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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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102
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Cells with Many Talents: Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in the Brain Meninges. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040799. [PMID: 33918497 PMCID: PMC8067019 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system serves key functions in maintaining fluid homeostasis, the uptake of dietary fats in the small intestine, and the trafficking of immune cells. Almost all vascularized peripheral tissues and organs contain lymphatic vessels. The brain parenchyma, however, is considered immune privileged and devoid of lymphatic structures. This contrasts with the notion that the brain is metabolically extremely active, produces large amounts of waste and metabolites that need to be cleared, and is especially sensitive to edema formation. Recently, meningeal lymphatic vessels in mammals and zebrafish have been (re-)discovered, but how they contribute to fluid drainage is still not fully understood. Here, we discuss these meningeal vessel systems as well as a newly described cell population in the zebrafish and mouse meninges. These cells, termed brain lymphatic endothelial cells/Fluorescent Granular Perithelial cells/meningeal mural lymphatic endothelial cells in fish, and Leptomeningeal Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in mice, exhibit remarkable features. They have a typical lymphatic endothelial gene expression signature but do not form vessels and rather constitute a meshwork of single cells, covering the brain surface.
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103
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Ma W, Gil HJ, Liu X, Diebold LP, Morgan MA, Oxendine-Burns MJ, Gao P, Chandel NS, Oliver G. Mitochondrial respiration controls the Prox1-Vegfr3 feedback loop during lymphatic endothelial cell fate specification and maintenance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabe7359. [PMID: 33931446 PMCID: PMC8087398 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that mitochondrial respiration regulates blood endothelial cell proliferation; however, its role in differentiating lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) is unknown. We hypothesized that mitochondria could work as a sensor of LECs' metabolic specific needs by determining their functional requirements according to their differentiation status and local tissue microenvironment. Accordingly, we conditionally deleted the QPC subunit of mitochondrial complex III in differentiating LECs of mouse embryos. Unexpectedly, mutant mice were devoid of a lymphatic vasculature by mid-gestation, a consequence of the specific down-regulation of main LEC fate regulators, particularly Vegfr3, leading to the loss of LEC fate. Mechanistically, this is a result of reduced H3K4me3 and H3K27ac in the genomic locus of key LEC fate controllers (e.g., Vegfr3 and Prox1). Our findings indicate that by sensing the LEC differentiation status and microenvironmental metabolic conditions, mitochondrial complex III regulates the critical Prox1-Vegfr3 feedback loop and, therefore, LEC fate specification and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Ma
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren P Diebold
- Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marc A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Oxendine-Burns
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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104
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Jia W, Hitchcock-Szilagyi H, He W, Goldman J, Zhao F. Engineering the Lymphatic Network: A Solution to Lymphedema. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001537. [PMID: 33502814 PMCID: PMC8483563 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a life-long disorder characterized by chronic tissue swelling and inflammation that obstruct interstitial fluid circulation and immune cell trafficking. Regenerating lymphatic vasculatures using various strategies represents a promising treatment for lymphedema. Growth factor injection and gene delivery have been developed to stimulate lymphangiogenesis and augment interstitial fluid resorption. Using bioengineered materials as growth factor delivery vehicles allows for a more precisely targeted lymphangiogenic activation within the injured site. The implantation of prevascularized lymphatic tissue also promotes in situ lymphatic capillary network formation. The engineering of larger scale lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic collecting vessels and lymph nodes constructed by bioengineered scaffolds or decellularized animal tissues, offers alternatives to reconnecting damaged lymphatic vessels and restoring lymph circulation. These approaches provide lymphatic vascular grafting materials to reimpose lymphatic continuity across the site of injury, without creating secondary injuries at donor sites. The present work reviews molecular mechanisms mediating lymphatic system development, approaches to promoting lymphatic network regeneration, and strategies for engineering lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, and nodes. Challenges of advanced translational applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | | | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
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105
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Kochappan R, Cao E, Han S, Hu L, Quach T, Senyschyn D, Ferreira VI, Lee G, Leong N, Sharma G, Lim SF, Nowell CJ, Chen Z, von Andrian UH, Bonner D, Mintern JD, Simpson JS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. Targeted delivery of mycophenolic acid to the mesenteric lymph node using a triglyceride mimetic prodrug approach enhances gut-specific immunomodulation in mice. J Control Release 2021; 332:636-651. [PMID: 33609620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are a key site for the generation of adaptive immune responses to gut-derived antigenic material and immune cells within the MLN contribute to the pathophysiology of a range of conditions including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, viral infections, graft versus host disease and cancer. Targeting immunomodulating drugs to the MLN may thus be beneficial in a range of conditions. This paper investigates the potential benefit of targeting a model immunosuppressant drug, mycophenolic acid (MPA), to T cells in the MLN, using a triglyceride (TG) mimetic prodrug approach. We confirmed that administration of MPA in the TG prodrug form (MPA-TG), increased lymphatic transport of MPA-related species 83-fold and increased MLN concentrations of MPA >20 fold, when compared to MPA alone, for up to 4 h in mice. At the same time, the plasma exposure of MPA and MPA-TG was similar, limiting the opportunity for systemic side effects. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies with a fluorescent model prodrug (Bodipy-TG) revealed that the prodrug accumulated in the MLN cortex and paracortex at 5 and 10 h following administration and was highly associated with B cells and T cells that are found in these regions of the MLN. Finally, we demonstrated that MPA-TG was significantly more effective than MPA at inhibiting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation in the MLN of mice in response to an oral ovalbumin antigen challenge. In contrast, MPA-TG was no more effective than MPA at inhibiting T cell proliferation in peripheral LN when mice were challenged via SC administration of ovalbumin. This paper provides the first evidence of an in vivo pharmacodynamic benefit of targeting the MLN using a TG mimetic prodrug approach. The TG mimetic prodrug technology has the potential to benefit the treatment of a range of conditions where aberrant immune responses are initiated in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Kochappan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Luojuan Hu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tim Quach
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Danielle Senyschyn
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vilena Ivanova Ferreira
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nathania Leong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Garima Sharma
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shea Fern Lim
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Dept. of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Dept. of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Bonner
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie S Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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106
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González-Loyola A, Petrova TV. Development and aging of the lymphatic vascular system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:63-78. [PMID: 33316347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has a pivotal role in regulating body fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and dietary fat absorption. The increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies in the last decades has shed light on the processes of lymphatic vascular development and function. Here, we will discuss the current progress in lymphatic vascular biology such as the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vascular maturation and maintenance and the emerging mechanisms of lymphatic vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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107
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Chen XJ, Wei WF, Wang ZC, Wang N, Guo CH, Zhou CF, Liang LJ, Wu S, Liang L, Wang W. A novel lymphatic pattern promotes metastasis of cervical cancer in a hypoxic tumour-associated macrophage-dependent manner. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:549-565. [PMID: 33484377 PMCID: PMC8292274 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic remodelling in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment (TME) is critically involved in the metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC); however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we uncovered a novel lymphatic pattern in the hypoxic TME, wherein lymphatic vessels (LVs) are encapsulated by tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to form an interconnected network. We describe these aggregates as LVEM (LVs encapsulated by TAMs) considering their advantageous metastatic capacity and active involvement in early lymph node metastasis (LNM). Mechanistic investigations revealed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) derived from hypoxic TAMs adjacent to LVs was a prerequisite for lymphangiogenesis and LVEM formation through its induction of Sp1 upregulation in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Interestingly, Sp1high LECs promoted the transactivation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1) to facilitate TAM and tumour cell recruitment, thereby forming a positive feedback loop to strengthen the LVEM formation. Knockdown of Sp1 or blockage of CCL1 abrogated LVEM and consequently attenuated LNM. Notably, CSCCnon-LNM is largely devoid of hypoxic TAMs and the resultant LVEM, which might explain its metastatic delay. These findings identify a novel and efficient metastasis-promoting lymphatic pattern in the hypoxic TME, which might provide new targets for anti-metastasis therapy and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ci Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Nisha Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Hong Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Fei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Jiao Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
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108
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Lymphangiogenesis in renal fibrosis arises from macrophages via VEGF-C/VEGFR3-dependent autophagy and polarization. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:109. [PMID: 33479195 PMCID: PMC7820012 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of renal fibrosis, which ultimately results in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is new focus on lymphangiogenesis in the field of inflammation. Recent studies have revealed the association between lymphangiogenesis and renal fibrosis, but the source of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) is not clear. It has also been reported that macrophages are involved in lymphangiogenesis through direct and indirect mechanisms in other tissues. We hypothesized that there was a close relationship between macrophages and lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells in renal fibrosis. In this study, we demonstrated that lymphangiogenesis occurred in a renal fibrosis model and was positively correlated with the degree of fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Compared to resting (M0) macrophages and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, classically activated (M1) macrophages predominantly transdifferentiated into LECs in vivo and in vitro. VEGF-C further increased M1 macrophage polarization and transdifferentiation into LECs by activating VEGFR3. It was suggested that VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway activation downregulated macrophage autophagy and subsequently regulated macrophage phenotype. The induction of autophagy in macrophages by rapamycin decreased M1 macrophage polarization and differentiation into LECs. These results suggested that M1 macrophages promoted lymphangiogenesis and contributed to newly formed lymphatic vessels in the renal fibrosis microenvironment, and VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling promoted macrophage M1 polarization by suppressing macrophage autophagy and then increased the transdifferentiation of M1 macrophages into LECs.
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109
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Norden PR, Kume T. Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Lymphatic Endothelial Junction Integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:627647. [PMID: 33521001 PMCID: PMC7841202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.627647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for lipid absorption/transport from the digestive system, maintenance of tissue fluid and protein homeostasis, and immune surveillance. Despite recent progress toward understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the lymphatic vascular system, the nature of lymphatic vessel abnormalities and disease in humans is complex and poorly understood. The mature lymphatic vasculature forms a hierarchical network in which lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are joined by functionally specialized cell-cell junctions to maintain the integrity of lymphatic vessels. Blind-ended and highly permeable lymphatic capillaries drain interstitial fluid via discontinuous, button-like LEC junctions, whereas collecting lymphatic vessels, surrounded by intact basement membranes and lymphatic smooth muscle cells, have continuous, zipper-like LEC junctions to transport lymph to the blood circulatory system without leakage. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic button- and zipper-like junctions play critical roles in lymphatic permeability and function in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, including lacteals of the small intestine. We also provide current knowledge related to key pathways and factors such as VEGF and RhoA/ROCK signaling that control lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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110
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Frenkel NC, Poghosyan S, Verheem A, Padera TP, Rinkes IHMB, Kranenburg O, Hagendoorn J. Liver lymphatic drainage patterns follow segmental anatomy in a murine model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21808. [PMID: 33311587 PMCID: PMC7732834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver’s cellular functions are sustained by a hierarchical, segmentally-organized vascular system. Additionally, liver lymphatic vessels are thought to drain to perihepatic lymph nodes. Surprisingly, while recent findings highlight the importance of organ-specific lymphatics, the functional anatomy of liver lymphatics has not been mapped out. In literature, no segmental or preferential lymphatic drainage patterns are known to exist. We employ a novel murine model of liver lymphangiography and in vivo microscopy to delineate the lymphatic drainage patterns of individual liver lobes. Our data from blue dye liver lymphangiography show preferential lymphatic drainage patterns: Right lobe mainly to hepatoduodenal ligament lymph node 1 (LN1); left lobe to hepatoduodenal ligament LN1 + LN2 concurrently; median lobe showed a more variable LN1/LN2 drainage pattern with increased (sometimes exclusive) mediastinal thoracic lymph node involvement, indicating that part of the liver can drain directly to the mediastinum. Upon ferritin lymphangiography, we observed no functional communication between the lobar lymphatics. Altogether, these results show the existence of preferential lymphatic drainage patterns in the murine liver. Moreover, this drainage can occur directly to mediastinal lymph nodes and there is no interlobar lymphatic flow. Collectively, these data provide the first direct evidence that liver lymphatic drainage patterns follow segmental anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Frenkel
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Poghosyan
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy P Padera
- E.L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hagendoorn
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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111
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Wu C, Li H, Zhang P, Tian C, Luo J, Zhang W, Bhandari S, Jin S, Hao Y. Lymphatic Flow: A Potential Target in Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:961-968. [PMID: 33262632 PMCID: PMC7695606 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s284090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an imbalance in the body’s response to infection and acute lung injury (ALI) related to sepsis is a common complication. The rapid morbidity and high mortality associated with sepsis is a significant clinical problem facing critical care medicine. Inflammation plays a vital role in the occurrence of sepsis. Notably, the body produces different immune cells and pro-inflammatory factors to clear pathogens. However, excessive inflammation can damage multiple tissues and organs when it fails to resolve in time. Additionally, lymphatic vessels could effectively transfer inflammatory cells and factors away from tissues and into blood circulation, thereby reducing damage, and promoting the resolution of inflammation. Therefore, any dysfunction and/or destruction of the lymphatic system may result in lymphedema followed by inflammatory storms and eventual sepsis. Consequently, the present study aimed to review and highlight the role of lymphatic vessels in related body tissues and organs during sepsis and other associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Anaesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Puhong Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwas Bhandari
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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112
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is a vital component of the vertebrate vascular system that mediates tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid uptake and immune surveillance. The development of the lymphatic vasculature starts in the early vertebrate embryo, when a subset of blood vascular endothelial cells of the cardinal veins acquires lymphatic endothelial cell fate. These cells sprout from the veins, migrate, proliferate and organize to give rise to a highly structured and unique vascular network. Cellular cross-talk, cell-cell communication and the interpretation of signals from surrounding tissues are all essential for coordinating these processes. In this chapter, we highlight new findings and review research progress with a particular focus on LEC migration and guidance, expansion of the LEC lineage, network remodeling and morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature.
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113
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Van de Velde M, Ebroin M, Durré T, Joiret M, Gillot L, Blacher S, Geris L, Kridelka F, Noel A. Tumor exposed-lymphatic endothelial cells promote primary tumor growth via IL6. Cancer Lett 2020; 497:154-164. [PMID: 33080310 PMCID: PMC7723984 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are composed of tumor cells and stromal cells including lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), which are mainly viewed as cells forming lymphatic vessels involved in the transport of metastatic and immune cells. We here reveal a new mechanism by which tumor exposed-LEC (teLEC) exert mitogenic effects on tumor cells. Our conclusions are supported by morphological and molecular changes induced in teLEC that in turn enhance cancer cell invasion in 3D cultures and tumor cell proliferation in vivo. The characterization of teLEC secretome by RNA-Sequencing and cytokine array revealed that interleukine-6 (IL6) is one of the most modulated molecules in teLEC, whose production was negligible in unexposed LEC. Notably, neutralizing anti-human IL6 antibody abrogated teLEC-mediated mitogenic effects in vivo, when LEC were mixed with tumor cells in the ear sponge assay. We here assign a novel function to teLEC that is beyond their role of lymphatic vessel formation. This work highlights a new paradigm, in which teLEC exert “fibroblast-like properties”, contribute in a paracrine manner to the control of tumor cell properties and are worth considering as key stromal determinant in future studies. teLEC, but not normal LEC, produce huge amount of IL6. IL6-derived teLEC exert mitogenic effect on tumor cells, in the primary tumor. teLEC act as fibroblast-like cells in the tumor microenvironment. It warrants to revisit the “vascular-centric view” of LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Van de Velde
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ebroin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tania Durré
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marc Joiret
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Silico Medicine, Liege University, B34, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lionel Gillot
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In Silico Medicine, Liege University, B34, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Kridelka
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Liege, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
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114
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Lymph-directed immunotherapy - Harnessing endogenous lymphatic distribution pathways for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:115-135. [PMID: 33039497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of some cancers. Harnessing the immune system to improve tumour cell killing is now standard clinical practice and immunotherapy is the first line of defence for many cancers that historically, were difficult to treat. A unifying concept in cancer immunotherapy is the activation of the immune system to mount an attack on malignant cells, allowing the body to recognise, and in some cases, eliminate cancer. However, in spite of a significant proportion of patients that respond well to treatment, there remains a subset who are non-responders and a number of cancers that cannot be treated with these therapies. These limitations highlight the need for targeted delivery of immunomodulators to both tumours and the effector cells of the immune system, the latter being highly concentrated in the lymphatic system. In this context, macromolecular therapies may provide a significant advantage. Macromolecules are too large to easily access blood capillaries and instead typically exhibit preferential uptake via the lymphatic system. In contexts where immune cells are the therapeutic target, particularly in cancer therapy, this may be advantageous. In this review, we examine in brief the current immunotherapy approaches in cancer and how macromolecular and nanomedicine strategies may improve the therapeutic profiles of these drugs. We subsequently discuss how therapeutics directed either by parenteral or mucosal administration, can be taken up by the lymphatics thereby accessing a larger proportion of the body's immune cells. Finally, we detail drug delivery strategies that have been successfully employed to target the lymphatics.
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115
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Eye lymphatic defects induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 deficiency have no functional consequences on intraocular pressure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16040. [PMID: 32994463 PMCID: PMC7524742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous humor drainage is essential for the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma. The Schlemm's canal and the non-conventional uveoscleral pathway are known to drain aqueous humor from the eye anterior chamber. It has recently been reported that lymphatic vessels are involved in this process, and that the Schlemm's canal responds to some lymphatic regulators. We have previously shown a critical role for bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) in lymphatic vessel maturation and valve formation, with repercussions in drainage efficiency. Here, we imaged eye lymphatic vessels and analyzed the consequences of Bmp9 (Gdf2) gene invalidation. A network of lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1)-positive lymphatic vessels was observed in the corneolimbus and the conjunctiva. In contrast, LYVE-1-positive cells present in the ciliary bodies were belonging to the macrophage lineage. Although enlarged conjunctival lymphatic trunks and a reduced valve number were observed in Bmp9-KO mice, there were no morphological differences in the Schlemm's canal compared to wild type animals. Moreover, there were no functional consequences on IOP in both basal control conditions and after laser-induced ocular hypertonia. Thus, the BMP9-activated signaling pathway does not constitute a wise target for new glaucoma therapeutic strategies.
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116
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Gutierrez-Miranda L, Yaniv K. Cellular Origins of the Lymphatic Endothelium: Implications for Cancer Lymphangiogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:577584. [PMID: 33071831 PMCID: PMC7541848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. During cancer progression in particular, lymphangiogenesis can exert both positive and negative effects. While the formation of tumor associated lymphatic vessels correlates with metastatic dissemination, increased severity and poor patient prognosis, the presence of functional lymphatics is regarded as beneficial for anti-tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy delivery. Therefore, a profound understanding of the cellular origins of tumor lymphatics and the molecular mechanisms controlling their formation is required in order to improve current strategies to control malignant spread. Data accumulated over the last decades have led to a controversy regarding the cellular sources of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and the putative contribution of non-endothelial cells to this process. Although it is widely accepted that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) arise mainly from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, additional contribution from bone marrow-derived cells, myeloid precursors and terminally differentiated macrophages, has also been claimed. Here, we review recent findings describing new origins of LECs during embryonic development and discuss their relevance to cancer lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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117
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Chaudhury S, Okuda KS, Koltowska K, Lagendijk AK, Paterson S, Baillie GJ, Simons C, Smith KA, Hogan BM, Bower NI. Localised Collagen2a1 secretion supports lymphatic endothelial cell migration in the zebrafish embryo. Development 2020; 147:dev.190983. [PMID: 32839180 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature develops primarily from pre-existing veins. A pool of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) first sprouts from cardinal veins followed by migration and proliferation to colonise embryonic tissues. Although much is known about the molecular regulation of LEC fate and sprouting during early lymphangiogenesis, we know far less about the instructive and permissive signals that support LEC migration through the embryo. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified mbtps1 and sec23a, components of the COP-II protein secretory pathway, as essential for developmental lymphangiogenesis. In both mutants, LECs initially depart the cardinal vein but then fail in their ongoing migration. A key cargo that failed to be secreted in both mutants was a type II collagen (Col2a1). Col2a1 is normally secreted by notochord sheath cells, alongside which LECs migrate. col2a1a mutants displayed defects in the migratory behaviour of LECs and failed lymphangiogenesis. These studies thus identify Col2a1 as a key cargo secreted by notochord sheath cells and required for the migration of LECs. These findings combine with our current understanding to suggest that successive cell-to-cell and cell-matrix interactions regulate the migration of LECs through the embryonic environment during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrita Chaudhury
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kazuhide S Okuda
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Gregory J Baillie
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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118
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Semertzidou A, Brosens JJ, McNeish I, Kyrgiou M. Organoid models in gynaecological oncology research. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102103. [PMID: 32932156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture and animal models represent experimental cornerstones for the investigation of tissue, organ and body physiology in the context of gynaecological research. However, their ability to accurately reflect human mechanisms in vivo is limited. The development of organoid technologies has begun to address this limitation by providing platforms ex vivo that resemble the phenotype and genotype of the multi-cellular tissue from which they were derived more accurately. In this review, we discuss advances in organoid derivation from endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube and cervical tissue, both benign and malignant, the manipulation of organoid microenvironment to preserve stem cell populations and achieve long-term expansion and we explore the morphological and molecular kinship of organoids to parent tissue. Apart from providing new insight into mechanisms of carcinogenesis, gynaecological cancer-derived organoids can be utilised as tools for drug screening of chemotherapeutic and hormonal compounds where they exhibit interpatient variability consistent with states in vivo and xenografted tumours allowing for patient-tailored treatment strategies. Bridging organoid with bioengineering accomplishments is clearly the way forward to the generation of organoid-on-a-chip technologies enhancing the robustness of the model and its translational potential. Undeniably, organoids are expected to stand their ground in the years to come and revolutionize development and disease modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Semertzidou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer & Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea - Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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119
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Campbell KT, Silva EA. Biomaterial Based Strategies for Engineering New Lymphatic Vasculature. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000895. [PMID: 32734721 PMCID: PMC8985521 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for tissue regeneration and repair due to its pivotal role in resolving inflammation, immune cell surveillance, lipid transport, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Loss of functional lymphatic vasculature is directly implicated in a variety of diseases, including lymphedema, obesity, and the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Strategies that stimulate the formation of new lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) could provide an appealing new approach to reverse the progression of these diseases. However, lymphangiogenesis is relatively understudied and stimulating therapeutic lymphangiogenesis faces challenges in precise control of lymphatic vessel formation. Biomaterial delivery systems could be used to unleash the therapeutic potential of lymphangiogenesis for a variety of tissue regenerative applications due to their ability to achieve precise spatial and temporal control of multiple therapeutics, direct tissue regeneration, and improve the survival of delivered cells. In this review, the authors begin by introducing therapeutic lymphangiogenesis as a target for tissue regeneration, then an overview of lymphatic vasculature will be presented followed by a description of the mechanisms responsible for promoting new lymphatic vessels. Importantly, this work will review and discuss current biomaterial applications for stimulating lymphangiogenesis. Finally, challenges and future directions for utilizing biomaterials for lymphangiogenic based treatments are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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120
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Vogrin AJ, Bower NI, Gunzburg MJ, Roufail S, Okuda KS, Paterson S, Headey SJ, Stacker SA, Hogan BM, Achen MG. Evolutionary Differences in the Vegf/Vegfr Code Reveal Organotypic Roles for the Endothelial Cell Receptor Kdr in Developmental Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2023-2036.e4. [PMID: 31433980 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vascular development establishes embryonic and adult tissue fluid balance and is integral in disease. In diverse vertebrate organs, lymphatic vessels display organotypic function and develop in an organ-specific manner. In all settings, developmental lymphangiogenesis is considered driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-3 (VEGFR3), whereas a role for VEGFR2 remains to be fully explored. Here, we define the zebrafish Vegf/Vegfr code in receptor binding studies. We find that while Vegfd directs craniofacial lymphangiogenesis, it binds Kdr (a VEGFR2 homolog) but surprisingly, unlike in mammals, does not bind Flt4 (VEGFR3). Epistatic analyses and characterization of a kdr mutant confirm receptor-binding analyses, demonstrating that Kdr is indispensible for rostral craniofacial lymphangiogenesis, but not caudal trunk lymphangiogenesis, in which Flt4 is central. We further demonstrate an unexpected yet essential role for Kdr in inducing lymphatic endothelial cell fate. This work reveals evolutionary divergence in the Vegf/Vegfr code that uncovers spatially restricted mechanisms of developmental lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Vogrin
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Menachem J Gunzburg
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sally Roufail
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kazuhide S Okuda
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Headey
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Marc G Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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121
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Distinct fibroblast subsets regulate lacteal integrity through YAP/TAZ-induced VEGF-C in intestinal villi. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4102. [PMID: 32796823 PMCID: PMC7428020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal stromal cells (IntSCs) play essential roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, the extent of heterogeneity within the villi stromal compartment and how IntSCs regulate the structure and function of specialized intestinal lymphatic capillary called lacteal remain elusive. Here we show that selective hyperactivation or depletion of YAP/TAZ in PDGFRβ+ IntSCs leads to lacteal sprouting or regression with junctional disintegration and impaired dietary fat uptake. Indeed, mechanical or osmotic stress regulates IntSC secretion of VEGF-C mediated by YAP/TAZ. Single-cell RNA sequencing delineated novel subtypes of villi fibroblasts that upregulate Vegfc upon YAP/TAZ activation. These populations of fibroblasts were distributed in proximity to lacteal, suggesting that they constitute a peri-lacteal microenvironment. Our findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of IntSCs and reveal that distinct subsets of villi fibroblasts regulate lacteal integrity through YAP/TAZ-induced VEGF-C secretion, providing new insights into the dynamic regulatory mechanisms behind lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic remodeling. Intestinal stromal cells (IntSCs) play essential roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here the authors show that VEGF-C expression in specialized IntSCs is regulated by YAP/TAZ, and VEGF-C is responsible for maintaining lacteal integrity, thus influencing dietary fat drainage into lacteals.
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122
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Oliver G, Kipnis J, Randolph GJ, Harvey NL. The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21 st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. Cell 2020; 182:270-296. [PMID: 32707093 PMCID: PMC7392116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays major roles in immune cell trafficking and lipid absorption. As we discuss in this review, the molecular characterization of lymphatic vascular development and our understanding of this vasculature's role in pathophysiological conditions has greatly improved in recent years, changing conventional views about the roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Morphological or functional defects in the lymphatic vasculature have now been uncovered in several pathological conditions. We propose that subtle asymptomatic alterations in lymphatic vascular function could underlie the variability seen in the body's response to a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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123
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Petrova TV, Koh GY. Biological functions of lymphatic vessels. Science 2020; 369:369/6500/eaax4063. [PMID: 32646971 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The general functions of lymphatic vessels in fluid transport and immunosurveillance are well recognized. However, accumulating evidence indicates that lymphatic vessels play active and versatile roles in a tissue- and organ-specific manner during homeostasis and in multiple disease processes. This Review discusses recent advances to understand previously unidentified functions of adult mammalian lymphatic vessels, including immunosurveillance and immunomodulation upon pathogen invasion, transport of dietary fat, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor, possible contributions toward neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, and response to anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Chemin des Boveresses 155 CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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124
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Ma W, Gil HJ, Escobedo N, Benito-Martín A, Ximénez-Embún P, Muñoz J, Peinado H, Rockson SG, Oliver G. Platelet factor 4 is a biomarker for lymphatic-promoted disorders. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135109. [PMID: 32525843 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic or acquired defects of the lymphatic vasculature often result in disfiguring, disabling, and, occasionally, life-threatening clinical consequences. Advanced forms of lymphedema are readily diagnosed clinically, but more subtle presentations often require invasive imaging or other technologies for a conclusive diagnosis. On the other hand, lipedema, a chronic lymphatic microvascular disease with pathological accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, is often misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema; currently there are no biomarkers or imaging criteria available for a conclusive diagnosis. Recent evidence suggests that otherwise-asymptomatic defective lymphatic vasculature likely contributes to an array of other pathologies, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Accordingly, identification of biomarkers of lymphatic malfunction will provide a valuable resource for the diagnosis and clinical differentiation of lymphedema, lipedema, obesity, and other potential lymphatic pathologies. In this paper, we profiled and compared blood plasma exosomes isolated from mouse models and from human subjects with and without symptomatic lymphatic pathologies. We identified platelet factor 4 (PF4/CXCL4) as a biomarker that could be used to diagnose lymphatic vasculature dysfunction. Furthermore, we determined that PF4 levels in circulating blood plasma exosomes were also elevated in patients with lipedema, supporting current claims arguing that at least some of the underlying attributes of this disease are also the consequence of lymphatic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshu Ma
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Noelia Escobedo
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alberto Benito-Martín
- Children's Cancer & Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit - ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit - ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stanley G Rockson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Lymphatic and Venous Disorders, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rondon-Galeano M, Skoczylas R, Bower NI, Simons C, Gordon E, Francois M, Koltowska K, Hogan BM. MAFB modulates the maturation of lymphatic vascular networks in mice. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1201-1216. [PMID: 32525258 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic vessels play key roles in tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking and in diverse disease settings. Lymphangiogenesis requires lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) differentiation, proliferation, migration, and co-ordinated network formation, yet the transcriptional regulators underpinning these processes remain to be fully understood. The transcription factor MAFB was recently identified as essential for lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish and in cultured human LECs. MAFB is activated in response to VEGFC-VEGFR3 signaling and acts as a downstream effector. However, it remains unclear if the role of MAFB in lymphatic development is conserved in the mammalian embryo. RESULTS We generated a Mafb loss-of-function mouse using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Mafb mutant mice presented with perinatal lethality associated with cyanosis. We identify a role for MAFB in modifying lymphatic network morphogenesis in the developing dermis, as well as developing and postnatal diaphragm. Furthermore, mutant vessels displayed excessive smooth muscle cell coverage, suggestive of a defect in the maturation of lymphatic networks. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms a conserved role for MAFB in murine lymphatics that is subtle and modulatory and may suggest redundancy in MAF family transcription factors during lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rondon-Galeano
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renae Skoczylas
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Gordon
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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126
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Gordon E, Schimmel L, Frye M. The Importance of Mechanical Forces for in vitro Endothelial Cell Biology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32625119 PMCID: PMC7314997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic vessels are lined by endothelial cells which constantly interact with their luminal and abluminal extracellular environments. These interactions confer physical forces on the endothelium, such as shear stress, stretch and stiffness, to mediate biological responses. These physical forces are often altered during disease, driving abnormal endothelial cell behavior and pathology. Therefore, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms by which endothelial cells respond to physical forces. Traditionally, endothelial cells in culture are grown in the absence of flow on stiff substrates such as plastic or glass. These cells are not subjected to the physical forces that endothelial cells endure in vivo, thus the results of these experiments often do not mimic those observed in the body. The field of vascular biology now realize that an intricate analysis of endothelial signaling mechanisms requires complex in vitro systems to mimic in vivo conditions. Here, we will review what is known about the mechanical forces that guide endothelial cell behavior and then discuss the advancements in endothelial cell culture models designed to better mimic the in vivo vascular microenvironment. A wider application of these technologies will provide more biologically relevant information from cultured cells which will be reproducible to conditions found in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gordon
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lilian Schimmel
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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127
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Zhang PH, Han J, Cao F, Liu YJ, Tian C, Wu CH, Smith FG, Hao Y, Jin SW. PCTR1 improves pulmonary edema fluid clearance through activating the sodium channel and lymphatic drainage in lipopolysaccharide-induced ARDS. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9510-9523. [PMID: 32529661 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lethal clinical syndrome characterized by damage of the epithelial barriers and accumulation of pulmonary edema fluid. Protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (PCTR1), an endogenously produced lipid mediator, are believed to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects. PCTR1 (1 µg/kg) was injected at 8 hr after lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 14 mg/kg) administration, and the rate of pulmonary fluid clearance was measured in live rats at 1 hr after PCTR1 treatment. The primary type II alveolar epithelial cells were cultured with PCTR1 (10 nmol/ml) and LPS (1 μg/ml) for 8 hr. PCTR1 effectively improved pulmonary fluid clearance and ameliorated morphological damage and reduced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as improved the survival rate in the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model. Moreover, PCTR1 markedly increased sodium channel expression as well as Na, K-ATPase expression and activity in vivo and in vitro. In addition, PCTR1i also upregulated the expression of LYVE-1 in vivo. Besides that, BOC-2, HK7, and LY294002 blocked the promoted effect of PCTR1 on pulmonary fluid clearance. Taken together, PCTR1 upregulates sodium channels' expression via activating the ALX/cAMP/P-Akt/Nedd4-2 pathway and increases Na, K-ATPase expression and activity to promote alveolar fluid clearance. Moreover, PCTR1 also promotes the expression of LYVE-1 to recover the lymphatic drainage resulting in the increase of lung interstitial fluid clearance. In summary, these results highlight a novel systematic mechanism for PCTR1 in pulmonary edema fluid clearance after ALI/ARDS, suggesting its potential role in a therapeutic approach for ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Hong Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Jian Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Gao Smith
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.,Academic Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, Resuscitation and Pain, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng-Wei Jin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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128
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Gancz D, Perlmoter G, Yaniv K. Formation and Growth of Cardiac Lymphatics during Embryonic Development, Heart Regeneration, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037176. [PMID: 31818858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in regulating fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance, and lipid transport. As is in most of the body's organs, the heart possesses an extensive lymphatic network. Moreover, a robust lymphangiogenic response has been shown to take place following myocardial infarction, highlighting cardiac lymphatics as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Yet, the unique molecular properties and functions of the heart's lymphatic system have only recently begun to be addressed. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the formation and growth of cardiac lymphatics during embryonic development and describe their characteristics across species. We further summarize recent findings highlighting diverse cellular origins for cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells and how they integrate to form a single functional lymphatic network. Finally, we outline novel therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing lymphatic vessel formation and integrity following cardiac injury, which hold great promise for promoting healing of the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gancz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gal Perlmoter
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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129
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Zhang F, Zarkada G, Yi S, Eichmann A. Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Junctions: Molecular Regulation in Physiology and Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:509. [PMID: 32547411 PMCID: PMC7274196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) lining lymphatic vessels develop specialized cell-cell junctions that are crucial for the maintenance of vessel integrity and proper lymphatic vascular functions. Successful lymphatic drainage requires a division of labor between lymphatic capillaries that take up lymph via open "button-like" junctions, and collectors that transport lymph to veins, which have tight "zipper-like" junctions that prevent lymph leakage. In recent years, progress has been made in the understanding of these specialized junctions, as a result of the application of state-of-the-art imaging tools and novel transgenic animal models. In this review, we discuss lymphatic development and mechanisms governing junction remodeling between button and zipper-like states in LECs. Understanding lymphatic junction remodeling is important in order to unravel lymphatic drainage regulation in obesity and inflammatory diseases and may pave the way towards future novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Georgia Zarkada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sanjun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
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130
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Duong CN, Vestweber D. Mechanisms Ensuring Endothelial Junction Integrity Beyond VE-Cadherin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 32670077 PMCID: PMC7326147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial junctions provide blood and lymph vessel integrity and are essential for the formation of a vascular system. They control the extravasation of solutes, leukocytes and metastatic cells from blood vessels and the uptake of fluid and leukocytes into the lymphatic vascular system. A multitude of adhesion molecules mediate and control the integrity and permeability of endothelial junctions. VE-cadherin is arguably the most important adhesion molecule for the formation of vascular structures, and the stability of their junctions. Interestingly, despite this prominence, its elimination from junctions in the adult organism has different consequences in the vasculature of different organs, both for blood and lymph vessels. In addition, even in tissues where the lack of VE-cadherin leads to strong plasma leaks from venules, the physical integrity of endothelial junctions is preserved. Obviously, other adhesion molecules can compensate for a loss of VE-cadherin and this review will discuss which other adhesive mechanisms contribute to the stability and regulation of endothelial junctions and cooperate with VE-cadherin in intact vessels. In addition to adhesion molecules, endothelial receptors will be discussed, which stimulate signaling processes that provide junction stability by modulating the actomyosin system, which reinforces tension of circumferential actin and dampens pulling forces of radial stress fibers. Finally, we will highlight most recent reports about the formation and control of the specialized button-like junctions of initial lymphatics, which represent the entry sites for fluid and cells into the lymphatic vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Nguyen Duong
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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131
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Trevaskis NL, Lee G, Escott A, Phang KL, Hong J, Cao E, Katneni K, Charman SA, Han S, Charman WN, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Porter CJH. Intestinal Lymph Flow, and Lipid and Drug Transport Scale Allometrically From Pre-clinical Species to Humans. Front Physiol 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 32670074 PMCID: PMC7326060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lymphatic system transports fluid, immune cells, dietary lipids, and highly lipophilic drugs from the intestine to the systemic circulation. These transport functions are important to health and when dysregulated contribute to pathology. This has generated significant interest in approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatics. Most of the current understanding of intestinal lymph flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport rates, comes from in vitro studies and in vivo animal studies. In contrast, intestinal lymphatic transport studies in human subjects have been limited. Recently, three surgical patients had cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct for collection of lymph before and during a stepwise increase in enteral feed rate. We compared these data to studies where we previously enterally administered controlled quantities of lipid and the lipophilic drug halofantrine to mice, rats and dogs and collected lymph and blood (plasma). The collected lymph was analyzed to compare lymph flow rate, triglyceride (TG) and drug transport rates, and plasma was analyzed for drug concentrations, as a function of enteral lipid dose across species. Lymph flow rate, TG and drug transport increased with lipid administration in all species tested, and scaled allometrically according to the equation A = aM E where A is the lymph transport parameter, M is animal body mass, a is constant and E is the allometric exponent. For lymph flow rate and TG transport, the allometric exponents were 0.84-0.94 and 0.80-0.96, respectively. Accordingly, weight normalized lymph flow and TG mass transport were generally lower in larger compared to smaller species. In comparison, mass transport of drug via lymph increased in a greater than proportional manner with species body mass with an exponent of ∼1.3. The supra-proportional increase in lymphatic drug transport with species body mass appeared to be due to increased partitioning of drug into lymph rather than blood following absorption. Overall, this study proposes that intestinal lymphatic flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport in humans is most similar to species with higher body mass such as dogs and underestimated by studies in rodents. Notably, lymph flow and lipid transport in humans can be predicted from animal data via allometric scaling suggesting the potential for similar relationships with drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alistair Escott
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kian Liun Phang
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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132
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Kataru RP, Park HJ, Baik JE, Li C, Shin J, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of Lymphatic Function in Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 32499718 PMCID: PMC7242657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has many functions, including macromolecules transport, fat absorption, regulation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, clearance of inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, it is evident that lymphatic function can play a key role in the regulation of a wide array of biologic phenomenon, and that physiologic changes that alter lymphatic function may have profound pathologic effects. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Obesity-induced pathologic changes in the lymphatic system result, at least in part, from the accumulation of inflammatory cells around lymphatic vessel leading to impaired lymphatic collecting vessel pumping capacity, leaky initial and collecting lymphatics, alterations in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) gene expression, and degradation of junctional proteins. These changes are important since impaired lymphatic function in obesity may contribute to the pathology of obesity in other organ systems in a feed-forward manner by increasing low-grade tissue inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, recent studies have suggested that interventions that inhibit inflammatory responses, either pharmacologically or by lifestyle modifications such as aerobic exercise and weight loss, improve lymphatic function and metabolic parameters in obese mice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathologic effects of obesity on the lymphatic system, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these responses, the effects of impaired lymphatic function on metabolic syndrome in obesity, and the interventions that may improve lymphatic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyeong Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claire Li
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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133
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Yoshimatsu Y, Kimuro S, Pauty J, Takagaki K, Nomiyama S, Inagawa A, Maeda K, Podyma-Inoue KA, Kajiya K, Matsunaga YT, Watabe T. TGF-beta and TNF-alpha cooperatively induce mesenchymal transition of lymphatic endothelial cells via activation of Activin signals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232356. [PMID: 32357159 PMCID: PMC7194440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic systems play important roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and undergo anatomical and physiological changes during inflammation and aging. While lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) undergo mesenchymal transition in response to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of LECs remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of TGF-β2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, on EndMT using human skin-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs). TGF-β2-treated HDLECs showed increased expression of SM22α, a mesenchymal cell marker accompanied by increased cell motility and vascular permeability, suggesting HDLECs to undergo EndMT. Our data also revealed that TNF-α could enhance TGF-β2-induced EndMT of HDLECs. Furthermore, both cytokines induced the production of Activin A while decreasing the expression of its inhibitory molecule Follistatin, and thus enhancing EndMT. Finally, we demonstrated that human dermal lymphatic vessels underwent EndMT during aging, characterized by double immunostaining for LYVE1 and SM22α. These results suggest that both TGF-β and TNF-α signals play a central role in EndMT of LECs and could be potential targets for senile edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shiori Kimuro
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joris Pauty
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Akihiko Inagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Maeda
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katarzyna A. Podyma-Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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134
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Xin C, Wang H, Wang N. Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery: What Do We Know? Where Should We Go? Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 32821487 PMCID: PMC7401977 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the arrival of a plethora of new and revolving minimally invasive glaucoma surgery techniques, glaucoma specialists currently are fortunate to have various surgical options that aim to recovery of the function of the aqueous outflow system in different ways. Meanwhile, the aqueous outflow system has become the hot point of researching. In ARVO 2019, a special interest group session was held on new perspectives on minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. Ten surgeons, clinical professors, and experimental scientists were invited to report their latest studies and discussed on five hot topics in this special interest group. This review summarizes the special interest group session and posts the issues of greatest concern, providing insight to the aqueous outflow system and areas that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huangzhou Wang
- Ophthalmology Department, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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135
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Jafree DJ, Long DA. Beyond a Passive Conduit: Implications of Lymphatic Biology for Kidney Diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1178-1190. [PMID: 32295825 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney contains a network of lymphatic vessels that clear fluid, small molecules, and cells from the renal interstitium. Through modulating immune responses and via crosstalk with surrounding renal cells, lymphatic vessels have been implicated in the progression and maintenance of kidney disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the development, structure, and function of lymphatic vessels in the healthy adult kidney. We then highlight the contributions of lymphatic vessels to multiple forms of renal pathology, emphasizing CKD, transplant rejection, and polycystic kidney disease and discuss strategies to target renal lymphatics using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. Overall, we argue the case for lymphatics playing a fundamental role in renal physiology and pathology and treatments modulating these vessels having therapeutic potential across the spectrum of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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136
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Rosa I, Marini M, Sgambati E, Ibba-Manneschi L, Manetti M. Telocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells: Two immunophenotypically distinct and spatially close cell entities. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151530. [PMID: 32115248 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) have recently emerged as a peculiar type of stromal cells located in both perivascular and interstitial compartments of multiple anatomical sites in humans, other mammals and vertebrates. Pioneer electron microscopy studies have ultrastructurally defined TCs as "stromal cells with telopodes" (i.e. very long and thin cell processes with a moniliform morphology conferred by the irregular alternation of slender segments and small, bead-like, dilated portions), whereupon it has become apparent that TCs largely correspond to the CD34+ stromal/interstitial cells detectable by immunohistochemical assays. Besides CD34, TCs are also characterized by the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α. Interestingly, recent works recommended that lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers should be routinely assessed to discriminate with certainty TCs from LECs, because these two cell types may exhibit similar morphological traits, especially when initial lymphatics are sectioned longitudinally and appear as vascular profiles with no obvious lumen. Furthermore, it has been argued that lymphatic microvessels immunostained for the small mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN), which is widely used as lymphatic endothelial marker, can be easily misidentified as TCs. Nevertheless, surprisingly these assumptions were not based on double tissue immunostaining for TC and LEC markers. Therefore, the present morphological study was undertaken to precisely investigate the mutual spatial organization and putative relationships of TCs and lymphatic vessels in tissues from different human organs. For this purpose, we carried out a series of double immunofluorescence analyses simultaneously detecting the CD34 or PDGFRα antigen and a marker of LECs, either PDPN or lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1). In the connective tissue compartment of different organs, TCs were CD34+/PDGFRα+/PDPN-/LYVE-1- while LECs were CD34-/PDGFRα-/PDPN+/LYVE-1+, thus representing two definitely distinct, though spatially close, cell entities. The arrangement of telopodes to intimately surround the abluminal side of LECs suggests a possible role of TCs in the regulation of lymphatic capillary functionality, which is worth investigating further.
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137
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Gracia G, Cao E, Johnston APR, Porter CJH, Trevaskis NL. Organ-specific lymphatics play distinct roles in regulating HDL trafficking and composition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G725-G735. [PMID: 32068443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00340.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, peripheral lymphatic vessels were found to transport high-density lipoprotein (HDL) from interstitial tissues to the blood circulation during reverse cholesterol transport. This function is thought to be critical to the clearance of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaques. The role of organ-specific lymphatics in modulating HDL transport and composition is, however, incompletely understood. This study aimed to 1) determine the contribution of the lymphatics draining the intestine and liver (which are major sites of HDL synthesis) to total (thoracic) lymph HDL transport and 2) verify whether the HDLs in lymph are derived from specific organs and are modified during trafficking in lymph. The mesenteric, hepatic, or thoracic lymph duct was cannulated in nonfasted Sprague-Dawley rats, and lymph was collected over 5 h under anesthesia. Whole lymph and specific lymph lipoproteins (isolated by ultracentrifugation) were analyzed for protein and lipid composition. The majority of thoracic lymph fluid, protein, and lipid mass was sourced from the mesenteric, and to a lesser extent, hepatic lymph. Mesenteric and thoracic lymph were both rich in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein, whereas hepatic lymph and plasma were HDL-rich. The protein and lipid mass in thoracic lymph HDL was mostly sourced from mesenteric lymph, whereas the cholesterol mass was equally sourced from mesenteric and hepatic lymph. HDLs were compositionally distinct across the lymph sources and plasma. The composition of HDL also appeared to be modified during passage from the mesenteric and hepatic to the thoracic lymph duct. Overall, this study demonstrates that the lipoproteins in lymph are organ specific in composition, and the intestine and liver appear to be the main source of HDL in the lymph.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-density lipoprotein in lymph are organ-specific in composition and derive mostly from the intestine and liver. High-density lipoprotein also appears to be remodeled during transport through the lymphatics. These findings have implications to cardiometabolic diseases that involve perturbations in lipoprotein distribution and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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138
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Szoták-Ajtay K, Szõke D, Kovács G, Andréka J, Brenner GB, Giricz Z, Penninger J, Kahn ML, Jakus Z. Reduced Prenatal Pulmonary Lymphatic Function Is Observed in Clp1 K/K Embryos With Impaired Motor Functions Including Fetal Breathing Movements in Preparation of the Developing Lung for Inflation at Birth. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:136. [PMID: 32211389 PMCID: PMC7067749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic lungs must be inflated immediately after birth to establish respiration. In addition to pulmonary surfactant, recently, we have revealed lymphatic function as a previously unknown regulator of prenatal lung compliance that prepares the embryonic lung for inflation at birth. It is well-documented that the late gestation embryo performs episodic breathing-like movements called as fetal breathing movements (FBMs), but the physiological importance of these events is not clear. Here we aimed to study the physiological role of FBMs in preparation for air inflation at birth. Clp1K/K late gestation embryos develop a progressive loss of spinal motor neurons associated with axonal degeneration and denervation of neuromuscular junctions serving as an ideal genetic model to test the possible role of FBMs. We demonstrated that Clp1K/K newborns show impaired motor function resulting in fatal respiratory failure after birth. Next, we showed that the alveolar septa are thicker, and the alveolar area is reduced in Clp1K/K late gestation embryos, while the expression of molecular markers of lung development are not affected. Importantly, pulmonary lymphatic vessels are dilated and the prenatal pulmonary lymphatic function is reduced in Clp1K/K late gestation embryos. Our results have revealed that Clp1K/K mice show impaired motor functions including FBMs, and late gestation Clp1K/K embryos display reduced prenatal lymphatic function and impaired lung expansion represented as thickened alveolar septa and reduced alveolar area in preparation of the developing lung for inflation at birth. These findings suggest a possible mechanism that FBMs, similarly to breathing movements after birth, stimulate prenatal lymphatic function in pulmonary collecting lymphatics lacking smooth muscle coverage to prepare the developing lung for inflation and gas exchange at birth. Moreover, these results raise the possibility that stimulating FBMs during late gestation might be an effective way to reduce the risk of the development of neonatal respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Szoták-Ajtay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Szõke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Andréka
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor B Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Josef Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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139
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Haining EJ, Lowe KL, Wichaiyo S, Kataru RP, Nagy Z, Kavanagh DP, Lax S, Di Y, Nieswandt B, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Mehrara BJ, Senis YA, Rayes J, Watson SP. Lymphatic blood filling in CLEC-2-deficient mouse models. Platelets 2020; 32:352-367. [PMID: 32129691 PMCID: PMC8443399 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1734784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) is considered as a potential drug target in settings of wound healing, inflammation, and infection. A potential barrier to this is evidence that CLEC-2 and its ligand podoplanin play a critical role in preventing lymphatic vessel blood filling in mice throughout life. In this study, this aspect of CLEC-2/podoplanin function is investigated in more detail using new and established mouse models of CLEC-2 and podoplanin deficiency, and models of acute and chronic vascular remodeling. We report that CLEC-2 expression on platelets is not required to maintain a barrier between the blood and lymphatic systems in unchallenged mice, post-development. However, under certain conditions of chronic vascular remodeling, such as during tumorigenesis, deficiency in CLEC-2 can lead to lymphatic vessel blood filling. These data provide a new understanding of the function of CLEC-2 in adult mice and confirm the essential nature of CLEC-2-driven platelet activation in vascular developmental programs. This work expands our understanding of how lymphatic blood filling is prevented by CLEC-2-dependent platelet function and provides a context for the development of safe targeting strategies for CLEC-2 and podoplanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Haining
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kate L Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Surasak Wichaiyo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dean Pj Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Lax
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg and University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1148, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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140
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Abstract
The influx and efflux of cells and antigens to and from the draining lymph nodes largely take place through the subcapsular, cortical and medullary sinus systems. Recent analyses in mice and humans have revealed unexpected diversity in the lymphatic endothelial cells, which form the distinct regions of the sinuses. As a semipermeable barrier, the lymphatic endothelial cells regulate the sorting of lymph-borne antigens to the lymph node parenchyma and can themselves serve as antigen-presenting cells. The leukocytes entering the lymph node via the sinus system and the lymphocytes egressing from the parenchyma migrate through the lymphatic endothelial cell layer. The sinus lymphatic endothelial cells also orchestrate the organogenesis of lymph nodes, and they undergo bidirectional signalling with other sinus-resident cells, such as subcapsular sinus macrophages, to generate a unique lymphatic niche. In this Review, we consider the structural and functional basis of how the lymph node sinus system coordinates immune responses under physiological conditions, and in inflammation and cancer.
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141
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Pawlak JB, Caron KM. Lymphatic Programing and Specialization in Hybrid Vessels. Front Physiol 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 32153423 PMCID: PMC7044189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on a large body of existing blood vascular research, advances in lymphatic research have helped kindle broader investigations into vascular diversity and endothelial plasticity. While the endothelium of blood and lymphatic vessels can be distinguished by a variety of molecular markers, the endothelia of uniquely diverse vascular beds can possess distinctly heterogeneous or hybrid expression patterns. These expression patterns can then provide further insight on the development of these vessels and how they perform their specialized function. In this review we examine five highly specialized hybrid vessel beds that adopt partial lymphatic programing for their specialized vascular functions: the high endothelial venules of secondary lymphoid organs, the liver sinusoid, the Schlemm’s canal of the eye, the renal ascending vasa recta, and the remodeled placental spiral artery. We summarize the morphology and endothelial expression pattern of these vessels, compare them to each other, and interrogate their specialized functions within the broader blood and lymphatic vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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142
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells are of great importance in many types of diseases including the coronary artery diseases in heart and stroke in brain. In this review, we explore the heterogeneity among endothelial cells from an organism-wide, organ-specific, and healthy versus disease perspective. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies addressing the cellular heterogeneity between arterial versus venous endothelial cells (ECs) have revealed that arterial ECs have tighter junctions, a decreased immune response, anticoagulant properties while veins have both anticoagulant and procoagulant properties. Blood and lymphatic ECs are quite distinct from each other as well, with the lymphatic ECs being more involved in the immune response and lymphangiogenesis while blood vessel ECs being involved in angiogenesis and maintenance of perfusion throughout the body. ECs from various organs such as the heart, the lung, and especially the brain are quite heterogeneous and provide barriers that prevent small particles to pass through the endothelium when compared with the endothelium of the liver and the kidney that are quite porous. The heart ECs have higher angiogenesis and metabolic rates (oxidation and glycolysis) than lung, liver, and kidney ECs. Ex vivo liver and kidney ECs grow at a moderate pace, while the lung and brain ECs grow very slowly. ECs from within a tumor have fenestrae and large intracellular gaps and junctions leading to increased permeability and tumor cell overgrowth. There is a large degree of heterogeneity among organism-wide and organ-specific ECs as well as between healthy and disease-specific ECs. We believe this review will help highlight the EC heterogeneity and further advance our ability to treat cardiovascular disease and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Przysinda
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA.
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143
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Henderson AR, Choi H, Lee E. Blood and Lymphatic Vasculatures On-Chip Platforms and Their Applications for Organ-Specific In Vitro Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E147. [PMID: 32013154 PMCID: PMC7074693 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human circulatory system is divided into two complementary and different systems, the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is mainly concerned with providing nutrients to the body via blood and transporting wastes away from the tissues to be released from the body. The lymphatic system focuses on the transport of fluid, cells, and lipid from interstitial tissue spaces to lymph nodes and, ultimately, to the cardiovascular system, as well as helps coordinate interstitial fluid and lipid homeostasis and immune responses. In addition to having distinct structures from each other, each system also has organ-specific variations throughout the body and both systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. Dysfunction of either system leads to devastating and potentially fatal diseases, warranting accurate models of both blood and lymphatic vessels for better studies. As these models also require physiological flow (luminal and interstitial), extracellular matrix conditions, dimensionality, chemotactic biochemical gradient, and stiffness, to better reflect in vivo, three dimensional (3D) microfluidic (on-a-chip) devices are promising platforms to model human physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of both blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as current in vitro models. We, then, explore the organ-specific features of each system with examples in the gut and the brain and the implications of dysfunction of either vasculature in these organs. We close the review with discussions on current in vitro models for specific diseases with an emphasis on on-chip techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria R. Henderson
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Hyoann Choi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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144
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YAP/TAZ direct commitment and maturation of lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 31980640 PMCID: PMC6981200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are immunologically specialized myofibroblasts of lymphoid organ, and FRC maturation is essential for structural and functional properties of lymph nodes (LNs). Here we show that YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ), the final effectors of Hippo signaling, regulate FRC commitment and maturation. Selective depletion of YAP/TAZ in FRCs impairs FRC growth and differentiation and compromises the structural organization of LNs, whereas hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ enhances myofibroblastic characteristics of FRCs and aggravates LN fibrosis. Mechanistically, the interaction between YAP/TAZ and p52 promotes chemokine expression that is required for commitment of FRC lineage prior to lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) engagement, whereas LTβR activation suppresses YAP/TAZ activity for FRC maturation. Our findings thus present YAP/TAZ as critical regulators of commitment and maturation of FRCs, and hold promise for better understanding of FRC-mediated pathophysiologic processes. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are important for lymph node (LN) structure and function. Here the authors show that the YAP/TAZ complex downstream of Hippo signalling regulates FRC commitment and maturation, with YAP/TAZ deficiency impairing FRC differentiation, while hyperactivation of YAZ/TAZ inducing myofibroblastic FRCs and LN fibrosis.
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145
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Ho YC, Srinivasan RS. Lymphatic Vasculature in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32038308 PMCID: PMC6987243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Body mass is regulated by the balance between energy uptake and energy expenditure. The etiology of obesity is determined by multiple factors including genetics, nutrient absorption, and inflammation. Lymphatic vasculature is starting to be appreciated as a critical modulator of metabolism and obesity. The primary function of lymphatic vasculature is to maintain interstitial fluid homeostasis. Lymphatic vessels absorb fluids that extravasate from blood vessels and return them to blood circulation. In addition, lymphatic vessels absorb digested lipids from the intestine and regulate inflammation. Hence, lymphatic vessels could be an exciting target for treating obesity. In this article, we will review our current understanding regarding the relationship between lymphatic vasculature and obesity, and highlight some open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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146
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Adidharma L, Bly RA, Theeuwen HA, Holdefer RN, Slimp J, Kinney GA, Martinez V, Whitlock KB, Perkins JA. Facial Nerve Branching Patterns Vary With Vascular Anomalies. Laryngoscope 2020; 130:2708-2713. [PMID: 31925962 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At our institution, in vivo facial nerve mapping (FNM) is used during vascular anomaly (VAN) surgeries involving the facial nerve (FN) to create an FN map and prevent injury. During mapping, FN anatomy seemed to vary with VAN type. This study aimed to characterize FN branching patterns compared to published FN anatomy and VAN type. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of surgically relevant facial nerve anatomy. METHODS VAN patients (n = 67) with FN mapping between 2005 and 2018 were identified. Results included VAN type, FN relationship to VAN, FNM image with branch pattern, and surgical approach. A Fisher exact test compared FN relationships and surgical approach between VAN pathology, and FN branching types to published anatomical studies. MATLAB quantified FN branching with Euclidean distances and angles. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) analyzed quantitative FN patterns amongst VAN types. RESULTS VANs included were hemangioma, venous malformation, lymphatic malformation, and arteriovenous malformation (n = 17, 13, 25, and 3, respectively). VAN FN patterns differed from described FN anatomy (P < .001). PCA and HCA in MATLAB-quantified FN branching demonstrated no patterns associated with VAN pathology (P = .80 and P = .91, one-way analysis of variance for principle component 1 (PC1) and priniciple component 2 (PC2), respectively). FN branches were usually adherent to hemangioma or venous malformation as compared to coursing through lymphatic malformation (both P = .01, Fisher exact). CONCLUSIONS FN branching patterns identified through electrical stimulation differ from cadaveric dissection determined FN anatomy. This reflects the high sensitivity of neurophysiologic testing in detecting small distal FN branches. Elongated FN branches traveling through lymphatic malformation may be related to abnormal nerve patterning in these malformations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:2708-2713, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingga Adidharma
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Randall A Bly
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Hailey A Theeuwen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Robert N Holdefer
- Neuromonitoring Program, Department of Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Jefferson Slimp
- Neuromonitoring Program, Department of Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Greg A Kinney
- Neuromonitoring Program, Department of Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Vicente Martinez
- Neuromonitoring Program, Department of Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn B Whitlock
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A Perkins
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
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147
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Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Progenitors in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1234:87-105. [PMID: 32040857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37184-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor lymphatics play a key role in cancer progression as they are solely responsible for transporting malignant cells to regional lymph nodes (LNs), a process that precedes and promotes systemic lethal spread. It is broadly accepted that tumor lymphatic sprouting is induced mainly by soluble factors derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and malignant cells. However, emerging evidence strongly suggests that a subset of TAMs, myeloid-lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECP), also contribute to the expansion of lymphatics through both secretion of paracrine factors and a self-autonomous mode. M-LECP are derived from bone marrow (BM) precursors of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and characterized by unique co-expression of markers identifying lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), stem cells, M2-type macrophages, and myeloid-derived immunosuppressive cells. This review describes current evidence for the origin of M-LECP in the bone marrow, their recruitment tumors and intratumoral trafficking, similarities to other TAM subsets, and mechanisms promoting tumor lymphatics. We also describe M-LECP integration into preexisting lymphatic vessels and discuss potential mechanisms and significance of this event. We conclude that improved mechanistic understanding of M-LECP functions within the tumor environment may lead to new therapeutic approaches to suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to lymph nodes.
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148
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Jafree DJ, Moulding D, Kolatsi-Joannou M, Perretta Tejedor N, Price KL, Milmoe NJ, Walsh CL, Correra RM, Winyard PJ, Harris PC, Ruhrberg C, Walker-Samuel S, Riley PR, Woolf AS, Scambler PJ, Long DA. Spatiotemporal dynamics and heterogeneity of renal lymphatics in mammalian development and cystic kidney disease. eLife 2019; 8:48183. [PMID: 31808745 PMCID: PMC6948954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis is critical for organ-specific lymphatic function. Little is known about lymphatics in the developing kidney, despite their established roles in pathology of the mature organ. We performed three-dimensional imaging to characterize lymphatic vessel formation in the mammalian embryonic kidney at single-cell resolution. In mouse, we visually and quantitatively assessed the development of kidney lymphatic vessels, remodeling from a ring-like anastomosis under the nascent renal pelvis; a site of VEGF-C expression, to form a patent vascular plexus. We identified a heterogenous population of lymphatic endothelial cell clusters in mouse and human embryonic kidneys. Exogenous VEGF-C expanded the lymphatic population in explanted mouse embryonic kidneys. Finally, we characterized complex kidney lymphatic abnormalities in a genetic mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. Our study provides novel insights into the development of kidney lymphatic vasculature; a system which likely has fundamental roles in renal development, physiology and disease. In most organs in the body, fluid tends to build up in the spaces between cells, especially if the organs become inflamed. Each organ has a ‘waste disposal system’; a set of specialized tubes called lymphatic vessels, to clear away this excess fluid and keep a check on inflammation. Defects in these tubes have been linked to a wide range of diseases including heart attacks, obesity, dementia and cancer. The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and balancing many of the body’s chemical processes. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common genetic kidney disorder and it results in cysts filled with fluid building up in the kidney. The growth of cysts in PKD may be due to a problem with the lymphatic vessels. However, compared to other organs, how lymphatic vessels first form within the kidney and what they do is not well understood. Now, Jafree et al. have used three-dimensional imaging to study how lymphatic vessels form in the kidneys of mice and humans. The experiments showed that lymphatic vessels first appear when mouse kidneys are about half developed, and start to grow rapidly when the kidneys are thought to begin filtering blood. Clusters of cells that may help lymphatic vessels to grow were also found hidden deep within the kidneys of mouse embryos. Treating the kidneys with a factor that stimulates the growth of lymphatic vessels increased the numbers of these clusters. Jafree et al. found similar clusters of cells in human kidneys, suggesting that lymphatic vessels in the kidneys of different mammals may develop in the same way. Further experiments showed that the lymphatic vessels of kidneys in mice with PKD become distorted early on in the disease, when cysts are still small and before the mice develop symptoms. In the future, identifying drugs that target kidney lymphatic vessels may lead to more effective treatments for patients with PKD and other kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Moulding
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kolatsi-Joannou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Perretta Tejedor
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Price
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Milmoe
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Walsh
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Maria Correra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jd Winyard
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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149
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Frederick N, Louveau A. Meningeal lymphatics, immunity and neuroinflammation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 62:41-47. [PMID: 31816570 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past five years, the surrounding of the brain, that is the meninges (singular meninx) have evolved from being a physical barrier that protects the brain parenchyma to becoming a central player for both the maintenance of normal brain function and the modulation of neurological disorders. Indeed, the meninges are an immunologically active compartment that communicates with the periphery via the (re)discovered meningeal lymphatic system. From its ties to both the periphery and the central nervous system, the meninges are becoming a prevalent organ to understand and modulate brain homeostasis. Here we will focus on current advances in our understanding of the meningeal compartment with an emphasis on the meningeal lymphatic network as a key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Frederick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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150
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Jeucken KCM, Koning JJ, Mebius RE, Tas SW. The Role of Endothelial Cells and TNF-Receptor Superfamily Members in Lymphoid Organogenesis and Function During Health and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2700. [PMID: 31824495 PMCID: PMC6879661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are crucial for the orchestration of immune responses. LN reactions depend on interactions between incoming and local immune cells, and stromal cells. To mediate these cellular interactions an organized vascular network within the LN exists. In general, the LN vasculature can be divided into two components: blood vessels, which include the specialized high endothelial venules that recruit lymphocytes from the bloodstream, and lymphatic vessels. Signaling via TNF receptor (R) superfamily (SF) members has been implicated as crucial for the development and function of LNs and the LN vasculature. In recent years the role of cell-specific signaling of TNFRSF members in different endothelial cell (EC) subsets and their roles in development and maintenance of lymphoid organs has been elucidated. Here, we discuss recent insights into EC-specific TNFRSF member signaling and highlight its importance in different EC subsets in LN organogenesis and function during health, and in lymphocyte activation and tertiary lymphoid structure formation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C M Jeucken
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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