101
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Chiu CT, Chuang DM. Molecular actions and therapeutic potential of lithium in preclinical and clinical studies of CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:281-304. [PMID: 20705090 PMCID: PMC3167234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lithium has been used clinically to treat bipolar disorder for over half a century, and remains a fundamental pharmacological therapy for patients with this illness. Although lithium's therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood, substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that it has neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties against various insults, and considerable clinical potential for the treatment of several neurodegenerative conditions. Evidence from pharmacological and gene manipulation studies support the notion that glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition and induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling are lithium's main mechanisms of action, leading to enhanced cell survival pathways and alteration of a wide variety of downstream effectors. By inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx, lithium also contributes to calcium homeostasis and suppresses calcium-dependent activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. In addition, lithium decreases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by inhibiting phosphoinositol phosphatases, a process recently identified as a novel mechanism for inducing autophagy. Through these mechanisms, therapeutic doses of lithium have been demonstrated to defend neuronal cells against diverse forms of death insults and to improve behavioral as well as cognitive deficits in various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, as well as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases, among others. Several clinical trials are also underway to assess the therapeutic effects of lithium for treating these disorders. This article reviews the most recent findings regarding the potential targets involved in lithium's neuroprotective effects, and the implication of these findings for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tso Chiu
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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102
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Dehle FC, Ecroyd H, Musgrave IF, Carver JA. αB-Crystallin inhibits the cell toxicity associated with amyloid fibril formation by κ-casein and the amyloid-β peptide. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:1013-26. [PMID: 20632140 PMCID: PMC3024074 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibril formation is associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases. Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation by molecular chaperone proteins, such as the small heat-shock protein αB-crystallin, may play a protective role in preventing the toxicity associated with this form of protein misfolding. Reduced and carboxymethylated κ-casein (RCMκ-CN), a protein derived from milk, readily and reproducibly forms fibrils at physiological temperature and pH. We investigated the toxicity of fibril formation by RCMκ-CN using neuronal model PC12 cells and determined whether the inhibition of fibril formation altered its cell toxicity. To resolve ambiguities in the literature, we also investigated whether fibril formation by amyloid-β1-40 (Aβ(1-40)), the peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease, was inhibited by αB-crystallin and if this affected the toxicity of Aβ. To this end, either RCMκ-CN or Aβ(1-40) was incubated at neutral pH to induce fibril formation before treating PC12 cells and assessing cell viability. Incubated (fibrillar) RCMκ-CN was more toxic to PC12 cells than native RCMκ-CN with the highest level of toxicity being associated with mature fibrils and protofibrils. Furthermore, the toxicity of RCMκ-CN was attenuated when its fibril formation was inhibited, either through the chaperone action of αB-crystallin or when it interacted with its natural binding partners in milk, α(S)- and β-casein. Likewise, incubating Aβ(1-40) with αB-crystallin inhibited both Aβ(1-40) fibril formation and the associated cell toxicity. Importantly, by inhibiting fibril formation, αB-crystallin prevents the cell toxicity associated with protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis C. Dehle
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Ian F. Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - John A. Carver
- School of Chemistry & Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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103
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Bobba A, Petragallo VA, Marra E, Atlante A. Alzheimer's proteins, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction interplay in a neuronal model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20862336 PMCID: PMC2939402 DOI: 10.4061/2010/621870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the interplay between beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, Tau fragments, oxidative stress, and mitochondria in the neuronal model of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in which the molecular events reminiscent of AD are activated. The identification of the death route and the cause/effect relationships between the events leading to death could be helpful to manage the progression of apoptosis in neurodegeneration and to define antiapoptotic treatments acting on precocious steps of the death process. Mitochondrial dysfunction is among the earliest events linked to AD and might play a causative role in disease onset and progression. Recent studies on CGNs have shown that adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) impairment, due to interaction with toxic N-ter Tau fragment, contributes in a significant manner to bioenergetic failure and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings open a window for new therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving and/or improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bobba
- Istituto di Biomembrane e Bioenergetica, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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104
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Neuroprotective effects of active ingredients isolated from Pegasus laternarius on cultured cerebral neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:73-82. [PMID: 20734129 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Seamoth (Pegasus laternarius Cuvier) is extensively used to treat various diseases on the coastland of Guangdong Province in China, such as scrofula, cough, and diarrhea. The total extract of Pegasus laternarius (EP) was subjected to column chromatography to acquire three different constituents (EPC1, EPC2, and EPC3). Cerebral neuron injury was induced by glutamate, H₂O₂, and serum deprivation. After treating with or without different extracts, cell viability was assessed with the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and cell apoptosis was analyzed with Hoechst 33258 staining and agarose gel electrophoresis. We also determined the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), maleic dialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The results showed that both EP and EPC2 promoted the outgrowth of cultural neurons, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and protected neurons from neuronal injury or apoptosis induced by glutamate, H₂O₂, and serum deprivation. EPC1 and EPC3 had little or no effect on neurons. These results suggest that the active ingredients obtained from Pegasus laternarius have potential neuroprotective effects on injured neurons by promoting the outgrowth of cultured neurons, increasing the activity of intracellular antioxidants, and exerting antiapoptotic effects. This neuroprotection may be attributable to specific active ingredients, such as taurine, novel ceramide, and cholesterol.
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105
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Hardingham GE, Patani R, Baxter P, Wyllie DJ, Chandran S. Human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons as a tool for studying neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:97-102. [PMID: 20431962 PMCID: PMC2948543 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to generate myriad differentiated cell types, including neurons, from human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines offers great potential for developing cell-based therapies and also for increasing our understanding of human developmental mechanisms. In addition, the emerging development of this technology as an experimental tool represents a potential opportunity for neuroscientists interested in mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Potentially unlimited generation of well-defined functional neurons from hES and patient-specific induced pluripotent cells offers new systems to study disease mechanisms, signalling pathways and receptor pharmacology within a human cellular environment. Such systems may help in overcoming interspecies differences. Far from replacing rodent in vivo and primary culture systems, hES and induced disease-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons offer a complementary resource to overcome issues of interspecies differences, accelerate drug discovery, study of disease mechanism and provide basic insight into human neuronal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89XD, UK.
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106
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Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Ortiz GG, Lopez-Armas G. Functional aspects of redox control during neuroinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:193-247. [PMID: 19951033 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a CNS reaction to injury in which some severe pathologies, regardless of their origin, converge. The phenomenon emphasizes crosstalk between neurons and glia and reveals a complex interaction with oxidizing agents through redox sensors localized in enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors. When oxidizing pressures cause reversible molecular changes, such as minimal or transitory proinflammatory cytokine overproduction, redox couples provide a means of translating the presence of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species into useful signals in the cell. Additionally, thiol-based redox sensors convey information about localized changes in redox potential induced by physiologic or pathologic situations. They are susceptible to oxidative changes and become key events during neuroinflammation, altering the course of a signaling response or the behavior of specific transcription factors. When oxidative stress augments the pressure on the intracellular environment, the effective reduction potential of redox pairs diminishes, and cell signaling shifts toward proinflammatory and proapoptotic signals, creating a vicious cycle between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In addition, electrophilic compounds derived from the oxidative cascade react with key protein thiols and interfere with redox signaling. This article reviews the relevant functional aspects of redox control during the neuroinflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Lab. Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) , Guadalajara, Jalisco. Mexico.
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107
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Cannito S, Novo E, di Bonzo LV, Busletta C, Colombatto S, Parola M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: from molecular mechanisms, redox regulation to implications in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1383-430. [PMID: 19903090 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process, paradigmatic of the concept of cell plasticity, that leads epithelial cells to lose their polarization and specialized junctional structures, to undergo cytoskeleton reorganization, and to acquire morphological and functional features of mesenchymal-like cells. Although EMT has been originally described in embryonic development, where cell migration and tissue remodeling have a primary role in regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, recent literature has provided evidence suggesting that the EMT process is a more general biological process that is also involved in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer progression and organ fibrosis. This review offers first a comprehensive introduction to describe major relevant features of EMT, followed by sections dedicated on those signaling mechanisms that are known to regulate or affect the process, including the recently proposed role for oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Current literature data involving EMT in both physiological conditions (i.e., embryogenesis) and major human diseases are then critically analyzed, with a special final focus on the emerging role of hypoxia as a relevant independent condition able to trigger EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cannito
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology and Interuniversity Center for Hepatic Pathophysiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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108
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Xu J, Marzetti E, Seo AY, Kim JS, Prolla TA, Leeuwenburgh C. The emerging role of iron dyshomeostasis in the mitochondrial decay of aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:487-93. [PMID: 20434480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that cellular and mitochondrial iron increases with age. Iron overload, especially in mitochondria, increases the availability of redox-active iron, which may be a causal factor in the extensive age-related biomolecular oxidative damage observed in aged organisms. Such damage is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron overload diseases and age-related pathologies. Indeed, recent findings of the beneficial effects of iron manipulation in life extension in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and transgenic mice have sparked a renewed interest in the potential role of iron in longevity. A substantial research effort now focuses on developing and testing safe pharmacologic interventions to combat iron dyshomeostasis in aging, acute injuries and in iron overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Xu
- Department of Aging and Geriatrics Research, Division of Biology of Aging, Genomics, Metabolism and Biomarkers Core of the Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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109
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Abstract
Synaptic activity promotes resistance to diverse apoptotic insults, the mechanism behind which is incompletely understood. We show here that a coordinated downregulation of core components of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by neuronal activity forms a key part of the underlying mechanism. Activity-dependent protection against apoptotic insults is associated with inhibition of cytochrome c release in most but not all neurons, indicative of anti-apoptotic signaling both upstream and downstream of this step. We find that enhanced firing activity suppresses expression of the proapoptotic BH3-only member gene Puma in a NMDA receptor-dependent, p53-independent manner. Puma expression is sufficient to induce cytochrome c loss and neuronal apoptosis. Puma deficiency protects neurons against apoptosis and also occludes the protective effect of synaptic activity, while blockade of physiological NMDA receptor activity in the developing mouse brain induces neuronal apoptosis that is preceded by upregulation of Puma. However, enhanced activity can also confer resistance to Puma-induced apoptosis, acting downstream of cytochrome c release. This mechanism is mediated by transcriptional suppression of apoptosome components Apaf-1 and procaspase-9, and limiting caspase-9 activity, since overexpression of procaspase-9 accelerates the rate of apoptosis in active neurons back to control levels. Synaptic activity does not exert further significant anti-apoptotic effects downstream of caspase-9 activation, since an inducible form of caspase-9 overrides the protective effect of synaptic activity, despite activity-induced transcriptional suppression of caspase-3. Thus, suppression of apoptotic gene expression may synergize with other activity-dependent events such as enhancement of antioxidant defenses to promote neuronal survival.
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110
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Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Noradrenaline activation of neurotrophic pathways protects against neuronal amyloid toxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 113:649-60. [PMID: 20132474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic forebrain projection neurons is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease. The physiological consequences of this phenomenon are unclear, but observations correlating LC neuron loss with increased Alzheimer's disease pathology in LC projection sites suggest that noradrenaline (NA) is neuroprotective. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined that NA protected both hNT human neuronal cultures and rat primary hippocampal neurons from amyloid-beta (Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35)) toxicity. The noradrenergic co-transmitter galanin was also effective at preventing Abeta-induced cell death. NA inhibited Abeta(25-35)-mediated increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and caspase activation in hNT neurons. NA exerted its neuroprotective effects in these cells by stimulating canonical beta(1) and beta(2) adrenergic receptor signaling pathways involving the activation of cAMP response element binding protein and the induction of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Treatment with functional blocking antibodies for either NGF or BDNF blocked NA's protective actions against Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35) toxicity in primary hippocampal and hNT neurons, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that the neuroprotective effects of noradrenergic LC afferents result from stimulating neurotrophic NGF and BDNF autocrine or paracrine loops via beta adrenoceptor activation of the cAMP response element binding protein pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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111
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Damiano M, Galvan L, Déglon N, Brouillet E. Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Elderly patients have medical and psychological problems affecting all major organ systems. These problems may alter the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of medications, or expose previous neurologic deficits simply as a result of sedation. Delayed arousal, therefore, may arise from structural problems that are pre-existent or new, or metabolic or functional disorders such as convulsive or nonconvulsive seizures. Determining the cause of delayed arousal may require clinical, chemical, and structural tests. Structural problems that impair consciousness arise from a small number of focal lesions to specific areas of the central nervous system, or from pathology affecting the cerebrum. In general, focal or multifocal lesions can be identified by computerized tomography, or diffusion-weighted imaging. An algorithm is presented that outlines a workup for an elderly patient with delayed arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirka H Anastasian
- Division of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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113
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Hettiarachchi NT, Parker A, Dallas ML, Pennington K, Hung CC, Pearson HA, Boyle JP, Robinson P, Peers C. α-Synuclein modulation of Ca2+signaling in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1192-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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114
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Abstract
BCL-2 homologues are major regulators of apoptosis and, as such, play an active role in the survival of adult neurons following injury. In recent years, these proteins have also been associated with the regulation of autophagy, a catabolic process involved in the recycling of nutrients upon starvation. Basal levels of autophagy are also required to eliminate damaged proteins and organelles. This is illustrated by the accumulation of ubiquitin-positive aggregates in cells deficient in autophagy and, in the nervous system, this is associated with progressive cell loss and signs of neurodegeneration. Given the importance of both apoptosis and autophagy for neuronal survival in adult neurons, understanding how BCL-2 homologues co-ordinately regulate these processes will allow a better understanding of the cellular processes leading to neurodegeneration. In the present review, we will discuss the roles of BCL-2 homologues in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, focussing on their impact on adult neurons.
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115
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases pose one of the most pressing unmet medical needs today. It has long been recognized that caspase-6 may play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases for which there are currently no disease-modifying therapies. Thus it is a potential target for neurodegenerative drug development. In the present study we report on the biochemistry and structure of caspase-6. As an effector caspase, caspase-6 is a constitutive dimer independent of the maturation state of the enzyme. The ligand-free structure shows caspase-6 in a partially mature but latent conformation. The cleaved inter-domain linker remains partially inserted in the central groove of the dimer, as observed in other caspases. However, in contrast with the structures of other caspases, not only is the catalytic machinery misaligned, but several structural elements required for substrate recognition are missing. Most importantly, residues forming a short anti-parallel β-sheet abutting the substrate in other caspase structures are part of an elongation of the central α-helix. Despite the dramatic structural changes that are required to adopt a canonical catalytically competent conformation, the pre-steady-state kinetics exhibit no lag phase in substrate turnover. This suggests that the observed conformation does not play a regulatory role in caspase-6 activity. However, targeting the latent conformation in search for specific and bio-available caspase-6 inhibitors might offer an alternative to active-site-directed approaches.
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116
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Shen YX, Fan ZH, Zhao JG, Zhang P. The application of platelet-rich plasma may be a novel treatment for central nervous system diseases. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:1038-40. [PMID: 19767153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a potential biological product, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely utilized in the areas of oral and maxillofacial reconstruction, bone and soft tissue restoration and wound healing. A recent study reported that the application of PRP on interrupted sciatic nerve could promote remyelinization of peripheral nerve. This renovated a notion that the application of PRP might extend to the nervous system. Most central nervous system (CNS) diseases have a series of common pathological changes in the later period of diseases which induce neurons and glia apoptosis and aggravate neurological dysfunction. It has been demonstrated that the potent restorative function of PRP is mainly based on neurotrophic capacity of preparation rich in growth factors (PRGFs) and scaffolding effect of platelet-rich gel (PRG), all of which could be certified to ameliorate the pathological process of CNS diseases. In view of this, we propose a hypothesis that the application of PRP and its derivatives might provide a novel therapeutic approach for CNS diseases, especially for traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, PR China
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117
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Erratum: Neural protection by naturopathic compounds-an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:137-144. [PMID: 20046848 PMCID: PMC2798986 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood-brain and/or blood-eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague-Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer's disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans is feasible.[This corrects the article on p. in vol. .].
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118
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Mattson MP. Roles of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and associated vascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:625-33. [PMID: 19622391 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rising tide of obesity and type 2 diabetes has resulted from the development of technologies that have made inexpensive high calorie foods readily available and exercise unnecessary for many people. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, visceral adiposity and dyslipidemia) wreak havoc on cells throughout the body thereby promoting cardiovascular and kidney disease, and degenerative diseases of the brain and body. Obesity and insulin resistance promote disease by increasing oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA as the result of a combination of increased free radical production and an impaired ability of cells to detoxify the radicals and repair damaged molecules. By covalently modifying membrane-associated proteins, the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) may play particularly sinister roles in the metabolic syndrome and associated disease processes. HNE can damage pancreatic beta cells and can impair the ability of muscle and liver cells to respond to insulin. HNE may promote atherosclerosis by modifying lipoproteins and can cause cardiac cell damage by impairing metabolic enzymes. An adverse role for HNE in the brain in obesity and the metabolic syndrome is suggested by studies showing that HNE levels are increased in brain cells with aging and Alzheimer's disease. HNE can cause the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons by modifying membrane-associated glucose and glutamate transporters, ion-motive ATPases, enzymes involved in amyloid metabolism, and cytoskeletal proteins. Exercise and dietary energy restriction reduce HNE production and may also increase cellular systems for HNE detoxification including glutathione and oxidoreductases. The recent development of low molecular weight molecules that scavenge HNE suggests that HNE can be targeted in the design of drugs for the treatment of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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119
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Tan Z. Neural protection by naturopathic compounds-an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:57-64. [PMID: 19672463 PMCID: PMC2723671 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood–brain and/or blood–eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague–Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer’s disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, it would not take much preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Tan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, ZOT 4275, 100 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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120
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Yacoubian TA, Standaert DG. Targets for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1792:676-87. [PMID: 18930814 PMCID: PMC2740981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Parkinson's disease significantly improve the quality of life for patients suffering from this neurodegenerative disease, yet none of the current therapies has been convincingly shown to slow or prevent the progression of disease. Much has been learned about the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease in recent years, and these discoveries offer a variety of potential targets for protective therapy. Mechanisms implicated in the disease process include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation and misfolding, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. At the same time, the involvement of these diverse processes makes modeling the disease and evaluation of potential treatments difficult. In addition, available clinical tools are limited in their ability to monitor the progression of the disease. In this review, we summarize the different pathogenic mechanisms implicated in Parkinson's disease and neuroprotective strategies targeting these mechanisms currently under clinical study or under preclinical development, with a view towards strategies that seem most promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talene A Yacoubian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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121
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Kalmar B, Greensmith L. Induction of heat shock proteins for protection against oxidative stress. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:310-8. [PMID: 19248813 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been studied for many years and there is now a large body of evidence that demonstrates the role of Hsp upregulation in tissue and cell protection in a wide variety of stress conditions. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in a number of pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and stroke, and even plays a role in natural aging. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of Hsps and the heat shock response (HSR) in these pathological conditions and discuss the therapeutic potential of an Hsp therapy for these disorders. However, although an Hsp based therapy appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of diseases that involve oxidative damage, there are some significant hurdles that must be overcome before this approach can be successful. For example, to be effective an Hsp based therapy will need to ensure that the upregulation of Hsps occurs in the right place (i.e. be cell specific), at the right time and to a level and specificity that ensures that all the important binding partners, namely the co-chaperones, are also present at the appropriate levels. It is therefore unlikely that strategies that involve genetic modifications that result in overexpression of specific Hsps will achieve such sophisticated and coordinated effects. Similarly, it is likely that some pharmaceutical inducers of Hsps may be too generic to achieve the desired specific effects on Hsp expression, or may simply fail to reach their target cells due to delivery problems. However, if these difficulties can be overcome, it is clear that an effective Hsp based therapy would be of great benefit to the wide range of depilating conditions in which oxidative stress plays a critical role.
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122
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Zhou Q, Lam PY, Han D, Cadenas E. Activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and decline of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity during brain aging. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1132-40. [PMID: 19272379 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with aging and neurodegeneration. c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and its translocation to mitochondria increased as a function of age in rat brain. This was associated with a decrease of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity upon phosphorylation of the E(1alpha) subunit of PDH. Phosphorylation of PDH is likely mediated by PDH kinase, the protein levels and activity of which increased with age. ATP levels were diminished, whereas lactic acid levels increased, thus indicating a shift toward anaerobic glycolysis. The energy transduction deficit due to impairment of PDH activity during aging may be associated with JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2186, USA
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123
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Bickler PE, Fahlman CS, Gray J, McKleroy W. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors and NAD(P)H mediate Ca2+ signaling required for hypoxic preconditioning of hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2009; 160:51-60. [PMID: 19217932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of neurons to a non-lethal hypoxic stress greatly reduces cell death during subsequent severe ischemia (hypoxic preconditioning, HPC). In organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus, we demonstrate that HPC requires inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggered by increased cytosolic NAD(P)H. Ca2+ chelation with intracellular BAPTA, ER Ca2+ store depletion with thapsigargin, IP3 receptor block with xestospongin, and RNA interference against subtype 1 of the IP3 receptor all blunted the moderate increases in [Ca2+](i) (50-100 nM) required for tolerance induction. Increases in [Ca2+](i) during HPC and neuroprotection following HPC were not prevented with NMDA receptor block or by removing Ca2+ from the bathing medium. Increased NAD(P)H fluorescence in CA1 neurons during hypoxia and demonstration that NADH manipulation increases [Ca2+](i) in an IP3R-dependent manner revealed a primary role of cellular redox state in liberation of Ca2+ from the ER. Blockade of IP3Rs and intracellular Ca2+ chelation prevented phosphorylation of known HPC signaling targets, including MAPK p42/44 (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt) and CREB. We conclude that the endoplasmic reticulum, acting via redox/NADH-dependent intracellular Ca2+ store release, is an important mediator of the neuroprotective response to hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Bickler
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Sciences 255, Box 0542, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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Gorgone G, Caccamo D, Pisani LR, Currò M, Parisi G, Oteri G, Ientile R, Rossini PM, Pisani F. Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with epilepsy: does it play a role in the pathogenesis of brain atrophy? A preliminary report. Epilepsia 2009; 50 Suppl 1:33-6. [PMID: 19125845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain atrophy (BA) is observed in 20-50% of patients with epilepsy. Hyper-total-homocysteinemia (hyper-tHcy), which occurs in 10-40% of patients, is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and BA. The present study was aimed at investigating the possible association of hyper-tHcy with BA in a population of patients with epilepsy. METHODS Fifty-eight patients (33 M/25 F, 43.5 +/- 13.1 years of age) chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and 60 controls matched for age and sex were enrolled. All participants underwent determination of plasma tHcy, folate, vitamin B(12), and C677T methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism genotyping, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Patients exhibited significantly higher tHcy and lower folate levels than controls; hyper-tHcy was significantly associated with the variables group (patients vs. controls), MTHFR genotype, and their interaction terms. BA was observed in 30.1% of patients and was significantly associated with hyper-tHcy (beta = 0.45, p = 0.003) and polytherapy (beta = 0.31, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Our investigation suggests that hyper-tHcy plays a role in the development of BA in patients with epilepsy. Although the real origin of this phenomenon is not yet fully elucidated, experimental data support the hypothesis of a link of the neuronal Hcy-mediated damage with oxidative stress and excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Gorgone
- Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca AFaR, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Ospedale San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy.
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125
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Chinta SJ, Poksay KS, Kaundinya G, Hart M, Bredesen DE, Andersen JK, Rao RV. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in dopaminergic cells: effect of resveratrol. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:157-68. [PMID: 19145491 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, exhibits antioxidant, antiaging, and anticancer activity. Resveratrol has also been shown to inhibit tumor initiation, promotion, and progression in a variety of cell culture systems. Earlier, we showed that paraquat, a bipyridyl herbicide, triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell dysfunction, and dopaminergic cell death. Due to its antioxidant activity, we assessed the ability of resveratrol to rescue cells from the toxic effects of paraquat. While resveratrol did not have any protective effect at low concentrations, it triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death at higher concentrations (50-250 microM). The present study was carried out to determine the mechanism by which resveratrol triggers ER stress and cell death in dopaminergic N27 cells. Our studies demonstrate that resveratrol triggers ER stress and cell dysfunction, caspase activation, p23 cleavage and inhibition of proteasomal activity in dopaminergic N27 cells. While over expression of uncleavable p23 was associated with decreased cell death, downregulation of p23 protein expression by siRNA resulted in enhancement of ER stress-induced cell death triggered by resveratrol indicating a protective role for the small co-chaperone p23 in dopaminergic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar J Chinta
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
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126
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Humar M, Graetz C, Roesslein M, Goebel U, Geiger KK, Heimrich B, Pannen BHJ. Heterocyclic thioureylenes protect from calcium-dependent neuronal cell death. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:667-76. [PMID: 19103761 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent cell death occurs in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic or traumatic brain injury. We analyzed whether thioureylenes can act in a neuroprotective manner by pharmacological suppression of calcium-dependent pathological pathways. In human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells, thioureylenes (thiopental, carbimazole) inhibited the calcium-dependent neuronal protein phosphatase (PP)-2B, the activation of the proapoptotic transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells, BAD-induced initiation of caspase-3, and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase cleavage. Caspase-3-independent cell death was attenuated by carbimazole and the protein kinase C (PKC) delta inhibitor rottlerin by a PP-2B-independent mechanism. Neuroprotective effects were mediated by the redox-active sulfur of thioureylenes. Furthermore, we observed that the route of calcium mobilization was differentially linked to caspase-dependent or independent cell death and that BAD dephosphorylation did not necessarily induce intrinsic caspase activation. In addition, a new 30- to 35-kDa caspase-3 fragment with an unknown function was identified. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, thioureylenes inhibited caspase-3 activation or reduced N-methyl-d-aspartate and kainic acid receptor-mediated cell death that was independent of caspase-3. Because prolonged inhibition of caspase-3 resulted in caspase-independent cellular damage, different types of cell death must be taken under therapeutic consideration. Here we show that thioureylenes in combination with PKCdelta inhibitors might represent a promising therapeutic approach to attenuate neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaz Humar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Orosz F, Lehotzky A, Oláh J, Ovádi J. TPPP/p25: A New Unstructured Protein Hallmarking Synucleinopathies. PROTEIN FOLDING AND MISFOLDING: NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9434-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cashman JR, Ghirmai S, Abel KJ, Fiala M. Immune defects in Alzheimer's disease: new medications development. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9 Suppl 2:S13. [PMID: 19090986 PMCID: PMC2604897 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-s2-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of intracellular and extracellular aggregates. According to the amyloid beta (Aβ) hypothesis, amyloidosis occurring in the brain is a leading cause of neurodegeneration in AD. Defects in the innate immune system may decrease the clearance of Aβ in the brain. Macrophages of most AD patients do not transport Aβ into endosomes and lysosomes, and monocytes from AD patients do not efficiently clear Aβ from AD brain. After stimulation with Aβ, mononuclear cells of normal subjects display up-regulated transcription of MGAT3, which encodes β-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. Monocytes of AD patients generally down-regulate these genes. A commonly used, naturally occurring material from a spice that enhances certain key functions defective in cells of innate immunity of many AD patients has shown epidemiologic rationale for use in AD treatment. Bisdemethoxycurcumin, a natural curcumin, is a minor constituent of turmeric (curry), and it enhances phagocytosis and clearance of Aβ in cells from most AD patients. We confirmed the effectiveness of a synthetic version of the same compound. In mononuclear cells of most AD patients, bisdemethoxycurcumin enhanced defective phagocytosis of Aβ and increased the transcription of MGAT3 and TLR genes. The potency of bisdemethoxycurcumin as a highly purified compound in facilitating the clearance of Aβ in mononuclear cells suggests the promise of enhanced effectiveness compared to curcuminoid mixtures. Bisdemethoxycurcumin appears to enhance immune function in mononuclear cells of AD patients and may provide a novel approach to AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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129
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Novo E, Parola M. Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2008; 1:5. [PMID: 19014652 PMCID: PMC2584013 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within cells or, more generally, in a tissue environment, may easily turn into a source of cell and tissue injury. Aerobic organisms have developed evolutionarily conserved mechanisms and strategies to carefully control the generation of ROS and other oxidative stress-related radical or non-radical reactive intermediates (that is, to maintain redox homeostasis), as well as to 'make use' of these molecules under physiological conditions as tools to modulate signal transduction, gene expression and cellular functional responses (that is, redox signalling). However, a derangement in redox homeostasis, resulting in sustained levels of oxidative stress and related mediators, can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of major human diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, chronic activation of wound healing and tissue fibrogenesis. This review has been designed to first offer a critical introduction to current knowledge in the field of redox research in order to introduce readers to the complexity of redox signalling and redox homeostasis. This will include ready-to-use key information and concepts on ROS, free radicals and oxidative stress-related reactive intermediates and reactions, sources of ROS in mammalian cells and tissues, antioxidant defences, redox sensors and, more generally, the major principles of redox signalling and redox-dependent transcriptional regulation of mammalian cells. This information will serve as a basis of knowledge to introduce the role of ROS and other oxidative stress-related intermediates in contributing to essential events, such as the induction of cell death, the perpetuation of chronic inflammatory responses, fibrogenesis and much more, with a major focus on hepatic chronic wound healing and liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Novo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale and Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiopatologia Epatica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
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130
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Chinta SJ, Rane A, Poksay KS, Bredesen DE, Andersen JK, Rao RV. Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program in dopaminergic cells: effect of paraquat. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:333-42. [PMID: 18773310 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) features oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded (unfolded, alternatively folded, or mutant) proteins with associated loss of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and the accumulated misfolded proteins elicit cellular responses that include an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that may protect cells against the toxic buildup of misfolded proteins. Chronic ER stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins in excessive amounts, however, overwhelm the cellular 'quality control' system and impair the protective mechanisms designed to promote correct folding and degrade faulty proteins, ultimately leading to organelle dysfunction and neuronal cell death. Paraquat belongs to a class of bipyridyl herbicides and triggers oxidative stress and dopaminergic cell death. Epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for developing PD following chronic exposure to paraquat. The present study was carried out to determine the role of paraquat in triggering cellular stress particularly ER stress and to elucidate the pathways that couple ER stress to dopaminergic cell death. We demonstrate that paraquat triggers ER stress, cell dysfunction, and dopaminergic cell death. p23, a small co-chaperone protein, is cleaved during ER stress-induced cell death triggered by paraquat and blockage of the caspase cleavage site of p23 was associated with decreased cell death. Paraquat also inhibits proteasomal activity that may further trigger accumulation of misfolded proteins resulting in ER stress. Our results indicate a protective role for p23 in PD-related programmed cell death. The data also underscore the involvement of ER, caspases, and the proteasomal system in ER stress-induced cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar J Chinta
- The Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
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131
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Deocaris CC, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. From proliferative to neurological role of an hsp70 stress chaperone, mortalin. Biogerontology 2008; 9:391-403. [PMID: 18770009 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain makes up approximately 2% of a person's body weight, it consumes more than 15% of total cardiac output and has a per capita caloric requirement of 10 times more than the rest of the body. Such continuous metabolic demand that supports the generation of action potentials in neuronal cells relies on the mitochondria, the main organelle for power generation. The phenomenon of mitochondrial biogenesis, although has long been a neglected theme in neurobiology, can be regarded as critical to brain physiology. The present review emphasizes the role of a key molecular player of mitochondrial biogenesis, the mortalin/mthsp70. Brain mortalin is discussed in relation to its aptitude to impact on mitochondrial function and homeostasis, to its interfacing energy metabolic functions with synaptic plasticity, and to its modulation of brain aging via the cellular senescence pathways. Recently, this chaperone has been implicated in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, with proteomic studies consistently identifying oxidatively-damaged mortalin as potential biomarker. Hence, it is possible that mitochondrial dysfunction coincides with the collapse in the mitochondrial chaperone network that aim not only to import, sort and maintain integrity of protein components within the mitochondria, but also to act as buffer to the molecular heterogeneity of damaged and aging mitochondrial proteins within a ROS-rich microenvironment. Inversely, it may also seem that vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction could be precipitated by malevolent (anti-chaperone) gain-of-function of a 'sick mortalin'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custer C Deocaris
- Institute of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
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132
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Trachootham D, Lu W, Ogasawara MA, Valle NRD, Huang P. Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1343-74. [PMID: 18522489 PMCID: PMC2932530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1237] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in regulation of cell survival. In general, moderate levels of ROS/RNS may function as signals to promote cell proliferation and survival, whereas severe increase of ROS/RNS can induce cell death. Under physiologic conditions, the balance between generation and elimination of ROS/RNS maintains the proper function of redox-sensitive signaling proteins. Normally, the redox homeostasis ensures that the cells respond properly to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. However, when the redox homeostasis is disturbed, oxidative stress may lead to aberrant cell death and contribute to disease development. This review focuses on the roles of key transcription factors, signal-transduction pathways, and cell-death regulators in affecting cell survival, and how the redox systems regulate the functions of these molecules. The current understanding of how disturbance in redox homeostasis may affect cell death and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and degenerative disorders is reviewed. We also discuss how the basic knowledge on redox regulation of cell survival can be used to develop strategies for the treatment or prevention of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathum-thani, Thailand
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Marcia A. Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nilsa Rivera-Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Fatma N, Kubo E, Sen M, Agarwal N, Thoreson WB, Camras CB, Singh DP. Peroxiredoxin 6 delivery attenuates TNF-alpha-and glutamate-induced retinal ganglion cell death by limiting ROS levels and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Brain Res 2008; 1233:63-78. [PMID: 18694738 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in neurological disorders. A major event in glaucoma, the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), has been associated with elevated levels of glutamate and TNF-alpha in the RGCs' local microenvironment. Herein we show that the transduction of Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) attenuates TNF-alpha- and glutamate-induced RGC death, by limiting ROS and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Immunohistochemical staining of rat retina disclosed the presence of PRDX6 in RGCs, and Western and real-time PCR analysis revealed an abundance of PRDX6 protein and mRNA. RGCs treated with glutamate and/or TNF-alpha displayed elevated levels of ROS and reduced expression of PRDX6, and underwent apoptosis. A supply of PRDX6 protected RGCs from glutamate and TNF-alpha induced cytotoxicity by reducing ROS level and NF-kappaB activation, and limiting increased intracellular Ca2+ influx. Results provide a rationale for use of PRDX6 for blocking ROS-mediated pathophysiology in glaucoma and other neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Fatma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Yang JL, Weissman L, Bohr VA, Mattson MP. Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in neurodegenerative disorders. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1110-20. [PMID: 18463003 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
By producing ATP and regulating intracellular calcium levels, mitochondria are vital for the function and survival of neurons. Oxidative stress and damage to mitochondrial DNA during the aging process can impair mitochondrial energy metabolism and ion homeostasis in neurons, thereby rendering them vulnerable to degeneration. Mitochondrial abnormalities have been documented in all of the major neurodegenerative disorders-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction may be downstream of primary disease processes such as accumulation of pathogenic proteins. However, recent experimental evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial DNA damage responses play important roles in aging and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic interventions that target mitochondrial regulatory systems have been shown effective in cell culture and animal models, but their efficacy in humans remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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135
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White LJ, Castellano V. Exercise and brain health--implications for multiple sclerosis: Part 1--neuronal growth factors. Sports Med 2008; 38:91-100. [PMID: 18201113 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of regular exercise to promote general health and reduce the risk of hypokinetic diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles are well recognized. Recent studies suggest that exercise may enhance neurobiological processes that promote brain health in aging and disease. A current frontier in the neurodegenerative disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) concerns the role of physical activity for promoting brain health through protective, regenerative and adaptive neural processes. Research on neuromodulation, raises the possibility that regular physical activity may mediate favourable changes in disease factors and symptoms associated with MS, in part through changes in neuroactive proteins. Insulin-like growth factor-I appears to act as a neuroprotective agent and studies indicate that exercise could promote this factor in MS. Neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor likely play roles in neuronal survival and activity-dependent plasticity. Physical activity has also been shown to up-regulate hippocampal BDNF, which may play a role in mood states, learning and memory to lessen the decline in cognitive function associated with MS. In addition, exercise may promote anti-oxidant defences and neurotrophic support that could attenuate CNS vulnerability to neuronal degeneration. Exercise exposure (preconditioning) may serve as a mechanism to enhance stress resistance and thereby may support neuronal survival under heightened stress conditions. Considering that axonal loss and cerebral atrophy occur early in the disease, exercise prescription in the acute stage could promote neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and neuroplasticity and reduce long-term disability. This review concludes with a proposed conceptual model to connect these promising links between exercise and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J White
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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136
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Yang W, Sheng H, Homi HM, Warner DS, Paschen W. Cerebral ischemia/stroke and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation--a new target for therapeutic intervention? J Neurochem 2008; 106:989-99. [PMID: 18410505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient cerebral ischemia/stroke activates various post-translational protein modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitin conjugation that are believed to play a major role in the pathological process triggered by an interruption of blood supply and culminating in cell death. A new system of post-translational protein modification has been identified, termed as small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation. Like ubiquitin, SUMO is conjugated to the lysine residue of target proteins in a complex process. This review summarizes observations from recent experiments focusing on the effect of cerebral ischemia on SUMO conjugation. Transient global and focal cerebral ischemia both induced a rapid, dramatic and long-lasting rise in levels of SUMO2/3 conjugation. After transient focal cerebral ischemia, SUMO conjugation was particularly prominent in neurons located at the border of the ischemic territory where SUMO-conjugated proteins translocated to the nucleus. Many SUMO conjugation target proteins are transcription factors and sumoylation has been shown to have a major impact on the activity, stability, and cellular localization of target proteins. The rise in levels of SUMO-conjugated proteins is therefore likely to have a major effect on the fate of post-ischemic neurons. The sumoylation process could provide an exciting new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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137
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Miller RL, James-Kracke M, Sun GY, Sun AY. Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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138
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Hunya Á, Földi I, Szegedi V, Soós K, Zarándi M, Szabó A, Zádori D, Penke B, Datki ZL. Differences between normal and alpha-synuclein overexpressing SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after Aβ(1-42) and NAC treatment. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:648-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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139
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Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress hinder neuronal cell recovery from reversible proteasome inhibition. Apoptosis 2008; 13:588-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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140
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He S, Yaung J, Kim YH, Barron E, Ryan SJ, Hinton DR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246:677-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-008-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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141
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Ramalho RM, Viana RJ, Low WC, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Bile acids and apoptosis modulation: an emerging role in experimental Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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142
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Overactivation of calcineurin induced by amyloid-beta and prion proteins. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1226-33. [PMID: 18295934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta protein (A beta) and the scrapie isoform of prion protein (PrPSs) have a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion-related encephalopathies (PRE), respectively. In both disorders, the deposition of these misfolded proteins is accompanied by apoptotic neuronal loss. However, the pathogenesis and molecular basis of A beta- and PrPSc-neurotoxic effects are not completely understood. The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), through the dephosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein BAD, may be the link between Ca2+homeostasis deregulation and apoptotic neuronal death. In this study we used primary cultures of rat brain cortical neurons in order to investigate whether A beta and PrP affect CaN activity. We observed that synthetic peptides of A beta (A beta 25-35 and A beta 1-40) and PrP (PrP106-126) increased CaN activity, but did not affect the levels of this protein phosphatase. Moreover, we found that these peptides reduced the levels of BAD phosphorylated at serine residue 112, and this effect was prevented by the CaN inhibitor FK506. Since dephosphorylated BAD translocates to mitochondria, where it triggers cytochrome c release, we determined the levels of BAD in mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. The data obtained showed that A beta- and PrP-treated neurons had higher levels of BAD in mitochondria than control neurons. This increase in mitochondrial BAD levels was matched by a decrease in cytochrome c. FK506 prevented the alterations of mitochondrial BAD and cytochrome c levels induced by A beta and PrP peptides. Taken together the data suggest that A beta and PrP increased CaN activity, inducing BAD dephosphorylation and translocation to mitochondria and, subsequently, cytochrome c release that may trigger an apoptotic cascade. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting CaN might be valuable for these neurodegenerative disorders.
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143
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Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Paraquat-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: involvement of p53 and mitochondria. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:289-299. [PMID: 18253895 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701738467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat is a suspected etiologic factor in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat was therefore used to reproduce Parkinsonian syndromes in lab animals, in which it produces dopaminergic pathogenesis. However, the factors or mechanisms by which paraquat kills dopaminergic neurons are not fully understood. Based on reported evidence that paraquat increases p53 protein levels and inhibits mitochondrial function, it was hypothesized that paraquat induces cell death in dopaminergic neurons through a mechanism in which p53 and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are linked. To explore this possibility, dopaminergic SY5Y cells were treated with paraquat for 48 h and p53 responses were investigated, as well as biomarkers of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Paraquat significantly increased protein levels of p53 and one of its target genes, Bax. By 24 h, paraquat decreased mitochondrial complex I activity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. In addition, paraquat increased the activities of caspases 9 and 3. Finally, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation occurred 48 h after treatment. The decrease of mitochondrial functions, the release of cytochrome c, the increase of caspase 9 and 3 activities, and DNA damage that were produced by paraquat were inhibited by a specific p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. These findings support the conclusion that paraquat produced apoptosis in SY5Y cells through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway associated with p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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144
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Sayre
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - George Perry
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
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145
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Brylev LV, Yakovlev AA, Onufriev MV, Zakharova MN, Zavalishin IA, Gulyaeva NV. Calpain-like and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712407040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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146
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A cytoskeleton motor protein genetic variant may exert a protective effect on the occurrence of multiple sclerosis: the janus face of the kinesin light-chain 1 56836CC genetic variant. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 9:335-9. [PMID: 17999208 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-007-8014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the main pathomechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, an autoimmune response is presumed to involve its evolution and propagation. In this study, we examined how the kinesin light-chain 1 (KLC1) G56836C (rs8702) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 13 affects the occurrence of MS. This genetic variant was found to be associated with cognitive disturbances and neurodegeneration, and it was presumed to affect the kinesin function. Kinesin serves as a main cytoskeleton motor protein by carrying mitochondria and the molecular apparatus of myelin basic protein synthesis. The present association analysis of this genetic variant was performed in 102 relapsing-remitting MS patients and in 207 neuroimaging alteration-free controls. The KLC1 56836CC variant proved to exert a significant protective effect on the occurrence of MS (2.0% vs. 9.7%, P < 0.02; crude OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-0.82, P < 0.05; adjusted OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.018-0.88, P < 0.05). Our results draw attention to possible roles of the cytoskeleton in MS.
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147
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Cavallaro S. Neuronal apoptosis revealed by genomic analysis: integrating gene expression profiles with functional information. Neuroinformatics 2007; 5:115-26. [PMID: 17873373 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-007-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a key physiological response that occurs during development of the nervous system, resulting in the death of nearly half of the embryonic neuronal population. Aberrant apoptotic mechanisms are thought to contribute significantly to many neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Although many experiments in the past have demonstrated the requirement of de novo gene expression during neuronal apoptosis, the complete spectrum of genes involved in distinct temporal domains is mostly unknown. To begin a comprehensive survey of the gene-based molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal apoptosis, we have used the unprecedented experimental opportunities that genome sequences and the development of DNA microarray technology now provide to perform genome-wide expression analysis in different paradigms of neuronal apoptosis. In order to extract knowledge from gene expression information we have developed new informatics applications that enable clustering methods based on semantic characteristics, such as gene ontologies. This review will highlight the use of a genomic approach to identify the molecular program underlying neuronal apoptosis and illustrate how a semantic clustering method can be useful to extract more knowledge from microarray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, CNR, Viale Regina Margherita 6, Catania, Italy.
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148
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Fiala M, Liu PT, Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Rosenthal MJ, Bernard G, Ringman JM, Sayre J, Zhang L, Zaghi J, Dejbakhsh S, Chiang B, Hui J, Mahanian M, Baghaee A, Hong P, Cashman J. Innate immunity and transcription of MGAT-III and Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease patients are improved by bisdemethoxycurcumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12849-54. [PMID: 17652175 PMCID: PMC1937555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701267104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have tested a hypothesis that the natural product curcuminoids, which has epidemiologic and experimental rationale for use in AD, may improve the innate immune system and increase amyloid-beta (Abeta) clearance from the brain of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Macrophages of a majority of AD patients do not transport Abeta into endosomes and lysosomes, and AD monocytes do not efficiently clear Abeta from the sections of AD brain, although they phagocytize bacteria. In contrast, macrophages of normal subjects transport Abeta to endosomes and lysosomes, and monocytes of these subjects clear Abeta in AD brain sections. Upon Abeta stimulation, mononuclear cells of normal subjects up-regulate the transcription of beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT3) (P < 0.001) and other genes, including Toll like receptors (TLRs), whereas mononuclear cells of AD patients generally down-regulate these genes. Defective phagocytosis of Abeta may be related to down-regulation of MGAT3, as suggested by inhibition of phagocytosis by using MGAT3 siRNA and correlation analysis. Transcription of TLR3, bditTLR4, TLR5, bditTLR7, TLR8, TLR9, and TLR10 upon Abeta stimulation is severely depressed in mononuclear cells of AD patients in comparison to those of control subjects. In mononuclear cells of some AD patients, the curcuminoid compound bisdemethoxycurcumin may enhance defective phagocytosis of Abeta, the transcription of MGAT3 and TLRs, and the translation of TLR2-4. Thus, bisdemethoxycurcumin may correct immune defects of AD patients and provide a previously uncharacterized approach to AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Fiala
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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149
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Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases share common underlying features, most prominent of which are dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and reactive astrogliosis, ultimately triggered by oxidative stress. Interestingly, an additional feature of the early response to stress conditions is the upregulation and release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This study therefore investigates the link between oxidative stress, calcium influx, gene expression, protein synthesis, and AChE release. We report that, in astroglia and in an immortalized cell line, GH4-halpha7, acute oxidative stress causes influx of extracellular calcium through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCC), followed by increased release of AChE into the extracellular medium. Moreover, rapid and sustained changes in mRNA expression of AChE, L-VGCC, and melastatin-like transient receptor potential 2 (TRPM2) accompany profound suppression of global protein synthesis. Application of L-VGCC blockers selectively reduces stress-induced calcium influx and AChE release, mitigates changes in gene expression, and facilitates recovery from protein synthesis suppression. Although glia exhibit greater sensitivity in their responses, the results are comparable in astroglia and GH4-halpha7 cells, and suggest a generalized and integrated cellular response to stress conditions that characterizes changes observed in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie E Bond
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.
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150
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Samms WC, Perera RP, Wimalasena DS, Wimalasena K. Perturbation of dopamine metabolism by 3-amino-2-(4'-halophenyl)propenes leads to increased oxidative stress and apoptotic SH-SY5Y cell death. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:744-52. [PMID: 17576792 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.035873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently characterized a series of 3-amino-2-phenyl-propene (APP) derivatives as reversible inhibitors for the bovine adrenal chromaffin granule vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) that have been previously characterized as potent irreversible dopamine-beta-monooxygenase (DbetaM) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Halogen substitution on the 4'-position of the aromatic ring gradually increases VMAT inhibition potency from 4'-F to 4'-I, parallel to the hydrophobicity of the halogen. We show that these derivatives are taken up into both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and into resealed chromaffin granule ghosts efficiently through passive diffusion. Uptake rates increased according to the hydrophobicity of the 4'-substituent. More importantly, these derivatives are highly toxic to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y but not toxic to M-1, Hep G2, or human embryonic kidney 293 non-neuronal cells at similar concentrations. They drastically perturb dopamine (DA) uptake and metabolism in SH-SY5Y cells under sublethal conditions and are able to deplete both vesicular and cytosolic catecholamines in a manner similar to that of amphetamines. In addition, 4'-IAPP treatment significantly increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases glutathione (GSH) levels in SH-SY5Y cells, and cell death is significantly attenuated by the common antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and GSH, but not by the nonspecific caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone. DNA fragmentation analysis further supports that cell death is probably due to a caspase-independent ROS-mediated apoptotic pathway. Based on these and other findings, we propose that drastic perturbation of DA metabolism in SH-SY5Y cells by 4'-halo APP derivatives causes increased oxidative stress, leading to apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C Samms
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
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