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Kang SB, Ju YM, Lee SJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Functional recovery of denervated muscle by neurotization using nerve guidance channels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:838-46. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bum Kang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam South Korea
| | - Young Min Ju
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
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102
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Ko IK, Lee BK, Lee SJ, Andersson KE, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The effect of in vitro formation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters in engineered muscle fibers on subsequent innervation of constructs in vivo. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3246-55. [PMID: 23391495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Timely innervation of muscle tissue is critical in the recovery of function, and this time-sensitive process relies heavily on the host tissue microenvironment after implantation. However, restoration of muscle tissue mass and function has been a challenge. We investigated whether pre-forming acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters on engineered muscle fibers using an AChR cluster-inducing factor (agrin) prior to implantation would facilitate established contacts between implanted muscle tissues and nerves and result in rapid innervation of engineered muscle in vivo. We showed that agrin treatment significantly increased the formation of AChR clusters on culture differentiated myotubes (C2C12), enhanced contacts with nerves in vitro and in vivo, and increased angiogenesis. Pre-fabrication of AChR clusters on engineered skeletal muscle using a released neurotrophic factor can accelerate innervations following implantation in vivo. This technique has considerable potential for enhancing muscle tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kap Ko
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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103
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Sato M, Ito A, Akiyama H, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M. Effects of B-cell lymphoma 2 gene transfer to myoblast cells on skeletal muscle tissue formation using magnetic force-based tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:307-15. [PMID: 23088454 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skeletal muscle should possess a high cell-dense structure with unidirectional cell alignment. However, limited nutrient and/or oxygen supply within the artificial tissue constructs might restrict cell viability and muscular functions. In this study, we genetically modified myoblast cells with the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene and evaluated their function in artificial skeletal muscle tissue constructs. Magnetite cationic liposomes were used to magnetically label C2C12 myoblast cells for the construction of skeletal muscle bundles by applying a magnetic force. Bcl-2-overexpressing muscle bundles formed highly cell-dense and viable tissue constructs, while muscle bundles without Bcl-2 overexpression exhibited substantial necrosis/apoptosis at the central region of the bundle. Bcl-2-overexpressing muscle bundles contracted in response to electrical pulses and generated a significantly higher physical force. These findings indicate that the incorporation of anti-apoptotic gene-transduced myoblast cells into tissue constructs significantly enhances skeletal muscle formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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104
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Grasman JM, Page RL, Dominko T, Pins GD. Crosslinking strategies facilitate tunable structural properties of fibrin microthreads. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4020-30. [PMID: 22824528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge in the design of biomimetic scaffolds is combining morphologic, mechanical, and biochemical cues into a single construct to promote tissue regeneration. In this study, we analyzed the effects of different crosslinking conditions on fibrin biopolymer microthreads to create morphologic scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties that are designed for directional cell guidance. Fibrin microthreads were crosslinked using carbodiimides in either acidic or neutral buffer, and the mechanical, structural, and biochemical responses of the microthreads were investigated. Crosslinking in the presence of acidic buffer (EDCa) created microthreads that had significantly higher tensile strengths and moduli than all other microthreads, and failed at lower strains than all other microthreads. Microthreads crosslinked in neutral buffer (EDCn) were also significantly stronger and stiffer than uncrosslinked threads and were comparable to contracting muscle in stiffness. Swelling ratios of crosslinked microthreads were significantly different from each other and uncrosslinked controls, suggesting a difference in the internal organization and compaction of the microthreads. Using an in vitro degradation assay, we observed that EDCn microthreads degraded within 24h, six times slower than uncrosslinked control threads, but EDCa microthreads did not show any significant indication of degradation within the 7-day assay period. Microthreads with higher stiffnesses supported significantly increased attachment of C2C12 cells, as well as increases in cell proliferation without a decrease in cell viability. Taken together, these data demonstrate the ability to create microthreads with tunable mechanical and structural properties that differentially direct cellular functions. Ultimately, we anticipate that we can strategically exploit these properties to promote site-specific tissue regeneration.
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105
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Murphy SV, Atala A. Organ engineering--combining stem cells, biomaterials, and bioreactors to produce bioengineered organs for transplantation. Bioessays 2012; 35:163-72. [PMID: 22996568 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Often the only treatment available for patients suffering from diseased and injured organs is whole organ transplant. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs for transplantation. The goal of organ engineering is to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. Recent progress in stem cell biology, biomaterials, and processes such as organ decellularization and electrospinning has resulted in the generation of bioengineered blood vessels, heart valves, livers, kidneys, bladders, and airways. Future advances that may have a significant impact for the field include safe methods to reprogram a patient's own cells to directly differentiate into functional replacement cell types. The subsequent combination of these cells with natural, synthetic and/or decellularized organ materials to generate functional tissue substitutes is a real possibility. This essay reviews the current progress, developments, and challenges facing researchers in their goal to create replacement tissues and organs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Vincent Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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106
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Govoni M, Lotti F, Biagiotti L, Lannocca M, Pasquinelli G, Valente S, Muscari C, Bonafè F, Caldarera CM, Guarnieri C, Cavalcanti S, Giordano E. An innovative stand-alone bioreactor for the highly reproducible transfer of cyclic mechanical stretch to stem cells cultured in a 3D scaffold. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:787-93. [PMID: 22865609 DOI: 10.1002/term.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence in the literature demonstrates the effect of cyclic mechanical stretch in maintaining, or addressing, a muscle phenotype. Such results were obtained using several technical approaches, useful for the experimental collection of proofs of principle but probably unsuitable for application in clinical regenerative medicine. Here we aimed to design a reliable innovative bioreactor, acting as a stand-alone cell culture incubator, easy to operate and effective in addressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded onto a 3D bioreabsorbable scaffold, towards a muscle phenotype via the transfer of a controlled and highly-reproducible cyclic deformation. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and biochemical analysis of the obtained pseudotissue constructs showed that cells 'trained' over 1 week: (a) displayed multilayer organization and invaded the 3D mesh of the scaffold; and (b) expressed typical markers of muscle cells. This effect was due only to physical stimulation of the cells, without the need of any other chemical or genetic manipulation. This device is thus proposed as a prototypal instrument to obtain pseudotissue constructs to test in cardiovascular regenerative medicine, using good manufacturing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Govoni
- Department of Biochemistry 'G. Moruzzi', University of Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy; Health Science and Technology-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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107
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Hume SL, Hoyt SM, Walker JS, Sridhar BV, Ashley JF, Bowman CN, Bryant SJ. Alignment of multi-layered muscle cells within three-dimensional hydrogel macrochannels. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2193-202. [PMID: 22326973 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development and testing of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with independently controlled dimensions of wide and deep macrochannels for their ability to promote alignment of skeletal myoblasts and myoblast differentiation. A UV-photopatterned thiol-ene mold was employed to produce long channels, which ranged from ∼40 to 200 μm in width and from ∼100 to 200 μm in depth, within a PEG-RGD hydrogel. Skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) were successfully cultured multiple cell layers deep within the channels. Decreasing channel width, increasing channel depth and, interestingly, increasing cell layer away from the channel base all contributed to a decreased interquartile range of cell angle relative to the long axis of the channel wall, indicating improved cell alignment. Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into myotubes was confirmed by gene expression for myoD, myogenin and MCH IIb, and myotube formation for all channel geometries, but was not dependent on channel size. Qualitatively, myotubes were characteristically different, as myotubes were larger and had more nuclei in larger channels. Overall, our findings demonstrate that relatively large features, which do not readily facilitate cell alignment in two dimensions, promote cell alignment when presented in three dimensions, suggesting an important role for three-dimensional spatial cues.
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108
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Corona BT, Machingal MA, Criswell T, Vadhavkar M, Dannahower AC, Bergman C, Zhao W, Christ GJ. Further development of a tissue engineered muscle repair construct in vitro for enhanced functional recovery following implantation in vivo in a murine model of volumetric muscle loss injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1213-28. [PMID: 22439962 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) can result from trauma and surgery in civilian and military populations, resulting in irrecoverable functional and cosmetic deficits that cannot be effectively treated with current therapies. Previous work evaluated a bioreactor-based tissue engineering approach in which muscle derived cells (MDCs) were seeded onto bladder acellular matrices (BAM) and mechanically preconditioned. This first generation tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) construct exhibited a largely differentiated cellular morphology consisting primarily of myotubes, and moreover, significantly improved functional recovery within 2 months of implantation in a murine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle with a surgically created VML injury. The present report extends these initial observations to further document the importance of the cellular phenotype and composition of the TEMR construct in vitro to the functional recovery observed following implantation in vivo. To this end, three distinct TEMR constructs were created by seeding MDCs onto BAM as follows: (1) a short-term cellular proliferation of MDCs to generate primarily myoblasts without bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-1SP), (2) a prolonged cellular differentiation and maturation period that included bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-1SPD; identical to the first generation TEMR construct), and (3) similar treatment as TEMR-1SPD but with a second application of MDCs during bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-2SPD); simulating aspects of "exercise" in vitro. Assessment of maximal tetanic force generation on retrieved LD muscles in vitro revealed that TEMR-1SP and TEMR-1SPD constructs promoted either an accelerated (i.e., 1 month) or a prolonged (i.e., 2 month postinjury) functional recovery, respectively, of similar magnitude. Meanwhile, TEMR-2SPD constructs promoted both an accelerated and prolonged functional recovery, resulting in twice the magnitude of functional recovery of either TEMR-1SP or TEMR-1SPD constructs. Histological and molecular analyses indicated that TEMR constructs mediated functional recovery via regeneration of functional muscle fibers either at the interface of the construct and the native tissue or within the BAM scaffolding independent of the native tissue. Taken together these findings are encouraging for the further development and clinical application of TEMR constructs as a VML injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Corona
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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109
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Subramani C, Saha K, Creran B, Bajaj A, Moyano DF, Wang H, Rotello VM. Cell alignment using patterned biocompatible gold nanoparticle templates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1209-13, 1126. [PMID: 22354857 PMCID: PMC3605712 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible structures are produced for cellular patterning. The biocompatible surfaces are generated to provide protein nonfouling patterns, offering direct communication to the cells for controlling cell adhesion and proliferation. These biofunctional surfaces provide a platform for aligning the cells in the direction of patterns, indicating potential application in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishnendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Brian Creran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Daniel F. Moyano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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110
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STERN AMBERRATH, STERN MATTHEWM, VAN DYKE MARKE. TRANSDUCTION OF STRAIN TO CELLS SEEDED ONTO SCAFFOLDS EXPOSED TO UNIAXIAL STRETCHING: A THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519412004491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When preparing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine constructs, a commonly encountered problem is the failure of seeded cells to infiltrate the scaffold. In an increasing number of cases, constructs are being mechanically preconditioned with the expectation that preconditioning will enhance the construct's maturation and effectiveness by pre-exposing seeded cells to stimuli the tissue of interest experiences in vivo. However, whether or not mechanostimulation of a scaffold actually results in transmission of stimuli to the seeded cells remains poorly understood. The purpose of this research was to develop a model that quantifies how strain is transmitted to cells layered on a scaffold's surface compared to cells embedded within a scaffold. Three-dimensional finite element models representative of these conditions were created. When 10% strain was applied to the construct, embedded cells received the full imposed strain. However, cells growing on top of the scaffold received 5% strain within the first layer of cells, and the strain transmitted to cells in subsequent layers decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the scaffold's surface. When experimentally testing the model, strain-induced biological responses were muted in conditions where cell to scaffold contact was reduced. This research illustrates the importance of achieving cellular penetration and cell-to-scaffold contacts when mechanically conditioning tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- AMBER RATH STERN
- School of Computing and Engineering and School of Dentistry, University of Missouri — Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - MATTHEW M. STERN
- School of Nursing, University of Missouri — Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - MARK E. VAN DYKE
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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111
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Chen XK, Rathbone CR, Walters TJ. Treatment of Tourniquet-Induced Ischemia Reperfusion Injury with Muscle Progenitor Cells. J Surg Res 2011; 170:e65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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112
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Dynamic mechanical stimulations induce anisotropy and improve the tensile properties of engineered tissues produced without exogenous scaffolding. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3294-301. [PMID: 21669302 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical strength and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential characteristics for engineered tissues designed to repair and replace connective tissues that are subject to stress and strain. In this study, dynamic mechanical stimulation (DMS) was investigated as a method to improve the mechanical properties of engineered tissues produced without the use of an exogenous scaffold, referred to as the self-assembly approach. This method, based exclusively on the use of human cells without any exogenous scaffolding, allows for the production of a tissue sheet comprised of cells and ECM components synthesized by dermal fibroblasts in vitro. A bioreactor chamber was designed to apply cyclic strain to engineered tissues in order to determine if dynamic culture had an impact on their mechanical properties and ECM organization. Fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid for 35 days to promote ECM production and allow the formation of a tissue sheet. This sheet was grown on a custom-built anchoring system allowing for easy manipulation and fixation of the tissue in the bioreactor. Following the 35 day period, tissues were maintained for 3 days in static culture (SC), or subjected either to a static mechanical stimulation of 10% strain, or a dynamic DMS with a duty cycle of 10% uniaxial cyclic strain at 1Hz. ECM was characterized by histology, immunofluorescence labeling and Western blotting. Both static and dynamic mechanical stimulation induced the alignment of assessed cytoskeletal proteins and ECM components parallel to the axis of applied strain and increased the ECM content of the tissues compared to SC. Measurement of the tensile mechanical properties revealed that mechanical stimulation significantly increases both the ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus of the engineered tissues when compared to the non-stimulated control. Moreover, we demonstrated that cyclic strain significantly increases these parameters when compared to a static-loading stimulation and that mechanical stimulation contributes to the establishment of anisotropy in the structural and mechanical properties of self-assembled tissue sheets.
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113
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Bayati V, Sadeghi Y, Shokrgozar MA, Haghighipour N, Azadmanesh K, Amanzadeh A, Azari S. The evaluation of cyclic uniaxial strain on myogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Cell 2011; 43:359-66. [PMID: 21872289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been revealed that skeletal muscle cells have the potential to generate, sense and respond to biomechanical signals and that, mechanical force is one of the important factors influencing proliferation, differentiation, regeneration and homeostasis of skeletal muscle cells and myoblasts. The aim of this study was to illustrate the effect of cyclic uniaxial strain on myogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). This study was designed to investigate this effect within 3 days in 4 groups: control (untreated), chemical, chemical-mechanical and mechanical based on exposure of ASCs to chemical growth factors for 3 days or to mechanical strain just on the 2nd day. Finally, cell orientation, muscle-related gene expression, myosin protein synthesis and the number of myosin-positive cells were examined to estimate the rate of differentiation. By studying the cells before and after exposure to uniaxial strain, it could be observed that by exerting the load, the cells were organized almost perpendicularly to strain direction. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that uniaxial strain had a significant effect on up-regulation of muscle-related genes in chemical-mechanical group (P < 0.001) as compared to mechanical or chemical groups. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the myosin-positive cells in treated groups and the numbers of these cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. These data suggest that uniaxial cyclic strain could affect ASCs and cause their myogenic differentiation and that the combination of chemical myogenic differentiation factors with mechanical signals promotes differentiation much more than differentiation by chemical myogenic differentiation factors or mechanical signals alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Bayati
- Biology and Anatomy Department, Medical School, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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114
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Machingal MA, Corona BT, Walters TJ, Kesireddy V, Koval CN, Dannahower A, Zhao W, Yoo JJ, Christ GJ. A tissue-engineered muscle repair construct for functional restoration of an irrecoverable muscle injury in a murine model. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2291-303. [PMID: 21548710 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no effective clinical treatments for volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from traumatic injury, tumor excision, or other degenerative diseases of skeletal muscle. The goal of this study was to develop and characterize a more clinically relevant tissue-engineered muscle repair (TE-MR) construct for functional restoration of a VML injury in the mouse lattissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. To this end, TE-MR constructs developed by seeding rat myoblasts on porcine bladder acellular matrix were preconditioned in a bioreactor for 1 week and implanted in nude mice at the site of a VML injury created by excising 50% of the native LD. Two months postinjury and implantation of TE-MR, maximal tetanic force was ∼72% of that observed in native LD muscle. In contrast, injured LD muscles that were not repaired, or were repaired with scaffold alone, produced only ∼50% of native LD muscle force after 2 months. Histological analyses of LD tissue retrieved 2 months after implantation demonstrated remodeling of the TE-MR construct as well as the presence of desmin-positive myofibers, blood vessels, and neurovascular bundles within the TE-MR construct. Overall, these encouraging initial observations document significant functional recovery within 2 months of implantation of TE-MR constructs and provide clear proof of concept for the applicability of this technology in a murine VML injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood A Machingal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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115
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Turner NJ, Badylak SF. Regeneration of skeletal muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:759-74. [PMID: 21667167 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a robust capacity for regeneration following injury. However, few if any effective therapeutic options for volumetric muscle loss are available. Autologous muscle grafts or muscle transposition represent possible salvage procedures for the restoration of mass and function but these approaches have limited success and are plagued by associated donor site morbidity. Cell-based therapies are in their infancy and, to date, have largely focused on hereditary disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. An unequivocal need exists for regenerative medicine strategies that can enhance or induce de novo formation of functional skeletal muscle as a treatment for congenital absence or traumatic loss of tissue. In this review, the three stages of skeletal muscle regeneration and the potential pitfalls in the development of regenerative medicine strategies for the restoration of functional skeletal muscle in situ are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 2, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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116
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Fry C, Sadananda P, Wood D, Thiruchelvam N, Jabr R, Clayton R. Modeling the urinary tract-computational, physical, and biological methods. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:692-9. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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117
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Merritt EK, Cannon MV, Hammers DW, Le LN, Gokhale R, Sarathy A, Song TJ, Tierney MT, Suggs LJ, Walters TJ, Farrar RP. Repair of traumatic skeletal muscle injury with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded on extracellular matrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2871-81. [PMID: 20412030 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injury resulting in tissue loss poses unique challenges for surgical repair. Despite the regenerative potential of skeletal muscle, if a significant amount of tissue is lost, skeletal myofibers will not grow to fill the injured area completely. Prior work in our lab has shown the potential to fill the void with an extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold, resulting in restoration of morphology, but not functional recovery. To improve the functional outcome of the injured muscle, a muscle-derived ECM was implanted into a 1 x 1 cm(2), full-thickness defect in the lateral gastrocnemius (LGAS) of Lewis rats. Seven days later, bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were injected directly into the implanted ECM. Partial functional recovery occurred over the course of 42 days when the LGAS was repaired with an MSC-seeded ECM producing 85.4 +/- 3.6% of the contralateral LGAS. This was significantly higher than earlier recovery time points (p < 0.05). The specific tension returned to 94 +/- 9% of the contralateral limb. The implanted MSC-seeded ECM had more blood vessels and regenerating skeletal myofibers than the ECM without cells (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the repair of a skeletal muscle defect injury by the implantation of a muscle-derived ECM seeded with MSCs can improve functional recovery after 42 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Merritt
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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118
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Langelaan MLP, Boonen KJM, Rosaria-Chak KY, van der Schaft DWJ, Post MJ, Baaijens FPT. Advanced maturation by electrical stimulation: Differences in response between C2C12 and primary muscle progenitor cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:529-39. [DOI: 10.1002/term.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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119
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Ladd MR, Lee SJ, Stitzel JD, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Co-electrospun dual scaffolding system with potential for muscle-tendon junction tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1549-59. [PMID: 21093046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has had successes developing single tissue types, but there is a need for methods that will allow development of composite tissues. For instance, muscle-tendon junctions (MTJ) require a seamless interface to allow force transfer from muscle to tendon. One challenge in engineering MTJs is designing a continuous scaffold suitable for both tissue types. We aimed to create a dual scaffold that exhibits regional mechanical property differences that mimic the trends seen in native MTJ. Poly(ε-caprolactone)/collagen and poly(l-lactide)/collagen were co-electrospun onto opposite ends of a mandrel to create a scaffold with 3 regions. Scaffolds were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing (uniaxial, cyclic, and video strain), for cytocompatibility using MTS, and seeded with C2C12 myoblasts and NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Native porcine diaphragm MTJs were also analyzed with video strain for comparison. Integrated scaffolds were created with fiber diameters from 452-549 nm. Scaffolds exhibited regional variations in mechanical properties with moduli from 4.490-27.62 MPa and generally withstood cyclic testing, although with hysteresis. Video analysis showed scaffold strain profiles exhibited similar trends to native MTJ. The scaffolds were cytocompatible and accommodated cell attachment and myotube formation. The properties engineered into these scaffolds make them attractive candidates for tissue engineering of MTJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Ladd
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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120
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Turner NJ, Yates AJ, Weber DJ, Qureshi IR, Stolz DB, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. Xenogeneic extracellular matrix as an inductive scaffold for regeneration of a functioning musculotendinous junction. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3309-17. [PMID: 20528669 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing dogma in tissue engineering is cell-centric. One shortcoming of this approach is the failure to provide the implanted cells with a suitable in vivo microenvironment that promotes tissue reconstruction. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds provide a three-dimensional microenvironment that can promote constructive and functional tissue remodeling rather than inflammation and scarring even in the absence of any implanted cells. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of an ECM-based scaffold to facilitate functional restoration of the distal gastrocnemius musculotendinous junction in a canine model after complete resection of the tissue. Within 6 months, vascularized, innervated skeletal muscle that was similar to normal muscle tissue had formed at the ECM-scaffold implantation site. This neo-tissue generated 48% of the contractile force of contralateral musculotendinous junction and represents the first report of de novo formation of contractile, vascularized, and innervated skeletal muscle in situ after significant tissue loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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121
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Valentin JE, Turner NJ, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. Functional skeletal muscle formation with a biologic scaffold. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7475-84. [PMID: 20638716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used to reinforce or replace damaged or missing musculotendinous tissues in both preclinical studies and in human clinical applications. However, most studies have focused upon morphologic endpoints and few studies have assessed the in-situ functionality of newly formed tissue; especially new skeletal muscle tissue. The objective of the present study was to determine both the in-situ tetanic contractile response and histomorphologic characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue reconstructed using one of four test articles in a rodent abdominal wall model: 1) porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS)-ECM; 2) carbodiimide-crosslinked porcine SIS-ECM; 3) autologous tissue; or 4) polypropylene mesh. Six months after surgery, the remodeled SIS-ECM showed almost complete replacement by islands and sheets of skeletal muscle, which generated a similar maximal contractile force to native tissue but with greater resistance to fatigue. The autologous tissue graft was replaced by a mixture of collagenous connective tissue, adipose tissue with fewer islands of skeletal muscle compared to SIS-ECM and a similar fatigue resistance to native muscle. Carbodiimide-crosslinked SIS-ECM and polypropylene mesh were characterized by a chronic inflammatory response and produced little or no measurable tetanic force. The findings of this study show that non-crosslinked xenogeneic SIS scaffolds and autologous tissue are associated with the restoration of functional skeletal muscle with histomorphologic characteristics that resemble native muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene E Valentin
- Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA
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122
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Mase VJ, Hsu JR, Wolf SE, Wenke JC, Baer DG, Owens J, Badylak SF, Walters TJ. Clinical application of an acellular biologic scaffold for surgical repair of a large, traumatic quadriceps femoris muscle defect. Orthopedics 2010; 33:511. [PMID: 20608620 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20100526-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many battlefield injuries involve penetrating soft tissue trauma often accompanied by skeletal muscle defects, known as volumetric muscle loss. This article presents the first known case of a surgical technique involving an innovative tissue engineering approach for the repair of a large volumetric muscle loss. A 19-year-old Marine presented with large volumentric muscle loss of the right thigh as a result of an explosion. The patient reported muscle weakness with right knee extension, secondary to volumentric muscle loss, primarily involving the vastus medialis muscle. This persisted 3 years postinjury, despite extensive physical therapy. With all existing management options exhausted, restoration of a portion of the lost vastus medialis muscle was attempted by surgical implantation of a multi-layered scaffold composed of extracellular matrix derived from porcine intestinal submucossa. The patient had no complications, was discharged home on postoperative day 5, and resumed physical therapy after 4 weeks. Four months postoperatively, the patient demonstrated marked gains in isokinetic performance. Computer tomography indicated new tissue at the implant site. This approach offers a treatment option to a heretofore untreatable injury and will allow us to improve future surgical treatments for volumetric muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Mase
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam, Houston, TX 78234, USA
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123
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Shah R, Lewis MP. The Future? Craniofacial Skeletal Muscle Engineering as an Aid for the Management of Craniofacial Deformities. Semin Orthod 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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124
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Boonen KJ, Langelaan ML, Polak RB, van der Schaft DW, Baaijens FP, Post MJ. Effects of a combined mechanical stimulation protocol: Value for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. J Biomech 2010; 43:1514-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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125
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Liao H, Zhou GQ. Development and progress of engineering of skeletal muscle tissue. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:319-31. [PMID: 19591626 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineering skeletal muscle tissue remains still a challenge, and numerous studies have indicated that this technique may be of great importance in medicine in the near future. This article reviews some of the recent findings resulting from tissue engineering science related to the contractile behavior and the phenotypes of muscle tissue cells in different three-dimensional environment, and discusses how tissue engineering could be used to create and regenerate skeletal muscle, as well as the extended applications and the related patents concerned with engineered skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, GuangZhou, PR China
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126
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Williams C, Liao J, Joyce E, Wang B, Leach J, Sacks M, Wong J. Altered structural and mechanical properties in decellularized rabbit carotid arteries. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:993-1005. [PMID: 19135421 PMCID: PMC2680318 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, major achievements in creating decellularized whole tissue scaffolds have drawn considerable attention to decellularization as a promising approach for tissue engineering. Decellularized tissues are expected to have mechanical strength and structure similar to the native tissues from which they are derived. However, numerous studies have shown that mechanical properties change after decellularization. Often, tissue structure is observed by histology and electron microscopy, but the structural alterations that may have occurred are not always evident. Here, a variety of techniques were used to investigate changes in tissue structure and relate them to altered mechanical behavior in decellularized rabbit carotid arteries. Histology and scanning electron microscopy revealed that major extracellular matrix components were preserved and fibers appeared intact, although collagen appeared looser and less crimped after decellularization. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of proteoglycans (PG), but there was decreased PG density and increased spacing between collagen fibrils. Mechanical testing and opening angle measurements showed that decellularized arteries had significantly increased stiffness, decreased extensibility and decreased residual stress compared with native arteries. Small-angle light scattering revealed that fibers had increased mobility and that structural integrity was compromised in decellularized arteries. Taken together, these studies revealed structural alterations that could be related to changes in mechanical properties. Further studies are warranted to determine the specific effects of different decellularization methods on the structure and performance of decellularized arteries used as vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Williams
- Biomimetic Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J. Liao
- Cardiovascular Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - E.M. Joyce
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - B. Wang
- Cardiovascular Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J.B. Leach
- Biomimetic Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M.S. Sacks
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - J.Y. Wong
- Biomimetic Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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127
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Boonen KJ, Post MJ. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche: Regulation of Satellite Cells During Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:419-31. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel J.M. Boonen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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128
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129
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Choi JS, Lee SJ, Christ GJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The influence of electrospun aligned poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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