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Zheng H, Ramnaraign D, Anderson BA, Tycksen E, Nunley R, McAlinden A. MicroRNA-138 Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Dedifferentiated Chondrocytes by Regulating RhoC and the Actin Cytoskeleton. JBMR Plus 2018; 3:e10071. [PMID: 30828688 PMCID: PMC6383697 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play critical roles in many cellular processes including those regulating skeletal development and homeostasis. A previous study from our group identified differentially expressed miRNAs in the developing human growth plate. Among those more highly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes compared to progenitor chondrocytes was miR‐138, therefore suggesting a possible role for this miRNA in regulating chondrogenesis and/or endochondral ossification. The goal of this study was to determine the function of miR‐ 138 in regulating osteogenesis by using human osteoarthritic dedifferentiated chondrocytes (DDCs) as source of inducible cells. We show that over‐expression of miR‐138 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of DDCs in vitro. Moreover, cell shape was altered and cell proliferation and possibly migration was also suppressed by miR‐138. Given alterations in cell shape, closer analysis revealed that F‐actin polymerization was also inhibited by miR‐138. Computational approaches showed that the small GTPase, RhoC, is a potential miR‐138 target gene. We pursued RhoC further given its function in regulating cell proliferation and migration in cancer cells. Indeed, miR‐138 over‐expression in DDCs resulted in decreased RhoC protein levels. A series of rescue experiments showed that RhoC over‐expression could attenuate the inhibitory actions of miR‐138 on DDC proliferation, F‐actin polymerization and osteogenic differentiation. Bone formation was also found to be enhanced within human demineralized bone scaffolds seeded with DDCs expressing both miR‐138 and RhoC. In conclusion, we have discovered a new mechanism in DDCs whereby miR‐138 functions to suppress RhoC which subsequently inhibits proliferation, F‐actin polymerization and osteogenic differentiation. To date, there are no published reports on the importance of RhoC in regulating osteogenesis. This opens up new avenues of research involving miR‐138 and RhoC pathways to better understand mechanisms regulating bone formation in addition to the potential use of DDCs as a cell source for bone tissue engineering. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Britta A Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access CenterWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Ryan Nunley
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
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102
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Grigoraş A, Amalinei C, Balan RA, Giuşcă SE, Avădănei ER, Lozneanu L, Căruntu ID. Adipocytes spectrum - From homeostasia to obesity and its associated pathology. Ann Anat 2018; 219:102-120. [PMID: 30049662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Firstly identified by anatomists, the fat tissue is nowadays an area of intense research due to increased global prevalence of obesity and its associated diseases. Histologically, there are four types of fat tissue cells which are currently recognized (white, brown, beige, and perivascular adipocytes). Therefore, in this study we are reviewing the most recent data regarding the origin, structure, and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of adipocytes. White adipocytes can store triglycerides as a consequence of lipogenesis, under the regulation of growth hormone or leptin and adiponectin, and release fatty acids resulted from lipolysis, under the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, glucocorticoids, TNF-α, insulin, and natriuretic peptides. Brown adipocytes possess a mitochondrial transmembrane protein thermogenin or UCP1 which allows heat generation. Recently, thermogenic, UCP positive adipocytes have been identified in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue and have been named beige adipocytes. The nature of these cells is still controversial, as current theories are suggesting their origin either by transdifferentiation of white adipocytes, or by differentiation from an own precursor cell. Perivascular adipocytes surround most of the arteries, exhibiting a supportive role and being involved in the maintenance of intravascular temperature. Thoracic perivascular adipocytes resemble brown adipocytes, while abdominal ones are more similar to white adipocytes and, consequently, are involved in obesity-induced inflammatory reactions. The factors involved in the regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation may represent potential pathways to inhibit or to divert adipogenesis. Several molecules, such as pro-adipogenic factors (FGF21, BMP7, BMP8b, and Cox-2), cell surface proteins or receptors (Asc-1, PAT2, P2RX5), and hypothalamic receptors (MC4R) have been identified as the most promising targets for the development of future therapies. Further investigations are necessary to complete the knowledge about adipose tissue and the development of a new generation of therapeutic tools based on molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grigoraş
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania; Department of Histopathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania; Department of Histopathology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Raluca Anca Balan
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Simona Eliza Giuşcă
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Elena Roxana Avădănei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Ludmila Lozneanu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina-Draga Căruntu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
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103
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Didekhani R, Sohrabi MR, Seyedjafari E, Soleimani M, Hanaee-Ahvaz H. Electrospun composite PLLA/Oyster shell scaffold enhances proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Biologicals 2018; 54:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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104
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Alzahrani MM, Makhdom AM, Rauch F, Lauzier D, Kotsiopriftis M, Ghadakzadeh S, Hamdy RC. Assessment of the effect of systemic delivery of sclerostin antibodies on Wnt signaling in distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2018. [PMID: 28647818 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin is a known inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway which is involved in osteogenesis and, when inactivated, stimulates bone formation. To our knowledge, this effect has not been studied in the context of distraction osteogenesis (DO). Tibial DO was conducted on a total of 24 wild-type mice, which were then divided into 2 groups-a saline injection group (control) and an anti-sclerostin (Scl-Ab) injection group (treatment). The mice in the treatment group received 100 mg/kg intravenous injections of the antibody weekly until killing. The 12 mice in each group were subdivided into four time points according to post-osteotomy time of killing-11 days (mid-distraction), 17 days (late distraction), 34 days (mid-consolidation) and 51 days (late consolidation), with 3 mice per subgroup. After killing, the tibia specimens were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Our results show that the group injected with anti-sclerostin had an earlier peak (day 11) in the distraction phase of the osteogenic molecules involved in the Wnt signaling pathway in comparison to the placebo group. In addition, downregulation of the inhibitors of this pathway was noted in the treatment group when compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, LRP-5 showed a significant increase in expression in the treatment group. Sclerostin inhibition has a significant effect on the DO process through its effect on the Wnt pathway. This effect was evident through the decreased effect of sclerostin on LRP-5 and earlier upregulation of the osteogenic molecules involved in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Alzahrani
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asim M Makhdom
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank Rauch
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Lauzier
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Maria Kotsiopriftis
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Saber Ghadakzadeh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Reggie C Hamdy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
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105
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Docshin PM, Karpov AA, Eyvazova SD, Puzanov MV, Kostareva AA, Galagudza MM, Malashicheva AB. Activation of Cardiac Stem Cells in Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x18030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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106
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de Araújo Farias V, Carrillo-Gálvez AB, Martín F, Anderson P. TGF-β and mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine, autoimmunity and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 43:25-37. [PMID: 29954665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine and for the treatment of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Importantly, MSCs have emerged as an important contributor to the tumor stroma with both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. However, the successful translation of MSCs to the clinic and the prevention of their tumorigenic and metastatic effect require a greater understanding of factors controlling their proliferation, differentiation, migration and immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo. The transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1, 2 and 3 are involved in almost every aspect of MSC function. The aim of this review is to highlight the roles that TGF-β play in the biology and therapeutic applications of MSCs. We will discuss the how TGF-β modulate MSC function as well as the paracrine effects of MSC-derived TGF-β on other cell types in the context of tissue regeneration, immune responses and cancer. Finally, taking all these aspects into consideration we discuss how modulation of TGF-β signaling/production in MSCs could be of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínea de Araújo Farias
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO): Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalucian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Carrillo-Gálvez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO): Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalucian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO): Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalucian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Per Anderson
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO): Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalucian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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107
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Stem Cell and Obesity: Current State and Future Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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108
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Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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109
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Patel VS, Ete Chan M, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Marrow Adiposity and Hematopoiesis in Aging and Obesity: Exercise as an Intervention. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:105-115. [PMID: 29476393 PMCID: PMC5866776 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Changes in the bone marrow microenvironment, which accompany aging and obesity, including increased marrow adiposity, can compromise hematopoiesis. Here, we review deleterious shifts in molecular, cellular, and tissue activity and consider the potential of exercise to slow degenerative changes associated with aging and obesity. RECENT FINDINGS While bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are increased in frequency and myeloid-biased with age, the effect of obesity on HSC proliferation and differentiation remains controversial. HSC from both aged and obese environment have reduced hematopoietic reconstitution capacity following bone marrow transplant. Increased marrow adiposity affects HSC function, causing upregulation of myelopoiesis and downregulation of lymphopoiesis. Exercise, in contrast, can reduce marrow adiposity and restore hematopoiesis. The impact of marrow adiposity on hematopoiesis is determined mainly through correlations. Mechanistic studies are needed to determine a causative relationship between marrow adiposity and declines in hematopoiesis, which could aid in developing treatments for conditions that arise from disruptions in the marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vihitaben S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580, USA
| | - M Ete Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580, USA.
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110
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Abstract
From its discovery in the late nineteenth century, as a 'complement' to the cellular immune response, the complement system has been widely affirmed as a powerful controller of innate and adaptive immune responses. In recent decades however, new roles for complement have been discovered, with multiple complement proteins now known to function in a broad array of non-immune systems. This includes during development, where complement exerts control over stem cell populations from fertilization and implantation throughout embryogenesis and beyond post-natal development. It is involved in processes as diverse as cell localisation, tissue morphogenesis, and the growth and refinement of the brain. Such physiological actions of complement have also been described in adult stem cell populations, with roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. With such a broad range of complement functions now described, it is likely that current research only describes a fraction of the full reach of complement proteins. Here, we review how complement control of physiological cell processes has been harnessed in stem cell populations throughout both development and in adult physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susanna Mantovani
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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111
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Elbaghdady HAM, Alwaili MA, El-Demerdash RS. Amelioration of cadmium-induced testes' damage in rats by the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:763-769. [PMID: 29182986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds are highly toxic to virtually all organ systems of the mammals. Cd-induced testicular injuries have been reported in various animal species, using different protocols. The self-renewal capacity and the ability to generate different specialized cell types make the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) one of the ideal choices for restoring tissue damages of various etiologies. The use of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) is among the most recent strategies to repair the Cd-induced testicular damage, but empirical studies in this regard are largely missing. Keeping in view the CD-induced testicular damage and the suggested restorative functions of BM-MSCs, the objectives of the current study were twofold: to induce testicular injury in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) 2mg/kg Cd injection; and to study the reparative potential of BM-MSCs in Cd-induced testicular damage in adult male rats. The SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10 each): control (untreated), Cd-group (i.p. 2mg/kg Cd), and Cd+SC group (i.p. 2mg/kg Cd plus two intravenous doses of 1 × 106 BM-MSCs via penile vein). After four weeks, Cd-group showed a significantly lower (p < 0.05) weight-gain, sperm count, and sperm viability, as well as led to testicular atrophy, necrosis, fibrosis, calcification, and marked perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, as compared to the untreated controls. As hypothesized, the rats exposed to Cd, but treated with BM-MSCs (Cd+SC group), showed a lesser degree of Cd-induced damage. In conclusion, the findings of current investigation indicate a reversal of Cd-induced testicular injury by BM-MSCs. The study supports the previously suggested notion that BM-MSCs can repair the Cd-induced testes' damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Allah M Elbaghdady
- Zoology Department, Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Princes Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maha A Alwaili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Princes Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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112
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Chen MJ, Whiteley JP, Please CP, Schwab A, Ehlicke F, Waters SL, Byrne HM. Inducing chondrogenesis in MSC/chondrocyte co-cultures using exogenous TGF-β: a mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2018; 439:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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113
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cell Fate Decision to Osteoblast or Adipocyte and Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020360. [PMID: 29370110 PMCID: PMC5855582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and degraded bone microstructure, which leads to increased bone fragility and risks of bone fracture. Osteoporosis is generally age related and has become a major disease of the world. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis and developing effective prevention and therapy methods has great significance for human health. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, or chondrocytes, and have become the favorite source of cell-based therapy. Evidence shows that during osteoporosis, a shift of the cell differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes rather than osteoblasts partly contributes to osteoporosis. Thus, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of the osteoblast or adipocyte differentiation of MSCs will provide more understanding of MSCs and perhaps new methods of osteoporosis treatment. The MSCs have been applied to both preclinical and clinical studies in osteoporosis treatment. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating osteoblast differentiation and adipocyte differentiation of MSCs and highlight the therapeutic application studies of MSCs in osteoporosis treatment. This will provide researchers with new insights into the development and treatment of osteoporosis.
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114
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Shen H, Lin H, Sun AX, Song S, Zhang Z, Dai J, Tuan RS. Chondroinductive factor-free chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in graphene oxide-incorporated hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:908-917. [PMID: 32254371 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02172k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials have been applied as biomaterials to enhance stem cell adhesion, growth and differentiation by serving as nanocarriers for growth factors or other small molecules. However, the direct effect of graphene oxide (GO) itself on stem cells, in the absence of exogenous differentiation inductive factors, has not been tested. In this study, we loaded GO nanosheets and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) into a photopolymerizable poly-d,l-lactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PDLLA) hydrogel, a robust chondrosupportive scaffold recently developed in our laboratory, and assessed hBMSC differentiation along the chondrogenic lineage without supplemental chondroinductive factors. We first examined the effect of GO incorporation on the mechanical properties of constructs, and observed that the GO-containing constructs (GO/PDLLA) exhibited enhanced compressive modulus in a GO concentration dependent manner. hBMSCs cultured in GO/PDLLA maintained high cell viability (>95%), indicating minimal cytotoxicity of GO. Importantly, compared to those encapsulated in PDLLA hydrogel, hBMSCs within GO/PDLLA showed significantly higher level of gene expression of the cartilage matrix genes, aggrecan and collagen type II, and produced more cartilage matrix. In addition, the pro-chondrogenesis effect of GO increased with increasing GO concentration. Immunohistochemical results suggested that GO-enhanced hBMSC chondrogenesis was correlated with enriched sequestration of insulin, a necessary supplement known to have pro-chondrogenesis effects on hBMSC. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the utility of using GO to improve the mechanical properties and chondrogenic differentiation state of MSC-laden, engineered hydrogel constructs, without the use of exogenous growth factors, thus representing a potentially promising, biologics-free approach for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Shen
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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115
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The utility of stem cells in pediatric urinary bladder regeneration. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:258-266. [PMID: 28915233 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with a neurogenic urinary bladder, caused by developmental abnormalities including spina bifida, exhibit chronic urological problems. Surgical management in the form of enterocystoplasty is used to enlarge the bladder, but is associated with significant clinical complications. Thus, alternative methods to enterocystoplasty have been explored through the incorporation of stem cells with tissue engineering strategies. Within the context of this review, we will examine the use of bone marrow stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as they relate to bladder regeneration at the anatomic and molecular levels. The use of bone marrow stem cells has demonstrated significant advances in bladder tissue regeneration as multiple aspects of bladder tissue have been recapitulated including the urothelium, bladder smooth muscle, vasculature, and peripheral nerves. iPSCs, on the other hand, have been well characterized and used in multiple tissue-regenerative settings, yet iPSC research is still in its infancy with regards to bladder tissue regeneration with recent studies describing the differentiation of iPSCs to the bladder urothelium. Finally, we examine the role of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling cascade that mediates the proliferative response during regeneration between bladder smooth muscle and urothelium. Taken together, this review provides a current, comprehensive perspective on bladder regeneration.
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116
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Long non-coding RNA BDNF-AS modulates osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 445:59-65. [PMID: 29247276 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For patients with osteoporosis, the inability of osteogenic differentiation is the key reason for bone loss. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of long non-coding RNA BDNF-AS in mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteogenic differentiation. Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were cultured in vitro and induced toward osteogenic differentiation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate gene expressions of BDNF-AS and BDNF during osteogenic differentiation. BMMSCs were also extracted from ovariectomized (OVX) mice. The dynamic change of BDNF-AS in OVX-derived BMMSCs during osteogenic differentiation was also evaluated. Lentivirus was used to upregulate BDNF-AS in BMMSCs. The effects of BDNF-AS upregulation on BMMSCs' proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were then evaluated. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blot were applied to further examine the effect of BDNF-AS upregulation on osteogenesis-associated signaling pathways, including BDNF, OPN, and Runx2, in osteogenic differentiation. BDNF-AS was downregulated, whereas BDNF was upregulated in osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. Among OVX-derived BMMSCs, BDNF-AS expression was upregulated during osteogenic differentiation. Lentivirus-induced BDNF-AS upregulation promoted BMMSCs self-proliferation but inhibited osteogenic differentiation, as demonstrated by proliferation, alizarin red staining, and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively. QRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that BDNF, OPN, and Runx2 were downregulated by BDNF-AS upregulation in the differentiated BMMSCs. BDNF-AS is dynamically regulated in osteogenic differentiation. Upregulating BDNF-AS inhibits osteogenesis, possibly through inverse regulation on BDNF and osteogenic signaling pathways.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for more deaths globally than any other single disease. There are on average 1.5 million episodes of myocardial infarction (heart attack) each year in the United States alone with roughly one-third resulting in death. There is therefore a major need for developing new and effective strategies to promote cardiac repair. Intramyocardial transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a leading contender in the pursuit of clinical intervention and therapy. MSCs are potent mediators of cardiac repair and are therefore an attractive tool in the development of preclinical and clinical trials. MSCs are capable of secreting a large array of soluble factors, which have had demonstrated effects on pathogenic cardiac remolding, fibrosis, immune activation, and cardiac stem cell proliferation within the damaged heart. MSCs are also capable of differentiation into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, although the relative contribution of trilineage differentiation and paracrine effectors on cardiac repair remains the subject of active investigation.
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118
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Assis HA, Elert NC, Azevedo ALBP, Braga IS, Serakides R, de Melo Ocarino N, de Goes AM, de Paula Careta F, Paneto GG, da Silva AMA, Boeloni JN. Dose-dependent effect of triiodothyronine on the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow of female rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 70:89-100. [PMID: 29105086 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Verify the in-vitro effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the chondrogenic differentiation of female rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) over several time periods and at several doses. METHODS CD54 + /CD73 + /CD90 + BMMSCs from Wistar female rats were cultured in chondrogenic medium with or without T3 (0.01; 1; 100; 1000 nm). At seven, 14 and 21 days, the cell morphology, chondrogenic matrix formation and expression of Sox9 and collagen II were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS The dose of 100 nm did not alter the parameters evaluated in any of the periods studied. However, the 0.01 nm T3 dose improved the chondrogenic potential by increasing the chondrogenic matrix formation and expression of Sox9 and collagen II in at least one of the evaluated periods; the 1 nm T3 dose also improved the chondrogenic potential by increasing the chondrogenic matrix formation and the expression of collagen II in at least one of the evaluated periods. The 1000 nm T3 dose improved the chondrogenic potential by increasing the chondrogenic matrix formation and Sox9 expression in at least one of the evaluated periods. CONCLUSIONS T3 has a dose-dependent effect on the differentiation of BMMSCs from female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higor A Assis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Nathalia C Elert
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - André Luiz B P Azevedo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Iolanda S Braga
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Núcleo de Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular (NCT-TCA), Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Núcleo de Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular (NCT-TCA), Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M de Goes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco de Paula Careta
- Departamento de Farmácia e Nutrição, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde (CCENS) da UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Greiciane G Paneto
- Departamento de Farmácia e Nutrição, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde (CCENS) da UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Adriana M A da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Jankerle N Boeloni
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias (CCAE) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Withers CN, Brown DM, Byiringiro I, Allen MR, Condon KW, Satin J, Andres DA. Rad GTPase is essential for the regulation of bone density and bone marrow adipose tissue in mice. Bone 2017; 103:270-280. [PMID: 28732776 PMCID: PMC6886723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The small GTP-binding protein Rad (RRAD, Ras associated with diabetes) is the founding member of the RGK (Rad, Rem, Rem2, and Gem/Kir) family that regulates cardiac voltage-gated Ca2+ channel function. However, its cellular and physiological functions outside of the heart remain to be elucidated. Here we report that Rad GTPase function is required for normal bone homeostasis in mice, as Rad deletion results in significantly lower bone mass and higher bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) levels. Dynamic histomorphometry in vivo and primary calvarial osteoblast assays in vitro demonstrate that bone formation and osteoblast mineralization rates are depressed, while in vitro osteoclast differentiation is increased, in the absence of Rad. Microarray analysis revealed that canonical osteogenic gene expression (Runx2, osterix, etc.) is not altered in Rad-/- calvarial osteoblasts; instead robust up-regulation of matrix Gla protein (MGP, +11-fold), an inhibitor of extracellular matrix mineralization and a protein secreted during adipocyte differentiation, was observed. Strikingly, Rad deficiency also resulted in significantly higher marrow adipose tissue levels in vivo and promoted spontaneous in vitro adipogenesis of primary calvarial osteoblasts. Adipogenic differentiation of wildtype calvarial osteoblasts resulted in the loss of endogenous Rad protein, further supporting a role for Rad in the control of BMAT levels. These findings reveal a novel in vivo function for Rad and establish a role for Rad signaling in the complex physiological control of skeletal homeostasis and bone marrow adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N Withers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, BBSRB, 741 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Drew M Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
| | - Innocent Byiringiro
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
| | - Keith W Condon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
| | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, BBSRB, 741 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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121
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Effect of Co-incubation with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Cultural Medium on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide-Based Scaffolds. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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122
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Campbell TM, Churchman SM, Gomez A, McGonagle D, Conaghan PG, Ponchel F, Jones E. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Alterations in Bone Marrow Lesions in Patients With Hip Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1648-59. [PMID: 26866940 PMCID: PMC4941540 DOI: 10.1002/art.39622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are intimately linked to disease progression. We hypothesized that aberrant multipotential stromal cell (also known as mesenchymal stem cell [MSC]) responses within bone tissue contributes to BML pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to investigate BML and non‐BML native subchondral bone MSCs for numeric, topographic, in vitro functional, and gene expression differences. Methods Ex vivo 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the femoral heads of 20 patients with hip OA was performed. MRI‐determined BML and non‐BML regions were excised and enzymatically treated to extract cells and quantify MSCs using flow cytometry and colony‐forming unit–fibroblast (CFU‐F) assay. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine in vivo CD271+ MSC distribution. Culture‐expanded CD271+ cells were analyzed for tripotentiality and gene expression. Results BML regions were associated with greater trabecular bone area and cartilage damage compared with non‐BML regions. The proportion of CD45−CD271+ MSCs was higher in BML regions compared with non‐BML regions (median difference 5.6‐fold; P < 0.001); the CFU‐F assay showed a similar trend (median difference 4.3‐fold; P = 0.013). Immunohistochemistry revealed CD271+ cell accumulation in bone adjacent to cartilage defects and areas of osteochondral angiogenesis. BML MSCs had lower proliferation and mineralization capacities in vitro and altered expression of TNFSF11/RANKL and CXCR4/stromal cell–derived factor 1 receptor. OA MSCs showed up‐regulated transcripts for CXCR1 and CCR6 compared with MSCs derived from healthy or osteoporotic bone. Conclusion This study is the first to show numeric and topographic alterations in native MSCs in the diseased bone of patients with hip OA. Given the associated functional perturbation of MSCs, these data suggest that subchondral bone MSC manipulation may be an OA treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M Churchman
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
| | - Alejandro Gomez
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
| | - Frederique Ponchel
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
| | - Elena Jones
- University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
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123
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Ding Z, Han H, Fan Z, Lu H, Sang Y, Yao Y, Cheng Q, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Nanoscale Silk-Hydroxyapatite Hydrogels for Injectable Bone Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16913-16921. [PMID: 28471165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogel systems are important bone substitutes for regeneration because of their handling properties and the ability to fill irregular defects. Silk-hydroxyapatite composite materials with silk nanofibers in hydrogels were prepared and used as biomaterials for osteogenesis. These thixotropic silk nanofiber hydrogels and water-dispersible silk-HA nanoparticles were blended to form injectable nanoscale systems with a homogeneous distribution of a high HA content [60% (w/w)] to imitate bone niche. A modulus of ∼21 kPa was also achieved following the addition of HA in the systems, providing physical cues to induce osteodifferentiation. The composite hydrogels supported improved osteogenesis compared to that with silk nanofiber hydrogels. The newly formed bone tissue and bone defect healing were detected after implantation of the silk-HA composite hydrogels, suggesting utility for the regeneration of irregular bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Ding
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Han
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghuan Sang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Yao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Schneider AK, Cama G, Ghuman M, Hughes FJ, Gharibi B. Sprouty 2
, an Early Response Gene Regulator of FosB
and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation During Mechanical Loading and Osteogenic Differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2606-2614. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kristin Schneider
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics; Dental Institute; King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Giuseppe Cama
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics; Dental Institute; King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Mandeep Ghuman
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics; Dental Institute; King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Francis J. Hughes
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics; Dental Institute; King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT UK
| | - Borzo Gharibi
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics; Dental Institute; King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital; London SE1 9RT UK
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Talbot J, Brion R, Lamora A, Mullard M, Morice S, Heymann D, Verrecchia F. Connexin43 intercellular communication drives the early differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:946-957. [PMID: 28369869 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been demonstrated that human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) express the ubiquitous connexin43 (Cx43) and form functional gap junctions, their role in the early differentiation of hBMSCs into osteoblasts remains poorly documented. Using in vitro assays, we show that Cx43 expression and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) are increased during the differentiation of hBMSCs into osteoblasts, both at the protein and mRNA levels. Two independent procedures to reduce GJIC, a pharmacological approach with GJIC inhibitors (18α-glycyrrhetinic acid and Gap27 peptide) and a molecular approach using small interfering RNA against Cx43, demonstrated that the presence of Cx43 and functional junctional channels are essential to the ability of hBMSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro. In addition, a reduced GJIC decreases the expression of Runx2, the major transcription factor implicated in the control of osteoblast commitment and early differentiation of hBMSCs into osteoblasts, suggesting that GJIC mediated by Cx43 is implicated in this process. Together our results demonstrate that GJIC mediated by the Cx43 channels plays a central role throughout the differentiation of hBMSC into osteoblasts, from the early stages to the process of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France.,CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Lamora
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France.,CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Mullard
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Sarah Morice
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,CHU, Nantes, France.,Department of Oncology and metabolism, INSERM European Associated Laboratory, University of Sheffield, Shefflied, UK
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 957, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
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Ju H, Lee S, Lee J, Ghil S. Necdin modulates osteogenic cell differentiation by regulating Dlx5 and MAGE-D1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:109-115. [PMID: 28528976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cells that also differentiate into adipocytes, myoblasts, chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Osteogenic differentiation involves diverse regulatory proteins, including transcription and growth factors. Neurally differentiated embryonal carcinoma-derived protein (Necdin) has been identified as a key regulator of cell differentiation in various tissues, including neuronal, adipose, and muscular tissues; although its role in bone tissue remains to be established. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of Necdin in osteogenic differentiation. Our experiments revealed high expression of Necdin during osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, both transient and stable expression of Necdin induced osteoblast-specific markers in an osteogenic cell line through formation of a complex with melanoma-associated antigen D1 (MAGE-D1) and distal-less Homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and Runx2 promoter activation. Necdin expression was further associated with suppression of both cell proliferation and death in osteoblasts. Our results suggest that Necdin plays roles in cellular differentiation, proliferation and death in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Ju
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyong Lee
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea.
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Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate-Enhanced Marrow Stimulation of Chondral Defects. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1609685. [PMID: 28607559 PMCID: PMC5451778 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1609685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow play a critical role in osteochondral repair. A bone marrow clot forms within the cartilage defect either as a result of marrow stimulation or during the course of the spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects. Mobilized pluripotent MSCs from the subchondral bone migrate into the defect filled with the clot, differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and form a repair tissue over time. The additional application of a bone marrow aspirate (BMA) to the procedure of marrow stimulation is thought to enhance cartilage repair as it may provide both an additional cell population capable of chondrogenesis and a source of growth factors stimulating cartilage repair. Moreover, the BMA clot provides a three-dimensional environment, possibly further supporting chondrogenesis and protecting the subchondral bone from structural alterations. The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap in our understanding between the basic science knowledge on MSCs and BMA and the clinical and technical aspects of marrow stimulation-based cartilage repair by examining available data on the role and mechanisms of MSCs and BMA in osteochondral repair. Implications of findings from both translational and clinical studies using BMA concentrate-enhanced marrow stimulation are discussed.
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128
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Basoli V, Santaniello S, Cruciani S, Ginesu GC, Cossu ML, Delitala AP, Serra PA, Ventura C, Maioli M. Melatonin and Vitamin D Interfere with the Adipogenic Fate of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050981. [PMID: 28475114 PMCID: PMC5454894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) represent one of the cellular populations resident in adipose tissue. They can be recruited under certain stimuli and committed to become preadipocytes, and then mature adipocytes. Controlling stem cell differentiation towards the adipogenic phenotype could have a great impact on future drug development aimed at counteracting fat depots. Stem cell commitment can be influenced by different molecules, such as melatonin, which we have previously shown to be an osteogenic inducer. Here, we aimed at evaluating the effects elicited by melatonin, even in the presence of vitamin D, on ADSC adipogenesis assessed in a specific medium. The transcription of specific adipogenesis orchestrating genes, such as aP2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and that of adipocyte-specific genes, including lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (ACOT2), was significantly inhibited in cells that had been treated in the presence of melatonin and vitamin D, alone or in combination. Protein content and lipid accumulation confirmed a reduction in adipogenesis in ADSCs that had been grown in adipogenic conditions, but in the presence of melatonin and/or vitamin D. Our findings indicate the role of melatonin and vitamin D in deciding stem cell fate, and disclose novel therapeutic approaches against fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Basoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via Massarenti, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sara Santaniello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via Massarenti, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giorgio Carlo Ginesu
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Cossu
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | | | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming (CEDEBIOR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via Massarenti, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo VillaMaria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation, Via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via Massarenti, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo VillaMaria and Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation, Via Provinciale per Cotignola 9, 48022 Lugo, Ravenna, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
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Shearer JJ, Figueiredo Neto M, Umbaugh CS, Figueiredo ML. In Vivo Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic Alters Differentiation-Specific Gene Expression of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in C57BL/6J Mouse Model. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:172-182. [PMID: 28206643 PMCID: PMC5837658 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapeutic modalities has grown in recent years. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs) can be isolated and expanded relatively easily as compared with their bone-marrow counterparts, making them a particularly promising source of MSCs. And although the biological mechanisms surrounding ASCs are actively being investigated, little is known about the effects that in vivo environmental exposures might have on their ability to properly differentiate. Therefore, we hypothesized that ASCs isolated from mice exposed to inorganic arsenic (iAs) would have an altered response towards adipogenic, osteogenic, and/or chondrogenic differentiation. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6J male mice were provided drinking water containing 0, 300, or 1000 ppb iAs. ASCs were then isolated and differentiated, which was assessed by immunocytochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results showed that total urinary arsenic equilibrated within 1 week of exposure to iAs and was maintained throughout the study. ASCs isolated from each exposure group maintained differentiation capabilities for each lineage. The magnitude of differentiation-specific gene expression, however, appeared to be concentration dependent. For osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, differentiation-specific gene expression decreased, whereas adipogenesis showed a biphasic response with an initial decrease followed by an increase in adipogenic-related gene expression following iAs exposure. These results suggest that the level in which differentiation-specific genes are induced within these stromal cells might be sensitive to environmental contaminants. These findings highlight the need to take into account potential environmental exposures prior to selecting stromal cell donors, so ASCs can achieve optimal efficiency in regenerative therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Shearer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Manoel Figueiredo Neto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - C. Samuel Umbaugh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Marxa L. Figueiredo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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130
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Lee JW, An H, Lee KY. Introduction of N-cadherin-binding motif to alginate hydrogels for controlled stem cell differentiation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:229-237. [PMID: 28432956 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Control of stem cell fate and phenotype using biomimetic synthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) is an important tissue engineering approach. Many studies have focused on improving cell-matrix interactions. However, proper control of cell-cell interactions using synthetic ECMs could be critical for tissue engineering, especially with undifferentiated stem cells. In this study, alginate hydrogels were modified with a peptide derived from the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), which is known to bind to N-cadherin, as a cell-cell interaction motif. In vitro changes in the morphology and differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (D1 stem cells) cultured in LRP5-alginate hydrogels were investigated. LRP5-alginate gels successfully induced stem cell aggregation and enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of D1 stem cells, compared to RGD-alginate gels, at low cell density. This approach to tailoring synthetic biomimetic ECMs using cell-cell interaction motifs may be critical in tissue engineering approaches using stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseok An
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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131
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van de Peppel J, Strini T, Tilburg J, Westerhoff H, van Wijnen AJ, van Leeuwen JP. Identification of Three Early Phases of Cell-Fate Determination during Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation by Transcription Factor Dynamics. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:947-960. [PMID: 28344004 PMCID: PMC5390132 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related skeletal degeneration in patients with osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mass and occurs concomitant with an increase in bone marrow adipocytes. Using microarray expression profiling with high temporal resolution, we identified gene regulatory events in early stages of osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Data analysis revealed three distinct phases when cells adopt a committed expression phenotype: initiation of differentiation (0-3 hr, phase I), lineage acquisition (6-24 hr, phase II), and early lineage progression (48-96 hr, phase III). Upstream regulator analysis identified 34 transcription factors (TFs) in phase I with a role in hMSC differentiation. Interestingly, expression levels of identified TFs did not always change and indicate additional post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Functional analysis revealed that forced expression of IRF2 enhances osteogenic differentiation. Thus, IRF2 and other early-responder TFs may control osteogenic cell fate of MSCs and should be considered in mechanistic models that clarify bone-anabolic changes during clinical progression of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van de Peppel
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja Strini
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Tilburg
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Systems Biology, MCISB, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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132
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Retinoic acid exacerbates chlorpyrifos action in ensuing adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T½ cells in a GSK3β dependent pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173031. [PMID: 28291828 PMCID: PMC5349446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell differentiation can be exploited as a paradigm to evaluate the effects of noxious chemicals, on human health, either alone or in combinations. In this regard, the effect of a known cell differentiation agent, retinoic acid (RA) was analyzed in the presence of a noxious chemical chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate (OP), the receptors of which have recently been localized to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The observed imbalance of adipogenic to skeletal differentiation by CPF together with conundrum about adipogenic potential of RA prompted us to delineate their combinatorial effects on C3H10T½MSC-like undifferentiated cells. Based on MTT assay, the cellular viability was retained by CPF at concentrations ranging from 0.01–50μM, beyond which it caused cytotoxicity. These non-toxic concentrations also mildly interfered with adipogenesis of C3H10T½ cells following exposure to adipogenic cocktail. However, upon exposure to RA alone, these MSCs adopted elongated morphology and accumulated lipid vesicles, by day 20, as discerned by phase-contrast and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in concert with enhanced Oil Red O stained cells. This effect got strongly augmented upon exposure to combination of CPF and RA in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous up-regulation in perilipin-1 (PLIN1) and adipsin (ADN) genes, additionally reiterated the adipogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, GSK3β pathway was found to be a major player, whereby inhibiting it with lithium chloride (LiCl) resulted in complete blockage of lipid accumulation, accompanied by complete down regulation of PLIN1 and ADN gene expression. In conclusion, these observations for the first time, lend evidence that exposure of CPF accompanied by RA directs commitment of C3H10T½ cells to adipogenic differentiation through a process involving a crosstalk at GSK3β signaling.
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Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cardiovascular Regeneration: From Cell Priming to Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3945403. [PMID: 28303152 PMCID: PMC5337882 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3945403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of death among chronic diseases worldwide is ischemic cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Recent evidence indicates that adult stem cell therapies involving cardiovascular regeneration represent promising strategies to treat cardiovascular diseases. Owing to their immunomodulatory properties and vascular repair capabilities, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are strong candidate therapeutic stem cells for use in cardiovascular regeneration. However, major limitations must be overcome, including their very low survival rate in ischemic lesion. Various attempts have been made to improve the poor survival and longevity of engrafted MSCs. In order to develop novel therapeutic strategies, it is necessary to first identify stem cell modulators for intracellular signal triggering or niche activation. One promising therapeutic strategy is the priming of therapeutic MSCs with stem cell modulators before transplantation. Another is a tissue engineering-based therapeutic strategy involving a cell scaffold, a cell-protein-scaffold architecture made of biomaterials such as ECM or hydrogel, and cell patch- and 3D printing-based tissue engineering. This review focuses on the current clinical applications of MSCs for treating cardiovascular diseases and highlights several therapeutic strategies for promoting the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in vitro or in vivo from cell priming to tissue engineering strategies, for use in cardiovascular regeneration.
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Liu H, Xiong Y, Zhu X, Gao H, Yin S, Wang J, Chen G, Wang C, Xiang L, Wang P, Fang J, Zhang R, Yang L. Icariin improves osteoporosis, inhibits the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4 mRNA, N1ICD and jagged1 proteins, and increases Notch2 mRNA in ovariectomized rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1360-1368. [PMID: 28413478 PMCID: PMC5377361 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a pharmacologically active flavonoid glycoside that shows promise in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis (OP). However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-osteoporotic effects of ICA remain largely unclear. The present study used quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis to examine the effects of ICA on several key targets in the Notch signaling pathway in bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. It was observed that ICA has a pronounced beneficial effect on OP rats and inhibits the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) mRNA. In addition, it was identified that ICA downregulates the expression of notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) and Jagged1 proteins in bone tissue, and suppresses the effect of N1ICD on Notch2 mRNA expression. It is proposed that ICA inhibits the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes by inhibiting the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and FABP4 mRNA via the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, it is proposed that ICA inhibits the expression of Notch2 mRNA by suppressing the effect of N1ICD. In conclusion, the results provide further mechanistic evidence for the clinical efficacy of ICA in the treatment of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yingquan Xiong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jiefang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Chaopeng Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ji Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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135
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The Signaling Pathways Involved in Chondrocyte Differentiation and Hypertrophic Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2470351. [PMID: 28074096 PMCID: PMC5198191 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2470351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes communicate with each other mainly via diffusible signals rather than direct cell-to-cell contact. The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is well regulated by the interactions of varieties of growth factors, cytokines, and signaling molecules. A number of critical signaling molecules have been identified to regulate the differentiation of chondrocyte from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation of hypertrophic chondrocytes, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), SRY-related high-mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), and β-catenin. Except for these molecules, other factors such as adenosine, O2 tension, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also have a vital role in cartilage formation and chondrocyte maturation. Here, we outlined the complex transcriptional network and the function of key factors in this network that determine and regulate the genetic program of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.
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136
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Morrison KA, Cohen BP, Asanbe O, Dong X, Harper A, Bonassar LJ, Spector JA. Optimizing cell sourcing for clinical translation of tissue engineered ears. Biofabrication 2016; 9:015004. [PMID: 27917821 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background . Currently, the major impediment to clinical translation of our previously described platform for the fabrication of high fidelity, patient-specific tissue engineered ears is the development of a clinically optimal cell sourcing strategy. A limited autologous auricular chondrocyte (AuC) supply in conjunction with rapid chondrocyte de-differentiation during in vitro expansion currently makes clinical translation more challenging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer significant promise due to their inherent chondrogenic potential, and large availability through minimally invasive procedures. Herein, we demonstrate the promise of AuC/MSC co-culture to fabricate elastic cartilage using 50% fewer AuC than standard approaches. METHODS Bovine auricular chondrocytes (bAuC) and bovine MSC (bMSC) were encapsulated within 10 mg ml-1 type I collagen hydrogels in ratios of bAuC:bMSC 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 at a density of 25 million cells ml-1 hydrogel. One mm thick collagen sheet gels were fabricated, and thereafter, 8 mm diameter discs were extracted using a biopsy punch. Discs were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsa of nude mice (NU/NU) and harvested after 1 and 3 months. RESULTS Gross analysis of explanted discs revealed bAuC:bMSC co-culture discs maintained their size and shape, and exhibited native auricular cartilage-like elasticity after 1 and 3 months of implantation. Co-culture discs developed into auricular cartilage, with viable chondrocytes within lacunae, copious proteoglycan and elastic fiber deposition, and a distinct perichondrial layer. Biochemical analysis confirmed that co-culture discs deposited critical cartilage molecular components more readily than did both bAuC and bMSC discs after 1 and 3 months, and proteoglycan content significantly increased between 1 and 3 months. CONCLUSION We have successfully demonstrated an innovative cell sourcing strategy that facilitates our efforts to achieve clinical translation of our high fidelity, patient-specific ears for auricular reconstruction utilizing only half of the requisite auricular chondrocytes to fabricate mature elastic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Morrison
- Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Djouad F, Ipseiz N, Luz-Crawford P, Scholtysek C, Krönke G, Jorgensen C. PPARβ/δ: A master regulator of mesenchymal stem cell functions. Biochimie 2016; 136:55-58. [PMID: 27914902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as key regulators of physiological and immunological processes. Recently, one of their members PPARβ/δ has been identified as major player in the maintenance of bone homeostasis, by promoting Wnt signalling activity in osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). PPARβ/δ not only controls the fate of MSC but also regulates their immunosuppressive properties by directly modulating their NF-κB activity. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of PPARβ/δ provides an innovative strategy for an optimisation of MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Djouad
- Inserm U1183, Montpellier, F-34295, France; University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France.
| | - Natacha Ipseiz
- Cardiff University, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carina Scholtysek
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Inserm U1183, Montpellier, F-34295, France; University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France; Service d'Immuno-Rhumatologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, F-34295, France
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138
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Wang PY, Thissen H, Kingshott P. Modulation of human multipotent and pluripotent stem cells using surface nanotopographies and surface-immobilised bioactive signals: A review. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:31-59. [PMID: 27596488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the interactions of stem cells with synthetic surfaces is proving to be effective and essential for the quality of passaged stem cells and ultimately the success of regenerative medicine. The stem cell niche is crucial for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Thus, mimicking the stem cell niche, and here in particular the extracellular matrix (ECM), in vitro is an important goal for the expansion of stem cells and their applications. Here, surface nanotopographies and surface-immobilised biosignals have been identified as major factors that control stem cell responses. The development of tailored surfaces having an optimum nanotopography and displaying suitable biosignals is proposed to be essential for future stem cell culture, cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications. While early research in the field has been restricted by the limited availability of micro- and nanofabrication techniques, new approaches involving the use of advanced fabrication and surface immobilisation methods are starting to emerge. In addition, new cell types such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become available in the last decade, but have not been fully understood. This review summarises significant advances in the area and focuses on the approaches that are aimed at controlling the behavior of human stem cells including maintenance of their self-renewal ability and improvement of their lineage commitment using nanotopographies and biosignals. More specifically, we discuss developments in biointerface science that are an important driving force for new biomedical materials and advances in bioengineering aiming at improving stem cell culture protocols and 3D scaffolds for clinical applications. Cellular responses revolve around the interplay between the surface properties of the cell culture substrate and the biomolecular composition of the cell culture medium. Determination of the precise role played by each factor, as well as the synergistic effects amongst the factors, all of which influence stem cell responses is essential for future developments. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the design of complex material surfaces aimed at being the next generation of tools tailored for applications in cell culture and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This review focuses on the effect of surface nanotopographies and surface-bound biosignals on human stem cells. Recently, stem cell research attracts much attention especially the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct lineage reprogramming. The fast advance of stem cell research benefits disease treatment and cell therapy. On the other hand, surface property of cell adhered materials has been demonstrated very important for in vitro cell culture and regenerative medicine. Modulation of cell behavior using surfaces is costeffective and more defined. Thus, we summarise the recent progress of modulation of human stem cells using surface science. We believe that this review will capture a broad audience interested in topographical and chemical patterning aimed at understanding complex cellular responses to biomaterials.
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139
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Shotorbani BB, Alizadeh E, Salehi R, Barzegar A. Adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to biomimetic polymers: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:1192-1200. [PMID: 27987676 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cell therapy due to the self-renewal, multi-potency, ethically approved state and suitability for autologous transplantation. However, key issue for isolation and manipulation of MSCs is adhesion in ex-vivo culture systems. Biomaterials engineered for mimicking natural extracellular matrix (ECM) conditions which support stem cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation represent a main area of research in tissue engineering. Some of them successfully enhanced cells adhesion and proliferation because of their biocompatibility, biomimetic texture, and chemistry. However, it is still in its infancy, therefore intensification and optimization of in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies is needed to clarify efficacies as well as applicability of those bioengineered constructs. The aim of this review is to discuss mechanisms related to the in-vitro adhesion of MSCs, surfaces biochemical, biophysical, and other factors (of cell's natural and artificial micro-environment) which could affect it and a review of previous research attempting for its bio-chemo-optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; The Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center (UCSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; The Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center (UCSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegar
- Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Di Luca A, Longoni A, Criscenti G, Mota C, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L. Toward mimicking the bone structure: design of novel hierarchical scaffolds with a tailored radial porosity gradient. Biofabrication 2016; 8:045007. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/4/045007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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141
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Keller V, Deiwick A, Pflaum M, Schlie-Wolter S. Correlation between ECM guidance and actin polymerization on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:339-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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142
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Ding Z, Fan Z, Huang X, Lu Q, Xu W, Kaplan DL. Silk-Hydroxyapatite Nanoscale Scaffolds with Programmable Growth Factor Delivery for Bone Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24463-70. [PMID: 27579921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoinductive biomaterials are attractive for repairing a variety of bone defects, and biomimetic strategies are useful toward developing bone scaffolds with such capacity. Here, a multiple biomimetic design was developed to improve the osteogenesis capacity of composite scaffolds consisting of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA) and silk fibroin (SF). SF nanofibers and water-dispersible HA nanoparticles were blended to prepare the nanoscaled composite scaffolds with a uniform distribution of HA with a high HA content (40%), imitating the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was loaded in the SF scaffolds and HA to tune BMP-2 release. In vitro studies showed the preservation of BMP-2 bioactivity in the composite scaffolds, and programmable sustained release was achieved through adjusting the ratio of BMP-2 loaded on SF and HA. In vitro and in vivo osteogenesis studies demonstrated that the composite scaffolds showed improved osteogenesis capacity under suitable BMP-2 release conditions, significantly better than that of BMP-2 loaded SF-HA composite scaffolds reported previously. Therefore, these biomimetic SF-HA nanoscaled scaffolds with tunable BMP-2 delivery provide preferable microenvironments for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Ding
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Weian Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Li J, Lee WYW, Wu T, Xu J, Zhang K, Hong Wong DS, Li R, Li G, Bian L. Near-infrared light-triggered release of small molecules for controlled differentiation and long-term tracking of stem cells in vivo using upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2016; 110:1-10. [PMID: 27693946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) hold considerable potential for regenerative medicine, but their application is limited by the lack of an efficient method to control differentiation and track the migration of implanted cells in vivo. In this study, we developed a multifunctional nanocarrier based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for controlling differentiation and long-term tracking of hMSCs. The UCNPs are conjugated with the peptide (Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp, CRGD) and the differentiation-inducing kartogenin (KGN) via a photocaged linker on the surface, and the obtained UCNP nanocarrier can be efficiently uptaken by hMSCs. Under the exposure of near-infrared (NIR) light, the upconverted UV emission from the UCNP nanocarrier leads to the photocleavage of the photocaged linker and intracellular release of KGN. The NIR-triggered release of KGN mediated by the UCNP nanocarrier efficiently induces chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs in vitro with reduced KGN dosage compared to the conventional protocol of directly supplementing KGN in the media. Furthermore, NIR irradiation through the skin of living animals induces the chondrogenic differentiation of the subcutaneously implanted hMSCs treated with the KGN-laden UCNP nanocarrier, thereby enhancing neocartilage formation in vivo. Finally, the luminescent UCNP nanocarrier enables the long-term tracking of the labeled hMSCs in vivo. We believe that our UCNP nanocarrier is a promising tool for the remote control of triggered delivery of inductive agents to stem cells at the prescribed time points and the elucidation of the function and the fate of the transplanted stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Li
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexter Siu Hong Wong
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China; Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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144
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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145
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Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Hindlimb Ischemia through Enhancing Angiogenesis in Tree Shrews. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9742034. [PMID: 27651800 PMCID: PMC5019942 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindlimb ischemia is still a clinical problem with high morbidity and mortality. Patients suffer from consequent rest pain, ulcers, cool limbs, and even amputation. Angiogenesis is a promising target for the treatment of ischemic limbs, providing extra blood for the ischemic region. In the present study, we investigated the role of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) in regulating angiogenesis and relieving hindlimb ischemia. UC-MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cord of tree shrews. Angiography results showed that UC-MSCs injection significantly promoted angiogenesis in tree shrews. Moreover, the ankle brachial index, transcutaneous oxygen pressure, blood perfusion, and capillary/muscle fiber ratio were all markedly increased by the application of UC-MSCs. In addition, the conditioned culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells using medium collected from UC-MSCs showed higher expression of angiogenic markers and improved migration ability. In short, the isolated UC-MSCs notably contributed to restoring blood supply and alleviating the symptoms of limb ischemia through enhancing angiogenesis.
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146
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Golpanian S, Wolf A, Hatzistergos KE, Hare JM. Rebuilding the Damaged Heart: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Cell-Based Therapy, and Engineered Heart Tissue. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1127-68. [PMID: 27335447 PMCID: PMC6345247 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are broadly distributed cells that retain postnatal capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. MSCs evade immune detection, secrete an array of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mediators, and very importantly activate resident precursors. These properties form the basis for the strategy of clinical application of cell-based therapeutics for inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine, administration of autologous or allogeneic MSCs in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy holds significant promise. Numerous preclinical studies of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy employing MSC-based therapy have demonstrated that the properties of reducing fibrosis, stimulating angiogenesis, and cardiomyogenesis have led to improvements in the structure and function of remodeled ventricles. Further attempts have been made to augment MSCs' effects through genetic modification and cell preconditioning. Progression of MSC therapy to early clinical trials has supported their role in improving cardiac structure and function, functional capacity, and patient quality of life. Emerging data have supported larger clinical trials that have been either completed or are currently underway. Mechanistically, MSC therapy is thought to benefit the heart by stimulating innate anti-fibrotic and regenerative responses. The mechanisms of action involve paracrine signaling, cell-cell interactions, and fusion with resident cells. Trans-differentiation of MSCs to bona fide cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels is also thought to occur, although at a nonphysiological level. Recently, MSC-based tissue engineering for cardiovascular disease has been examined with quite encouraging results. This review discusses MSCs from their basic biological characteristics to their role as a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Golpanian
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ariel Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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147
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Chondrogenesis by bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells grown in chondrocyte‐conditioned medium for auricular reconstruction. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2763-2773. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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148
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Scapin G, Bertalot T, Vicentini N, Gatti T, Tescari S, De Filippis V, Marega C, Menna E, Gasparella M, Parnigotto PP, Di Liddo R, Filippini F. Neuronal commitment of human circulating multipotent cells by carbon nanotube-polymer scaffolds and biomimetic peptides. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1929-46. [PMID: 27246559 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to set up a self-standing, biomimetic scaffold system able to induce and support per se neuronal differentiation of autologous multipotent cells. MATERIALS & METHODS We isolated a population of human circulating multipotent cells (hCMCs), and used carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite scaffolds to mimic electrical/nanotopographical features of the neural environment, and biomimetic peptides reproducing axon guidance cues from neural proteins. RESULTS hCMCs showed high degree of stemness and multidifferentiative potential; stimuli from the scaffolds and biomimetic peptides could induce and boost hCMC differentiation toward neuronal lineage despite the absence of exogenously added, specific growth factors. CONCLUSION This work suggests the scaffold-peptides system combined with autologous hCMCs as a functional biomimetic, self-standing prototype for neural regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scapin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Vicentini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Gatti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Tescari
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Marega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Menna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Gasparella
- Department of Woman & Child Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Tissue Engineering & Signaling ONLUS, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, 35030 Padua, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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149
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Rodríguez-Carballo E, Gámez B, Ventura F. p38 MAPK Signaling in Osteoblast Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27200351 PMCID: PMC4858538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a highly dynamic tissue whose structure relies on the balance between bone deposition and resorption. This equilibrium, which depends on osteoblast and osteoclast functions, is controlled by multiple factors that can be modulated post-translationally. Some of the modulators are Mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs), whose role has been studied in vivo and in vitro. p38-MAPK modifies the transactivation ability of some key transcription factors in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which affects their differentiation and function. Several commercially available inhibitors have helped to determine p38 action on these processes. Although it is frequently mentioned in the literature, this chemical approach is not always as accurate as it should be. Conditional knockouts are a useful genetic tool that could unravel the role of p38 in shaping the skeleton. In this review, we will summarize the state of the art on p38 activity during osteoblast differentiation and function, and emphasize the triggers of this MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Gámez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
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150
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Montemurro T, Viganò M, Ragni E, Barilani M, Parazzi V, Boldrin V, Lavazza C, Montelatici E, Banfi F, Lauri E, Giovanelli S, Baccarin M, Guerneri S, Giordano R, Lazzari L. Angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells from cord blood: soluble factors and extracellular vesicles for cell regeneration. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:228-38. [PMID: 27139721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent work, our group showed the existence of two distinct mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) subsets within human umbilical cord blood. One less proliferative and short-living (SL-CBMSC), the other with higher growth rate and long-living (LL-CBMSC), and therefore better suited for regenerative medicine applications. We examined whether LL-CBMSC possess peculiar paracrine properties able to affect angiogenesis or inflammatory processes. It was shown for the first time that pro-angiogenic, proliferation-stimulating and tissue repairing factors were released at high level not only as soluble cytokines, but also as mRNA precursors embedded in membrane vesicles. The combination of this primary (proteic factors interacting with surface receptors) and delayed (mRNA transferred and translated via vesicle fusion and cargo release) interaction in endothelial target cells resulted in strong blood vessel induction with the development of capillary-like structures. In addition, LL-CBMSC dynamically modulated their release of pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory factors in an in vitro model of damage. In conclusion, LL-CBMSC synthesize and secrete multiple factors that may be attuned in response to the status of the target cell, a crucial requisite when paracrine mechanisms are needed at onset of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montemurro
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariele Viganò
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Ragni
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parazzi
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Boldrin
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lavazza
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Montelatici
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Banfi
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lauri
- Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovanelli
- Milano Cord Blood Bank, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Baccarin
- Laboratorio Citogenetica e Genetica molecolare, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvana Guerneri
- Laboratorio Citogenetica e Genetica molecolare, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Giordano
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
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