101
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Budanov AV. Stress-responsive sestrins link p53 with redox regulation and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1679-90. [PMID: 20712410 PMCID: PMC3151419 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 protects organisms from most types of cancer through multiple mechanisms. The p53 gene encodes a stress-activated transcriptional factor that transcriptionally regulates a large set of genes with versatile functions. These p53-activated genes mitigate consequences of stress regulating cell viability, growth, proliferation, repair, and metabolism. Recently, we described a novel antioxidant function of p53, which is important for its tumor suppressor activity. Among the many antioxidant genes activated by p53, Sestrins (Sesns) are critical for suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protection from oxidative stress, transformation, and genomic instability. Sestrins can regulate ROS through their direct effect on antioxidant peroxiredoxin proteins and through the AMP-activated protein kinase-target of rapamycin signaling pathway. The AMP-activated protein kinase-target of rapamycin axis is critical for regulation of metabolism and autophagy, two processes associated with ROS production, and deregulation of this pathway increases vulnerability of the organism to stress, aging, and age-related diseases, including cancer. Recently, we have shown that inactivation of Sestrin in fly causes accumulation of age-associated damage. Hence, Sestrins can link p53 with aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Budanov
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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102
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Li H, Wang Y, Pazhanisamy SK, Shao L, Batinic-Haberle I, Meng A, Zhou D. Mn(III) meso-tetrakis-(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin mitigates total body irradiation-induced long-term bone marrow suppression. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:30-7. [PMID: 21565268 PMCID: PMC3390209 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies showed that total body irradiation (TBI) induces long-term bone marrow (BM) suppression in part by induction of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) senescence through reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we examined if Mn(III) meso-tetrakis-(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (MnTE), a superoxide dismutase mimetic and potent antioxidant, can mitigate TBI-induced long-term BM injury in a mouse model. Our results showed that post-TBI treatment with MnTE significantly inhibited the increases in ROS production and DNA damage in HSCs and the reduction in HSC frequency and clonogenic function induced by TBI. In fact, the clonogenic function of HSCs from irradiated mice after MnTE treatment was comparable to that of HSCs from normal controls on a per-HSC basis, suggesting that MnTE treatment inhibited the induction of HSC senescence by TBI. This suggestion is supported by the finding that MnTE treatment also reduced the expression of p16(Ink4a) (p16) mRNA in HSCs induced by TBI and improved the long-term and multilineage engraftment of irradiated HSCs after transplantation. Therefore, the results from this study demonstrate that MnTE has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent to mitigate TBI-induced long-term BM suppression by inhibiting ionizing radiation-induced HSC senescence through the ROS-p16 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Senthil K. Pazhanisamy
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Aimin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Corresponding author: Daohong Zhou, MD, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, #607, Little Rock, AR 72205; Tel: (501) 526-5272; Fax: (501) 686-6517;
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103
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Thomas F, Holly JMP, Persad R, Bahl A, Perks CM. Green tea extract (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) reduces efficacy of radiotherapy on prostate cancer cells. Urology 2011; 78:475.e15-21. [PMID: 21676444 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the efficacy of ionizing radiation on prostate cancer cells because of the increased use of dietary interventions, especially by patients with prostate cancer. Radiotherapy is used to treat localized prostate cancer. Some people consume green tea (EGCG) as a chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer. Green tea can act as an antioxidant and induce superoxide dismutase enzymes, which could scavenge the free oxygen radicals generated by radiotherapy. METHODS Prostate cancer cell line DU145 cells were treated with EGCG or radiotherapy, or both. Cell death was assessed using trypan blue cell counting, and apoptosis was confirmed by assessing poly (adenosine phosphate ribose) polymerase cleavage. The antioxidant potential was assessed using Western immunoblotting for manganese superoxide dismutase and copper zinc superoxide dismutase enzymes. Radiotherapy was delivered using a linear accelerator. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Radiotherapy at 3.5 Gy induced a 5.9-fold increase in apoptosis of DU145 cells. Subapoptotic doses of EGCG (1.5-7.5 μM) significantly reduced ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis (P < .001), with the inhibitory effect of EGCG on ionizing radiation being most effective when added 30 minutes before radiotherapy (P < .001). In addition, when radiotherapy and EGCG were used together, an approximate 1.5-fold increase in manganese superoxide dismutase levels was seen compared with the control and a 2-fold increase compared with radiotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy is effective in inducing apoptosis in DU145 cells, but its effect was significantly reduced in the presence of EGCG, and this was associated with an increase in the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Thomas
- IGF and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences North Bristol, Learning and Research Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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104
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Sardina JL, López-Ruano G, Sánchez-Sánchez B, Llanillo M, Hernández-Hernández A. Reactive oxygen species: are they important for haematopoiesis? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 81:257-74. [PMID: 21507675 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has traditionally been related to deleterious effects for cells. However, it is now widely accepted that ROS can play an important role in regulating cellular signalling and gene expression. NADPH oxidase ROS production seems to be especially important in this regard. Some lines of evidence suggest that ROS may be important modulators of cell differentiation, including haematopoietic differentiation, in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here we shall review how ROS can regulate cell signalling and gene expression. We shall also focus on the importance of ROS for haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology and for haematopoietic differentiation. We shall review the involvement of ROS and NADPH oxidases in cancer, and in particular what is known about the relationship between ROS and haematological malignancies. Finally, we shall discuss the use of ROS as cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sardina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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105
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Case AJ, McGill JL, Tygrett LT, Shirasawa T, Spitz DR, Waldschmidt TJ, Legge KL, Domann FE. Elevated mitochondrial superoxide disrupts normal T cell development, impairing adaptive immune responses to an influenza challenge. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:448-58. [PMID: 21130157 PMCID: PMC3026081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including signaling, tumor progression, and innate immunity. The essential nature of ROS signaling in the immune systems of Drosophila and zebrafish has been demonstrated; however, the role of ROS, if any, in mammalian adaptive immune system development and function remains unknown. This work provides the first clear demonstration that thymus-specific elevation of mitochondrial superoxide (O(2)(•-)) disrupts normal T cell development and impairs the function of the mammalian adaptive immune system. To assess the effect of elevated mitochondrial superoxide in the developing thymus, we used a T-cell-specific knockout of manganese superoxide dismutase (i.e., SOD2) and have thus established a murine model to examine the role of mitochondrial superoxide in T cell development. Conditional loss of SOD2 led to increased superoxide, apoptosis, and developmental defects in the T cell population, resulting in immunodeficiency and susceptibility to the influenza A virus H1N1. This phenotype was rescued with mitochondrially targeted superoxide-scavenging drugs. These findings demonstrate that loss of regulated levels of mitochondrial superoxide lead to aberrant T cell development and function, and further suggest that manipulations of mitochondrial superoxide levels may significantly alter clinical outcomes resulting from viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Case
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Lorraine T. Tygrett
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Juntendo University, Department of Aging Control Medicine, Hongo 3-3-10-201, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Thomas J. Waldschmidt
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Corresponding Author: Frederick E. Domann, PhD, B180 Medical Laboratories, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, Phone: 319-335-8019, Fax: 319-335-8039,
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106
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Kim TH, Hur EG, Kang SJ, Kim JA, Thapa D, Lee YM, Ku SK, Jung Y, Kwak MK. NRF2 blockade suppresses colon tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1α. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2260-75. [PMID: 21278237 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor NRF2 is an important modifier of cellular responses to oxidative stress. Although its cytoprotective effects are firmly established, recent evidence suggesting important roles in cancer pathobiology has yet to be mechanistically developed. In the current study, we investigated the role of NRF2 in colon tumor angiogenesis. Stable RNAi-mediated knockdown of NRF2 in human colon cancer cells suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenograft settings with a concomitant reduction in blood vessel formation and VEGF expression. Similar antiangiogenic effects of NRF2 knockdown were documented in chick chorioallantoic membrane assays and endothelial tube formation assays. Notably, NRF2-inhibited cancer cells failed to accumulate HIF-1α protein under hypoxic conditions, limiting expression of VEGF and other HIF-1α target genes. In these cells, HIF-1α was hydroxylated but pharmacological inhibition of PHD domain-containing prolyl hydroxylases was sufficient to restore hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that reduced mitochondrial O(2) consumption in NRF2-inhibited cells was probably responsible for HIF-1α degradation during hypoxia; cellular O(2) consumption and ATP production were lower in NRF2 knockdown cells than in control cells. Our findings offer novel insights into how cellular responses to O(2) and oxidative stress are integrated in cancer cells, and they highlight NRF2 as a candidate molecular target to control tumor angiogenesis by imposing a blockade to HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
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107
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You A, Nam CW, Wakabayashi N, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Kwak MK. Transcription factor Nrf2 maintains the basal expression of Mdm2: An implication of the regulation of p53 signaling by Nrf2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 507:356-64. [PMID: 21211512 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Co-operated regulation of oxidative stress-response transcription factors would be an important issue for animals to determine the cell fate under environmental stress. This notion raises a possibility that NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress, and p53 can have a direct co-regulation network. In the current study, we have indentified that the expression of murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) is repressed in nrf2-deleted murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This was confirmed by microarray, RT-PCR, and immunoblot analyses, and further promoter analysis showed that Nrf2 is directly involved in the basal expression of Mdm2 through the antioxidant response element, which is located in the first intron of this gene. This linkage between Nrf2 and Mdm2 appears to cause the accumulation of p53 protein in nrf2-deficent MEFs. In addition, we show that ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells with Nrf2 shRNA expression displayed higher levels of p53 activation in response to hydrogen peroxide treatment, leading to increased cell death. Collectively, our results suggest novel evidence that the inhibition of Nrf2 can suppress Mdm2 expression, which may result in p53 signaling modulation. In addition, this observation supports the concept that Nrf2 inhibition in cancer cells can facilitate apoptotic response upon environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram You
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749, South Korea
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108
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Tew KD, Townsend DM. Redox platforms in cancer drug discovery and development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 15:156-61. [PMID: 21075043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is frequently dysregulated in human disease, particularly cancer. Recent and ongoing efforts seek to validate and extend this platform for the discovery/development of anticancer drugs. As the primary source of cellular redox buffer, thiols (in particular glutathione) have been therapeutically targeted in cancer treatment, myeloproliferation, hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization and immune response. A number of 'redox modulating' drugs have been, or are, under development and the pipeline seems viable. Moreover, S-glutathionylation is a protein post-translational modification that influences a number of critical cell pathways and in the medium term, defining the 'glutathionome' has the possibility to provide opportunities for target identification for therapeutic intervention perhaps with a relevance that parallels ongoing efforts with the kinome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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109
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Kang JH. Protective effects of carnosine and homocarnosine on ferritin and hydrogen peroxide-mediated DNA damage. BMB Rep 2010; 43:683-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.10.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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110
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111
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Grek CL, Townsend DM, Tew KD. The impact of redox and thiol status on the bone marrow: Pharmacological intervention strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:172-84. [PMID: 20951732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in cancer cell redox homeostasis provide a platform for new opportunities in the development of anticancer drugs. The control of severe dose-limiting toxicities associated with redox regulation, including myelosuppression and immunosuppression, remains a challenge. Recent evidence implicates a critical role for redox regulation and thiol balance in pathways that control myeloproliferation, hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization, and immune response. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation are dependent upon levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and niche microenvironments. Redox status and the equilibrium of free thiol:disulfide couples are important in modulating immune response and lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation. This subject matter is the focus of the present review. The potential of redox modulating chemotherapeutics as myeloproliferative and immunomodulatory agents is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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112
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Yoon JH, Lee MS, Kang JH. Reaction of ferritin with hydrogen peroxide induces lipid peroxidation. BMB Rep 2010; 43:219-24. [PMID: 20356464 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is known to be an important factor in the pathologies of many diseases associated with oxidative stress. We assessed the lipid peroxidation induced by the reaction of ferritin with H2O2. When linoleic acid micelles or phosphatidyl choline liposomes were incubated with ferritin and H2O2, lipid peroxidation increased in the presence of ferritin and H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydroxyl radical scavengers, azide and thiourea, prevented lipid peroxidation induced by the ferritin/H2O2 system. The iron specific chelator desferoxamine also prevented ferritin/H2O2 systemmediated lipid peroxidation. These results demonstrate the possible role of iron in ferritin/H2O2 system-mediated lipid peroxidation. Carnosine is involved in many cellular defense processes, including free radical detoxification. In this study, carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine were shown to significantly prevent ferritin/H2O2 system-mediated lipid peroxidation and also inhibited the free radical-generation activity of ferritin. These results indicated that carnosine and related compounds may prevent ferritin/H2O2 system-mediated lipid peroxidation via free radical scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 360-764, Korea
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113
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Holley AK, Xu Y, St Clair DK, St Clair WH. RelB regulates manganese superoxide dismutase gene and resistance to ionizing radiation of prostate cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1201:129-36. [PMID: 20649549 PMCID: PMC3107504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is in the front line for treatment of localized prostate cancer. However, a significant percentage of patients have radiation-resistant disease. The NF-kappaB pathway is an important factor for radiation resistance, and the classical (canonical) pathway is thought to confer protection of prostate cancer cells from ionizing radiation. Recently, the alternative (non-canonical) pathway, which is involved in prostate cancer aggressiveness, has also been shown to be important for radiation resistance in prostate cancer. The alternative NF-kappaB pathway component RelB protects prostate cancer cells from the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation, in part, by stimulating expression of the mitochondria-localized antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Blocking RelB activation suppresses MnSOD expression and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to radiation. These results suggest that RelB-mediated modulation of the antioxidant capacity of prostate cancer cells is an important mechanism of radiation resistance. Therefore, targeting RelB activation may prove to be a valuable weapon in the oncologist's arsenal to defeat aggressive and radiation-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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114
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Holley AK, Dhar SK, St Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase vs. p53: regulation of mitochondrial ROS. Mitochondrion 2010; 10:649-61. [PMID: 20601193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of mitochondrial and nuclear activities is vital for cellular homeostasis, and many signaling molecules and transcription factors are regulated by mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) to carry out this interorganellar communication. The tumor suppressor p53 regulates myriad cellular functions through transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms at both the nucleus and mitochondria. p53 affect mitochondrial ROS production, in part, by regulating the expression of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Recent evidence suggests mitochondrial regulation of p53 activity through mechanisms that affect ROS production, and a breakdown of communication amongst mitochondria, p53, and the nucleus can have broad implications in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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115
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Thind TS, Rampal G, Agrawal SK, Saxena AK, Arora S. Diminution of free radical induced DNA damage by extracts/fractions from bark of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:329-36. [PMID: 20545578 DOI: 10.3109/01480540903483433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of extracts of Schleichera oleosa (Sapindaceae) for its cytotoxic and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities. The bark of the tree was used to prepare extracts with different solvents (i.e., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). The extracts were initially assessed for their in vitro cytotoxicity potential in the sulforhodamine B dye assay against cell lines, such as 502713 (colon), SW-620 (colon), HCT-15 (colon), A-549 (lung), HEP-2 (liver), SK-NS-H (central nervous system), and IMR-32 (neuroblastoma). It was observed that the water extract was effective against all the three colon cancer cell lines, while only methanol and water extracts were effective against A-549 (lung) and HEP-2 (liver), respectively. As DNA damage is one of the hallmarks of cell death, so the extracts were assessed for their ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, in the deoxyribose degradation assay (site- and nonsite specific) as well as their protective effect against the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in the plasmid nicking assay, using pBR322. It was observed that all the extracts, except chloroform and hexane, exhibited relatively greater antioxidant activity in the nonsite-specific than in the site-specific assay. Similarly, the extracts were also found to be effective in inhibiting the hydroxyl radical-induced unwinding of supercoiled DNA, which further confirmed the hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability of the extracts in the deoxyribose degradation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarunpreet S Thind
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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116
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Malik M, Shukla A, Amin P, Niedelman W, Lee J, Jividen K, Phang JM, Ding J, Suh KS, Curmi PMG, Yuspa SH. S-nitrosylation regulates nuclear translocation of chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC4. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23818-28. [PMID: 20504765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC4 is essential for its role in Ca(2+)-induced differentiation, stress-induced apoptosis, and modulating TGF-beta signaling in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. However, post-translational modifications on CLIC4 that govern nuclear translocation and thus these activities remain to be elucidated. The structure of CLIC4 is dependent on the redox environment, in vitro, and translocation may depend on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the cell. Here we show that NO directly induces nuclear translocation of CLIC4 that is independent of the NO-cGMP pathway. Indeed, CLIC4 is directly modified by NO through S-nitrosylation of a cysteine residue, as measured by the biotin switch assay. NO enhances association of CLIC4 with the nuclear import proteins importin alpha and Ran. This is likely a result of the conformational change induced by S-nitrosylated CLIC4 that leads to unfolding of the protein, as exhibited by CD spectra analysis and trypsinolysis of the modified protein. Cysteine mutants of CLIC4 exhibit altered nitrosylation, nuclear residence, and stability, compared with the wild type protein likely as a consequence of altered tertiary structure. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear translocation of CLIC4 is dependent on nitric-oxide synthase activity. Inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase activity inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nitrosylation and association with importin alpha and Ran and ablates CLIC4 nuclear translocation. These results suggest that S-nitrosylation governs CLIC4 structure, its association with protein partners, and thus its intracellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Malik
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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117
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Wang Y, Liu L, Pazhanisamy SK, Li H, Meng A, Zhou D. Total body irradiation causes residual bone marrow injury by induction of persistent oxidative stress in murine hematopoietic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:348-56. [PMID: 19925862 PMCID: PMC2818724 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and/or chemotherapy causes not only acute tissue damage but also late effects including long-term (or residual) bone marrow (BM) injury. The induction of residual BM injury is primarily attributable to the induction of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) senescence. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IR and/or chemotherapy induces HSC senescence have not been clearly defined, nor has an effective treatment been developed to ameliorate the injury. Thus, we investigated these mechanisms in this study. The results from this study show that exposure of mice to a sublethal dose of total body irradiation (TBI) induced a persistent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HSCs only. The induction of chronic oxidative stress in HSCs was associated with sustained increases in oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), inhibition of HSC clonogenic function, and induction of HSC senescence but not apoptosis. Treatment of the irradiated mice with N-acetylcysteine after TBI significantly attenuated IR-induced inhibition of HSC clonogenic function and reduction of HSC long-term engraftment after transplantation. The induction of chronic oxidative stress in HSCs by TBI is probably attributable to the up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), because irradiated HSCs expressed an increased level of NOX4, and inhibition of NOX activity with diphenylene iodonium but not apocynin significantly reduced TBI-induced increases in ROS production, oxidative DNA damage, and DNA DSBs in HSCs and dramatically improved HSC clonogenic function. These findings provide the foremost direct evidence demonstrating that TBI selectively induces chronic oxidative stress in HSCs at least in part via up-regulation of NOX4, which leads to the induction of HSC senescence and residual BM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lingbo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Senthil K. Pazhanisamy
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Aimin Meng
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Corresponding author: Daohong Zhou, MD, Department of Pathology, Medical University of SC, 165 Ashley Av., Suite 309, PO Box 250908, Charleston, SC 29425 Tel: (843)792-7532; Fax: (843)792-0368;
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118
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Deepa PR, Nalini V, Mallikarjuna K, Vandhana S, Krishnakumar S. Oxidative Stress in Retinoblastoma: Correlations with Clinicopathologic Features and Tumor Invasiveness. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:1011-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02713680903291139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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119
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Abstract
Redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations and dependence on mitogenic and survival signaling through reactive oxygen species represents a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by redox chemotherapeutics. This review will present an update on drug discovery, target identification, and mechanisms of action of experimental redox chemotherapeutics with a focus on pro- and antioxidant redox modulators now in advanced phases of preclinal and clinical development. Recent research indicates that numerous oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes exert their functions in part through redox mechanisms amenable to pharmacological intervention by redox chemotherapeutics. The pleiotropic action of many redox chemotherapeutics that involves simultaneous modulation of multiple redox sensitive targets can overcome cancer cell drug resistance originating from redundancy of oncogenic signaling and rapid mutation.Moreover, some redox chemotherapeutics may function according to the concept of synthetic lethality (i.e., drug cytotoxicity is confined to cancer cells that display loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes or upregulation of oncogene expression). The impressive number of ongoing clinical trials that examine therapeutic performance of novel redox drugs in cancer patients demonstrates that redox chemotherapy has made the crucial transition from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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120
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Sarsour EH, Kumar MG, Chaudhuri L, Kalen AL, Goswami PC. Redox control of the cell cycle in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2985-3011. [PMID: 19505186 PMCID: PMC2783918 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular oxidation and reduction (redox) environment is influenced by the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In recent years, several reports support the hypothesis that cellular ROS levels could function as ''second messengers'' regulating numerous cellular processes, including proliferation. Periodic oscillations in the cellular redox environment, a redox cycle, regulate cell-cycle progression from quiescence (G(0)) to proliferation (G(1), S, G(2), and M) and back to quiescence. A loss in the redox control of the cell cycle could lead to aberrant proliferation, a hallmark of various human pathologies. This review discusses the literature that supports the concept of a redox cycle controlling the mammalian cell cycle, with an emphasis on how this control relates to proliferative disorders including cancer, wound healing, fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesize that reestablishing the redox control of the cell cycle by manipulating the cellular redox environment could improve many aspects of the proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H Sarsour
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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121
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Bishayee A, Politis T, Darvesh AS. Resveratrol in the chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:43-53. [PMID: 19910122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and lethal diseases in the world. Although the majority of HCC cases occur in developing countries of Asia and Africa, the prevalence of liver cancer has risen considerably in Japan, Western Europe as well as the United States. HCC most commonly develops in patients with chronic liver disease, the etiology of which includes viral hepatitis (B and C), alcohol, obesity, iron overload and dietary carcinogens, including aflatoxins and nitrosamines. The current treatment modalities, including surgical resection and liver transplantation, have been found to be mostly ineffective. Hence, there is an obvious critical need to develop alternative strategies for the chemoprevention and treatment of HCC. Oxidative stress as well as inflammation has been implicated in the development and progression of hepatic neoplasia. Using naturally occurring phytochemicals and dietary compounds endowed with potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties is a novel approach to prevent and control HCC. One such compound, resveratrol, present in grapes, berries, peanuts as well as red wine, has emerged as a promising molecule that inhibits carcinogenesis with a pleiotropic mode of action. This review examines the current knowledge on mechanism-based in vitro and in vivo studies on the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of resveratrol in liver cancer. Pre-clinical and clinical toxicity studies as well as pharmacokinetic data of resveratrol have also been highlighted in this review. Future directions and challenges involved in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of HCC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, 44272, USA
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122
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Pani G, Giannoni E, Galeotti T, Chiarugi P. Redox-based escape mechanism from death: the cancer lesson. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2791-806. [PMID: 19686053 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We review here current evidence on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of the intracellular redox state in governing crucial steps of the metastatic process, from cell detachment from the primary tumor to final colonization of the distant site. In particular, we discuss the redox-dependent aspects of cell glycolytic metabolism (Warburg effect), of cell juggling between different motility styles (epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition), of cell resistance to anoikis and of cell interaction with the stromal components of the metastatic niche. Central to this overview is the concept that metastasis can be viewed as an integrated "escape program" triggered by redox changes and instrumental at avoiding oxidative stress within the primary tumor. In this novel perspective, metabolic, motility, and prosurvival choices of the cell along the entire metastatic process can be interpreted as exploiting redox-signaling cascades to monitor oxidative/reductive environmental cues and escape oxidative damage. We also propose that this theoretic framework be applied to "normal" evasion/invasion programs such as in inflammation and development. Furthermore, we suggest that the intimate connection between metastasis, inflammation, and stem cells results, at least in part, by the sharing of a common redox-dependent strategy for infiltration, survival, dissemination, and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University Medical School , Rome, Italy.
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123
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Hitchler MJ, Domann FE. Metabolic defects provide a spark for the epigenetic switch in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:115-27. [PMID: 19362589 PMCID: PMC2728018 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a pathology that is associated with aberrant gene expression and an altered metabolism. Whereas changes in gene expression have historically been attributed to mutations, it has become apparent that epigenetic processes also play a critical role in controlling gene expression during carcinogenesis. Global changes in epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been observed in cancer. These epigenetic alterations can aberrantly silence or activate gene expression during the formation of cancer; however, the process leading to this epigenetic switch in cancer remains unknown. Carcinogenesis is also associated with metabolic defects that increase mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species, create an atypical redox state, and change the fundamental means by which cells produce energy. Here, we summarize the influence of these metabolic defects on epigenetic processes. Metabolic defects affect epigenetic enzymes by limiting the availability of cofactors like S-adenosylmethionine. Increased production of reactive oxygen species alters DNA methylation and histone modifications in tumor cells by oxidizing DNMTs and HMTs or through direct oxidation of nucleotide bases. Last, the Warburg effect and increased glutamine consumption in cancer influence histone acetylation and methylation by affecting the activity of sirtuins and histone demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hitchler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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124
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Abstract
p53 has been referred to as the 'guardian of the genome' because of its role in protecting the cell from DNA damage. p53 performs its duties by regulating cell-cycle progression and DNA repair and, in cases of irreparable DNA damage, by executing programmed cell death. Mitochondria are an important target of transcription-dependent and -independent actions of p53 to carry out the apoptotic function. However, increasing evidence suggests that p53 activity is regulated by mitochondria. Cellular insults that alter mitochondrial function can have important consequences on p53 activity. In light of these new findings, the following review focuses on p53/mitochondria connections, in particular how reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondria regulate p53 activity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate p53 may have an impact on our understanding of the development and progression of many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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125
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Minelli A, Bellezza I, Conte C, Culig Z. Oxidative stress-related aging: A role for prostate cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1795:83-91. [PMID: 19121370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any non-cutaneous cancer in the human body and essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging. The aging damage may eventually appear in age-related health issues, which have a significant impact on the independence, general well-being and morbidity of the elderly. The association of aging with prostate cancer is undisputable as well as the association of aging with oxidative stress. Nevertheless, supportive evidence linking an increase in oxidative stress with prostate cancer is still scarce. This review is a comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the association of human prostate cancer with oxidative stress. The objective was to examine the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis since the understanding of risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health, genetic and nutritional education, and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Minelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Scienze Biochimiche, Sezione Biochimica Cellulare, Università di Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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126
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Redox signaling and cancer: The role of “labile” iron. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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127
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Protein cysteine sulfinic acid reductase (sulfiredoxin) as a regulator of cell proliferation and drug response. Oncogene 2008; 27:4877-87. [PMID: 18454177 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfiredoxin (Srx) is one of a family of low molecular weight sulfur containing proteins linked with maintenance of cellular redox balance. One function of Srx is the reduction of cysteine sulfinic acid to sulfenic acid in proteins subject to oxidative stress. Other redox active protein families have multiple functions in regulating redox and controlling proliferation/death pathways; increased Srx has been linked with oncogenic transformation. To explore the biological functions of Srx in tumors, we established cell lines that overexpress Srx. Enhanced levels of Srx promoted cell proliferation and enhanced cell death following cisplatin. Srx overexpression triggered an alteration in expression and phosphorylation of cell cycle regulators p21, p27 and p53; stabilized the phosphatase PTEN and, importantly, interacted directly with, and enhanced the activity of, phosphatase PTP1B. In turn, this promoted Src kinase activity by dephosphorylating its inhibitory tyrosine residue (Y530). Srx expression was stimulated by cell exposure to certain growth factors. These data support a role for Srx in controlling the phosphorylation status of key regulatory kinases through effects upon phosphatase activity with an ultimate effect on pathways that influence cell proliferation.
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128
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Hillard EA, de Abreu FC, Ferreira DCM, Jaouen G, Goulart MOF, Amatore C. Electrochemical parameters and techniques in drug development, with an emphasis on quinones and related compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2612-28. [DOI: 10.1039/b718116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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129
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Bogeski I, Mirčeski V, Hoth M. Probing the redox activity of T-lymphocytes deposited at electrode surfaces with voltammetric methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 46:197-203. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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130
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Wang Y, Huang X, Cang H, Gao F, Yamamoto T, Osaki T, Yi J. The endogenous reactive oxygen species promote NF-kappaB activation by targeting on activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:963-71. [PMID: 17729113 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701445045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could stimulate or inhibit NF-kappaB pathways. However, most results have been obtained on the basis of the exogenous ROS and the molecular target of ROS in NF-kappaB signalling pathways has remained unclear. Here, the oral squamous carcinoma (OSC) cells, with a mild difference in the endogenous ROS level, were used to investigate how slight fluctuation of the endogenous ROS regulates NF-kappaB activation. This study demonstrates that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is a critical target of the endogenous ROS in NF-kappaB pathways. The results indicate that ROS may function as a physiological signalling modulator on NF-kappaB signalling cascades through its ability to facilitate the activity of NIK and subsequent NF-kappaB transactivation. In addition, the data are useful to explain why the altered intracellular microenvironment related to redox state may influence biological behaviours of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry of China for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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131
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García-Navarro A, González-Puga C, Escames G, López LC, López A, López-Cantarero M, Camacho E, Espinosa A, Gallo MA, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Cellular mechanisms involved in the melatonin inhibition of HT-29 human colon cancer cell proliferation in culture. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:195-205. [PMID: 17645698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of melatonin in human colon cancer cells in culture were recently reported. To address the mechanisms involved in these actions, HT-29 human colon cancer cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C. Cell proliferation was assessed by the incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine into DNA. Cyclic nucleotide levels, nitrite concentration, glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities, and glutathione levels were assessed after the incubation of these cells with the following drugs: melatonin membrane receptor agonists 2-iodo-melatonin, 2-iodo-N-butanoyl-5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine (GR-135,531), and the antagonists luzindole, 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin, and prazosin; the melatonin nuclear receptor agonist CGP 52608, and four synthetic kynurenines analogs to melatonin 2-acetamide-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, 2-acetamide-4-(2-amino-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, 2-butyramide-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid and 2-butyramide-4-(2-amino-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid. The results show that the membrane receptors are not necessary for the antiproliferative effect of melatonin and the participation of the nuclear receptor in this effect is suggested. Moreover, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin, counteracting the oxidative status and reducing the production of nitric oxide by cultured HT-29 cells seem to be directly involved in the oncostatic properties of melatonin. Some of the synthetic kynurenines exert higher antiproliferative effects than melatonin. The results reinforce the clinical interest of melatonin due to the different mechanisms involved in its oncostatic role, and suggest a new synthetic pathway to obtain melatonin agonists with clinical applications to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Navarro
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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132
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Giorgio M, Trinei M, Migliaccio E, Pelicci PG. Hydrogen peroxide: a metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:722-8. [PMID: 17700625 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species that are generated by mitochondrial respiration, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are potent inducers of oxidative damage and mediators of ageing. It is not clear, however, whether oxidative stress is the result of a genetic programme or the by-product of physiological processes. Recent findings demonstrate that a fraction of mitochondrial H2O2, produced by a specialized enzyme as a signalling molecule in the pathway of apoptosis, induces intracellular oxidative stress and accelerates ageing. We propose that genes that control H2O2 production are selected determinants of lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giorgio
- Marco Giorgio, Enrica Migliaccio and Pier Giuseppe Pelicci are at the Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO-European Institute of Oncology, and IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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133
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Chen J, Adikari M, Pallai R, Parekh HK, Simpkins H. Dihydrodiol dehydrogenases regulate the generation of reactive oxygen species and the development of cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:979-87. [PMID: 17661040 PMCID: PMC2846169 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoform 1 (DDH1) or DDH2 leads to the induction of drug resistance to platinum based drugs in human ovarian, lung, cervical and germ cell tumor cell lines. DDH belongs to a family of aldoketo reductases that are involved in the detoxification of several endogenous and exogenous substrates. DDH1 and DDH2 in particular have been shown to be involved in the detoxification (activation?) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Based on the involvement of DDH in the detoxification of electrophilic PAH intermediates, the effect of DDH on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell line was investigated in the current study. In addition to the overexpression of DDH1 and DDH2, increased expression of DDH3 was demonstrated in the cisplatin-resistant 2008/C13* cells, compared to the parental 2008 cells. However, as assessed by RT-PCR, neither cell line expressed DDH4. The 2008/C13* cells were eightfold resistant to cisplatin, and transfection experiments utilizing cisplatin-sensitive 2008 cells suggest that this could be mediated by overexpression of either DDH1, DDH2, or DDH3. The 2008/C13* cells had lower basal intracellular ROS level as compared to the 2008 cells and ROS production was decreased in the recombinant 2008 cells with forced, constitutive overexpression of either, DDH1, DDH2, or DDH3. Transfection of siRNA against DDH1 or DDH2 in the cisplatin-resistant 2008/C13* cells not only significantly decreased their cisplatin-resistance index (as assayed by MTT and colony formation assay) but also led to an increase in the basal levels of ROS production (although transfection of siRNA against DDH3 resulted in cell death). The 2008/C13* cells were found to be cross-resistant to the cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide and knockdown of either DDH1 or DDH2 expression (using siRNA) resulted in sensitization of the resistant cells to these agents. These results support the conclusion that the increased levels of DDH in the 2008/C13* cells are directly responsible for the reduced production of ROS and that this may play a role in the development of cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 206, OMS, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mahesha Adikari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 206, OMS, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rajash Pallai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 206, OMS, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hemant K. Parekh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 206, OMS, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA, Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Henry Simpkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Room 206, OMS, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA, Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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134
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Nymark P, Lindholm PM, Korpela MV, Lahti L, Ruosaari S, Kaski S, Hollmén J, Anttila S, Kinnula VL, Knuutila S. Gene expression profiles in asbestos-exposed epithelial and mesothelial lung cell lines. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:62. [PMID: 17331233 PMCID: PMC1821332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos has been shown to cause chromosomal damage and DNA aberrations. Exposure to asbestos causes many lung diseases e.g. asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, and lung cancer, but the disease-related processes are still largely unknown. We exposed the human cell lines A549, Beas-2B and Met5A to crocidolite asbestos and determined time-dependent gene expression profiles by using Affymetrix arrays. The hybridization data was analyzed by using an algorithm specifically designed for clustering of short time series expression data. A canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify correlations between the cell lines, and a Gene Ontology analysis method for the identification of enriched, differentially expressed biological processes. RESULTS We recognized a large number of previously known as well as new potential asbestos-associated genes and biological processes, and identified chromosomal regions enriched with genes potentially contributing to common responses to asbestos in these cell lines. These include genes such as the thioredoxin domain containing gene (TXNDC) and the potential tumor suppressor, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kD-interacting protein gene (BNIP3L), GO-terms such as "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" and "positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent", and chromosomal regions such as 2p22, 9p13, and 14q21. We present the complete data sets as Additional files. CONCLUSION This study identifies several interesting targets for further investigation in relation to asbestos-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela M Lindholm
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko V Korpela
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Salla Ruosaari
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hollmén
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sisko Anttila
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Filomeni G, Cerchiaro G, Da Costa Ferreira AM, De Martino A, Pedersen JZ, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Pro-apoptotic activity of novel Isatin-Schiff base copper(II) complexes depends on oxidative stress induction and organelle-selective damage. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12010-21. [PMID: 17327230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the pro-apoptotic activity of two new synthesized isatin-Schiff base copper(II) complexes, obtained from isatin and 1,3-diaminopropane or 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: (Cu(isapn)) and (Cu(isaepy)(2)), respectively. We demonstrated that these compounds trigger apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. The early induction of the p53/p21 system indicates a role for p53 in cell death, however, experiments carried out with small interfering RNA against p53, or with cells lacking p53, support that a p53-independent mechanism can also occur. The extent of apoptosis mirrors the kinetics of intracellular copper uptake. Particularly, Cu(isaepy)(2) enters the cells more efficiently and specifically damages nuclei and mitochondria, as evidenced by atomic absorption analysis of copper content and by the extent of nuclear and mitochondrial integrity. Conversely, Cu(isapn), although less permeable, induces a wide-spread oxidative stress, as demonstrated by analyses of reactive oxygen species concentration, and oxidation of proteins and lipids. The increase of the antioxidant defense, through the overexpression of Cu,Zn-SOD, partially counteracts cell death; whereas retinoic acid-mediated differentiation completely rescues cells from apoptosis induced by both compounds. The activation of JNK- and Akt-mediated phosphorylative pathways has been found to be not functional for apoptosis induction. On the contrary, apoptosis significantly decreased when the analogous zinc complex was used or when Cu(isaepy)(2) was incubated in the presence of a copper chelator. Altogether, our data provide evidence for a dual role of these copper(II) complexes: they are able to vehicle copper into the cell, thus producing reactive oxygen species, and could behave as delocalized lipophilic cation-like molecules, thus specifically targeting organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Filomeni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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