101
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Webber TA, Critchfield EA, Soble JR. Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity of Nonmemory-Based Performance Validity Tests. Assessment 2018; 27:1399-1415. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191118804874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To supplement memory-based Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) in identifying noncredible performance, we examined the validity of the two most commonly used nonmemory-based PVTs—Dot Counting Test (DCT) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth edition (WAIS-IV) Reliable Digit Span (RDS)—as well as two alternative WAIS-IV Digit Span (DS) subtest PVTs. Examinees completed DCT, WAIS-IV DS, and the following criterion PVTs: Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, and Word Choice Test. Validity groups were determined by passing 3 (valid; n = 69) or failing ⩾2 (noncredible; n = 30) criterion PVTs. DCT, RDS, RDS–Revised (RDS-R), and WAIS-IV DS Age-Corrected Scaled Score (ACSS) were significantly correlated (but uncorrelated with memory-based PVTs). Combining RDS, RDS-R, and ACSS with DCT improved classification accuracy (particularly for DCT/ACSS) for detecting noncredible performance among valid-unimpaired, but largely not valid-impaired examinees. Combining DCT with ACSS may uniquely assess and best supplement memory-based PVTs to identify noncredible neuropsychological test performance in cognitively unimpaired examinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Webber
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jason R. Soble
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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102
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Differentiating epilepsy from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures using neuropsychological test data. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:39-45. [PMID: 30172082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiating epileptic seizures (ES) from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) represents a challenging differential diagnosis with important treatment implications. This study was designed to explore the utility of neuropsychological test scores in differentiating ES from PNES. METHOD Psychometric data from 72 patients with ES and 33 patients with PNES were compared on various tests of cognitive ability and performance validity. Individual measures that best discriminated the diagnoses were then entered as predictors in a logistic regression equation with group membership (ES vs. PNES) as the criterion. RESULTS On most tests of cognitive ability, the PNES sample outperformed the ES sample (medium-large effect) and was less likely to fail the Reliable Digit Span. However, patients with PNES failed two embedded validity indicators at significantly higher rates (risk ratios (RR): 2.45-4.16). There were no group differences on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). A logistic regression equation based on seven neuropsychological tests correctly classified 85.1% of patients. The cutoff with perfect specificity was associated with 0.47 sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous research, the utility of psychometric methods of differential diagnosis is limited by the complex neurocognitive profiles associated with ES and PNES. Although individual measures might help differentiate ES from PNES, multivariate assessment models have superior discriminant power. The strongest psychometric evidence for PNES appears to be a consistent lack of impairment on tests sensitive to diffuse neurocognitive deficits such as processing speed, working memory, and verbal fluency. While video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is the gold standard of differential diagnosis, psychometric testing has the potential to enhance clinical decision-making, particularly in complex or unclear cases such as patients with nondiagnostic video-EEGs. Adopting a standardized, fixed neuropsychological battery at epilepsy centers would advance research on the differential diagnostic power of psychometric testing.
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103
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Tolle K, Spencer RJ, Montgomery V, Bieliauskas LA. Emerging evidence for speeded alphabet printing as a measure of processing speed and working memory. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2018; 26:573-580. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1472094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Tolle
- Mental Health Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Mental Health Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Valencia Montgomery
- Mental Health Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Linas A. Bieliauskas
- Mental Health Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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104
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de Vroege L, Timmermans A, Kop WJ, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM. Neurocognitive dysfunctioning and the impact of comorbid depression and anxiety in patients with somatic symptom and related disorders: a cross-sectional clinical study. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1803-1813. [PMID: 29198246 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and severity of neurocognitive dysfunctioning of patients with somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD) is unknown. Furthermore, the influence of comorbid depression and anxiety has not been evaluated. This study examines neurocognitive dysfunctioning of patients with SSRD and explores if comorbid depression and anxiety is associated with specific neurocognitive dysfunctioning. METHODS Cross-sectional study with consecutive patients suffering from SSRD visiting an outpatient specialty mental health care Centre of Excellence for SSRD. Extensive neuropsychological assessment and assessment of depression and anxiety symptom levels using the Patient-Health-Questionnaire-9 and General Anxiety Disorder questionnaire-7 were performed at intake. Multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 201 SSRD patients, with a mean age of 43 years (Standard deviation = 13) years; 37.8% were male. Neurocognitive dysfunction in the domains information processing speed, sustained and divided attention, working memory, verbal and visual memory were reported, compared with normative data. Comorbid depression and anxiety occurred frequently within the sample (75.1% and 65.7%, respectively). Neurocognitive dysfunctioning was worse in patients suffering from comorbid depression [multivariate F (7,161) = 2.839, p = 0.008] but not in patients with comorbid anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Poor neurocognitive performance of patients with SSRD is common and worsens in case of comorbid depression. This may explain treatment dropout of patients with SSRD from neurocognitive behavioral therapy. Research on novel interventions is needed targeting neurocognitive functioning of patients with SSRD, particularly those with comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars de Vroege
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Anique Timmermans
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J Kop
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Christina M van der Feltz-Cornelis
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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105
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Erdodi LA, Dunn AG, Seke KR, Charron C, McDermott A, Enache A, Maytham C, Hurtubise JL. The Boston Naming Test as a Measure of Performance Validity. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-017-9309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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106
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Soble JR, Bain KM, Bailey KC, Kirton JW, Marceaux JC, Critchfield EA, McCoy KJM, O’Rourke JJF. Evaluating the accuracy of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) logical memory embedded validity index for detecting invalid test performance. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2018; 26:311-318. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1418744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Soble
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Bain
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - K. Chase Bailey
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Division of Psychology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua W. Kirton
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Janice C. Marceaux
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Edan A. Critchfield
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karin J. M. McCoy
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Justin J. F. O’Rourke
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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107
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Lippa SM. Performance validity testing in neuropsychology: a clinical guide, critical review, and update on a rapidly evolving literature. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:391-421. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1406146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Lippa
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA
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108
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Bailey KC, Soble JR, Bain KM, Fullen C. Embedded Performance Validity Tests in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised: A Replication Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 33:895-900. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Chase Bailey
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M Bain
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chrystal Fullen
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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109
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Samuelson KW, Abadjian L, Jordan JT, Bartel A, Vasterling J, Seal K. The Association Between PTSD and Functional Outcome Is Mediated by Perception of Cognitive Problems Rather Than Objective Neuropsychological Test Performance. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30:521-530. [PMID: 29030878 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been consistently linked to poorer functional outcomes, including quality of life, health problems, and social and occupational functioning. Less is known about the potential mechanisms by which PTSD leads to poorer functional outcomes. We hypothesized that neurocognitive functioning and perception of cognitive problems would both mediate the relationship between PTSD diagnosis and functioning. In a sample of 140 veterans of the recent wars and conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, we assessed PTSD symptoms, history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), depression, self-report measures of quality of life, social and occupational functioning, and reintegration to civilian life, as well as perception of cognitive problems. Veterans also completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery of tests. Structural equation modeling revealed that perception of cognitive problems, but not objective neuropsychological performance, mediated the relationship between PTSD diagnosis and functional outcomes after controlling for TBI, depression, education, and a premorbid IQ estimate, b = -6.29, 95% bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence interval [-11.03, -2.88], showing a large effect size. These results highlight the importance of addressing appraisals of posttrauma cognitive functioning in treatment as a means of improving functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W Samuelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda Abadjian
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua T Jordan
- Alliant International University, Department of Clinical Psychology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alisa Bartel
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Vasterling
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Seal
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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110
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Validation of the Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice Test (WCT) in a Mixed Clinical Sample: Establishing Classification Accuracy, Sensitivity/Specificity, and Cutoff Scores. Assessment 2017; 26:1320-1328. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117725172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the Word Choice Test’s (WCT) utility as a performance validity test in a mixed clinical sample of veterans referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Participants completed Green’s Word Memory Test (WMT), WCT, and Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1. Using the WMT as the criterion for valid performance, logistic regressions examined the WCT and TOMM’s classification accuracy for those with and without cognitive impairment (CI). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to establish cut scores which maximized the sensitivity/specificity of each measure. In those without CI, both tests showed good classification accuracy (86.7% and 85.0%, respectively). Among those with CI, the TOMM retained good classification accuracy (82.3%), while the WCT’s decreased considerably (69.4%). Optimal WCT cut scores differed based on impairment status, with a higher sensitivity/specificity trade-off among those with CI. Successful performance on the WCT appeared to rely more heavily on cognitive processes unrelated to performance validity.
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111
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Grabyan JM, Collins RL, Alverson WA, Chen DK. Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering is predicted by the number of errors on its first 10 items on an inpatient epilepsy monitoring unit. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:468-478. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1368715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Grabyan
- Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L. Collins
- Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W. Alexander Alverson
- Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David K. Chen
- Neurology Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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112
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Denning JH, Shura RD. Cost of malingering mild traumatic brain injury-related cognitive deficits during compensation and pension evaluations in the veterans benefits administration. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017; 26:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1350684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Denning
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Shura
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
- Mental Health and Behavioral Science Service Line, W. G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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113
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Soble JR, Santos OA, Bain KM, Kirton JW, Bailey KC, Critchfield EA, O’Rourke JJF, Highsmith JM, González DA. The Dot Counting Test adds up: Validation and response pattern analysis in a mixed clinical veteran sample. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:317-325. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1342773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Soble
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Octavio A. Santos
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Bain
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joshua W. Kirton
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K. Chase Bailey
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edan A. Critchfield
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - David Andrés González
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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114
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Dorociak KE, Schulze ET, Piper LE, Molokie RE, Janecek JK. Performance validity testing in a clinical sample of adults with sickle cell disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2017. [PMID: 28632024 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1339830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychologists utilize performance validity tests (PVTs) as objective means for drawing inferences about performance validity. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a well-validated, stand-alone PVT and the Reliable Digit Span (RDS) and Reliable Digit Span-Revised (RDS-R) from the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-IV are commonly employed, embedded PVTs. While research has demonstrated the utility of these PVTs with various clinical samples, no research has investigated their use in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), a condition associated with multiple neurological, physical, and psychiatric symptoms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore PVT performance in adults with SCD. METHOD Fifty-four adults with SCD (Mage = 40.61, SD = 12.35) were consecutively referred by their hematologist for a routine clinical outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. During the evaluation, participants were administered the TOMM (Trials 1 and 2), neuropsychological measures including the WAIS-IV Digit Span subtest, and mood and behavioral questionnaires. RESULTS The average score on the TOMM was 47.70 (SD = 3.47, range = 34-50) for Trial 1 and 49.69 (SD = 1.66, range = 38-50) for Trial 2. Only one participant failed Trial 2 of the TOMM, yielding a 98.1% pass rate for the sample. Pass rates at various RDS and RDS-R values were calculated with TOMM Trial 2 performance as an external criterion. CONCLUSIONS Results support the use of the TOMM as a measure of performance validity for individuals with SCD, while RDS and RDS-R should be interpreted with caution in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Dorociak
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Evan T Schulze
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lauren E Piper
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert E Molokie
- b Department of Medicine , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Julie K Janecek
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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115
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Bailey KC, Soble JR, O’Rourke JJF. Clinical utility of the Rey 15-Item Test, recognition trial, and error scores for detecting noncredible neuropsychological performance in a mixed clinical sample of veterans. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:119-131. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1333151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Chase Bailey
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason R. Soble
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Justin J. F. O’Rourke
- Psychology Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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116
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Erdodi LA, Lichtenstein JD. Invalid before impaired: an emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 31:1029-1046. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo A. Erdodi
- Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Track, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Lichtenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Services, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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117
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Erdodi LA, Tyson BT, Abeare CA, Zuccato BG, Rai JK, Seke KR, Sagar S, Roth RM. Utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and Word Choice Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017; 25:327-339. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1298600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo A. Erdodi
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bradley T. Tyson
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Western Washington Medical Group, Everett, Washington, USA
| | | | - Brandon G. Zuccato
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaspreet K. Rai
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian R. Seke
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanya Sagar
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M. Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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118
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Rickards TA, Cranston CC, Touradji P, Bechtold KT. Embedded performance validity testing in neuropsychological assessment: Potential clinical tools. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017; 25:219-230. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1278602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Rickards
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Division of Rehabilitation Psychology & Neuropsychology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher C. Cranston
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Division of Rehabilitation Psychology & Neuropsychology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pegah Touradji
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Division of Rehabilitation Psychology & Neuropsychology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Bechtold
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Division of Rehabilitation Psychology & Neuropsychology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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119
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CVLT-II Forced Choice Recognition Trial as an Embedded Validity Indicator: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22:851-8. [PMID: 27619108 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617716000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Forced Choice Recognition (FCR) trial of the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd edition, was designed as an embedded performance validity test (PVT). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of classification accuracy against reference PVTs. METHODS Results from peer-reviewed studies with FCR data published since 2002 encompassing a variety of clinical, research, and forensic samples were summarized, including 37 studies with FCR failure rates (N=7575) and 17 with concordance rates with established PVTs (N=4432). RESULTS All healthy controls scored >14 on FCR. On average, 16.9% of the entire sample scored ≤14, while 25.9% failed reference PVTs. Presence or absence of external incentives to appear impaired (as identified by researchers) resulted in different failure rates (13.6% vs. 3.5%), as did failing or passing reference PVTs (49.0% vs. 6.4%). FCR ≤14 produced an overall classification accuracy of 72%, demonstrating higher specificity (.93) than sensitivity (.50) to invalid performance. Failure rates increased with the severity of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of serious neurocognitive disorder, FCR ≤14 is highly specific, but only moderately sensitive to invalid responding. Passing FCR does not rule out a non-credible presentation, but failing FCR rules it in with high accuracy. The heterogeneity in sample characteristics and reference PVTs, as well as the quality of the criterion measure across studies, is a major limitation of this review and the basic methodology of PVT research in general. (JINS, 2016, 22, 851-858).
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120
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Fazio RL, Denning JH, Denney RL. TOMM Trial 1 as a performance validity indicator in a criminal forensic sample. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:251-267. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1213316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Denning
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert L. Denney
- Neuropsychological Associates of Southwest Missouri, Springfield, MO, USA
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121
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Lippa SM, Lange RT, Bhagwat A, French LM. Clinical utility of embedded performance validity tests on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) following mild traumatic brain injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:73-80. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reslan S, Axelrod BN. Evaluating the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) in a Sample of Veterans Between the Ages of 18 to 64. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:132-139. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Summar Reslan
- Detroit Medical Center, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradley N. Axelrod
- John D. Dingell Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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123
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Neuropsychological Functioning in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Associations with Performance Validity, Comorbidities, and Functional Outcomes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22:399-411. [PMID: 26892753 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617716000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Numerous studies have shown that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display reduced performances on neuropsychological tests, although most prior research has not adequately accounted for comorbidities or performance validity concerns that are common in this population and could partially account for the observed neurocognitive findings. Moreover, few studies have examined the functional implications of neuropsychological results in PTSD. METHODS We examined neuropsychological functioning in 44 veterans with PTSD and 40 veteran trauma comparison (TC) participants with combat exposure and no PTSD. RESULTS After excluding four veterans with PTSD for performance validity concerns, multivariate analyses of variance by neurocognitive domain revealed significantly worse performance by the PTSD group in the domains of speed of information processing (p=.035) and executive functions (p=.017), but no group differences in attention/working memory, verbal/language functioning, visuoconstruction, or episodic memory. Group differences by PTSD status were still present after covarying for depression, a history of head injuries, and substance use disorders. Executive functioning performance was associated with poorer self-reported occupational functioning and physical health-related quality of life, while speed of information processing performance was associated with poorer physical health-related quality of life. DISCUSSION These results are generally consistent with a fronto-limbic conceptualization of PTSD-associated neuropsychological dysfunction and show that cognitive functioning may be associated with critical functional outcomes. Taken together, results suggest that consideration of neurocognitive functioning may enhance the clinical management of individuals with PTSD.
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Miskey HM, Gross PL. Neuropsychological assessment of a veteran with a large arachnoid cyst. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 23:464-70. [PMID: 26979132 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1088853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachnoid cysts are benign, congenital masses that are believed to form when the arachnoid membrane splits or is duplicated and the resulting space fills with fluid. Despite their potentially alarming appearance on brain imaging, congenital cysts discovered in adulthood are usually silent and do not result in functional impairment. A left-handed male veteran with mild memory complaints was discovered to have a large (16.4 cm × 7.7 cm), left-sided arachnoid cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed significant displacement of brain structures including the hippocampus, Sylvan fissure, and splenium. Viewing brain MRI images in only 1 plane was misleading and could have erroneously resulted in assuming some structures were absent. Viewing multiple planes of section revealed significant structural displacement and provided a better 3-dimensional conceptualization of an abnormal brain. A clinical interview indicated excellent premorbid functioning, and neuropsychological test results were within the normal range with the exception of mildly impaired scores on tests reliant on processing speed and lower-than-expected visual memory scores. Results were consistent with previous research noting retained verbal abilities and low-average visual skills. Low-average and mildly impaired scores were potentially secondary to microvascular changes, slowed visual scanning, psychiatric conditions, and testing base rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Miskey
- a Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MA-MIRECC).,b W. G. "Bill" Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health and Behavioral Services , Salisbury , North Carolina.,c Department of Psychiatry , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , North Carolina
| | - Patricia L Gross
- b W. G. "Bill" Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health and Behavioral Services , Salisbury , North Carolina
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Flaherty JM, Spencer RJ, Drag LL, Pangilinan PH, Bieliauskas LA. Limited usefulness of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test in detection of invalid performance in veterans suspected of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2015; 29:1630-4. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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127
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Sugarman MA, Holcomb EM, Axelrod BN, Meyers JE, Liethen PC. Embedded Measures of Performance Validity in the Rey Complex Figure Test in a Clinical Sample of Veterans. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2015; 23:105-14. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sugarman
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs’ Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Erin M. Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Philip C. Liethen
- Department of Psychology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
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128
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Shura RD, Miskey HM, Rowland JA, Yoash-Gantz RE, Denning JH. Embedded Performance Validity Measures with Postdeployment Veterans: Cross-Validation and Efficiency with Multiple Measures. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2015; 23:94-104. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1014556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Shura
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service Line, W. G. “Bill” Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Holly M. Miskey
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service Line, W. G. “Bill” Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jared A. Rowland
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research & Academic Affairs Service Line, W. G. “Bill” Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ruth E. Yoash-Gantz
- Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service Line, W. G. “Bill” Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John H. Denning
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Alvin C. York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health Care Line, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
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129
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Foussias G, Siddiqui I, Fervaha G, Mann S, McDonald K, Agid O, Zakzanis KK, Remington G. Motivated to do well: an examination of the relationships between motivation, effort, and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:276-82. [PMID: 26008882 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The uncertain relationship between negative symptoms, and specifically motivational deficits, with cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is in need of further elucidation as it pertains to the interpretation of cognitive test results. Findings to date have suggested a possible mediating role of motivational deficits on cognitive test measures, although findings from formal examinations of effort using performance validity measures have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between motivation, effort exerted during cognitive testing, and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Sixty-nine outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were evaluated for psychopathology, severity of motivational deficits, effort exerted during cognitive testing, and cognitive performance. Motivation and degree of effort exerted during cognitive testing were significantly related to cognitive performance, specifically verbal fluency, verbal and working memory, attention and processing speed, and reasoning and problem solving. Further, effort accounted for 15% of the variance in cognitive performance, and partially mediated the relationship between motivation and cognitive performance. Examining cognitive performance profiles for individuals exerting normal or reduced effort revealed significant differences in global cognition, as well as attention/processing speed and reasoning and problem solving. These findings suggest that cognitive domains may be differentially affected by impairments in motivation and effort, and highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between motivation and cognitive performance deficits, which may guide the appropriate selection of symptom targets for promoting recovery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Foussias
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - I Siddiqui
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - G Fervaha
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - S Mann
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - K McDonald
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - O Agid
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - K K Zakzanis
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - G Remington
- Campbell Family Research Institute and Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
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130
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Loughan AR, Perna R, Le J. Test of memory malingering with children: The utility of Trial 1 and TOMMe10 as screeners of test validity. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:707-17. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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131
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Odland AP, Lammy AB, Martin PK, Grote CL, Mittenberg W. Advanced Administration and Interpretation of Multiple Validity Tests. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-015-9216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Cross-Validation of Supplemental Test of Memory Malingering Scores as Performance Validity Measures. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-014-9200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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133
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Smith K, Boone K, Victor T, Miora D, Cottingham M, Ziegler E, Zeller M, Wright M. Comparison of Credible Patients of Very Low Intelligence and Non-Credible Patients on Neurocognitive Performance Validity Indicators. Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 28:1048-70. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.931465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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134
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Buddin WH, Schroeder RW, Hargrave DD, Von Dran EJ, Campbell EB, Brockman CJ, Heinrichs RJ, Baade LE. An Examination of the Frequency of Invalid Forgetting on the Test of Memory Malingering. Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 28:525-42. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.906658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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135
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Wisdom NM, Pastorek NJ, Miller BI, Booth JE, Romesser JM, Linck JF, Sim AH. PTSD and Cognitive Functioning: Importance of Including Performance Validity Testing. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:128-45. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.863977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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136
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Spencer RJ, Axelrod BN, Drag LL, Waldron-Perrine B, Pangilinan PH, Bieliauskas LA. WAIS-IV Reliable Digit Span is no More Accurate Than Age Corrected Scaled Score as an Indicator of Invalid Performance in a Veteran Sample Undergoing Evaluation for mTBI. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 27:1362-72. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.845248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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137
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Denning JH. Combining the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 With Behavioral Responses Improves the Detection of Effort Test Failure. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2013; 21:269-77. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2013.811076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Henry Denning
- a Psychology , Alvin C. York Veteran Affairs Medical Center , Murfreesboro , Tennessee
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138
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Jones A. Test of Memory Malingering: Cutoff Scores for Psychometrically Defined Malingering Groups in a Military Sample. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 27:1043-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.804949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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139
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Schroeder RW, Buddin WH, Hargrave DD, VonDran EJ, Campbell EB, Brockman CJ, Heinrichs RJ, Baade LE. Efficacy of test of memory malingering Trial 1, Trial 2, the Retention Trial, and the Albany Consistency Index in a criterion group forensic neuropsychological sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 28:21-9. [PMID: 23079153 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acs094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Test of Memory Malingering is one of the most popular and heavily researched validity tests available for use in neuropsychological evaluations. Recent research has suggested, however, that the original indices and cutoffs may require modifications to increase sensitivity rates. Some of these modifications lack cross-validation and no study has examined all indices in a single sample. This study compares Trial 1, Trial 2, the Retention Trial, and the newly created Albany Consistency Index in a criterion group forensic neuropsychological sample. Findings lend support for the newly created indices and cutoff scores. Implications and cautionary statements are provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS 67206, USA.
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