate that Tfh cells are largely responsible for switching B cells to IgE synthesis, most likely via an IgG1(+) intermediate. However, Th2 cells are the major source of IL-4 during HDM sensitization and this might contribute to IgE synthesis at a stage distal to Tfh-mediated isotype switching. The IL-6/follicular helper T cell pathway is a potential therapeutic target in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noble
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Zhao
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
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137
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y, Takahashi H, Handa T, Izumi N, Mori T, Uemura E, Nishijima N, Sagami K, Yamaguchi M, Eto S, Nagano K, Kamada H, Tsunoda S, Ishii KJ, Higashisaka K, Tsutsumi Y. High-dose cutaneous exposure to mite allergen induces IgG-mediated protection against anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:992-1003. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Y. Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Vaccine Creation Project; BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development; The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - H. Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Vaccine Creation Project; BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Handa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - N. Izumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Mori
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design; Center for Drug Innovation and Screening; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
| | - E. Uemura
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - N. Nishijima
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Sagami
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Eto
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
| | - H. Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - K. J. Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science; Immunology Frontier Research Center; World Premier International Research Center; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Y. Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design; Center for Drug Innovation and Screening; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation; Health and Nutrition; Osaka Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
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138
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Sugimoto M, Kamemura N, Nagao M, Irahara M, Kagami S, Fujisawa T, Kido H. Differential response in allergen-specific IgE, IgGs, and IgA levels for predicting outcome of oral immunotherapy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:276-82. [PMID: 26764899 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) induces desensitization and/or tolerance in patients with persistent food allergy, but the biomarkers of clinical outcomes remain obscure. Although OIT-induced changes in serum allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 levels have been investigated, the response of other allergen-specific IgG subclasses and IgA during OIT remains obscure. METHODS A pilot study was conducted to investigate egg OIT-induced changes in allergen-specific IgE, IgG subclasses, and IgA levels and search for possible prediction biomarkers of desensitization. We measured serum levels of egg white-, ovomucoid-, and ovalbumin-specific IgE, IgA, and IgG subclasses by high-sensitivity allergen microarray in 26 children with egg allergy who received rush OIT. RESULTS Allergen-specific IgE gradually decreased while IgG4 increased during 12-month OIT. Serum levels of IgG1, IgG3, and IgA increased significantly after the rush phase, then decreased during the maintenance phase. IgG2 levels changed in a manner similar to that of IgG4. In particular, significantly high fold increases in egg white-specific IgG1, relative to baseline, after the rush phase and high IgA levels before OIT were observed in responders, compared with low-responders to OIT. Patients who could not keep desensitization showed relatively small changes in all immunoglobulin levels during OIT. CONCLUSION The response to OIT was associated with significant increases in serum allergen-specific IgG1 levels after rush phase and high baseline IgA levels, compared with small changes in immunoglobulin response in low-responders. The characteristic IgG1 changes and IgA levels in the responders could be potentially useful biomarkers for the prediction of positive clinical response to OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Norio Kamemura
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center and Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Irahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center and Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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139
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Persistence of the IgE repertoire in birch pollen allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1884-1887.e8. [PMID: 27001158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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140
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Roles for lipid heterogeneity in immunoreceptor signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:830-836. [PMID: 26995463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune receptors that specifically recognize foreign antigens to activate leukocytes in adaptive immune responses belong to a family of multichain cell surface proteins. All of these contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs in one or more subunits that initiate signaling cascades following stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation by Src-family kinases. As highlighted in this review, lipids participate in this initial activation step, as well as in more downstream signaling steps. We summarize evidence for cholesterol-dependent ordered lipids serving to regulate the store-operated Ca(2+) channel, Orai1, and we describe the sensitivity of Orai1 coupling to the ER Ca(2+) sensor, STIM1, to inhibition by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phosphoinositides play key roles in regulating STIM1-Orai1 coupling, as well as in the stimulated Ca(2+) oscillations that are a consequence of IgE receptor signaling in mast cells. They also participate in the coupling between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton, which regulates immune receptor responses in T cells, B cells, and mast cells, both positively and negatively, depending on the cellular context. Recent studies show that other phospholipids with mostly saturated acylation also participate in coupling between receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. Lipid heterogeneity is a central feature of the intimate relationship between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The detailed nature of these interactions and how they are dynamically regulated to initiate and propagate receptor-mediated cell signaling are challenging questions for further investigation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon.
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141
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Abstract
Dramatic elevations in the serum IgE level are seen both in polygenic allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and food allergy, and in a growing list of monogenic primary immune deficiencies (PIDs). Although the IgE produced in patients with PID has generally been considered to be driven by dysregulated IL-4 production and thus lack antigen specificity, in fact allergen-specific IgE can be detected by skin and serum testing in many of these patients. However, perhaps not surprisingly given the distinct immunologic pathways involved, the patterns of allergic disease and atopic sensitization vary widely between syndromes, leading to strikingly different clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica G Lawrence
- University of Virginia Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, PO Box 801355, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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142
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Looney TJ, Lee JY, Roskin KM, Hoh RA, King J, Glanville J, Liu Y, Pham TD, Dekker CL, Davis MM, Boyd SD. Human B-cell isotype switching origins of IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:579-586.e7. [PMID: 26309181 PMCID: PMC4747810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells expressing IgE contribute to immunity against parasites and venoms and are the source of antigen specificity in allergic patients, yet the developmental pathways producing these B cells in human subjects remain a subject of debate. Much of our knowledge of IgE lineage development derives from model studies in mice rather than from human subjects. OBJECTIVE We evaluate models for isotype switching to IgE in human subjects using immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) mutational lineage data. METHODS We analyzed IGH repertoires in 9 allergic and 24 healthy adults using high-throughput DNA sequencing of 15,843,270 IGH rearrangements to identify clonal lineages of B cells containing members expressing IgE. Somatic mutations in IGH inherited from common ancestors within the clonal lineage are used to infer the relationships between B cells. RESULTS Data from 613,641 multi-isotype B-cell clonal lineages, of which 592 include an IgE member, are consistent with indirect switching to IgE from IgG- or IgA-expressing lineage members in human subjects. We also find that these inferred isotype switching frequencies are similar in healthy and allergic subjects. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that secondary isotype switching of mutated IgG1-expressing B cells is the primary source of IgE in human subjects, with lesser contributions from precursors expressing other switched isotypes and rarely IgM or IgD, suggesting that IgE is derived from previously antigen-experienced B cells rather than naive B cells that typically express low-affinity unmutated antibodies. These data provide a basis from which to evaluate allergen-specific human antibody repertoires in healthy and diseased subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Looney
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jasmine King
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Biology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Program in Immunology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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143
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Dema B, Charles N. Autoantibodies in SLE: Specificities, Isotypes and Receptors. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010002. [PMID: 31557984 PMCID: PMC6698872 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a wide spectrum of auto-antibodies which recognize several cellular components. The production of these self-reactive antibodies fluctuates during the course of the disease and the involvement of different antibody-secreting cell populations are considered highly relevant for the disease pathogenesis. These cells are developed and stimulated through different ways leading to the secretion of a variety of isotypes, affinities and idiotypes. Each of them has a particular mechanism of action binding to a specific antigen and recognized by distinct receptors. The effector responses triggered lead to a chronic tissue inflammation. DsDNA autoantibodies are the most studied as well as the first in being characterized for its pathogenic role in Lupus nephritis. However, others are of growing interest since they have been associated with other organ-specific damage, such as anti-NMDAR antibodies in neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations or anti-β2GP1 antibodies in vascular symptomatology. In this review, we describe the different auto-antibodies reported to be involved in SLE. How autoantibody isotypes and affinity-binding to their antigen might result in different pathogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dema
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
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144
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Turqueti-Neves A, Otte M, Schwartz C, Schmitt MER, Lindner C, Pabst O, Yu P, Voehringer D. The Extracellular Domains of IgG1 and T Cell-Derived IL-4/IL-13 Are Critical for the Polyclonal Memory IgE Response In Vivo. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002290. [PMID: 26523376 PMCID: PMC4629909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils contributes to protective immunity against helminths but also causes allergic responses. The development and persistence of IgE responses are poorly understood, which is in part due to the low number of IgE-producing cells. Here, we used next generation sequencing to uncover a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in helminth-infected or OVA/alum-immunized wild-type BALB/c mice. The memory IgE response after secondary infection induced a strong increase of IgE+ plasma cells in spleen and lymph nodes. In contrast, germinal center B cells did not increase during secondary infection. Unexpectedly, the memory IgE response was lost in mice where the extracellular part of IgG1 had been replaced with IgE sequences. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that IgG1+ B cells were required and sufficient to constitute the memory IgE response in recipient mice. T cell-derived IL-4/IL-13 was required for the memory IgE response but not for expansion of B cells from memory mice. Together, our results reveal a close relationship between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in vivo and demonstrate that the memory IgE response is mainly conserved at the level of memory IgG1+ B cells. Therefore, targeting the generation and survival of allergen-specific IgG1+ B cells could lead to development of new therapeutic strategies to treat chronic allergic disorders. This study reveals that repertoires of IgE—the class of antibody that mediates allergic reactions—closely resemble those of IgG1, suggesting that the memory IgE response unfolds from IgG1-switched B cells (and not from IgM-expressing B cells) in response to T cell-derived cytokines. Allergic inflammation is initiated when IgE antibodies bind to high-affinity receptors on the cell surface of mast cells and basophils, thereby triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators. The development and persistence of IgE responses in vivo is poorly characterized because of the low number of IgE-producing B cells and plasma cells. Naïve mature B cells produce IgM antibodies. Upon activation, they “switch” class to produce IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. It is currently highly debated whether IgE-expressing B cells are generated by direct switching from IgM-expressing B cells or by sequential switching via IgG1-expressing B cells. Using next generation sequencing, we compared thousands of IgE, IgG1, and IgM sequences after immunization of mice with parasitic worms and found a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires. We further show that the memory IgE response to a secondary encounter with the same parasitic worms was dependent on T cell-derived cytokines. Genetically modified mice and adoptive transfers of B cells revealed that the memory IgE response is conserved at the level of IgG1-expressing B cells. These results favor the concept that bona fide IgE-expressing B cells do not exist, and memory IgE responses unfold from IgG1-expressing B cells, which undergo a secondary switch reaction and differentiation to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Turqueti-Neves
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Otte
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michaela Erika Renate Schmitt
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lindner
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Yu
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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145
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Chen Z, Getahun A, Chen X, Dollin Y, Cambier JC, Wang JH. Imbalanced PTEN and PI3K Signaling Impairs Class Switch Recombination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5461-5471. [PMID: 26500350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) generates isotype-switched Abs with distinct effector functions. B cells express phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and multiple isoforms of class IA PI3K catalytic subunits, including p110α and p110δ, whose roles in CSR remain unknown or controversial. In this article, we demonstrate a direct effect of PTEN on CSR signaling by acute deletion of Pten specifically in mature B cells, thereby excluding the developmental impact of Pten deletion. We show that mature B cell-specific PTEN overexpression enhances CSR. More importantly, we establish a critical role for p110α in CSR. Furthermore, we identify a cooperative role for p110α and p110δ in suppressing CSR. Mechanistically, dysregulation of p110α or PTEN inversely affects activation-induced deaminase expression via modulating AKT activity. Thus, our study reveals that a signaling balance between PTEN and PI3K isoforms is essential to maintain normal CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Xiaomi Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Yonatan Dollin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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146
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against parasite infections. However, inappropriate IgE responses are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The generation of IgE antibodies is a tightly controlled process regulated by multiple transcription factors, cytokines, and immune cells including γδ T cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that γδ T cells play a critical role in regulating IgE responses; however, both IgE-enhancing and IgE-suppressive effects are suggested for these cells in different experimental systems. In this review, we examine the available evidence and discuss the role of γδ T cells in IgE regulation both in the context of antigen-induced immune responses and in the state of partial immunodeficiency.
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147
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Clinical development methodology for infusion-related reactions with monoclonal antibodies. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e39. [PMID: 26246897 PMCID: PMC4524952 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) are common with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and timely related to drug administration and have been reported as anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reactions and cytokine release syndrome, among other terms used. We address risk management measures for individual patients and for the study and propose a consistent reporting approach in an attempt to allow cross-molecule comparisons. Once the symptoms of IRR have resolved, the mAb may be restarted. Rechallenge should not be done for suspected IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and Grade 4 IRRs. Management of IRRs for subsequent patients includes administration of premedication, which, however, does not prevent IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Reporting approach: (1) Report as IRRs, reactions occurring during or within 24 h after an infusion. Negative skin Prick test and absent or undetectable allergen-specific IgE levels have high negative predictive value for an IgE-mediated allergic reaction. If IgE-mediated anaphylaxis is suspected based on medical history and/or laboratory test results, the reaction should be reported as suspected (IgE mediated) anaphylaxis. (2) Collect signs and symptoms with grades to allow characterization of IRRs. IRRs pathogenesis is of scientific interest and has impact on drug development. Animal toxicology studies are neither predictive of severe IRRs nor of anaphylaxis in human. Preclinical tests should be further developed to identify patients at risk for severe IRRs, for complement activation-related pseudoallergy and for IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. The proposed approach should help standardizing data collection and analysis of IRRs in an attempt to enable comparisons across molecules.
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148
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Butt D, Chan TD, Bourne K, Hermes JR, Nguyen A, Statham A, O'Reilly LA, Strasser A, Price S, Schofield P, Christ D, Basten A, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Phan TG, Rao VK, Brink R. FAS Inactivation Releases Unconventional Germinal Center B Cells that Escape Antigen Control and Drive IgE and Autoantibody Production. Immunity 2015; 42:890-902. [PMID: 25979420 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic links between genetic variation and autoantibody production in autoimmune disease remain obscure. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is caused by inactivating mutations in FAS or FASL, with autoantibodies thought to arise through failure of FAS-mediated removal of self-reactive germinal center (GC) B cells. Here we show that FAS is in fact not required for this process. Instead, FAS inactivation led to accumulation of a population of unconventional GC B cells that underwent somatic hypermutation, survived despite losing antigen reactivity, and differentiated into a large population of plasma cells that included autoantibody-secreting clones. IgE(+) plasma cell numbers, in particular, increased after FAS inactivation and a major cohort of ALPS-affected patients were found to have hyper-IgE. We propose that these previously unidentified cells, designated "rogue GC B cells," are a major driver of autoantibody production and provide a mechanistic explanation for the linked production of IgE and autoantibodies in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Butt
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tyani D Chan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Katherine Bourne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jana R Hermes
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Aaron Statham
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Susan Price
- Molecular Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Schofield
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Antony Basten
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Molecular Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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149
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Wu YCB, James LK, Vander Heiden JA, Uduman M, Durham SR, Kleinstein SH, Kipling D, Gould HJ. Influence of seasonal exposure to grass pollen on local and peripheral blood IgE repertoires in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 134:604-12. [PMID: 25171866 PMCID: PMC4151999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies of immunoglobulin gene sequences in patients with allergic diseases using low-throughput Sanger sequencing have limited the analytic depth for characterization of IgE repertoires. Objectives We used a high-throughput, next-generation sequencing approach to characterize immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (IGH) repertoires in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR) with the aim of better understanding the underlying disease mechanisms. Methods IGH sequences in matched peripheral blood and nasal biopsy specimens from nonallergic healthy control subjects (n = 3) and patients with grass pollen–related AR taken in season (n = 3) or out of season (n = 4) were amplified and pyrosequenced on the 454 GS FLX+ System. Results A total of 97,610 IGH (including 8,135 IgE) sequences were analyzed. Use of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene families 1 (IGHV1) and 5 (IGHV5) was higher in IgE clonotypic repertoires compared with other antibody classes independent of atopic status. IgE repertoires measured inside the grass pollen season were more diverse and more mutated (particularly in the biopsy specimens) and had more evidence of antigen-driven selection compared with those taken outside of the pollen season or from healthy control subjects. Clonal relatedness was observed for IgE between the blood and nasal biopsy specimens. Furthermore in patients with AR, but not healthy control subjects, we found clonal relatedness between IgE and IgG classes. Conclusion This is the first report that exploits next-generation sequencing to determine local and peripheral blood IGH repertoires in patients with respiratory allergic disease. We demonstrate that natural pollen exposure was associated with changes in IgE repertoires that were suggestive of ongoing germinal center reactions. Furthermore, these changes were more often apparent in nasal biopsy specimens compared with peripheral blood and in patients with AR compared with healthy control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang B Wu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mohamed Uduman
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - David Kipling
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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150
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Biology of IgE production: IgE cell differentiation and the memory of IgE responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 388:1-19. [PMID: 25553792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells producing high-affinity antibodies depends on the maturation of B cell responses in germinal centers. These processes are essential for long-lasting antibody-mediated protection against infections. IgE antibodies are important for defense against parasites and toxins and can also mediate anti-tumor immunity. However, high-affinity IgE is also the main culprit responsible for the manifestations of allergic disease, including life-threatening anaphylaxisAnaphylaxis . Thus, generation of high-affinity IgE must be tightly regulated. Recent studies of IgE B cell biology have unveiled two mechanisms that limit high-affinity IgE memory responses: First, B cells that have recently switched to IgE production are programmed to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells,Plasma cells and second, IgE germinal centerGerminal center cells are transient and highly apoptotic. Opposing these processes, we now know that germinal center-derived IgG B cells can switch to IgE production, effectively becoming IgE-producing plasma cells. In this chapter, we will discuss the unique molecular and cellular pathways involved in the generation of IgE antibodies.
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