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Mead B, Tomarev S. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Promote Survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells Through miRNA-Dependent Mechanisms. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sctm.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology; National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Stanislav Tomarev
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology; National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland USA
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102
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Overview of retinal differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells: A promising approach for retinal cell therapy. Ann Anat 2016; 210:52-63. [PMID: 27986614 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinal disease caused by retinal cell apoptosis leads to irreversible vision loss. Stem cell investigation efforts have been made to solve and cure retinal disorders. There are several sources of stem cells which have been used in these experiments. Numerous studies demonstrated that transplanted stem cells can migrate into and integrate in different layers of retina. Among these, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were considered a promising source for cell therapy. Here, we review the literature assessing the potential of MSCs to differentiate into retinal cells in vivo and in vitro as well as their clinical application. However, more investigation is required to define the protocols that optimize stem cell differentiation and their functional integration in the retina.
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103
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Protection of Brain Injury by Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Secreted Metabolites. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:e1118-e1131. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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104
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Huda F, Fan Y, Suzuki M, Konno A, Matsuzaki Y, Takahashi N, Chan JKY, Hirai H. Fusion of Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells with "Degenerating" Cerebellar Neurons in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Model Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164202. [PMID: 27802273 PMCID: PMC5089746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate to damaged tissues, where they participate in tissue repair. Human fetal MSCs (hfMSCs), compared with adult MSCs, have higher proliferation rates, a greater differentiation capacity and longer telomeres with reduced senescence. Therefore, transplantation of quality controlled hfMSCs is a promising therapeutic intervention. Previous studies have shown that intravenous or intracortical injections of MSCs result in the emergence of binucleated cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) containing an MSC-derived marker protein in mice, thus suggesting a fusion event. However, transdifferentiation of MSCs into PCs or transfer of a marker protein from an MSC to a PC cannot be ruled out. In this study, we unequivocally demonstrated the fusion of hfMSCs with murine PCs through a tetracycline-regulated (Tet-off) system with or without a Cre-dependent genetic inversion switch (flip-excision; FLEx). In the FLEx-Tet system, we performed intra-cerebellar injection of viral vectors expressing tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and Cre recombinase into either non-symptomatic (4-week-old) or clearly symptomatic (6–8-month-old) spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mice. Then, the mice received an injection of 50,000 genetically engineered hfMSCs that expressed GFP only in the presence of Cre recombinase and tTA. We observed a significant emergence of GFP-expressing PCs and interneurons in symptomatic, but not non-symptomatic, SCA1 mice 2 weeks after the MSC injection. These results, together with the results obtained using age-matched wild-type mice, led us to conclude that hfMSCs have the potential to preferentially fuse with degenerating PCs and interneurons but not with healthy neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathul Huda
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- Physiology Division, Department of Anatomy Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mamiko Suzuki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Takahashi
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- * E-mail:
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105
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A mouse retinal explant model for use in studying neuroprotection in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Bakondi B, Girman S, Lu B, Wang S. Multimodal Delivery of Isogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Yields Synergistic Protection from Retinal Degeneration and Vision Loss. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:444-457. [PMID: 28191768 PMCID: PMC5442813 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that subretinal injection (SRI) of isogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reduced the severity of retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats in a focal manner. In contrast, intravenous MSC infusion (MSCIV ) produced panoptic retinal rescue. By combining these treatments, we now show that MSCIV supplementation potentiates the MSCSRI -mediated rescue of photoreceptors and visual function. Electrophysiological recording from superior colliculi revealed 3.9-fold lower luminance threshold responses (LTRs) and 22% larger functional rescue area from combined treatment compared with MSCSRI alone. MSCIV supplementation of sham (saline) injection also improved LTRs 3.4-fold and enlarged rescue areas by 27% compared with saline alone. We confirmed the involvement of MSC chemotaxis for vision rescue by modulating C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 activity before MSCIV but without increased retinal homing. Rather, circulating platelets and lymphocytes were reduced 3 and 7 days after MSCIV , respectively. We demonstrated MSCSRI -mediated paracrine support of vision rescue by SRI of concentrated MSC-conditioned medium and assessed function by electroretinography and optokinetic response. MSC-secreted peptides increased retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) metabolic activity and clearance of photoreceptor outer segments ex vivo, which was partially abrogated by antibody blockade of trophic factors in concentrated MSC-conditioned medium, or their cognate receptors on RPE. These data support multimodal mechanisms for MSC-mediated retinal protection that differ by administration route and synergize when combined. Thus, using MSCIV as adjuvant therapy might improve cell therapies for retinal dystrophy and warrants further translational evaluation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:444-457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bakondi
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sergey Girman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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107
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Lopez Sanchez M, Crowston J, Mackey D, Trounce I. Emerging Mitochondrial Therapeutic Targets in Optic Neuropathies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:132-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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108
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Mead B, Tomarev S. Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:96-106. [PMID: 27523467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) bear the sole responsibility of propagating visual stimuli to the brain. Their axons, which make up the optic nerve, project from the retina to the brain through the lamina cribrosa and in rodents, decussate almost entirely at the optic chiasm before synapsing at the superior colliculus. For many traumatic and degenerative ocular conditions, the dysfunction and/or loss of RGC is the primary determinant of visual loss and are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies. To actually measure these endpoints in rodent models, techniques must ascertain both the quantity of surviving RGC and their functional capacity. Quantification techniques include phenotypic markers of RGC, retrogradely transported fluorophores and morphological measurements of retinal thickness whereas functional assessments include electroretinography (flash and pattern) and visual evoked potential. The importance of the accuracy and reliability of these techniques cannot be understated, nor can the relationship between RGC death and dysfunction. The existence of up to 30 types of RGC complicates the measuring process, particularly as these may respond differently to disease and treatment. Since the above techniques may selectively identify and ignore particular subpopulations, their appropriateness as measures of RGC survival and function may be further limited. This review discusses the above techniques in the context of their subtype specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Stanislav Tomarev
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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109
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Roth S, Dreixler JC, Mathew B, Balyasnikova I, Mann JR, Boddapati V, Xue L, Lesniak MS. Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Stem Cell Medium Significantly Improves Outcome After Retinal Ischemia in Rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:3522-32. [PMID: 27367588 PMCID: PMC4961056 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated the protective effect of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC)-conditioned medium in retinal ischemic injury. We hypothesized here that hypoxic preconditioning of stem cells significantly enhances the neuroprotective effect of the conditioned medium and thereby augments the protective effect in ischemic retina. METHODS Rats were subjected to retinal ischemia by increasing intraocular pressure to 130 to 135 mm Hg for 55 minutes. Hypoxic-preconditioned, hypoxic unconditioned, or normoxic medium was injected into the vitreous 24 hours after ischemia ended. Recovery was assessed 7 days after injections by comparing electroretinography measurements, histologic examination, and apoptosis (TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay). To compare proteins secreted into the medium in the groups and the effect of hypoxic exposure, we used rat cytokine arrays. RESULTS Eyes injected with hypoxic BMSC-conditioned medium 24 hours after ischemia demonstrated significantly enhanced return of retinal function, decreased retinal ganglion cell layer loss, and attenuated apoptosis compared to those administered normoxic or hypoxic unconditioned medium. Hypoxic-preconditioned medium had 21 significantly increased protein levels compared to normoxic medium. CONCLUSIONS The medium from hypoxic-preconditioned BMSCs robustly restored retinal function and prevented cell loss after ischemia when injected 24 hours after ischemia. The protective effect was even more pronounced than in our previous studies of normoxic conditioned medium. Prosurvival signals triggered by the secretome may play a role in this neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Illinois, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - John C. Dreixler
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Illinois, United States
| | - Irina Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jacob R. Mann
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Venkat Boddapati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lai Xue
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, United States
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110
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Gramlich OW, Burand AJ, Brown AJ, Deutsch RJ, Kuehn MH, Ankrum JA. Cryopreserved Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Maintain Potency in a Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model: Toward an off-the-shelf Therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26463. [PMID: 27212469 PMCID: PMC4876464 DOI: 10.1038/srep26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to use mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) directly out of cryostorage would significantly reduce the logistics of MSC therapy by allowing on-site cryostorage of therapeutic doses of MSC at hospitals and clinics. Such a paradigm would be especially advantageous for the treatment of acute conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction, which are likely to require treatment within hours after ischemic onset. Recently, several reports have emerged that suggest MSC viability and potency are damaged by cryopreservation. Herein we examine the effect of cryopreservation on human MSC viability, immunomodulatory potency, growth factor secretion, and performance in an ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Using modifications of established cryopreservation methods we developed MSC that retain >95% viability upon thawing, remain responsive to inflammatory signals, and are able to suppress activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Most importantly, when injected into the eyes of mice 3 hours after the onset of ischemia and 2 hours after the onset of reperfusion, cryopreserved performed as well as fresh MSC to rescue retinal ganglion cells. Thus, our data suggests when viability is maintained throughout the cryopreservation process, MSC retain their therapeutic potency in both in vitro potency assays and an in vivo ischemia/reperfusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anthony J Burand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alex J Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Riley J Deutsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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111
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Johnson TV, Oglesby EN, Steinhart MR, Cone-Kimball E, Jefferys J, Quigley HA. Time-Lapse Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Field Degeneration Imaged in Organotypic Retinal Explant Culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:253-64. [PMID: 26811145 PMCID: PMC4736988 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop an ex vivo organotypic retinal explant culture system suitable for multiple time-point imaging of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendritic arbors over a period of 1 week, and capable of detecting dendrite neuroprotection conferred by experimental treatments. Methods Thy1-YFP mouse retinas were explanted and maintained in organotypic culture. Retinal ganglion cell dendritic arbors were imaged repeatedly using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Maximal projection z-stacks were traced by two masked investigators and dendritic fields were analyzed for characteristics including branch number, size, and complexity. One group of explants was treated with brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) added to the culture media. Changes in individual dendritic fields over time were detected using pair-wise comparison testing. Results Retinal ganglion cells in mouse retinal explant culture began to degenerate after 3 days with 52.4% surviving at 7 days. Dendritic field parameters showed minimal change over 8 hours in culture. Intra- and interobserver measurements of dendrite characteristics were strongly correlated (Spearman rank correlations consistently > 0.80). Statistically significant (P < 0.001) dendritic tree degeneration was detected following 7 days in culture including: 40% to 50% decreases in number of branch segments, number of junctions, number of terminal branches, and total branch length. Scholl analyses similarly demonstrated a significant decrease in dendritic field complexity. Treatment of explants with BDNF+CNTF significantly attenuated dendritic field degeneration. Conclusions Retinal explant culture of Thy1-YFP tissue provides a useful model for time-lapse imaging of RGC dendritic field degeneration over a course of several days, and is capable of detecting neuroprotective amelioration of dendritic pruning within individual RGCs.
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112
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Gauthier AC, Liu J. Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:73-9. [PMID: 27505018 PMCID: PMC4797839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the principal cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The disease leads to progressive optic nerve degeneration with a gradual loss of retinal ganglion cells. Neurodegeneration in glaucoma extends beyond the eye into the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex, and the disease even shares some characteristics with other central nervous system degenerative disorders. Glaucoma destroys neurons through oxidative stress, impairment in axonal transport, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity. Autophagy may promote or inhibit disease progression. Currently, lowering intraocular pressure is the only way proven to delay glaucoma advancement. However, many new therapies are being developed, including antioxidants, adenosine receptor antagonists, Rho-pathway inhibitors, stem cell therapy, and neurotrophic factors. These therapies focus on neuroprotection, and they may eventually halt glaucoma progression or reverse the process of the disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Gauthier
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ji Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Haven, CT 06510
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113
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Maidana DE, Tsoka P, Tian B, Dib B, Matsumoto H, Kataoka K, Lin H, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. A Novel ImageJ Macro for Automated Cell Death Quantitation in the Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6701-8. [PMID: 26469755 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TUNEL assay is widely used to evaluate cell death. Quantification of TUNEL-positive (TUNEL+) cells in tissue sections is usually performed manually, ideally by two masked observers. This process is time consuming, prone to measurement errors, and not entirely reproducible. In this paper, we describe an automated quantification approach to address these difficulties. METHODS We developed an ImageJ macro to quantitate cell death by TUNEL assay in retinal cross-section images. The script was coded using IJ1 programming language. To validate this tool, we selected a dataset of TUNEL assay digital images, calculated layer area and cell count manually (done by two observers), and compared measurements between observers and macro results. RESULTS The automated macro segmented outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) successfully. Automated TUNEL+ cell counts were in-between counts of inexperienced and experienced observers. The intraobserver coefficient of variation (COV) ranged from 13.09% to 25.20%. The COV between both observers was 51.11 ± 25.83% for the ONL and 56.07 ± 24.03% for the INL. Comparing observers' results with macro results, COV was 23.37 ± 15.97% for the ONL and 23.44 ± 18.56% for the INL. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated an ImageJ macro that can be used as an accurate and precise quantitative tool for retina researchers to achieve repeatable, unbiased, fast, and accurate cell death quantitation. We believe that this standardized measurement tool could be advantageous to compare results across different research groups, as it is freely available as open source.
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114
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Faiq MA. Vision restoration in glaucoma: Nihilism and optimism at the crossroads. Oman J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:123-124. [PMID: 27843224 PMCID: PMC5084492 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.192260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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115
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative eye diseases, such as glaucoma, cause irreversible vision loss in millions of patients worldwide, creating serious medical, economic and social issues. Like other mammalian central nervous system tracts, optic nerve intrinsically lacks the capacity for axonal growth and its surrounding environment is also non-permissive to regeneration. Any axonal damage also triggers a vicious cycle of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Exploring methods that can enhance RGCs survival and promote axonal regeneration will not only enable vision restoration for millions of patients, but also shed light on the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we will go through three current approaches to cure neurodegenerative eye diseases, including cell based therapy, neuro-regeneration and neuro-rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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116
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Bone Marrow-Derived Cells as a Therapeutic Approach to Optic Nerve Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5078619. [PMID: 26649049 PMCID: PMC4663341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5078619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following optic nerve injury associated with acute or progressive diseases, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult mammals degenerate and undergo apoptosis. These diseases have limited therapeutic options, due to the low inherent capacity of RGCs to regenerate and due to the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system. Among the numerous treatment approaches investigated to stimulate neuronal survival and axonal extension, cell transplantation emerges as a promising option. This review focuses on cell therapies with bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which have shown positive therapeutic effects in animal models of optic neuropathies. Different aspects of available preclinical studies are analyzed, including cell distribution, potential doses, routes of administration, and mechanisms of action. Finally, published and ongoing clinical trials are summarized.
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117
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Baligar P, Mukherjee S, Kochat V, Rastogi A, Mukhopadhyay A. Molecular and Cellular Functions Distinguish Superior Therapeutic Efficiency of Bone Marrow CD45 Cells Over Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Cirrhosis. Stem Cells 2015; 34:135-47. [PMID: 26389810 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is strongly associated with chronic inflammation. As an alternative to conventional treatments for fibrosis, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is found to be attractive due to its immunomodulatory functions. However, low survival rate and profibrogenic properties of MSCs remain the major concerns, leading to skepticism in many investigators. Here, we have asked the question whether bone marrow (BM)-derived CD45 cells is the better candidate than MSCs to treat fibrosis, if so, what are the molecular mechanisms that make such distinction. Using CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis mouse model of a Metavir fibrosis score 3, we showed that BM-CD45 cells have better antifibrotic effect than adipose-derived (AD)-MSCs. In fact, our study revealed that antifibrotic potential of CD45 cells are compromised by the presence of MSCs. This difference was apparently due to significantly high level expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and 13, and the suppression of hepatic stellate cells' (HpSCs) activation in the CD45 cells transplantation group. Mechanism dissection studied in vitro supported the above opposing results and revealed that CD45 cell-secreted FasL induced apoptotic death of activated HpSCs. Further analyses suggest that MSC-secreted transforming growth factor β and insulin-like growth factor-1 promoted myofibroblastic differentiation of HpSCs and their proliferation. Additionally, the transplantation of CD45 cells led to functional improvement of the liver through repair and regeneration. Thus, BM-derived CD45 cells appear as a superior candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis due to structural and functional improvement of CCl4 -induced fibrotic liver, which were much lower in case of AD-MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Baligar
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Snehasish Mukherjee
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Kochat
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Asok Mukhopadhyay
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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118
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Osborne A, Hopes M, Wright P, Broadway DC, Sanderson J. Human organotypic retinal cultures (HORCs) as a chronic experimental model for investigation of retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 143:28-38. [PMID: 26432917 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need for models of human diseases that utilise native, donated human tissue in order to model disease processes and develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this paper we assessed the suitability of adult human retinal explants as a potential model of chronic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Our results confirmed that RGC markers commonly used in rodent studies (NeuN, βIII Tubulin and Thy-1) were appropriate for labelling human RGCs and followed the expected differential expression patterns across, as well as throughout, the macular and para-macular regions of the retina. Furthermore, we showed that neither donor age nor post-mortem time (within 24 h) significantly affected the initial expression levels of RGC markers. In addition, the feasibility of using human post mortem donor tissue as a long-term model of RGC degeneration was determined with RGC protein being detectable up to 4 weeks in culture with an associated decline in RGC mRNA and significant, progressive, apoptotic labelling of NeuN(+) cells. Differences in RGC apoptosis might have been influenced by medium compositions indicating that media constituents could play a role in supporting axotomised RGCs. We propose that using ex vivo human explants may prove to be a useful model for testing the effectiveness of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Osborne
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Marina Hopes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Phillip Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David C Broadway
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Julie Sanderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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119
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Tassoni A, Gutteridge A, Barber AC, Osborne A, Martin KR. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Retinal Reactive Gliosis Following Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3006-16. [PMID: 26175331 PMCID: PMC4832383 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of diseases lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons within the optic nerve resulting in loss of visual function. Although current therapies may delay RGC loss, they do not restore visual function or completely halt disease progression. Regenerative medicine has recently focused on stem cell therapy for both neuroprotective and regenerative purposes. However, significant problems remain to be addressed, such as the long-term impact of reactive gliosis occurring in the host retina in response to transplanted stem cells. The aim of this work was to investigate retinal glial responses to intravitreally transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to help identify factors able to modulate graft-induced reactive gliosis. We found in vivo that intravitreal BM-MSC transplantation is associated with gliosis-mediated retinal folding, upregulation of intermediate filaments, and recruitment of macrophages. These responses were accompanied by significant JAK/STAT3 and MAPK (ERK1/2 and JNK) cascade activation in retinal Muller glia. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) was identified as a potential new indicator of graft-induced reactive gliosis. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in BM-MSC cocultured retinal explants successfully reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in retinal Muller glia and increased BM-MSC retinal engraftment. Inhibition of stem cell-induced reactive gliosis is critical for successful transplantation-based strategies for neuroprotection, replacement, and regeneration of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Tassoni
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda C Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Osborne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Eye Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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120
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Roubeix C, Godefroy D, Mias C, Sapienza A, Riancho L, Degardin J, Fradot V, Ivkovic I, Picaud S, Sennlaub F, Denoyer A, Rostene W, Sahel JA, Parsadaniantz SM, Brignole-Baudouin F, Baudouin C. Intraocular pressure reduction and neuroprotection conferred by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an animal model of glaucoma. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:177. [PMID: 26377305 PMCID: PMC4574127 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a sight-threatening retinal neuropathy associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to degeneration and fibrosis of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Glaucoma medications aim to reduce IOP without targeting the specific TM pathology, Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used today in various clinical studies. Here, we investigated the potential of MSCs therapy in an glaucoma-like ocular hypertension (OHT) model and decipher in vitro the effects of MSCs on primary human trabecular meshwork cells. METHODS Ocular hypertension model was performed by cauterization of 3 episcleral veins (EVC) of Long-Evans male rat eyes. MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow, amplified in vitro and tagged with quantum dot nanocrystals. Animals were distributed as 1) MSCs group receiving 5.10(5)cells/6μl Minimum Essential Medium and 2) MEM group receiving 6μl MEM (n = 10 each). Injections were performed into the anterior chamber of 20 days-hypertensive eyes and IOP was monitored twice a week for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, cell distribution in the anterior segment was examined in confocal microscopy on flat mounted corneas. Moreover, we tested in vitro effects of MSCs conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on primary human trabecular meshwork cells (hTM cells) using Akt activation, myosin phosphorylation and TGF-β2-dependent profibrotic phenotype in hTM cells. RESULTS We demonstrated a rapid and long-lasting in vivo effect of MSCs transplantation that significantly reduced IOP in hypertensive eyes induced by EVC. MSCs were located to the ciliary processes and the TM. Enumeration of RGCs on whole flat-mounted retina highlighted a protective effect of MSCs on RGCs death. In vitro, MSC-CM promotes: (i) hTM cells survival by activating the antiapoptotic pathway, Akt, (ii) hTM cells relaxation as analyzed by the decrease in myosin phosphorylation and (iii) inhibition of TGF-β2-dependent profibrotic phenotype acquisition in hTM cells. CONCLUSIONS MSCs injection in the ocular anterior chamber in a rat model of OHT provides neuroprotective effect in the glaucoma pathophysiology via TM protection. These results demonstrate that MSCs constitute promising tool for treating ocular hypertension and retinal cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Roubeix
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - David Godefroy
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Céline Mias
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France, Toulouse, France.
| | - Anaïs Sapienza
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Luisa Riancho
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Julie Degardin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Valérie Fradot
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Ivana Ivkovic
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Alexandre Denoyer
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - William Rostene
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - José Alain Sahel
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France.
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France.
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France.
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, Boulogne, F-92100, France.
- University Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, F-78180, France.
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121
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Mehanna RA, Nabil I, Attia N, Bary AA, Razek KA, Ahmed TAE, Elsayed F. The Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Conditioned Media Topically Delivered in Fibrin Glue on Chronic Wound Healing in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:846062. [PMID: 26236740 PMCID: PMC4508387 DOI: 10.1155/2015/846062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) represent a modern approach for management of chronic skin injuries. In this work, we describe BM-MSCs application versus their conditioned media (CM) when delivered topically admixed with fibrin glue to enhance the healing of chronic excisional wounds in rats. Fifty-two adult male rats were classified into four groups after induction of large-sized full-thickness skin wound: control group (CG), fibrin only group (FG), fibrin + MSCs group (FG + SCs), and fibrin + CM group (FG + CM). Healing wounds were evaluated functionally and microscopically. Eight days after injury, number of CD68+ macrophages infiltrating granulation tissue was considerably higher in the latter two groups. Although--later--none of the groups depicted a substantially different healing rate, the quality of regenerated skin was significantly boosted by the application of either BM-MSCs or their CM both (1) structurally as demonstrated by the obviously increased mean area percent of collagen fibers in Masson's trichrome-stained skin biopsies and (2) functionally as supported by the interestingly improved epidermal barrier as well as dermal tensile strength. Thus, we conclude that topically applied BM-MSCs and their CM-via fibrin vehicle--could effectively improve the quality of healed skin in chronic excisional wounds in rats, albeit without true acceleration of wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A. Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Dr Fahmi Abdel Meguid Street, Mowassat Building, El Shatby, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21514, Egypt
| | - Iman Nabil
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21514, Egypt
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Dr Fahmi Abdel Meguid Street, Mowassat Building, El Shatby, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Noha Attia
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21514, Egypt
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Dr Fahmi Abdel Meguid Street, Mowassat Building, El Shatby, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Amany A. Bary
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Dr Fahmi Abdel Meguid Street, Mowassat Building, El Shatby, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Khalid A. Razek
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 71 Victor Emanuel Street, Smouha, Alexandria 21615, Egypt
| | - Tamer A. E. Ahmed
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, P.O. Box 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatma Elsayed
- Cell Culture Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 71 Victor Emanuel Street, Smouha, Alexandria 21615, Egypt
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Rasmussen CA, Kaufman PL. Exciting directions in glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 2015; 49:534-43. [PMID: 25433744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex, life-long disease that requires an individualized, multifaceted approach to treatment. Most patients will be started on topical ocular hypotensive eyedrop therapy, and over time multiple classes of drugs will be needed to control their intraocular pressure. The search for drugs with novel mechanisms of action, to treat those who do not achieve adequate intraocular pressure control with, or become refractory to, current therapeutics, is ongoing, as is the search for more efficient, targeted drug delivery methods. Gene-transfer and stem-cell applications for glaucoma therapeutics are moving forward. Advances in imaging technologies improve our understanding of glaucoma pathophysiology and enable more refined patient evaluation and monitoring, improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rasmussen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA..
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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123
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Mead B, Scheven BA. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:371-3. [PMID: 25878580 PMCID: PMC4396094 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom ; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, United Kingdom
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124
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Bara JJ, Turner S, Roberts S, Griffiths G, Benson R, Trivedi JM, Wright KT. High content and high throughput screening to assess the angiogenic and neurogenic actions of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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125
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Mead B, Berry M, Logan A, Scott RAH, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Stem cell treatment of degenerative eye disease. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:243-57. [PMID: 25752437 PMCID: PMC4434205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are being explored extensively as treatments for degenerative eye disease, either for replacing lost neurons, restoring neural circuits or, based on more recent evidence, as paracrine-mediated therapies in which stem cell-derived trophic factors protect compromised endogenous retinal neurons from death and induce the growth of new connections. Retinal progenitor phenotypes induced from embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) and endogenous retinal stem cells may replace lost photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and restore vision in the diseased eye, whereas treatment of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has so far been reliant on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Here, we review the properties of non-retinal-derived adult stem cells, in particular neural stem cells (NSCs), MSC derived from bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissues (ADSC) and dental pulp (DPSC), together with ESC/iPSC and discuss and compare their potential advantages as therapies designed to provide trophic support, repair and replacement of retinal neurons, RPE and glia in degenerative retinal diseases. We conclude that ESCs/iPSCs have the potential to replace lost retinal cells, whereas MSC may be a useful source of paracrine factors that protect RGC and stimulate regeneration of their axons in the optic nerve in degenerate eye disease. NSC may have potential as both a source of replacement cells and also as mediators of paracrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert A H Scott
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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126
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Comparative evaluation of methods for estimating retinal ganglion cell loss in retinal sections and wholemounts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110612. [PMID: 25343338 PMCID: PMC4208790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the reliability of different methods of quantifying retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rat retinal sections and wholemounts from eyes with either intact optic nerves or those axotomised after optic nerve crush (ONC). Adult rats received a unilateral ONC and after 21 days the numbers of Brn3a+, βIII-tubulin+ and Islet-1+ RGCs were quantified in either retinal radial sections or wholemounts in which FluoroGold (FG) was injected 48 h before harvesting. Phenotypic antibody markers were used to distinguish RGCs from astrocytes, macrophages/microglia and amacrine cells. In wholemounted retinae, counts of FG+ and Brn3a+ RGCs were of similar magnitude in eyes with intact optic nerves and were similarly reduced after ONC. Larger differences in RGC number were detected between intact and ONC groups when images were taken closer to the optic nerve head. In radial sections, Brn3a did not stain astrocytes, macrophages/microglia or amacrine cells, whereas βIII-tubulin and Islet-1 did localize to amacrine cells as well as RGCs. The numbers of βIII-tubulin+ RGCs was greater than Brn3a+ RGCs, both in retinae from eyes with intact optic nerves and eyes 21 days after ONC. Islet-1 staining also overestimated the number of RGCs compared to Brn3a, but only after ONC. Estimates of RGC loss were similar in Brn3a-stained radial retinal sections compared to both Brn3a-stained wholemounts and retinal wholemounts in which RGCs were backfilled with FG, with sections having the added advantage of reducing experimental animal usage.
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127
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Paracrine-mediated neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human dental pulp stem cells: comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109305. [PMID: 25290916 PMCID: PMC4188599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated and compared the neurotrophic activity of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hAMSC) on axotomised adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro in order to evaluate their therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative conditions of RGC. Using the transwell system, RGC survival and length/number of neurites were quantified in coculture with stem cells in the presence or absence of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors to determine the role of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, GDNF, PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB/BB in stem cell-mediated RGC neuroprotection and neuritogenesis. Conditioned media, collected from cultured hDPSC/hBMSC/hAMSC, were assayed for the secreted growth factors detailed above using ELISA. PCR array determined the hDPSC, hBMSC and hAMSC expression of genes encoding 84 growth factors and receptors. The results demonstrated that hDPSC promoted significantly more neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised RGC than either hBMSC or hAMSC, an effect that was neutralized after the addition of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors. hDPSC secreted greater levels of various growth factors including NGF, BDNF and VEGF compared with hBMSC/hAMSC. The PCR array confirmed these findings and identified VGF as a novel potentially therapeutic hDPSC-derived neurotrophic factor (NTF) with significant RGC neuroprotective properties after coculture with axotomised RGC. In conclusion, hDPSC promoted significant multi-factorial paracrine-mediated RGC survival and neurite outgrowth and may be considered a potent and advantageous cell therapy for retinal nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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128
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Dental pulp stem cells, a paracrine-mediated therapy for the retina. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:577-8. [PMID: 25206857 PMCID: PMC4146241 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom ; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, United Kingdom
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129
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Sustained effect of bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy in axonal regeneration in a model of optic nerve crush. Brain Res 2014; 1587:54-68. [PMID: 25204691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, the regeneration of the optic nerve is very limited and at the moment there are several groups trying different approaches to increase retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal outgrowth. One promising approach is cell therapy. In previous work, we performed intravitreal transplantation of bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) after optic nerve crush in adult rats and we demonstrated an increase in RGC survival and axon outgrowth 14 days after injury. In the present work, we investigated if these results could be sustained for a longer period of time. Optic nerve crush was performed in Lister-hooded adult rats and BMMC or saline injections were performed shortly after injury. Neuronal survival and regeneration were evaluated in rats׳ retina and optic nerve after 28 days. We demonstrated an increase of 5.2 fold in the axon outgrowth 28 days after lesion, but the BMMCs had no effect on RGC survival. In an attempt to prolong RGC survival, we established a new protocol with two BMMC injections, the second one 7 days after the injury. Untreated animals received two injections of saline. We observed that although the axonal outgrowth was still increased after the second BMMC injection, the RGC survival was not significantly different from untreated animals. These results demonstrate that BMMCs transplantation promotes neuroregeneration at least until 28 days after injury. However, the effects on RGC survival previously observed by us at 14 days were not sustained at 28 days and could not be prolonged with a second dose of BMMC.
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130
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Dreixler JC, Poston JN, Balyasnikova I, Shaikh AR, Tupper KY, Conway S, Boddapati V, Marcet MM, Lesniak MS, Roth S. Delayed administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium significantly improves outcome after retinal ischemia in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3785-96. [PMID: 24699381 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Delayed treatment after ischemia is often unsatisfactory. We hypothesized that injection of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) conditioned medium after ischemia could rescue ischemic retina, and in this study we characterized the functional and histological outcomes and mechanisms of this neuroprotection. METHODS Retinal ischemia was produced in adult Wistar rats by increasing intraocular pressure for 55 minutes. Conditioned medium (CM) from rat BMSCs or unconditioned medium (uCM) was injected into the vitreous 24 hours after the end of ischemia. Recovery was assessed 7 days after ischemia using electroretinography, at which time we euthanized the animals and then prepared 4-μm-thick paraffin-embedded retinal sections. TUNEL and Western blot were used to identify apoptotic cells and apoptosis-related gene expression 24 hours after injections; that is, 48 hours after ischemia. Protein content in CM versus uCM was studied using tandem mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics methods were used to model protein interactions. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of CM 24 hours after ischemia significantly improved retinal function and attenuated cell loss in the retinal ganglion cell layer. CM attenuated postischemic apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression. By spectral counting, 19 proteins that met stringent identification criteria were increased in the CM compared to uCM; the majority were extracellular matrix proteins that mapped into an interactional network together with other proteins involved in cell growth and adhesion. CONCLUSIONS By restoring retinal function, attenuating apoptosis, and preventing retinal cell loss after ischemia, CM is a robust means of delayed postischemic intervention. We identified some potential candidate proteins for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dreixler
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jacqueline N Poston
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Irina Balyasnikova
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Afzhal R Shaikh
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kelsey Y Tupper
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sineadh Conway
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Venkat Boddapati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Marcus M Marcet
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology and Visual Science), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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131
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Hanumunthadu D, Dehabadi MH, Cordeiro MF. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: current and emerging approaches. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.892415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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132
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Joe MK, Kwon HS, Cojocaru R, Tomarev SI. Myocilin regulates cell proliferation and survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10155-67. [PMID: 24563482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.547091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin, a causative gene for open angle glaucoma, encodes a secreted glycoprotein with poorly understood functions. To gain insight into its functions, we produced a stably transfected HEK293 cell line expressing myocilin under an inducible promoter and compared gene expression profiles between myocilin-expressing and vector control cell lines by a microarray analysis. A significant fraction of differentially expressed genes in myocilin-expressing cells was associated with cell growth and cell death, suggesting that myocilin may have a role in the regulation of cell growth and survival. Increased proliferation of myocilin-expressing cells was demonstrated by the WST-1 proliferation assay, direct cell counting, and immunostaining with antibodies against Ki-67, a cellular proliferation marker. Myocilin-containing conditioned medium also increased proliferation of unmodified HEK293 cells. Myocilin-expressing cells were more resistant to serum starvation-induced apoptosis than control cells. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were dramatically decreased, and two apoptotic marker proteins, cleaved caspase 7 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, were significantly reduced in myocilin-expressing cells as compared with control cells under apoptotic conditions. In addition, myocilin-deficient mesenchymal stem cells exhibited reduced proliferation and enhanced susceptibility to serum starvation-induced apoptosis as compared with wild-type mesenchymal stem cells. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and its upstream kinases, c-Raf and MEK, was increased in myocilin-expressing cells compared with control cells. Elevated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also observed in the trabecular meshwork of transgenic mice expressing 6-fold higher levels of myocilin when compared with their wild-type littermates. These results suggest that myocilin promotes cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis via the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Kuk Joe
- From the Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
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He JL. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB is involved in mesenchymal stem cell secretome-induced neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:e276. [PMID: 24561518 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li He
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Bao-Jian Road 157, Harbin, Hei long jiang, China
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