101
|
Lorenzer C, Dirin M, Winkler AM, Baumann V, Winkler J. Going beyond the liver: progress and challenges of targeted delivery of siRNA therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 203:1-15. [PMID: 25660205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene silencing promises significant progress in pharmacotherapy, including considerable expansion of the druggable target space and the possibility for treating orphan diseases. Technological hurdles have complicated the efficient use of therapeutic oligonucleotides, and siRNA agents suffer particularly from insufficient pharmacokinetic properties and poor cellular uptake. Intense development and evolution of delivery systems have resulted in efficient uptake predominantly in liver tissue, in which practically all nanoparticulate and liposomal delivery systems show the highest accumulation. The most efficacious strategies include liposomes and bioconjugations with N-acetylgalactosamine. Both are in early clinical evaluation stages for treatment of liver-associated diseases. Approaches for achieving knockdown in other tissues and tumors have been proven to be more complicated. Selective targeting to tumors may be enabled through careful modulation of physical properties, such as particle size, or by taking advantage of specific targeting ligands. Significant barriers stand between sufficient accumulation in other organs, including endothelial barriers, cellular membranes, and the endosome. The brain, which is shielded by the blood-brain barrier, is of particular interest to facilitate efficient oligonucleotide therapy of neurological diseases. Transcytosis of the blood-brain barrier through receptor-specific docking is investigated to increase accumulation in the central nervous system. In this review, the current clinical status of siRNA therapeutics is summarized, as well as innovative and promising preclinical concepts employing tissue- and tumor-targeted ligands. The requirements and the respective advantages and drawbacks of bioconjugates and ligand-decorated lipid or polymeric particles are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lorenzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Dirin
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Baumann
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Mehrabadi FS, Hirsch O, Zeisig R, Posocco P, Laurini E, Pricl S, Haag R, Kemmner W, Calderón M. Structure–activity relationship study of dendritic polyglycerolamines for efficient siRNA transfection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10944b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure–activity relationship studies were performed through in vitro, in silico, and in vivo analysis in order to evaluate the gene transfection potential of dendritic polyglycerolamines with different amine loadings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Hirsch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
- 10587 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Reiner Zeisig
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology GmbH
- 13125 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Paola Posocco
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- DICAMP
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- DICAMP
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- DICAMP
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmner
- Translational Oncology
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center
- 13125 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Şahin B, Fife J, Parmar MB, Valencia-Serna J, Gul-Uludağ H, Jiang X, Weinfeld M, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. siRNA therapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells using polymeric carriers. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9382-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
104
|
The potential and advances in RNAi therapy: Chemical and structural modifications of siRNA molecules and use of biocompatible nanocarriers. J Control Release 2014; 193:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
105
|
Xue HY, Liu S, Wong HL. Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:295-312. [PMID: 24552562 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNAs have immense therapeutic potential for the treatment of various gene-related diseases ranging from cancer, viral infections and neuropathy to autoimmune diseases. However, their bench-to-bedside translation in recent years has faced several challenges, with inefficient siRNA delivery being one of the most frequently encountered issues. In order to improve the siRNA delivery especially for systemic treatment, nanocarriers made of polymers, lipids or inorganic materials have become almost essential. The 'negative' aspects of these carriers such as their nanotoxicity and immunogenicity thus can no longer be overlooked. In this article, we will extensively review the nanotoxicity of siRNA carriers. The strategies for mitigating the risks of nanotoxicity and the methodology for evaluating these strategies will also be discussed. By addressing this often overlooked but important issue, it will help clear the way for siRNAs to fulfill their promise as a versatile class of therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases: opportunities and challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:351-65. [PMID: 24895056 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been associated with many cardiovascular diseases in animal models, as well as in patients. In the present review, we summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases and discuss the opportunities, possibilities and challenges of using miRNAs as future therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we focus on the different approaches that can be used to deliver these newly developed miRNA therapeutics to their sites of action. Since siRNAs are structurally homologous with the miRNA therapeutics, important lessons learned from siRNA delivery strategies are discussed that might be applicable to targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics, thereby reducing costs and potential side effects, and improving efficacy.
Collapse
|
107
|
Liu S, Huang W, Jin MJ, Wang QM, Zhang GL, Wang XM, Shao S, Gao ZG. High gene delivery efficiency of alkylated low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine through gemini surfactant-like effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3567-81. [PMID: 25114526 PMCID: PMC4122513 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, the mechanism underlying the high transfection efficiency of alkylated low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI) is not yet well understood. In this work, we grafted branched PEI (molecular weight of 1,800 Da; bPEI1800) with lauryl chains (C12), and found that bPEI1800-C12 was structurally similar to gemini surfactant and could similarly assemble into micelle-like particles. Stability, cellular uptake, and lysosome escape ability of bPEI1800-C12/DNA polyplexes were all greatly enhanced after C12 grafting. bPEI1800-C12/DNA polyplexes exhibited significantly higher transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine™ 2000 in the presence of serum. Bioluminescence imaging showed that systemic injection of bPEI1800-C12/DNA polyplexes resulted in intensive luciferase expression in vivo and bioluminescence signals that could be detected even in the head. Altogether, the high transfection efficacy of bPEI1800-C12 was because bPEI1800-C12, being an analog of gemini surfactant, facilitated lysosome escape and induced the coil–globule transition of DNA to assemble into a highly organized micelle-like structure that showed high stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Lin Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Gao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Chitosan-based hybrid nanocomplex for siRNA delivery and its application for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3323-34. [PMID: 24858398 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chitosan, a natural and biocompatible cationic polymer, is an attractive carrier for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. The purpose of this study was to develop a chitosan-based hybrid nanocomplex that exhibits enhanced physical stability in the bloodstream compared with conventional chitosan complexes. Hybrid nanocomplexes composed of chitosan, protamine, lecithin, and thiamine pyrophosphate were prepared for systemic delivery of survivin (SVN) siRNA. METHODS Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles including mean diameters and zeta potentials were characterized, and target gene silencing and cellular uptake efficiencies of the siRNA nanocomplexes in prostate cancer cells (PC-3 cells) were measured. In vivo tumor targetability and anti-tumor efficacy by systemic administration were assessed in a PC-3 tumor xenograft mouse model by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and tumor growth monitoring, respectively. RESULTS Mean diameters of the SVN siRNA-loaded hybrid nanocomplex (GP-L-CT) were less than 200 nm with a positive zeta potential value in water and were maintained without aggregation in culture media and 50% fetal bovine serum. SVN expression in PC-3 cells was reduced to 21.9% after treating with GP-L-CT. The tumor targetability and growth inhibitory efficacies of GP-L-CT supported the use of this novel hybrid nanocomplex as a cancer therapeutic and as a theranostic system for systemic administration. CONCLUSIONS A chitosan-based hybrid nanocomplex was successfully developed for the systemic delivery of SVN siRNA, which could serve as an alternative to cationic polymeric nanoparticles that are unstable in serum.
Collapse
|
109
|
Jo W, Jeong D, Kim J, Cho S, Jang SC, Han C, Kang JY, Gho YS, Park J. Microfluidic fabrication of cell-derived nanovesicles as endogenous RNA carriers. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1261-9. [PMID: 24493004 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes/microvesicles are known to shuttle biological signals between cells, possibly by transferring biological signal components such as encapsulated RNAs and proteins, plasma membrane proteins, or both. Therefore exosomes are being considered for use as RNA and protein delivery vehicles for various therapeutic applications. However, living cells in nature secrete only a small number of exosomes, and procedures to collect them are complex; these complications impede their use in mass delivery of components to targeted cells. We propose a novel and efficient method that forces cells through hydrophilic microchannels to generate artificial nanovesicles. These mimetic nanovesicles contain mRNAs, intracellular proteins and plasma membrane proteins, and are shaped like cell-secreted exosomes. When recipient cells are exposed to nanovesicles from embryonic stem cells, mRNAs of Oct 3/4 and Nanog are transferred from embryonic stem cells to the target cells. This result suggests that mimetic nanovesicles can be used as vehicles to deliver RNA. This nanovesicle formation method is expected to be used in exosome research and to have applications in drug and RNA-delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Jo
- Dept. Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyoengbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful mechanism for gene silencing with the potential to greatly impact the development of new therapies for many human diseases. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) may be the ideal molecules for therapeutic RNAi. However, therapeutic siRNAs face significant challenges that must be overcome prior to widespread clinical use. Many efforts have been made to overcome the hurdles associated with systemic administration of siRNA; however, current approaches are still limited. As such, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies for siRNA delivery that have the potential to impact a broad spectrum of systemic diseases. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the promise of siRNA therapies and highlights current siRNA delivery methods. With an eye toward new strategies, this review first introduces high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and describes its natural biological functions, and then transitions into how HDLs may provide significant opportunities as next-generation siRNA delivery vehicles. Importantly, this review describes how synthetic HDLs leverage the natural ability of HDL to stabilize and deliver siRNAs. EXPERT OPINION HDLs are natural nanoparticles that are critical to understanding the systemic delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, like siRNA. Methods to synthesize biomimetic HDLs are being explored, and data demonstrate that this type of delivery vehicle may be highly beneficial for targeted and efficacious systemic delivery of siRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin Marie McMahon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology , 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Tarry 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611 , USA +1 312 503 9354 ; +1 312 503 1867 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Guidry EN, Farand J, Soheili A, Parish CA, Kevin NJ, Pipik B, Calati KB, Ikemoto N, Waldman JH, Latham AH, Howell BJ, Leone A, Garbaccio RM, Barrett SE, Parmar RG, Truong QT, Mao B, Davies IW, Colletti SL, Sepp-Lorenzino L. Improving the in vivo therapeutic index of siRNA polymer conjugates through increasing pH responsiveness. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:296-307. [PMID: 24409989 DOI: 10.1021/bc400442p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymer based carriers that aid in endosomal escape have proven to be efficacious siRNA delivery agents in vitro and in vivo; however, most suffer from cytotoxicity due in part to a lack of selectivity for endosomal versus cell membrane lysis. For polymer based carriers to move beyond the laboratory and into the clinic, it is critical to find carriers that are not only efficacious, but also have margins that are clinically relevant. In this paper we report three distinct categories of polymer conjugates that improve the selectivity of endosomal membrane lysis by relying on the change in pH associated with endosomal trafficking, including incorporation of low pKa heterocycles, acid cleavable amino side chains, or carboxylic acid pH sensitive charge switches. Additionally, we determine the therapeutic index of our polymer conjugates in vivo and demonstrate that the incorporation of pH responsive elements dramatically expands the therapeutic index to 10-15, beyond that of the therapeutic index (less than 3), for polymer conjugates previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Guidry
- Department of Process Chemistry and ∥Department of Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc. , , Rahway, New Jersey, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Gonçalves C, Berchel M, Gosselin MP, Malard V, Cheradame H, Jaffrès PA, Guégan P, Pichon C, Midoux P. Lipopolyplexes comprising imidazole/imidazolium lipophosphoramidate, histidinylated polyethyleneimine and siRNA as efficient formulation for siRNA transfection. Int J Pharm 2014; 460:264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
113
|
Uskoković V, Desai TA. In vitro analysis of nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites as potential drug delivery platforms for the sustained release of antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:567-79. [PMID: 24382825 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate composites of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and chitosan were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted sequential precipitation and characterized for their microstructure at the atomic scale, surface charge, drug release properties, and combined antibacterial and osteogenic response. Crystallinity of HAp nanoparticles was reduced because of the interference of the surface layers of chitosan with the dissolution/reprecipitation-mediated recrystallization mechanism that conditions the transition from the as-precipitated amorphous calcium phosphate phase to the most thermodynamically stable one--HAp. Embedment of 5-10 nm sized, narrowly dispersed HAp nanoparticles within the polymeric matrix mitigated the burst release of the small molecule model drug, fluorescein, bound to HAp by physisorption, and promoted sustained-release kinetics throughout the 3 weeks of release time. The addition of chitosan to the particulate drug carrier formulation, however, reduced the antibacterial efficacy against S aureus. Excellent cell spreading and proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells evidenced on microscopic conglomerates of HAp nanoparticles in vitro also markedly diminished on HAp/chitosan composites. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity exhibited normal values only for HAp/chitosan particle concentrations of up to 2 mg/cm(2) and significantly dropped, by about 50%, at higher particle concentrations (4 and 8 mg/cm(2)). The gene expression of osteocalcin, a mineralization inductor, and the transcription factor Runx2 was downregulated in cells incubated in the presence of 3 mg/cm(2) HAp/chitosan composite particles, whereas the expression of osteopontin, a potent mineralization inhibitor, was upregulated, further demonstrating the partially unfavorable osteoblastic cell response to the given particles. The peak in the expression of osteogenic markers paralleling the osteoblastic differentiation was also delayed most for the cell population incubated with HAp/chitosan particles. Overall, the positive effect of chitosan coating on the drug elution profile of HAp nanoparticles as carriers for the controlled delivery of antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis was compensated for by the lower bacteriostatic efficiency and the comparatively unviable cell response to the composite material, especially at higher dosages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158-2330
| | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Dai Z, Arévalo MT, Li J, Zeng M. Addition of poly (propylene glycol) to multiblock copolymer to optimize siRNA delivery. Bioengineered 2013; 5:30-7. [PMID: 24424156 PMCID: PMC4008463 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.27339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined different strategies for siRNA delivery with varying degrees of success. These include use of viral vectors, cationic liposomes, and polymers. Several copolymers were designed and synthesized based on blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) PEG, poly(propylene glycol) PPG, and poly(l-lysine). These were designated as P1, P2, and P3. We studied the copolymer self-assembly, siRNA binding, particle size, surface potential, architecture of the complexes, and siRNA delivery. Silencing of GFP using copolymer P3 to deliver GFP-specific siRNA to Neuro-2a cells expressing GFP was almost as effective as using Lipofectamine 2000, with minimal cytotoxicity. Thus, we have provided a new copolymer platform for siRNA delivery that we can continue to modify for improved delivery of siRNA in vitro and eventually in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dai
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Junwei Li
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved, endogenous process for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Although RNAi therapeutics have recently progressed through the pipeline toward clinical trials, the application of these as ideal, clinical therapeutics requires the development of safe and effective delivery systems. Inspired by the immense progress with nanotechnology in drug delivery, efforts have been dedicated to the development of nanoparticle-based RNAi delivery systems. For example, a precisely engineered, multifunctional nanocarrier with combined passive and active targeting capabilities may address the delivery challenges for the widespread use of RNAi as a therapy. Therefore, in this review, we introduce the major hurdles in achieving efficient RNAi delivery and discuss the current advances in applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to overcome the delivery hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. In particular, some representative examples of nanoparticle-based delivery formulations for targeted RNAi therapeutics are highlighted.
Collapse
|
116
|
Kanasty R, Dorkin JR, Vegas A, Anderson D. Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:967-77. [PMID: 24150415 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1321] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has broad potential as a therapeutic to reversibly silence any gene. To achieve the clinical potential of RNAi, delivery materials are required to transport short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the site of action in the cells of target tissues. This Review provides an introduction to the biological challenges that siRNA delivery materials aim to overcome, as well as a discussion of the way that the most effective and clinically advanced classes of siRNA delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles and siRNA conjugates, are designed to surmount these challenges. The systems that we discuss are diverse in their approaches to the delivery problem, and provide valuable insight to guide the design of future siRNA delivery materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Kanasty
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Dendrimers as carriers for siRNA delivery and gene silencing: a review. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:630654. [PMID: 24288498 PMCID: PMC3830781 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) was first literaturally reported in 1998 and has become rapidly a promising tool for therapeutic applications in gene therapy. In a typical RNAi process, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are used to specifically downregulate the expression of the targeted gene, known as the term "gene silencing." One key point for successful gene silencing is to employ a safe and efficient siRNA delivery system. In this context, dendrimers are emerging as potential nonviral vectors to deliver siRNA for RNAi purpose. Dendrimers have attracted intense interest since their emanating research in the 1980s and are extensively studied as efficient DNA delivery vectors in gene transfer applications, due to their unique features based on the well-defined and multivalent structures. Knowing that DNA and RNA possess a similar structure in terms of nucleic acid framework and the electronegative nature, one can also use the excellent DNA delivery properties of dendrimers to develop effective siRNA delivery systems. In this review, the development of dendrimer-based siRNA delivery vectors is summarized, focusing on the vector features (siRNA delivery efficiency, cytotoxicity, etc.) of different types of dendrimers and the related investigations on structure-activity relationship to promote safe and efficient siRNA delivery system.
Collapse
|
118
|
Manipulating the pH response of 2,3-diaminopropionic acid rich peptides to mediate highly effective gene silencing with low-toxicity. J Control Release 2013; 172:929-38. [PMID: 24144917 PMCID: PMC3858832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cationic amphipathic pH responsive peptides possess high in vitro and in vivo nucleic acid delivery capabilities and function by forming a non-covalent complex with cargo, protecting it from nucleases, facilitating uptake via endocytosis and responding to endosomal acidification by being released from the complex and inserting into and disordering endosomal membranes. We have designed and synthesised peptides to show how Coulombic interactions between ionizable 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) side chains can be manipulated to tune the functional pH response of the peptides to afford optimal nucleic acid transfer and have modified the hydrogen bonding capabilities of the Dap side chains in order to reduce cytotoxicity. When compared with benchmark delivery compounds, the peptides are shown to have low toxicity and are highly effective at mediating gene silencing in adherent MCF-7 and A549 cell lines, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells and both differentiated macrophage-like and suspension monocyte-like THP-1 cells.
Collapse
|
119
|
|
120
|
Seo EJ, Jang IH, Do EK, Cheon HC, Heo SC, Kwon YW, Jeong GO, Kim BR, Kim JH. Efficient production of retroviruses using PLGA/bPEI-DNA nanoparticles and application for reprogramming somatic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76875. [PMID: 24098810 PMCID: PMC3786964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent cells requires the introduction of factors driving fate switches. Viral delivery has been the most efficient method for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Transfection, which precedes virus production, is a commonly-used process for delivery of nucleic acids into cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of PLGA/ bPEI nanoparticles in transfection and virus production. Using a modified method of producing PLGA nanoparticles, PLGA/bPEI-DNA nanoparticles were examined for transfection efficiency and virus production yield in comparison with PLGA-DNA, bPEI-DNA nanoparticles or liposome-DNA complexes. After testing various ratios of PLGA, bPEI, and DNA, the ratio of 6:3:1 (PLGA:bPEI:DNA, w/w/w) was determined to be optimal, with acceptable cellular toxicity. PLGA/bPEI-DNA (6:3:1) nanoparticles showed superior transfection efficiency, especially in multiple gene transfection, and viral yield when compared with liposome-DNA complexes. The culture supernatants of HEK293FT cells transfected with PLGA/bPEI-DNA of viral constructs containing reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, or c-Myc) successfully and more efficiently generated induced pluripotent stem cell colonies from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These results strongly suggest that PLGA/bPEI-DNA nanoparticles can provide significant advantages in studying the effect of multiple factor delivery such as in reprogramming or direct conversion of cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Seo
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Do
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Cheon Cheon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Chul Heo
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ok Jeong
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Reun Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Chaplot SP, Rupenthal ID. Dendrimers for gene delivery – a potential approach for ocular therapy? J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:542-56. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
A vast number of blinding diseases have genetic aetiologies and may be treated by molecular based therapies such as antisense oligonucleotides or short interfering RNA. However, treatment success of ocular gene therapy is highly dependent on efficient delivery of such molecules.
Key findings
The majority of clinical studies for ocular gene therapy utilize viral vectors. While these have proven highly efficient, they show limited loading capacity and pose significant safety risks owing to their oncogenic and immunogenic effects. Non-viral gene carriers have emerged as a promising alternative with dendrimers providing great potential for gene therapy because of their size, shape and high density of modifiable surface groups. However, while dendrimers have been used extensively for drug and gene delivery to other organs, only a few studies have been reported on the eye.
Summary
This review focuses on the development of dendrimers for gene delivery with special emphasis on ocular gene therapy. Different synthesis approaches and types of dendrimers are discussed. Ocular gene therapy targets are highlighted with an overview of current clinical studies. The use of dendrimers in ocular gene delivery in comparison to liposomes and nanoparticles is also discussed. Finally, future prospects of tailored multifunctional dendrimers for ocular gene therapy are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil P Chaplot
- Drug Delivery Research Unit, School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Nikitenko NA, Prassolov VS. Non-Viral Delivery and Therapeutic Application of Small Interfering RNAs. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:35-53. [PMID: 24303201 PMCID: PMC3848066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method used for gene expression regulation. The increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon creates new avenues for the application of the RNAi technology in the treatment of various human diseases. However, delivery of RNA interference mediators, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to target cells is a major hurdle. Effective and safe pharmacological use of siRNAs requires carriers that can deliver siRNA to its target site and the development of methods for protection of these fragile molecules from in vivo degradation. This review summarizes various strategies for siRNA delivery, including chemical modification and non-viral approaches, such as the polymer-based, peptide-based, lipid-based techniques, and inorganic nanosystems. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for the therapeutic application of these methods are also examined in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Nikitenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Yang F, Huang W, Li Y, Liu S, Jin M, Wang Y, Jia L, Gao Z. Anti-tumor effects in mice induced by survivin-targeted siRNA delivered through polysaccharide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5689-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
124
|
Recent developments in nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery for cancer therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:782041. [PMID: 23844368 PMCID: PMC3703404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation mechanism initiated by RNA molecules that enables sequence-specific gene silencing by promoting degradation of specific mRNAs. Molecular therapy using small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown great therapeutic potential for diseases caused by abnormal gene overexpression or mutation. The major challenges to application of siRNA therapeutics include the stability and effective delivery of siRNA in vivo. Important progress in nanotechnology has led to the development of efficient siRNA delivery systems. In this review, the authors discuss recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery and the application of siRNA in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This review will also offer perspectives on future applications of siRNA therapeutics.
Collapse
|
125
|
Alaaeldin E, Abu Lila AS, Moriyoshi N, Sarhan HA, Ishida T, Khaled KA, Kiwada H. The Co-Delivery of Oxaliplatin Abrogates the Immunogenic Response to PEGylated siRNA-Lipoplex. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2344-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
126
|
Xia H, Jun J, Wen-ping L, Yi-feng P, Xiao-ling C. Chitosan nanoparticle carrying small interfering RNA to platelet-derived growth factor B mRNA inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells in rabbit injured arteries. Vascular 2013; 21:301-6. [PMID: 23518855 DOI: 10.1177/1708538113478737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the transfection of chitosan nanoparticle carrying small interfering RNA against platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) to inhibit the expression of PDGF-B mRNA and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. A rabbit iliac artery injury model was constructed. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PDGF-B mRNA expression vector was constructed and packaged by chitosan nanoparticle to transfect into the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of balloon catheter-injured rabbit iliac artery wall, using a therapeutic ultrasound for the gene delivery. The experiment was divided into two groups: experimental group, denudation and nano-PDGF-B siRNA treated, and only single denudation as control. Effects of the siRNA on the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and PDGF-B mRNA by vSMCs and the proliferation of vSMCs were observed with the methods of routine pathological, immunohistochemical staining, in situ hybridization and morphometry. The nano siRNA against PDGF-B was successfully transfected. The nano siRNA significantly inhibited the expressions of PCNA and PDGF-B mRNA in intimal vSMCs. The local intimal thickness and area were also reduced remarkably. In conclusion, transfection of chitosan nanoparticle carrying siRNA against PDGF-B mRNA could inhibit proliferation of vSMCs in the rabbit iliac artery injury model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Xia
- The Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Sun Yet-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ji Jun
- The Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Sun Yet-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Ling Wen-ping
- The Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Sun Yet-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| | - Pan Yi-feng
- National Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Chen Xiao-ling
- The Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Sun Yet-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Zhang J, Tang C, Yin C. Galactosylated trimethyl chitosan-cysteine nanoparticles loaded with Map4k4 siRNA for targeting activated macrophages. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3667-77. [PMID: 23419643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Galactosylated trimethyl chitosan-cysteine (GTC) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for oral delivery of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (Map4k4) siRNA (siMap4k4) to the activated macrophages for treatment of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). siRNA loaded GTC NPs were prepared based on ionic gelation of GTC with anionic crosslinkers (tripolyphosphate (TPP) or hyaluronic acid (HA)). The types of crosslinkers involved in GTC NPs significantly affected their physicochemical characteristics. GTC/TPP NPs with smaller particle size and lower zeta potential possessed superior structural stability in gastrointestinal environment compared to GTC/HA NPs. Cellular uptake of GTC/TPP NPs in activated macrophages was significantly enhanced compared to trimethyl chitosan-cysteine (TC)/TPP NPs owing to galactose receptor-mediated endocytosis. The in vitro and in vivo gene knockdown measurement showed that siMap4k4 loaded GTC/TPP NPs effectively inhibited TNF-α production, which remarkably outperformed siMap4k4 loaded TC/TPP NPs. Compared to TC/TPP NPs, GTC/TPP NPs more efficiently promoted the distribution of siRNA in ulcerative colon following oral administration. Daily oral administration of GTC/TPP NPs containing siMap4k4 significantly improved DSS-induced body weight loss, colon length shortening, and increase of myeloperoxidase activity. This study would provide an effective approach for oral siRNA delivery in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Shen J, Yu M, Meng Q, Li J, Lv Y, Lu W. Fatty Acid-Based Strategy for Efficient Brain Targeted Gene Delivery. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2573-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
129
|
Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Strategies to deliver microRNAs as potential therapeutics in the treatment of cardiovascular pathology. Drug Deliv 2013; 19:392-405. [PMID: 23173580 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.738436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important and powerful mediators in a variety of diseases including cardiovascular pathology. Thus, they emerged as interesting new drug targets. However, it is important to develop efficient transfer tools to successfully deliver miRNAs or antisense oligonucleotides (antagomirs) to the target tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature on delivery techniques currently used for transfer of miRNAs and antagomirs to animal models of cardiovascular disease and those that are likely to be used for therapeutic miRNA transport in the nearest future. METHODS The research was carried out by consulting the following medical websites: Medicus Medline Index, PubMed (National Library of Medicine), and a registry database of clinical trials conducted in USA ( www.clinicaltrials.gov). The selection gathers articles written in English, published from January 2012. RESULTS A current delivery technique includes chemical modification of antagomirs with 2-O-methyl-group or 2-O-methyoxyethyl or using locked nucleic acids to increase drug stability and affinity. Development of miRNA sponges/decoys aims to target all members of a miRNA seed family of interest. A further strategy to augment miRNA levels is to use miRNA delivery through viral-based vectors including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and lentiviruses. To date, a variety of nanocarriers is available for efficient delivery of miRNAs. Microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies that contain circulating miRNAs could be also used as therapeutic transport systems in the nearest future. CONCLUSION Development of new miRNA carrier systems with advanced properties and large animal data in the cardiovascular field is highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Parmar RG, Busuek M, Walsh ES, Leander KR, Howell BJ, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Kemp E, Crocker LS, Leone A, Kochansky CJ, Carr BA, Garbaccio RM, Colletti SL, Wang W. Endosomolytic Bioreducible Poly(amido amine disulfide) Polymer Conjugates for the in Vivo Systemic Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:640-7. [PMID: 23496378 DOI: 10.1021/bc300600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Giare Parmar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marina Busuek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eileen S. Walsh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Karen R. Leander
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Laura Sepp-Lorenzino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eric Kemp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Louis S. Crocker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Anthony Leone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Christopher J. Kochansky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian A. Carr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert M. Garbaccio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Steven L. Colletti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of RNA Biology, §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ∥Department of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Dendrimers for siRNA Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:161-83. [PMID: 24275946 PMCID: PMC3816686 DOI: 10.3390/ph6020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the “starburst polymer”, later renamed as dendrimer, this class of polymers has gained considerable attention for numerous biomedical applications, due mainly to the unique characteristics of this macromolecule, including its monodispersity, uniformity, and the presence of numerous functionalizable terminal groups. In recent years, dendrimers have been studied extensively for their potential application as carriers for nucleic acid therapeutics, which utilize the cationic charge of the dendrimers for effective dendrimer-nucleic acid condensation. siRNA is considered a promising, versatile tool among various RNAi-based therapeutics, which can effectively regulate gene expression if delivered successfully inside the cells. This review reports on the advancements in the development of dendrimers as siRNA carriers.
Collapse
|
132
|
Ternary Polymeric Nanoparticles for Oral siRNA Delivery. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1228-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
133
|
Guo P, Haque F, Hallahan B, Reif R, Li H. Uniqueness, advantages, challenges, solutions, and perspectives in therapeutics applying RNA nanotechnology. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:226-45. [PMID: 22913595 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of RNA nanotechnology is rapidly emerging. RNA can be manipulated with the simplicity characteristic of DNA to produce nanoparticles with a diversity of quaternary structures by self-assembly. Additionally RNA is tremendously versatile in its function and some RNA molecules display catalytic activities much like proteins. Thus, RNA has the advantage of both worlds. However, the instability of RNA has made many scientists flinch away from RNA nanotechnology. Other concerns that have deterred the progress of RNA therapeutics include the induction of interferons, stimulation of cytokines, and activation of other immune systems, as well as short pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. This review will provide some solutions and perspectives on the chemical and thermodynamic stability, in vivo half-life and biodistribution, yield and production cost, in vivo toxicity and side effect, specific delivery and targeting, as well as endosomal trapping and escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
A review of RGD-functionalized nonviral gene delivery vectors for cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:741-8. [PMID: 23018622 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective treatments that enable many patients suffering from cancer to be successfully cured is highly demanded. Angiogenesis, which is a process for the formation of new capillary blood vessels, has a crucial role in solid tumor progression and the development of metastasis. Antiangiogenic therapy designed to prevent tumor angiogenesis, thereby arresting the growth or spread of tumors, has emerged as a non-invasive and safe option for cancer treatment. Due to the fact that integrin receptors are overexpressed on the surface of angiogenic endothelial cells, various strategies have been made to develop targeted delivery systems for cancer gene therapy utilizing integrin-targeting peptides with an exposed arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence. The aim of this review is to summarize the progress and prospect of RGD-functionalized nonviral vectors toward targeted delivery of genetic materials in order to achieve an efficient therapeutic outcome for cancer gene therapy, including antiangiogenic therapy.
Collapse
|
135
|
Lee SJ, Son S, Yhee JY, Choi K, Kwon IC, Kim SH, Kim K. Structural modification of siRNA for efficient gene silencing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:491-503. [PMID: 22985697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) holds a great promise for the future of genomic medicine because of its highly sequence-specific gene silencing and universality in therapeutic target. The medical use of siRNA, however, has been severely hampered by the inherent physico-chemical properties of siRNA itself, such as low charge density, high structural stiffness and rapid enzymatic degradation; therefore, the establishment of efficient and safe siRNA delivery methodology is an essential prerequisite, particularly for systemic administration. For an efficient systemic siRNA delivery, it is a critical issue to obtain small and compact siRNA polyplexes with cationic condensing reagents including cationic polymers, because the size and surface properties of the polyplexes are major determinants for achieving desirable in vivo fate. Unfortunately, synthetic siRNA is not easily condensed with cationic polymers due to its intrinsic rigid structure and low spatial charge density. Accordingly, the loose siRNA polyplexes inevitably expose siRNA to the extracellular environment during systemic circulation, resulting in low therapeutic efficiency and poor biodistribution. In this review, we highlight the innovative approaches to increase the size of siRNA via structural modification of the siRNA itself. The attempts include several methodologies such as hybridization, chemical polymerization, and micro- and nano-structurization of siRNA. Due to its increased charge density and flexibility, the structured siRNA can produce highly condensed and homogenous polyplexes compared to the classical monomeric siRNA. As a result, stable and compact siRNA polyplexes can enhance serum stability and target delivery efficiency in vivo with desirable biodistribution. The review specifically aims to provide the recent progress of structural modification of siRNA. In addition, the article also briefly and concisely explains the improved physico-chemical properties of structured siRNA with respect to stability, condensation ability and gene silencing efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Klingler J, Kaufmann D. Polypropylenimine generation four: a suitable vector for targeted gene alteration in vitro. J Drug Target 2012; 20:474-80. [PMID: 22577856 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.685476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypropylenimine dendrimers have been shown to be alternative vectors for DNA delivery. PURPOSE Up to now, polypropylenimine dendrimers have not been investigated for the transport of specific single stranded modified oligonucleotides for targeted gene alteration. METHODS We investigated generation four polypropylenimine dendrimers to target a 45 base (phosphorothioate modified) DNA oligonucleotide in the cell nuclei of cultured cells in order to correct a specific point mutation in hprt. RESULTS Transfection resulted in a high cellular uptake of the FITC-labeled oligonucleotides in V79 hamster fibroblasts and HuH-7 human liver cell lines, at low toxicity levels. Using transmission electron microscopy and immunolabeling, oligonucleotides were found 24 h after transfection predominantly in the nuclear compartment. The oligonucleotides showed the desired biological activity, the correction of the hprt point mutation in V79-400 cells. CONCLUSIONS For the transfection of modified oligonucleotides in targeted gene alteration, generation four polypropylenimine dendrimer is a suitable vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Klingler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Arima H, Yoshimatsu A, Ikeda H, Ohyama A, Motoyama K, Higashi T, Tsuchiya A, Niidome T, Katayama Y, Hattori K, Takeuchi T. Folate-PEG-appended dendrimer conjugate with α-cyclodextrin as a novel cancer cell-selective siRNA delivery carrier. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2591-604. [PMID: 22873579 DOI: 10.1021/mp300188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that of the various polyamidoamine (PAMAM) STARBURST dendrimer (generation 3, G3) (dendrimer) conjugates with cyclodextrins (CyDs), the dendrimer (G3) conjugate with α-CyD having an average degree of substitution of 2.4 (α-CDE (G3)) has the greatest potential for a novel carrier for siRNA in vitro and in vivo. To improve the siRNA transfer activity and the lack of target specificity of α-CDE (G3), we prepared folate-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-appended α-CDEs (G3) (Fol-PαCs) with various degrees of substitution of folate (DSF) and evaluated their siRNA transfer activity to folate receptor (FR)-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Of the three Fol-PαCs (G3, DSF 2, 4 and 7), Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) had the highest siRNA transfer activity in KB cells (FR-positive). Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) was endocytosed into KB cells through FR. No cytotoxicity of the siRNA complex with Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) was observed in KB cells (FR-positive) or A549 cells (FR-negative) up to the charge ratio of 100/1 (carrier/siRNA). In addition, the siRNA complex with Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) showed neither interferon response nor inflammatory response. Importantly, the siRNA complex with Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) tended to show the in vivo RNAi effects after intratumoral injection and intravenous injection in tumor cells-bearing mice. The FITC-labeled siRNA and TRITC-labeled Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) were actually accumulated in tumor tissues after intravenous injection in the mice. In conclusion, the present results suggest that Fol-PαC (G3, DSF 4) could potentially be used as a FR-overexpressing cancer cell-selective siRNA delivery carrier in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Arima
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Guo P, Haque F, Hallahan B, Reif R, Li H. Uniqueness, advantages, challenges, solutions, and perspectives in therapeutics applying RNA nanotechnology. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012. [PMID: 22913595 DOI: 10.1201/b15152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of RNA nanotechnology is rapidly emerging. RNA can be manipulated with the simplicity characteristic of DNA to produce nanoparticles with a diversity of quaternary structures by self-assembly. Additionally RNA is tremendously versatile in its function and some RNA molecules display catalytic activities much like proteins. Thus, RNA has the advantage of both worlds. However, the instability of RNA has made many scientists flinch away from RNA nanotechnology. Other concerns that have deterred the progress of RNA therapeutics include the induction of interferons, stimulation of cytokines, and activation of other immune systems, as well as short pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. This review will provide some solutions and perspectives on the chemical and thermodynamic stability, in vivo half-life and biodistribution, yield and production cost, in vivo toxicity and side effect, specific delivery and targeting, as well as endosomal trapping and escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Creixell M, Peppas NA. Co-delivery of siRNA and therapeutic agents using nanocarriers to overcome cancer resistance. NANO TODAY 2012; 7:367-379. [PMID: 26257819 PMCID: PMC4527553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There are two main mechanisms by which cells become multidrug resistant (MDR): by increasing drug efflux pumps on the cell membrane and by increasing anti-apoptotic pathways. The use of nanotechnology to develop nanodelivery systems has allowed researchers to overcome limitations of antineoplastic drugs by increasing the solubility of the drug and decreasing the toxicity to healthy tissues. By encapsulating drugs into nanoparticles that bypass the efflux pumps, drug efflux is reduced, hence increasing the intracellular concentration of the drug. siRNA has the ability to disrupt cellular pathways by knocking down genes, opening the door to down regulating anti-apoptotic pathways. The use of nanocarriers to deliver siRNA, prevents both renal clearance and RNase degradation by protecting siRNA chains, increasing their half life in blood. It has been suggested that co-delivering drugs and siRNA together in the same delivery system would be more effective in overcoming resistance of cancer cells than co-treatment of cancer cells with delivery systems carrying either siRNA or drugs. In this study we discuss the progress of nanoscale co-delivery systems in overcoming multidrug cancer resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Creixell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, C0800, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- College of Pharmacy, C0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Miele E, Spinelli GP, Miele E, Di Fabrizio E, Ferretti E, Tomao S, Gulino A. Nanoparticle-based delivery of small interfering RNA: challenges for cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3637-57. [PMID: 22915840 PMCID: PMC3418108 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades there have been remarkable advances and profound changes in cancer therapy. Many therapeutic strategies learned at the bench, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, have been used at the bedside, leading to important successes. One of the most important advances in biology has been the discovery that small interfering RNA (siRNA) is able to regulate the expression of genes, by a phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is one of the most rapidly growing fields of research in biology and therapeutics. Much research effort has gone into the application of this new discovery in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. However, even though these molecules may have potential and strong utility, some limitations make their clinical application difficult, including delivery problems, side effects due to off-target actions, disturbance of physiological functions of the cellular machinery involved in gene silencing, and induction of the innate immune response. Many researchers have attempted to overcome these limitations and to improve the safety of potential RNAi-based therapeutics. Nanoparticles, which are nanostructured entities with tunable size, shape, and surface, as well as biological behavior, provide an ideal opportunity to modify current treatment regimens in a substantial way. These nanoparticles could be designed to surmount one or more of the barriers encountered by siRNA. Nanoparticle drug formulations afford the chance to improve drug bioavailability, exploiting superior tissue permeability, payload protection, and the “stealth” features of these entities. The main aims of this review are: to explain the siRNA mechanism with regard to potential applications in siRNA-based cancer therapy; to discuss the possible usefulness of nanoparticle-based delivery of certain molecules for overcoming present therapeutic limitations; to review the ongoing relevant clinical research with its pitfalls and promises; and to evaluate critically future perspectives and challenges in siRNA-based cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Park J, Kim WJ. Current status of gene delivery: spotlight on nanomaterial-polymer hybrids. J Drug Target 2012; 20:648-66. [PMID: 22804769 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.704634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy aims to treat human disorders by introducing genetic materials into specific target cells or tissues. Despite the curability for the origIn of diseases by restoring missing functionalities, no technical feasibility of gene therapy has been established due to the lack of safe and efficient gene delivery systems. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided an opportunity to create nanomaterials that are suitable for the biomedical applications. Nanomaterials integrated with cationic polymers offer novel platforms that allow not only easy incorporation of genetic materials through electrostatic interactions but also further modifications to be upgraded to theranostics. In this article, current status of gene delivery utilizing hybrid nanomaterials that are composed of novel nanoplatforms and cationic polymers are highlighted. In particular, different strategies employed for the construction of nanomaterial-polymer hybrids are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Park
- Department of Chemistry, BK21 Program, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang , Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Parboosing R, Maguire GEM, Govender P, Kruger HG. Nanotechnology and the treatment of HIV infection. Viruses 2012; 4:488-520. [PMID: 22590683 PMCID: PMC3347320 DOI: 10.3390/v4040488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal adherence, toxicity, drug resistance and viral reservoirs make the lifelong treatment of HIV infection challenging. The emerging field of nanotechnology may play an important role in addressing these challenges by creating drugs that possess pharmacological advantages arising out of unique phenomena that occur at the “nano” scale. At these dimensions, particles have physicochemical properties that are distinct from those of bulk materials or single molecules or atoms. In this review, basic concepts and terms in nanotechnology are defined, and examples are provided of how nanopharmaceuticals such as nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocarriers, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers have been investigated as potential anti-HIV therapies. Such drugs may, for example, be used to optimize the pharmacological characteristics of known antiretrovirals, deliver anti-HIV nucleic acids into infected cells or achieve targeted delivery of antivirals to the immune system, brain or latent reservoirs. Also, nanopharmaceuticals themselves may possess anti-HIV activity. However several hurdles remain, including toxicity, unwanted biological interactions and the difficulty and cost of large-scale synthesis of nanopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of KwaZulu-Natal, c/o Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, 5th Floor Laboratory Building, 800 Bellair Road, Mayville, Durban 4091, South Africa
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-31-240-2816; Fax: +27-31-240-2797
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Varsity Drive, Durban 4001, South Africa; (G.E.M. M.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Patrick Govender
- School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (P.G.)
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Varsity Drive, Durban 4001, South Africa; (G.E.M. M.); (H.G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Surface conjugation of triphenylphosphonium to target poly(amidoamine) dendrimers to mitochondria. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4773-82. [PMID: 22469294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers have emerged as promising carriers for the delivery of a wide variety of pay-loads including therapeutic drugs, imaging agents and nucleic acid materials into biological systems. The current work aimed to develop a novel mitochondria-targeted generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (G(5)-D). To achieve this goal, a known mitochondriotropic ligand triphenylphosphonium (TPP) was conjugated on the surface of the dendrimer. A fraction of the cationic surface charge of G(5)-D was neutralized by partial acetylation of the primary amine groups. Next, the mitochondria-targeted dendrimer was synthesized via the acid-amine-coupling conjugation reaction between the acid group of (3-carboxypropyl)triphenyl-phosphonium bromide and the primary amines of the acetylated dendrimer (G(5)-D-Ac). These dendrimers were fluorescently labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to quantify cell association by flow cytometry and for visualization under confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess the mitochondrial targeting in vitro. The newly developed TPP-anchored dendrimer (G(5)-D-Ac-TPP) was efficiently taken up by the cells and demonstrated good mitochondrial targeting. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments carried out on normal mouse fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3) had greater cell viability in the presence of the G(5)-D-Ac-TPP compared to the parent unmodified G(5)-D. This mitochondria-targeted dendrimer-based nanocarrier could be useful for imaging as well as for selective delivery of bio-actives to the mitochondria for the treatment of diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
144
|
Kooijmans SAA, Vader P, van Dommelen SM, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM. Exosome mimetics: a novel class of drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1525-41. [PMID: 22619510 PMCID: PMC3356169 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of extracellular phospholipid vesicles as conveyors of cellular information has created excitement in the field of drug delivery. Biological therapeutics, including short interfering RNA and recombinant proteins, are prone to degradation, have limited ability to cross biological membranes, and may elicit immune responses. Therefore, delivery systems for such drugs are under intensive investigation. Exploiting extracellular vesicles as carriers for biological therapeutics is a promising strategy to overcome these issues and to achieve efficient delivery to the cytosol of target cells. Exosomes are a well studied class of extracellular vesicles known to carry proteins and nucleic acids, making them especially suitable for such strategies. However, the considerable complexity and the related high chance of off-target effects of these carriers are major barriers for translation to the clinic. Given that it is well possible that not all components of exosomes are required for their proper functioning, an alternative strategy would be to mimic these vesicles synthetically. By assembly of liposomes harboring only crucial components of natural exosomes, functional exosome mimetics may be created. The low complexity and use of well characterized components strongly increase the pharmaceutical acceptability of such systems. However, exosomal components that would be required for the assembly of functional exosome mimetics remain to be identified. This review provides insights into the composition and functional properties of exosomes, and focuses on components which could be used to enhance the drug delivery properties of exosome mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Arima H, Motoyama K, Higashi T. Potential Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Conjugates with Cyclodextrins as Novel Carriers for siRNA. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 5:61-78. [PMID: 24288043 PMCID: PMC3763628 DOI: 10.3390/ph5010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CyD)-based nanoparticles and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) starburst dendrimers (dendrimers) are used as novel carriers for DNA and RNA. Recently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) complex with β-CyD-containing polycations (CDP) having adamantine-PEG or adamantine-PEG-transferrin underwent a phase I study for treatment of solid tumors. Multifunctional dendrimers can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications, including the interaction and intracellular delivery of DNA and RNA. The present review will address the latest developments in dendrimer conjugates with cyclodextrins for siRNA delivery including the novel sustained release system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|