101
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Sørensen AL, Timoskainen S, West FD, Vekterud K, Boquest AC, Ahrlund-Richter L, Stice SL, Collas P. Lineage-specific promoter DNA methylation patterns segregate adult progenitor cell types. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1257-66. [PMID: 19886822 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell types in vitro; however, their differentiation capacity is influenced by their tissue of origin. To what extent epigenetic information on promoters of lineage-specification genes in human progenitors influences transcriptional activation and differentiation potential remains unclear. We produced bisulfite sequencing maps of DNA methylation in adipogenic, myogenic, and endothelial promoters in relation to gene expression and differentiation capacity, and unravel a similarity in DNA methylation profiles between MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue, bone marrow (BM), and muscle. This similarity is irrespective of promoter CpG content. Methylation patterns of MSCs are distinct from those of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and multipotent hESC-derived mesenchymal cells (MCs). Moreover, in vitro MSC differentiation does not affect lineage-specific promoter methylation states, arguing that these methylation patterns in differentiated cells are already established at the progenitor stage. Further, we find a correlation between lineage-specific promoter hypermethylation and lack of differentiation capacity toward that lineage, but no relationship between weak promoter methylation and capacity of transcriptional activation or differentiation. Thus, only part of the restriction in differentiation capacity of tissue-specific stem cells is programmed by promoter DNA methylation: hypermethylation seems to constitute a barrier to differentiation, however, no or weak methylation has no predictive value for differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Sørensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
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102
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Allegrucci C, Rushton MD, Dixon JE, Sottile V, Shah M, Kumari R, Watson S, Alberio R, Johnson AD. Epigenetic reprogramming of breast cancer cells with oocyte extracts. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:7. [PMID: 21232089 PMCID: PMC3034708 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a disease characterised by both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes is an early event in breast carcinogenesis and reversion of gene silencing by epigenetic reprogramming can provide clues to the mechanisms responsible for tumour initiation and progression. In this study we apply the reprogramming capacity of oocytes to cancer cells in order to study breast oncogenesis. RESULTS We show that breast cancer cells can be directly reprogrammed by amphibian oocyte extracts. The reprogramming effect, after six hours of treatment, in the absence of DNA replication, includes DNA demethylation and removal of repressive histone marks at the promoters of tumour suppressor genes; also, expression of the silenced genes is re-activated in response to treatment. This activity is specific to oocytes as it is not elicited by extracts from ovulated eggs, and is present at very limited levels in extracts from mouse embryonic stem cells. Epigenetic reprogramming in oocyte extracts results in reduction of cancer cell growth under anchorage independent conditions and a reduction in tumour growth in mouse xenografts. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a new method to investigate tumour reversion by epigenetic reprogramming. After testing extracts from different sources, we found that axolotl oocyte extracts possess superior reprogramming ability, which reverses epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells in a mouse xenograft model. Therefore this system can be extremely valuable for dissecting the mechanisms involved in tumour suppressor gene silencing and identifying molecular activities capable of arresting tumour growth. These applications can ultimately shed light on the contribution of epigenetic alterations in breast cancer and advance the development of epigenetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Allegrucci
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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103
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Pascal LE, Ai J, Vêncio RZN, Vêncio EF, Zhou Y, Page LS, True LD, Wang Z, Liu AY. Differential Inductive Signaling of CD90 Prostate Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Compared to Normal Tissue Stromal Mesenchyme Cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:51-9. [PMID: 21505567 PMCID: PMC3047627 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate carcinomas are surrounded by a layer of stromal fibroblastic cells that are characterized by increased expression of CD90. These CD90+ cancer-associated stromal fibroblastic cells differ in gene expression from their normal counterpart, CD49a+CD90lo stromal smooth muscle cells; and were postulated to represent a less differentiated cell type with altered inductive properties. CD90+ stromal cells were isolated from tumor tissue specimens and co-cultured with the pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NCCIT in order to elucidate the impact of tumor-associated stroma on stem cells, and the ‘cancer stem cell.’ Transcriptome analysis identified a notable decreased induction of smooth muscle and prostate stromal genes such as PENK, BMP2 and ChGn compared to previously determined NCCIT response to normal prostate stromal cell induction. CD90+ stromal cell secreted factors induced an increased expression of CD90 and differential induction of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and the RECK pathway in NCCIT. These results suggest that, compared to normal tissue stromal cells, signaling from cancer-associated stromal cells has a markedly different effect on stem cells as represented by NCCIT. Given that stromal cells are important in directing organ-specific differentiation, stromal cells in tumors appear to be defective in this function, which may contribute to abnormal differentiation found in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Pascal
- Department of Urology, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Ricardo Z. N. Vêncio
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo’s Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eneida F. Vêncio
- Department of Urology, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
- Present Address: Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO Brazil
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
| | - Laura S. Page
- Department of Urology, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Alvin Y. Liu
- Department of Urology, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
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104
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Sanges D, Lluis F, Cosma MP. Cell-fusion-mediated reprogramming: pluripotency or transdifferentiation? Implications for regenerative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 713:137-59. [PMID: 21432018 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a natural process that occurs not only during development, but as has emerged over the last few years, also with an important role in tissue regeneration. Interestingly, in-vitro studies have revealed that after fusion of two different cell types, the developmental potential of these cells can change. This suggests that the mechanisms by which cells differentiate during development to acquire their identities is not irreversible, as was considered until a few years ago. To date, it is well established that the fate of a cell can be changed by a process known as reprogramming. This mainly occurs in two different ways: the differentiated state of a cell can be reversed back into a pluripotent state (pluripotent reprogramming), or it can be switched directly to a different differentiated state (lineage reprogramming). In both cases, these possibilities of obtaining sources of autologous somatic cells to maintain, replace or rescue different tissues has provided new and fundamental insights in the stem-cell-therapy field. Most interestingly, the concept that cell reprogramming can also occur in vivo by spontaneous cell fusion events is also emerging, which suggests that this mechanism can be implicated not only in cellular plasticity, but also in tissue regeneration. In this chapter, we will summarize the present knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that mediate the restoration of pluripotency in vitro through cell fusion, as well as the studies carried out over the last 3 decades on lineage reprogramming, both in vitro and in vivo. How the outcome of these studies relate to regenerative medicine applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sanges
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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105
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Yoon BS, You S. Trends and clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2011. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2011.54.5.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yoon
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
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106
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Patel M, Yang S. Advances in reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:367-80. [PMID: 20336395 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, nuclear reprogramming of cells has been performed by transferring somatic cell nuclei into oocytes, by combining somatic and pluripotent cells together through cell fusion and through genetic integration of factors through somatic cell chromatin. All of these techniques changes gene expression which further leads to a change in cell fate. Here we discuss recent advances in generating induced pluripotent stem cells, different reprogramming methods and clinical applications of iPS cells. Viral vectors have been used to transfer transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-myc, Klf4, and nanog) to induce reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, keratinocytes, B lymphocytes and meningeal membrane cells towards pluripotency. Human fibroblasts, neural cells, blood and keratinocytes have also been reprogrammed towards pluripotency. In this review we have discussed the use of viral vectors for reprogramming both animal and human stem cells. Currently, many studies are also involved in finding alternatives to using viral vectors carrying transcription factors for reprogramming cells. These include using plasmid transfection, piggyback transposon system and piggyback transposon system combined with a non viral vector system. Applications of these techniques have been discussed in detail including its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, current clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and its limitations have also been reviewed. Thus, this review is a summary of current research advances in reprogramming cells into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Patel
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 36 Foster Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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107
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Sung LY, Chang CC, Amano T, Lin CJ, Amano M, Treaster SB, Xu J, Chang WF, Nagy ZP, Yang X, Tian XC. Efficient derivation of embryonic stem cells from nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic embryos derived from cryopreserved oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:203-11. [PMID: 20677934 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deriving histocompatible embryonic stem (ES) cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and parthenogenetic activation (PA) requires fresh oocytes, which prevents their applications in humans. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of deriving ES cells from mature metaphase II (MII) and immature metaphase I (MI) vitrified oocytes, by PA or SCNT, in a mouse model. We successfully generated ES cell lines from PA (MII and MI) and SCNT (MII and MI) blastocysts. These cell lines expressed genes and antigens characteristic of pluripotent ES cells and produced full-term pups upon tetraploid embryo complementation. This study established an animal model for efficient generation of patient-specific ES cell lines using cryopreserved oocytes. This is a major step forward in the application of therapeutic cloning and parthenogenetic technology in human regenerative medicine and will serve as an important alternative to the iPS cell technology in countries/regions where these technologies are permitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Sung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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108
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Oka Y, Nakajima K, Nagao K, Miura K, Ishii N, Kobayashi H. 293FT cells transduced with four transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) generate aberrant ES-like cells. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2010. [PMID: 24693156 PMCID: PMC3908262 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.0603008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The HEK 293 cell line (293 cells) was derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells grown in tissue culture. 293 cells are very easy to grow and transfect and have been widely used in cell biological research for many years. 293 cells have many of the properties of immature neurons, suggesting that they represent a transformed neuronal cell present in the original kidney culture, and they are not useful as an in vitro model for kidney cell function. The 293T cell line contains the SV40 large T-antigen, which allows the episomal replication of transfected plasmids containing the SV40 origin of replication, and 293FT cells are a fast-growing variant. A recent report showed that introducing a set of transcription factors associated with pluripotency into human somatic cells can directly reprogr am them to produce induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. To date, however, iPS cells have not been generated from immortalized cells. We examined whether iPS cells could be generated from 293 FT cells transfected with four transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28). The obtained cells morphologically resembled human ES cells, and showed a similar marker gene expression pattern. These cells had an impaired ability to differentiate, and formed immature ectodermal tumors after they were transplanted into nude mice. Thus, we could not derive fully reprogrammed iPS cells from 293FT cells. We conclude that the 293FT cells transduced with OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 produced aberrant ES-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oka
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nagao
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Miura
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Ishii
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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109
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Na J, Plews J, Li J, Wongtrakoongate P, Tuuri T, Feki A, Andrews PW, Unger C. Molecular mechanisms of pluripotency and reprogramming. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 1:33. [PMID: 20974014 PMCID: PMC2983446 DOI: 10.1186/scrt33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are able to form any terminally differentiated cell. They have opened new doors for experimental and therapeutic studies to understand early development and to cure degenerative diseases in a way not previously possible. Nevertheless, it remains important to resolve and define the mechanisms underlying pluripotent stem cells, as that understanding will impact strongly on future medical applications. The capture of pluripotent stem cells in a dish is bound to several landmark discoveries, from the initial culture and phenotyping of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells to the recent induction of pluripotency in somatic cells. On this developmental time line, key transcription factors, such as Oct4, Sox2 or Nanog, have been revealed not only to regulate but also to functionally induce pluripotency. These early master regulators of development control developmental signalling pathways that affect the cell cycle, regulate gene expression, modulate the epigenetic state and repair DNA damage. Besides transcription factors, microRNAs have recently been shown to play important roles in gene expression and are embedded into the regulatory network orchestrating cellular development. However, there are species-specific differences in pluripotent cells, such as surface marker expression and growth factor requirements. Such differences and their underlying developmental pathways require clear definition and have major impacts on the preclinical test bed of pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Na
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.
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110
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Kieffer E, Kuntz S, Viville S. Tour d’horizon des lignées de cellules souches pluripotentes. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:848-54. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20102610848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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111
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Wang Y, Mah N, Prigione A, Wolfrum K, Andrade-Navarro MA, Adjaye J. A transcriptional roadmap to the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:282-96. [PMID: 20336394 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells possess an enormous potential for applications in regenerative medicine. However, these cells have several inevitable hurdles limiting their clinical applications, such as transplant rejection and embryo destruction. A milestone recently achieved was the derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by over-expressing combinations of defined transcription factors, namely, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 or OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. Human iPS cells exhibit many characteristics identical to those of inner cell mass-derived ES cells. Here, we summarize the generation of human fibroblast-derived iPS cells and discuss the promises and limitations of their use. In addition, by utilising numerous published transcriptome datasets related to ES cells, fibroblast-derived iPS cells, partially induced pluripotent stem cells (PiPSC) and wild type fibroblasts, we reveal similarities (self-renewal signature) and differences (donor cell-type and PiPSC signatures) in genes and associated signaling pathways operative in the induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts. In particular, we highlight that induction of ground state pluripotency is also favoured by the inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hence the induction of mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET). We anticipate that these findings might aid in the establishment of more efficient protocols for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Molecular Embryology and Aging group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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112
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Jung KH, Das ND, Park JH, Lee HT, Choi MR, Chung MK, Park KS, Jung MH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Chai YG. Effects of acute ethanol treatment on NCCIT cells and NCCIT cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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113
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Han J, Sachdev PS, Sidhu KS. A combined epigenetic and non-genetic approach for reprogramming human somatic cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12297. [PMID: 20808872 PMCID: PMC2924394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to different extents has been reported using different methods. However, this is normally accompanied by the use of exogenous materials, and the overall reprogramming efficiency has been low. Chemicals and small molecules have been used to improve the reprogramming process during somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation. We report here the first application of a combined epigenetic and non-genetic approach for reprogramming somatic cells, i.e., DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) extracts. When somatic cells were pretreated with these inhibitors before exposure to hESC (MEL1) extracts, morphological analysis revealed a higher rate of hESC-like colony formation than without pretreatment. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) demonstrated that pluripotency genes were upregulated when compared to those of somatic cells or treated with hESC extracts alone. Overall changes in methylation and acetylation levels of pretreated somatic cells suggests that epigenetic states of the cells have an effect on reprogramming efficiency induced by hESC extracts. KnockOutserum replacement (KOSR™) medium (KO-SR) played a positive role in inducing expression of the pluripotency genes. hESC extracts could be an alternative approach to reprogram somatic cells without introducing exogenous materials. The epigenetic pre-treatment of somatic cells could be used to improve the efficiency of reprogramming process. Under differentiation conditions, the reprogrammed cells exhibited differentiation ability into neurons suggesting that, although fully reprogramming was not achieved, the cells could be transdifferentiated after reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnuo Han
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kuldip S. Sidhu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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114
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Smith JA, Ndoye AMN, Geary K, Lisanti MP, Igoucheva O, Daniel R. A role for the Werner syndrome protein in epigenetic inactivation of the pluripotency factor Oct4. Aging Cell 2010; 9:580-91. [PMID: 20477760 PMCID: PMC2910250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder, the hallmarks of which are premature aging and early onset of neoplastic diseases (Orren, 2006; Bohr, 2008). The gene, whose mutation underlies the WS phenotype, is called WRN. The protein encoded by the WRN gene, WRNp, has DNA helicase activity (Gray et al., 1997; Orren, 2006; Bohr, 2008; Opresko, 2008). Extensive evidence suggests that WRNp plays a role in DNA replication and DNA repair (Chen et al., 2003; Hickson, 2003; Orren, 2006; Turaga et al., 2007; Bohr, 2008). However, WRNp function is not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that WRNp is involved in de novo DNA methylation of the promoter of the Oct4 gene, which encodes a crucial stem cell transcription factor. We demonstrate that WRNp localizes to the Oct4 promoter during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human pluripotent cells and associates with the de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3b in the chromatin of differentiating pluripotent cells. Depletion of WRNp does not affect demethylation of lysine 4 of the histone H3 at the Oct4 promoter, nor methylation of lysine 9 of H3, but it blocks the recruitment of Dnmt3b to the promoter and results in the reduced methylation of CpG sites within the Oct4 promoter. The lack of DNA methylation was associated with continued, albeit greatly reduced, Oct4 expression in WRN-deficient, retinoic acid-treated cells, which resulted in attenuated differentiation. The presented results reveal a novel function of WRNp and demonstrate that WRNp controls a key step in pluripotent stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A. Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases - Center for Human Virology, and Jefferson Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Abibatou M. N. Ndoye
- Division of Infectious Diseases - Center for Human Virology, and Jefferson Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Kyla Geary
- Division of Infectious Diseases - Center for Human Virology, and Jefferson Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Olga Igoucheva
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - René Daniel
- Division of Infectious Diseases - Center for Human Virology, and Jefferson Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, U.S.A
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115
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116
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Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation. Blood 2010; 116:386-95. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-269589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The concept of reprogramming of somatic cells has opened a new era in regenerative medicine. Transduction of defined factors has successfully achieved pluripotency. However, during the generation process of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, genetic manipulation of certain factors may cause tumorigenicity, which limits further application. We report that that a single transfer of embryonic stem (ES) cell–derived proteins into primarily cultured adult mouse fibroblasts, rather than repeated transfer or prolonged exposure to materials, can achieve full reprogramming up to the pluripotent state without the forced expression of ectopic transgenes. During the process, gene expression and epigenetic status were converted from somatic to ES-equivalent status. We verified that protein-based reprogramming was neither by the contamination of protein donor ES cell nor by DNA/RNA from donor ES cell. Protein-iPS cells were biologically and functionally very similar to ES cells and differentiated into 3 germ layers in vitro. Furthermore, protein-iPS cells possessed in vivo differentiation (well-differentiated teratoma formation) and development (chimeric mice generation and a tetraploid blastocyst complementation) potentials. Our results provide an alternative and safe strategy for the reprogramming of somatic cells that can be used to facilitate pluripotent stem cell–based cell therapy.
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117
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Masip M, Veiga A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Simón C. Reprogramming with defined factors: from induced pluripotency to induced transdifferentiation. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:856-68. [PMID: 20616150 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Masip
- Spanish Stem Cell Bank (Valencia Node), Prince Felipe Research Center, CIPF, Valencia University, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16, Valencia 46012, Spain
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118
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Debeb BG, Zhang X, Krishnamurthy S, Gao H, Cohen E, Li L, Rodriguez AA, Landis MD, Lucci A, Ueno NT, Robertson F, Xu W, Lacerda L, Buchholz TA, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM, Lewis MT, Woodward WA. Characterizing cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like features in 293T human embryonic kidney cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:180. [PMID: 20615238 PMCID: PMC2915978 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first suggestion of prospectively identifiable cancer stem cells in solid tumors, efforts have been made to characterize reported cancer stem cell surrogates in existing cancer cell lines, and cell lines rich with these surrogates have been used to screen for cancer stem cell targeted agents. Although 293T cells were derived from human embryonic kidney, transplantation of these cells into the mammary fat pad yields aggressive tumors that self-renew as evidenced by serial xenograft passages through transplantation. Herein we fully characterize cancer stem cell-like features in 293T human embryonic kidney cells. RESULTS 293T cells can be readily cultured and passaged as spheres in serum-free stem cell promoting culture conditions. Cells cultured in vitro as three-dimensional spheres (3D) were shown to contain higher ALDH1 and CD44+/CD24- population compared to monolayer cells. These cells were also resistant to radiation and upregulate stem cell survival signaling including beta-catenin, Notch1 and Survivin in response to radiation. Moreover, 3D spheres generated from the 293T cells have increased expression of mesenchymal genes including vimentin, n-cadherin, zeb1, snail and slug as well as pro-metastatic genes RhoC, Tenascin C and MTA1. In addition, microRNAs implicated in self-renewal and metastases were markedly reduced in 3D spheres. CONCLUSIONS 293T cells exhibit a cancer stem cell-like phenotype when cultured as 3D spheres and represent an important research tool for studying the molecular and biological mechanisms of cancer stem cells and for testing and developing novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisrat G Debeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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119
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Zhan W, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ke Q, Ding Y, Lu X, Wang Z. Modulation of rabbit corneal epithelial cells fate using embryonic stem cell extract. Mol Vis 2010; 16:1154-61. [PMID: 20664691 PMCID: PMC2901191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a new culture system to cultivate differentiated autologous cells in vitro for cell therapy and tissue engineering. METHODS After incubation in murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) extract for 1 h, streptolysin-O (SLO) permeabilized cells were resealed with CaCl(2) and continually cultured for weeks. The morphological study was analyzed by light microscopy. Isolated colonies were selected and expanded to establish cell lines. Octamer-4 (Oct-4), stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), transformation-related protein 63 (p63), ATP-binding cassette subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2), and cytokeratin3 (K3) were detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Oct-4, K3, and p63 were also detected by RT-PCR analysis. To examine the stemness characteristics of the induced cells, both alkaline phosphatase (AKP) staining and tumorigenicity detection were performed, respectively. RESULTS Reprogramming was induced in corneal epithelial cells. The reprogrammed cells showed characteristics similar to ESCs in the early weeks, including colony formation, positive AKP staining, and multi-potential differentiation in vivo. Oct-4 and SSEA1 protein expression was upregulated. However, these changes were not persistent or stable. With the passage of time, the colonies became flat. The ESC markers were downregulated, while epithelial cell related proteins gradually increased. CONCLUSIONS Less terminal differentiated rabbit corneal epithelial cells could be induced to a more pluripotent state with embryonic stem cell extract (ESC-E). These cells have the potential to return to the beginning of their own lineage and obtain the ability of long-term growth. Our fi ndings indicate that this culture system can generate low-immunogenic autologous cells for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Center for Stem cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Stem cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qicheng Ke
- Center for Stem cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Center for Stem cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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120
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Singhal N, Graumann J, Wu G, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Han DW, Greber B, Gentile L, Mann M, Schöler HR. Chromatin-Remodeling Components of the BAF Complex Facilitate Reprogramming. Cell 2010; 141:943-55. [PMID: 20550931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells achieved by combination of the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc has very low efficiency. To increase the reprogramming efficiency and better understand the process, we sought to identify factors that mediate reprogramming with higher efficiency. We established an assay to screen nuclear fractions from extracts of pluripotent mouse cells based on Oct4 reactivation. Using proteomics, we identified components of the ATP-dependent BAF chromatin-remodeling complex, which significantly increases reprogramming efficiency when used together with the four factors. The reprogrammed cells could transmit to the germline and exhibited pluripotency. Reprogramming remained highly efficient when c-Myc was not present but BAF components were overexpressed. BAF complex components mediate this effect by facilitating enhanced Oct4 binding to target promoters during reprogramming. Thus, somatic cell reprogramming using chromatin-remodeling molecules represents an efficient method of generating reprogrammed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Singhal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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121
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Schambach A, Cantz T, Baum C, Cathomen T. Generation and genetic modification of induced pluripotent stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1089-103. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.496775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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122
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Banerjee D. Reinventing diagnostics for personalized therapy in oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1066-91. [PMID: 24281107 PMCID: PMC3835119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancers are still diagnosed and classified using the light microscope. The criteria are based upon morphologic observations by pathologists and tend to be subject to interobserver variation. In preoperative biopsies of non-small cell lung cancers, the diagnostic concordance, even amongst experienced pulmonary pathologists, is no better than a coin-toss. Only 25% of cancer patients, on average, benefit from therapy as most therapies do not account for individual factors that influence response or outcome. Unsuccessful first line therapy costs Canada CAN$1.2 billion for the top 14 cancer types, and this extrapolates to $90 billion globally. The availability of accurate drug selection for personalized therapy could better allocate these precious resources to the right therapies. This wasteful situation is beginning to change with the completion of the human genome sequencing project and with the increasing availability of targeted therapies. Both factors are giving rise to attempts to correlate tumor characteristics and response to specific adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies. Static cancer classification and grading systems need to be replaced by functional classification systems that not only account for intra- and inter- tumor heterogeneity, but which also allow for the selection of the correct chemotherapeutic compounds for the individual patient. In this review, the examples of lung and breast cancer are used to illustrate the issues to be addressed in the coming years, as well as the emerging technologies that have great promise in enabling personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diponkar Banerjee
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics (CTAG), Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA) Laboratories, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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123
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Penkov LI, Taseva TK, Koicheva YM, Platonov ES. Effect of 5-azadeoxycytidine and retinoic acid on expression of genomic imprinting in parthenogenetic mouse embryos. Russ J Dev Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360410020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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124
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Cantz T, Martin U. Induced pluripotent stem cells: characteristics and perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 123:107-26. [PMID: 20549467 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of pluripotency in somatic cells is widely considered as a major breakthrough in regenerative medicine, because this approach provides the basis for individualized stem cell-based therapies. Moreover, with respect to cell transplantation and tissue engineering, expertise from bioengineering to transplantation medicine is now meeting basic research of stem cell biology.In this chapter, we discuss techniques, potential and possible risks of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in the light of needs for patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. To this end, we compare these cells with other sources of pluripotent cells and discuss the first encouraging results of iPS cells in pharmacological research, disease modeling and cell transplantation, providing fascinating perspectives for future developments in biotechnology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Cantz
- Junior Research Group Stem Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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125
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Zhu XQ, Pan XH, Wang W, Chen Q, Pang RQ, Cai XM, Hoffman AR, Hu JF. Transient in vitro epigenetic reprogramming of skin fibroblasts into multipotent cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:2779-87. [PMID: 20044135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stem cells have the potential to establish a new field of promising regenerative medicine to treat tissue damage, genetic disorders, and degenerative diseases. However, limited resource of stem cells has turned to be an evitable obstacle in clinical applications. We utilized a simple in vitro epigenetic reprogramming approach to convert skin fibroblasts into multipotent cells. After transient reprogramming, stem cell markers, including Oct4 and Nanog, became activated in the treated cells. The reprogrammed cells were multipotent as demonstrated by their ability to differentiate into a variety of cells and to form teratomas. Genomic imprinting of insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) and H19 was not affected by this short period of cell reprogramming. This study may provide an alternative strategy to efficiently generate patient-specific stem cells for basic and clinical research, solving major hurdles of virally-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that entail the potential risks of mutation, gene instability, and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qing Zhu
- The Research Center of Stem Cell, Tissue and Organ Engineering, Kunming Army General Hospital, Kunming 650032, PR China
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Page RL, Ambady S, Holmes WF, Vilner L, Kole D, Kashpur O, Huntress V, Vojtic I, Whitton H, Dominko T. Induction of stem cell gene expression in adult human fibroblasts without transgenes. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:417-26. [PMID: 19622035 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2009.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has potential for derivation of patient-specific cells for therapy as well as for development of models with which to study disease progression. Derivation of iPS cells from human somatic cells has been achieved by viral transduction of human fibroblasts with early developmental genes. Because forced expression of these genes by viral transduction results in transgene integration with unknown and unpredictable potential mutagenic effects, identification of cell culture conditions that can induce endogenous expression of these genes is desirable. Here we show that primary adult human fibroblasts have basal expression of mRNA for OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. However, translation of these messages into detectable proteins and their subcellular localization depends on cell culture conditions. Manipulation of oxygen concentration and FGF2 supplementation can modulate expression of some pluripotency related genes at the transcriptional, translational, and cellular localization level. Changing cell culture condition parameters led to expression of REX1, potentiation of expression of LIN28, translation of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and translocation of these transcription factors to the cell nucleus. We also show that culture conditions affect the in vitro lifespan of dermal fibroblasts, nearly doubling the number of population doublings before the cells reach replicative senescence. Our results suggest that it is possible to induce and manipulate endogenous expression of stem cell genes in somatic cells without genetic manipulation, but this short-term induction may not be sufficient for acquisition of true pluripotency. Further investigation of the factors involved in inducing this response could lead to discovery of defined culture conditions capable of altering cell fate in vitro. This would alleviate the need for forced expression by transgenesis, thus eliminating the risk of mutagenic effects due to genetic manipulation.
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127
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Barrand S, Collas P. Chromatin states of core pluripotency-associated genes in pluripotent, multipotent and differentiated cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:762-7. [PMID: 19944068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 constitute a core of transcription factors controlling pluripotency. Differentiation and reprogramming studies have unraveled a few epigenetic modifications associated in relation to the expression state of OCT4, NANOG and SOX2. There is, however, no comprehensive map of chromatin states on these genes in human primary cells at different stages of differentiation. We report here a profile of DNA methylation and of 10 histone modifications on regulatory regions of OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 in embryonal carcinoma cells, mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts. Bisulfite sequencing reveals correlation between promoter CpG methylation and repression of OCT4, but not NANOG or SOX2, suggesting distinct repression mechanisms. Whereas none of these genes, even when inactive, harbor repressive trimethylated H3K9, CpG hypomethylated NANOG and SOX2, but not CpG methylated OCT4, are enriched in repressive H3K27me3. H3K79me1 and H3K79me3 tend to parallel each other and are linked to repression. Moreover, we highlight an inverse relationship between H3K27me3 occupancy on promoters and H3K36me3 occupancy on coding regions of OCT4, NANOG and SOX2, suggesting a cross-talk between K27 and K36 methylation. Establishment of distinct repression mechanisms for pluripotency-associated genes may constitute a safeguard system to prevent promiscuous reactivation during development or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Barrand
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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128
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Xu YN, Guan N, Wang ZD, Shan ZY, Shen JL, Zhang QH, Jin LH, Lei L. ES cell extract-induced expression of pluripotent factors in somatic cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1229-34. [PMID: 19645026 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells was induced by ES cell-free extract. The system relied on the transient uptake of regulatory components from a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract derived from ES cells by the nucleus of a reversibly permeabilized NIH3T3 cell. NIH3T3 cells were permeabilized by streptolysin O (SLO). Reprogramming cell-free extracts were prepared by repeatedly freezing and thawing ES cells in liquid nitrogen. After incubation in the extract for 1 hr, permeabilized NIH3T3 cells were resealed by CaCl(2) and continually cultured for weeks to assess expression of ES cell specific markers. As we observed using FACS and fluorescence microscope, the optimal SLO concentration for permeabilizing NIH3T3 cells was 25 U. After 2 weeks of culture, the treated NIH3T3 cells began to express Nanog, c-Myc, Klf4, and 6 weeks later Oct4 was detectable. However, Sox2 was detected only after 8 weeks of culture. Differentiated somatic cells could be reprogrammed in ES extract in vitro, which provides a new approach to decreasing differentiation levels in somatic cells without disturbing the DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ning Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
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129
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Roh S, Choi HY, Park SK, Won C, Kim BW, Kim JH, Kang H, Lee ER, Cho SG. Porcine nuclear transfer using somatic donor cells altered to express male germ cell function. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:882-91. [PMID: 19698292 DOI: 10.1071/rd09063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported that the direct transformation of one differentiated somatic cell type into another is possible. In the present study, we were able to modulate the cell fate of somatic cells to take on male germ cell function by introducing cell extracts derived from porcine testis tissue. Fibroblasts were treated with streptolysin O, which reversibly permeabilises the plasma membrane, and incubated with testis extracts. Our results showed that the testis extracts (TE) could activate expression of male germ cell-specific genes, implying that TE can provide regulatory components required for altering the cell fate of fibroblasts. Male germ cell function was sustained for more than 10 days after the introduction of TE. In addition, a single TE-treated cell was injected directly into the cytoplasm of in vitro-matured porcine oocytes. The rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher in the TE-treated nuclear donor cell group than in the control cell group. The expression level of Nanog, Sox9 and Eomes was drastically increased when altered cells were used as donor nuclei. Our results suggest that TE can be used to alter the cell fate of fibroblasts to express male germ cell function and improve the developmental efficiency of the nuclear transfer porcine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Roh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and CLS21, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ;
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130
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Nandan MO, Yang VW. The role of Krüppel-like factors in the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Histol Histopathol 2009; 24:1343-55. [PMID: 19688699 DOI: 10.14670/hh-24.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The potential for clinical application of pluripotent embryonic stem cells is immense but hampered by moral and ethical complications. Recent advances in the reprogramming of somatic cells by defined factors to a state that resemble embryonic stem cells have created tremendous excitement in the field. Four factors, Sox2, Oct4, Klf4 and c-Myc, when exogenously introduced into somatic cells, can lead to the formation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into tissues of all three germ layers. In this review, we focus on the role of Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) in regulating somatic cell reprogramming. KLFs are zinc finger-containing transcription factors with diverse biological functions. We first provide an overview of the KLF family of regulatory proteins, paying special attention to the established biological and biochemical functions of KLF4 and KLF5. We then review the role of KLFs in somatic cell reprogramming and delineate the putative mechanism by which KLFs participates the establishment and self-renewal of iPS cells. Further research is likely to provide additional insight into the mechanisms of somatic cell reprogramming and refinement of the technique with which to generate clinically relevant iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandayam O Nandan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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131
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Sumer H, Jones KL, Liu J, Rollo BN, van Boxtel AL, Pralong D, Verma PJ. Transcriptional Changes in Somatic Cells Recovered From Embryonic Stem–Somatic Heterokaryons. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1361-8. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Sumer
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Liu
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin N. Rollo
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonius L. van Boxtel
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Current affiliation: Institute for Environmental Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Pralong
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Verma
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Ajjappala BS, Kim MS, Kim EY, Kim JH, Kang IC, Baek KH. Protein chip analysis of pluripotency-associated proteins in NIH3T3 fibroblast. Proteomics 2009; 9:3968-78. [PMID: 19701907 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Specific transcription factors regulate the totipotent and pluripotent capability of embryonic stem cells. Amongst these regulatory transcription factors in embryonic stem cells, Oct4 and Nanog are master factors that also have unique characteristic ability of cell-specific pluripotency and self-renewal. The expression of Nanog in fibroblasts confirms increased cell proliferation and transformation of foci-forming phenotype indicative of its oncogenic potential. The expression of Oct4, interestingly, leads to transformation of non-tumorgenic mouse into tumorigenic mouse. Our current investigation ascertains that the resultant increase in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation is the consequence of transforming the phenotype into foci formation. We used a manually curetted ProteoChip to carry out the signaling protein microarray analysis, which revealed up-regulated expression of various proteins including FAK1, MEK1 and Raf1. Some of the proteins explain the mechanism by which Oct4 and Nanog transform the phenotype. In NIH3T3 cells expressed with mouse Oct4 (mOct4), mouse Nanog (mNanog) separately as well as together, the specific knockdown of mFAK1 inhibited morphological transformation of the cells, and their invasion activity. The mFAK1 overexpression leads to morphological transformation as shown with mOct4 and mNanog. Additionally, we showed that the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in the up-regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 expression mediated by mFAK1. Our results signify that the combinatorial signaling protein-array using biomolecular approach may possibly provide us with a new tool to understand cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh S Ajjappala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, CHA General Hospital, Seoul 135-081, Korea
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Schimrosczyk K, Song Y, Vykoukal J, Vykoukal D, Bai X, Krohn A, Freyberg S, Alt EU. Liposome‐mediated transfection with extract from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induces transdifferentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:464-72. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701836907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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134
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Lavdas AA, Matsas R. Towards personalized cell-replacement therapies for brain repair. Per Med 2009; 6:293-313. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inability of the CNS to efficiently repair damage caused by trauma and neurodegenerative or demyelinating diseases has underlined the necessity for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Cell transplantation to replace lost neurons and the grafting of myelinating cells to repair demyelinating lesions are promising approaches for treating CNS injuries and demyelination. In this review, we will address the prospects of using stem cells or myelinating glial cells of the PNS, as well as olfactory ensheathing cells, in cell-replacement therapies. The recent generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by introduction of three or four genes controlling ‘stemness’ and their subsequent differentiation to desired phenotypes, constitutes a significant advancement towards personalized cell-replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros A Lavdas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
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135
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Wilmut I, Sullivan G, Taylor J. A decade of progress since the birth of Dolly. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:95-100. [PMID: 19152750 DOI: 10.1071/rd08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The greatest effect of the birth Dolly, the first cloned animal derived from an adult, has been in prompting biologists to consider ways of reprogramming adult nuclei to a pluripotent state directly. The first procedure depends upon use of viral vectors to introduce selected transcription factors, but this procedure is slow and very inefficient. Research in our laboratory has demonstrated that exposure of differentiated nuclei to an extract of embryo stem cells induces expression of key pluripotency genes within 8 h, suggesting that it may be possible to identify and use other factors to enhance direct reprogramming. A study of mechanisms that bring about changes in DNA methylation in early sheep embryos identified a developmental isoform of Dnmt1, the expression of which was limited to early stages of pregnancy. Reduction in the level of transcript of this isoform at the time of fertilisation caused sheep embryo development to cease at the early morula stage, revealing a key role for the isoform that remains to be characterised. The ability to obtain pluripotent cells from specific patients is providing important new opportunities to study inherited diseases when the causative mutation is not known. The initial objective of this research is not cell therapy, but to use cells with the characteristics of those in a patient who has inherited the disease to establish a high-throughput screen to identify drugs that are able to prevent progression of the symptoms of the disease. Research is in progress with cells from patients with amyotropic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wilmut
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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136
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Reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells: how suitable could they be in reproductive medicine? Fertil Steril 2009; 91:971-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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137
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Kim C, Amano T, Park J, Carter MG, Tian X, Yang X. Improvement of Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derivation Efficiency with Novel Medium, Glucose Concentration, and Epigenetic Modifications. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:89-100. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Joonghoon Park
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Mark G. Carter
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiangzhong Yang
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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138
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Pewsey E, Bruce C, Georgiou AS, Jones M, Baker D, Ow SY, Wright PC, Freberg CK, Collas P, Fazeli A. Proteomics analysis of epithelial cells reprogrammed in cell-free extract. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1401-12. [PMID: 19252170 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800478-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional reprogramming of a differentiated cell to a pluripotent state presents potential beneficial applications in regenerative medicine. We report here the proteomic profile of 293T epithelial cells reprogrammed to a pluripotent state using undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (NCCIT) cellular extracts. 293T cells were reversibly permeabilized with streptolysin O, incubated in an extract of NCCIT cells or a control extract of 293T cells for 1 h, resealed with CaCl(2), and cultured. OCT4 and SOX2 gene expression were up-regulated in NCCIT extract-treated cells relative to control cells, whereas there was no alteration in DNMT3B gene expression. Thirty percent of NCCIT extract-treated cells were positive for SSEA-4, and karyotyping confirmed their 293T origin, excluding the possibility of contamination from NCCIT cells. Two-dimensional PAGE revealed approximately 400 protein spots for each cell type studied. At least 10 protein spots in the proteome of NCCIT extract-treated cells had an expression profile similar to that of NCCIT and remained unaltered in control cells. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified these proteins, which include 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor and tropomyosin alpha-3 chain. This investigation provides the first evidence that proteins are altered in a specific manner in NCCIT extract-treated cells. This is the first report on the proteomic characterization of the nuclear reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pewsey
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, Sheffield S102SF, United Kingdom
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139
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140
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Miyamoto K, Tsukiyama T, Yang Y, Li N, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Cell-free extracts from mammalian oocytes partially induce nuclear reprogramming in somatic cells. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:935-43. [PMID: 19164171 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer has been regarded as the only reliable tool for studying nuclear reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells by oocytes. However, nuclear transfer is not well suited for biochemical analyses of the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming. A cell-free system from oocytes is an attractive alternative way to mimic reprogramming in vitro, since a large number of cells can be treated and analyzed. Nevertheless, a cell-free system using oocytes has not been developed in mammals. Here, cell extracts from porcine oocytes were prepared and their ability to induce nuclear reprogramming was evaluated. Extracts from metaphase II (MII) oocytes erased the machinery for regulating gene expression in reversibly permeabilized somatic cells. For example, the extracts caused histone deacetylation and the disappearance of TATA box-binding protein from the nuclei. However, MII-extract-treated cells did not show any obvious changes after cell culture. In contrast, extracts from germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes activated pluripotent marker genes, especially NANOG, and induced partial dedifferentiation after cell culture. The activation of pluripotent marker genes by GV extracts was associated with histone acetylation that was induced during extract treatment. These results indicate that GV- and MII-oocyte extracts have different roles on nuclear reprogramming. Furthermore, both oocyte extracts induced site-specific demethylation in the upstream region of NANOG. These results indicate that cell-free extracts derived from GV- and MII-oocytes could be useful for studying the mechanisms involved in nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, Japan
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141
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Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells or primitive progenitors play an integral role in homeostasis of most organ systems. Recent developments in methodologies to isolate and culture embryonic and somatic stem cells have many new applications poised for clinical and preclinical trials, which will enable the potential of regenerative medicine to be realized. Here, we overview the current progress in therapeutic applications of various stem cells and discuss technical and social hurdles that must be overcome for their potential to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Riazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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142
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Sa C, Yu P, Xiaobing F, Yonghong L, Tongzhu S, Jun W, Zhiyong S. Dedifferentiation of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Induced by UV In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Sa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Shen Zhen University
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Guangzhou Medical College
| | - Fu Xiaobing
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
| | - Lei Yonghong
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
| | - Sun Tongzhu
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
| | - Wang Jun
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
| | - Sheng Zhiyong
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College
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143
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Miyamoto K, Yamashita T, Tsukiyama T, Kitamura N, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Reversible Membrane Permeabilization of Mammalian Cells Treated with Digitonin and Its Use for Inducing Nuclear Reprogramming by Xenopus Egg Extracts. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:535-42. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsukiyama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yamada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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144
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Bui HT, Wakayama S, Kishigami S, Kim JH, Van Thuan N, Wakayama T. The cytoplasm of mouse germinal vesicle stage oocytes can enhance somatic cell nuclear reprogramming. Development 2008; 135:3935-45. [PMID: 18997114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cloning, evidence suggests that genomic reprogramming factors are located in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm of oocytes or zygotes. However, little is known about the mechanisms of reprogramming, and new methods using nuclear factors have not succeeded in producing cloned mice from differentiated somatic cell nuclei. We aimed to determine whether there are functional reprogramming factors present in the cytoplasm of germinal vesicle stage (GV) oocytes. We found that the GV oocyte cytoplasm could remodel somatic cell nuclei, completely demethylate histone H3 at lysine 9 and partially deacetylate histone H3 at lysines 9 and 14. Moreover, cytoplasmic lysates of GV oocytes promoted somatic cell reprogramming and cloned embryo development, when assessed by measuring histone H3-K9 hypomethylation, Oct4 and Cdx2 expression in blastocysts, and the production of cloned offspring. Thus, genomic reprogramming factors are present in the cytoplasm of the GV oocyte and could facilitate cloning technology. This finding is also useful for research on the mechanisms involved in histone deacetylation and demethylation, even though histone methylation is thought to be epigenetically stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Thuy Bui
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nguyen Van Thuan
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi,Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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145
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Mauger PE, Labbé C, Bobe J, Cauty C, Leguen I, Baffet G, Le Bail PY. Characterization of goldfish fin cells in culture: some evidence of an epithelial cell profile. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 152:205-15. [PMID: 19068235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of cultured cells in fish was little explored and cell origin is often deduced from morphological analogies with either epithelial of fibroblastic cells. This study aims to characterize cell origin in goldfish fin culture using morphological, immunochemical, and molecular approaches. Time lapse analysis revealed that cultured cell morphology changed within minutes. Therefore, cell morphology cannot predict whether cells are from fibroblastic or epithelial origin. The labeling pattern of heterologous anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin antibodies against goldfish epithelial cells and fibroblasts was first tested on skin sections and the corresponding labeling of the cultured cells was analyzed. No cell origin specificity could be obtained with the chosen antibodies. In the molecular approach, detection levels of three cytokeratin (CauK8-IIS, CauK49-IE and CauK50-Ie) and one vimentin transcripts were assessed on skin and fin samples. Specificity for epithelial cells of the most abundant mRNA, CauK49-Ie, was thereafter validated on skin sections by in situ hybridization. The selected markers were used afterwards to characterize fin cultures. CauK49-IE riboprobe labeled every cell in young cultures whereas no labeling was observed in older cultures. Accordingly, CauK49-IE transcript levels decreased after 15 days culture while CauK8-IIS ones increased. The use of homologous marker gave evidence that young cultured cells from goldfish fin are homogeneously of epithelial type and that cell characteristics may change over culture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-E Mauger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1037 SCRIBE, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes cedex, France
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146
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Yamanaka S. Strategies and new developments in the generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:39-49. [PMID: 18371333 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Generating pluripotent stem cells directly from cells obtained from patients is one of the ultimate goals in regenerative medicine. Two "reprogramming" strategies for the generation of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells have been studied extensively: nuclear transfer to oocytes and fusion with ES cells. The recent demonstration that, in mouse, nuclear transfer into zygotes can also be effective if the recipient cells are arrested in mitosis provides an exciting new avenue for this type of approach. Patient-specific pluripotent cells could potentially also be generated by the spontaneous reprogramming of bone marrow cells, spermatogonial cells, and parthenogenetic embryos. A third overall type of strategy arose from the demonstration that pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from mouse fibroblasts by the introduction of four transcription factors (Oct-3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and KLF4). Recent work has underlined the potential of this strategy by improving the efficiency of the process and demonstrating that iPS cells can contribute to many different tissues in vivo, including the germline. Taken together, these studies underscore the crucial roles of transcription factors and chromatin remodeling in nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamanaka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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147
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[A breakthrough in stem cell research? Reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:1005-13. [PMID: 18773173 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are capable of generating all cell types and tissues of the body. As such they represent an attractive source for therapeutic approaches. However, transplanted cells may be rejected by the immune system. One way to address this problem is to generate patient-specific ES cells. This, however, requires the transformation of the genetic program of somatic cells back to that of an early embryonic state. The field of stem cell research and reprogramming is rapidly evolving. This article aims at providing background information to understand some of the most exciting recent developments. Subsequently, the different existing strategies of converting somatic cells into ES-like cells are reviewed and evaluated.
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148
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Cantz T, Bleidissel M, Stehling M, Schöler HR. In vitro differentiation of reprogrammed murine somatic cells into hepatic precursor cells. Biol Chem 2008; 389:889-96. [PMID: 18627307 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new approach to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells was shown by fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem (ES) cells, which results in a tetraploid karyotype. Normal hepatocytes are often polyploid, so we decided to investigate the differentiation potential of fusion hybrids into hepatic cells. We chose toxic milk mice (a model of Wilson's disease) and performed initial transplantation experiments using this potential cell therapy approach. Mononuclear bone marrow cells from Rosa26 mice were fused with OG2 (Oct4-GFP transgenic) ES cells. Unfused ES cells were eliminated by selection with G418 for OG2-Rosa26 hybrids and fusion-derived colonies could be subcloned. Using an endodermal differentiation protocol, hepatic precursor cells could be generated. After FACS depletion of contaminating Oct4-GFP-positive cells, the hepatic precursor cells were transplanted into immunosuppressed toxic milk mice by intrasplenic injection. However, five out of eight mice showed teratoma formation within 3-6 weeks after transplantation in the spleen and liver. In conclusion, a hepatic precursor cell type was achieved from mononuclear bone marrow cell-ES cell hybrids and preliminary transplantation experiments confirmed engraftment, but also showed teratoma formation, which needs to be excluded by using more stringent purification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Cantz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, Münster, Germany.
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149
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Yamanaka S. Pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2079-87. [PMID: 18375377 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are promising donor cell sources for cell transplantation therapy, which may in the future be used to treat various diseases and injuries. However, as is the case for organ transplantation, immune rejection after transplantation is a potential problem with this type of therapy. Moreover, the use of human embryos presents serious ethical difficulties. These issues may be overcome if pluripotent stem cells are generated from patients' somatic cells. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying pluripotency and the currently known methods of inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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150
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Johnson B, Shindo N, Rathjen P, Rathjen J, Keough R. Understanding pluripotency--how embryonic stem cells keep their options open. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:513-20. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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