101
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Thompson J, Vogel Postula K, Wong K, Spencer S. Prenatal genetic counselors' practices and confidence level when counseling on cancer risk identified on expanded carrier screening. J Genet Couns 2019; 28:908-914. [PMID: 30888734 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Thompson
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Kenny Wong
- Counsyl Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sara Spencer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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102
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Kim B, Lee H, Jang J, Kim SJ, Lee ST, Cheong JW, Lyu CJ, Min YH, Choi JR. Targeted next generation sequencing can serve as an alternative to conventional tests in myeloid neoplasms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212228. [PMID: 30840646 PMCID: PMC6402635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 World Health Organization classification introduced a number of genes with somatic mutations and a category for germline predisposition syndromes in myeloid neoplasms. We have designed a comprehensive next-generation sequencing assay to detect somatic mutations, translocations, and germline mutations in a single assay and have evaluated its clinical utility in patients with myeloid neoplasms. Extensive and specified bioinformatics analyses were undertaken to detect single nucleotide variations, FLT3 internal tandem duplication, genic copy number variations, and chromosomal copy number variations. This enabled us to maximize the clinical utility of the assay, and we concluded that, as a single assay, it can be a good supplement for many conventional tests, including Sanger sequencing, RT-PCR, and cytogenetics. Of note, we found that 8.4-11.6% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and 12.9% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms had germline mutations, and most were heterozygous carriers for autosomal recessive marrow failure syndromes. These patients often did not respond to standard chemotherapy, suggesting that germline predisposition may have distinct and significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borahm Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonah Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (STL); (JRC)
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chuhl Joo Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (STL); (JRC)
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103
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Clarke CN, Katsonis P, Hsu TK, Koire AM, Silva-Figueroa A, Christakis I, Williams MD, Kutahyalioglu M, Kwatampora L, Xi Y, Lee JE, Koptez ES, Busaidy NL, Perrier ND, Lichtarge O. Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Parathyroid Cancer Identifies Novel Candidate Driver Mutations and Core Pathways. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:544-559. [PMID: 30788456 PMCID: PMC6372985 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Elucidating the genomic landscape of sporadic parathyroid carcinoma (PC) has been limited by low tumor incidence. OBJECTIVE Identify driver mutations of sporadic PC and potential actionable pathways. METHODS Patients undergoing surgical resection for sporadic PC between 1980 and 2016 at MD Anderson Cancer Center were identified. Patients with sporadic PC according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria and with available formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PC tumor tissue were included and their clinical data analyzed to assess extent of disease. Patients with parathyroid tumors of uncertain malignancy or atypical parathyroid neoplasms were excluded. Thirty-one patients meeting diagnostic criteria had available tissue for analysis. FFPE PC tumors were subjected to DNA extraction and next-generation whole-exome sequencing. All variant calls are single-algorithm only. Twenty-nine samples passed quality assurance after DNA extraction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Somatic or private germline mutations present in sporadic PC and identification of pathways involved in tumorigenesis. RESULTS We identified 35 genes with considerable mutational load; only eight genes were previously identified in other PC cohorts. These genes mediate critical processes, including chromosome organization, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulations. Gene mutations involved in MAPK signaling and immune response are also heavily implicated. These findings are limited by inherent molecular artifacts in FFPE tissue analysis and the absence of matched germline DNA. Additionally, variant calls are only single algorithm and may include false-positive/negative calls. CONCLUSION We identified 33 candidate driver genes of sporadic PC, in addition to previously known driver genes CDC73 and MEN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callisia N Clarke
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Panagiotis Katsonis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teng-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda M Koire
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Angelica Silva-Figueroa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ioannis Christakis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Merve Kutahyalioglu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lily Kwatampora
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - E Scott Koptez
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naifa L Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy D Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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104
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Macharia LW, Wanjiru CM, Mureithi MW, Pereira CM, Ferrer VP, Moura-Neto V. MicroRNAs, Hypoxia and the Stem-Like State as Contributors to Cancer Aggressiveness. Front Genet 2019; 10:125. [PMID: 30842790 PMCID: PMC6391339 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play key regulatory roles in cancer acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to their potential roles in improving cancer prognostic, predictive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, they have become an area of intense research focus in recent years. Several studies have demonstrated an altered expression of several miRNAs under hypoxic condition and even shown that the hypoxic microenvironment drives the selection of a more aggressive cancer cell population through cellular adaptations referred as the cancer stem-like cell. These minor fractions of cells are characterized by their self-renewal abilities and their ability to maintain the tumor mass, suggesting their crucial roles in cancer development. This review aims to highlight the interconnected role between miRNAs, hypoxia and the stem-like state in contributing to the cancer aggressiveness as opposed to their independent contributions, and it is based in four aggressive tumors, namely glioblastoma, cervical, prostate, and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Wanjiku Macharia
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Muriithi Wanjiru
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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105
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Cohen-Haguenauer O. [Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer (1): genetics]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:138-151. [PMID: 30774081 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of oncogenetics is to characterize a subpopulation of patients at high risk of cancer development at an early age in order to provide specific recommendations for an optimized follow-up and care path. Oncogenetic counselling helps to assess individual risk from a family history. By a family approach of formal genetics, the key issue is to identify families with a strong aggregation of cancers, and, in particular, suggesting a specific syndrome of inherited predisposition to cancer. This approach can lead to the proposal of germline genetic testing in search of causal mutations. As up to know, the search for a constitutional mutation in the BRCA genes has led to the identification of a causal deleterious mutation in less than 10% of index-cases analyzed. It is therefore important to evaluate the impact of new genes in the current panorama of inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Cohen-Haguenauer
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, Service d'oncologie médicale, pôle HI-3RO et faculté de Médecine, université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, USPC - Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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106
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Wendt C, Margolin S. Identifying breast cancer susceptibility genes - a review of the genetic background in familial breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:135-146. [PMID: 30606073 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1529428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heritage is the most important risk factor for breast cancer. About 15-20% of breast cancer is familial, referring to affected women who have one or more first- or second-degree relatives with the disease. The heritable component in these families is substantial, especially in families with aggregation of breast cancer with low age at onset. Identifying breast cancer susceptibility genes: Since the discovery of the highly penetrant autosomal dominant susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the 1990s, several more breast cancer genes that confer a moderate to high risk of breast cancer have been identified. Furthermore, during the last decade, advances in genomic technologies have led to large scale genotyping in genome-wide association studies that have identified a considerable amount of common low penetrance loci. In total, the high risk genes, BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, STK11, CD1 and PTEN account for approximately 20% of the familial risk. Moderate risk variants account for up to 5% of the inherited familial risk. The more than 180 identified low-risk loci explain 18% of the familial risk. Altogether more than half of the genetic background in familial breast cancer remains unclear. Other genes and low risk loci that explain a part the remaining fraction will probably be identified. Clinical aspects and future perspectives: Definitive clinical recommendations can be drawn only for carriers of germline variants in a limited number of high and moderate risk genes for which an association with breast cancer has been established. Future progress in evaluating previously identified breast cancer candidate variants and low risk loci as well as exploring new ones can play an important role in improving individual risk prediction in familial breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wendt
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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107
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McReynolds KM, Connors LM. Genomics of Prostate Cancer: What Nurses Need to Know. Semin Oncol Nurs 2019; 35:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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108
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De Silva S, Tennekoon KH, Karunanayake EH. Overview of the genetic basis toward early detection of breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2019; 11:71-80. [PMID: 30718964 PMCID: PMC6345186 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s185870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a socioeconomical burden in any nation. Out of that, breast cancer is identified as the most common malignancy worldwide among women irrespective of age. As women are an important segment in a community, the weakening of their strength toward the development of a nation is a critical problem in each nation. In this review, it was aimed to discuss the characteristics of cancer genome, cancer genetics, and cancer epigenetics in general and then focus on discussing both genetic and nongenetic factors responsible for the predisposition of breast cancer in humans. More emphasis was placed on genes responsible for the early onset of the disease and which can be used as genetic tools in the identification of the disease at an early stage. Then the context of genetic involvement toward the breast cancer occurrence before age of 40 years was highlighted accordingly. In addition to genetic testing, the review paid adequate attention to mention novel liquid biopsy techniques and other clinical, laboratory, and radiologic assessments. These techniques can be used in early detection and recurrence as well as the surveillance of the patients after primary therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumadee De Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka,
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka,
| | - Eric Hamilton Karunanayake
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka,
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Sriramulu S, Ramachandran M, Subramanian S, Kannan R, Gopinath M, Sollano J, Bissi L, Banerjee A, Marotta F, Pathak S. A review on role of ATM gene in hereditary transfer of colorectal cancer. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 89:463-469. [PMID: 30657113 PMCID: PMC6502098 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i4.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer found to be the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide which can be prevented by screening and its curable if diagnosed early. Lynch syndrome/HNPCC being an autosomal genetic disease and propensity in forming colorectal cancer is inherited wherein genomic instabilities and epigenetic changes are being the characteristic forms in hereditary cancers. It is very important to determine the polymorphism in several DNA repairing genes such as ATM, RAD51, XRCC2, XRCC3 and XRCC9 to study the risk exploring both the prognosis and the developing of colorectal cancer. The role of ATM gene has been studied which involves in the hereditary transfer of colorectal cancer associated with other related cancers such as stomach, lung and breast cancers. ATM found to be the mutation target and also a modifier gene with more risk of developing the disease by its polymorphism in variant of ATM D1853N. It was identified that ATM gene polymorphism did not drastically change HNPCC age of onset. ATM expression levels were studied and it has been concluded that the complete loss of ATM expression resulted in a propensity of worse survival and no better prognosis with increase in mortality rate. This ATM gene might be considered to be a predicted biomarker in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India.
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110
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Prevalence and characterization of ATM germline mutations in Chinese BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 174:639-647. [PMID: 30607632 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-05124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene is a moderate susceptibility gene for breast cancer. However, little is known about the breast cancer phenotypes associated with ATM mutation. We therefore investigated the spectrum and clinical characteristics of ATM germline mutations in Chinese breast cancer patients. METHODS A multi-gene panel was performed to screen for ATM germline mutations in 7657 BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. All deleterious mutations were validated by independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 31 pathogenic mutations in the ATM gene across 30 carriers were identified, and the ATM mutation rate was 0.4% (30/7,657) in this cohort. The majority of the mutations (90.3%, 28/31) were nonsense or frameshift mutations. Of the total ATM mutations, 61.3% (19/31) were novel mutations and 13 recurrent mutations were found. ATM mutations carriers were significantly more likely to have a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (26.7% in carriers vs. 8.6% in non-carriers, p < 0.001), as well as a family history of any cancer (60.0% in carriers vs. 31.5% in non-carriers, p = 0.001). In addition, ATM mutations carriers were significantly more likely to have oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive (p = 0.011), progesterone receptor (PR)-positive (p = 0.040), and lymph node-positive breast cancer (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the ATM mutation is approximately 0.4% in Chinese BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer. ATM mutation carriers are significantly more likely to have a family history of cancer and to develop ER- and/or PR-positive breast cancer or lymph node-positive breast cancer.
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111
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Pearson SJ, Roy Sarkar T, McQueen CM, Elswood J, Schmitt EE, Wall SW, Scribner KC, Wyatt G, Barhoumi R, Behbod F, Rijnkels M, Porter WW. ATM-dependent activation of SIM2s regulates homologous recombination and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2018; 38:2611-2626. [PMID: 30531838 PMCID: PMC6450754 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that genomic instability is a prerequisite for cancer progression. Here we show that SIM2s, a member of the bHLH/PAS family of transcription factors, regulates DNA damage repair through enhancement of homologous recombination, and prevents epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in an ATM dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that SIM2s interacts with ATM and is stabilized through ATM-dependent phosphorylation in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Once stabilized, SIM2s interacts with BRCA1 and supports RAD51 recruitment to the site of DNA damage. Loss of SIM2s through the introduction of shSIM2 or the mutation of SIM2s at one of the predicted ATM phosphorylation sites (S115) reduces homologous recombination efficiency through disruption of RAD51 recruitment, resulting in genomic instability and induction of EMT. The EMT induced by the mutation of S115 is characterized by a decrease in E-cadherin and an induction of the basal marker, K14, resulting in increased invasion and metastasis. Together, these results identify a novel player in the DNA damage repair pathway and provides a link in DCIS progression to IDC through loss of SIM2s, increased genomic instability, EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Pearson
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tapasree Roy Sarkar
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cole M McQueen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jessica Elswood
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Emily E Schmitt
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven W Wall
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kelly C Scribner
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Garhett Wyatt
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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112
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West AH, Blazer KR, Stoll J, Jones M, Weipert CM, Nielsen SM, Kupfer SS, Weitzel JN, Olopade OI. Clinical interpretation of pathogenic ATM and CHEK2 variants on multigene panel tests: navigating moderate risk. Fam Cancer 2018; 17:495-505. [PMID: 29445900 PMCID: PMC6092249 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-018-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive genomic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) helps patients, family members, and providers make informed choices about cancer screening, surgical and chemotherapeutic risk reduction, and genetically targeted cancer therapies. The increasing availability of multigene panel tests for clinical applications allows testing of well-defined high-risk genes, as well as moderate-risk genes, for which the penetrance and spectrum of cancer risk are less well characterized. Moderate-risk genes are defined as genes that, when altered by a pathogenic variant, confer a 2 to fivefold relative risk of cancer. Two such genes included on many comprehensive cancer panels are the DNA repair genes ATM and CHEK2, best known for moderately increased risk of breast cancer development. However, the impact of screening and preventative interventions and spectrum of cancer risk beyond breast cancer associated with ATM and/or CHEK2 variants remain less well characterized. We convened a large, multidisciplinary, cross-sectional panel of GCRA clinicians to review challenging, peer-submitted cases of patients identified with ATM or CHEK2 variants. This paper summarizes the inter-professional case discussion and recommendations generated during the session, the level of concordance with respect to recommendations between the academic and community clinician participants for each case, and potential barriers to implementing recommended care in various practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison H. West
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen R. Blazer
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Jessica Stoll
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew Jones
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Caroline M. Weipert
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah M. Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sonia S. Kupfer
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey N. Weitzel
- Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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113
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Ohmoto A, Morizane C, Kubo E, Takai E, Hosoi H, Sakamoto Y, Kondo S, Ueno H, Shimada K, Yachida S, Okusaka T. Germline variants in pancreatic cancer patients with a personal or family history of cancer fulfilling the revised Bethesda guidelines. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1159-1167. [PMID: 29667044 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is categorized as a neoplasm associated with Lynch syndrome; however, the precise proportion of PC patients harboring DNA mismatch repair genes (MMR genes) remains unclear, especially in the Asian population. METHODS Among 304 Japanese patients with pathologically proven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we selected 20 (6.6%) patients with a personal or family history involving first- or second-degree relatives fulfilling the revised Bethesda guidelines (RBG), defined as RBG-compatible cases. We analyzed germline variants in 21 genes related to a hereditary predisposition for cancer as well as clinical features in all 20 cases. RESULTS The RBG-compatible cases did not show any unique clinicopathological features. Targeted sequencing data revealed three patients carrying deleterious or likely deleterious variants. Specifically, these three patients harbored a nonsense variant in ATM, a frameshift variant in ATM, and a concurrent nonsense variant in PMS2 and missense variant in CHEK2 (double-mutation carrier), respectively. Although an MMR gene mutation was identified in only one of the 20 patients, up to 15% of the RBG-compatible PC cases were associated with germline deleterious or likely deleterious variants. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed that these guidelines could be useful for identifying PC patients with DNA damage repair genes as well as MMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan.
| | - Emi Kubo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Erina Takai
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hosoi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakamoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kondo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
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Moretta J, Berthet P, Bonadona V, Caron O, Cohen-Haguenauer O, Colas C, Corsini C, Cusin V, De Pauw A, Delnatte C, Dussart S, Jamain C, Longy M, Luporsi E, Maugard C, Nguyen TD, Pujol P, Vaur D, Andrieu N, Lasset C, Noguès C. [The French Genetic and Cancer Consortium guidelines for multigene panel analysis in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer predisposition]. Bull Cancer 2018; 105:907-917. [PMID: 30268633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Next generation sequencing allows the simultaneous analysis of large panel of genes for families or individuals with a strong suspicion of hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC). Because of lack of guidelines, several panels of genes potentially involved in HBOC were designed, with large disparities not only in their composition but also in medical care offered to mutation carriers. Then, homogenization in practices is needed. METHODS The French Genetic and Cancer Group (GGC) - Unicancer conducted an exhaustive bibliographic work on 18 genes of interest. Only publications with unbiased risk estimates were retained. RESULTS The expertise of each 18 genes was based on clinical utility criteria, i.e. a relative risk of cancer of 4 and more, available medical tools for screening and prevention of mutation carriers, and pre-symptomatic genetic tests for relatives. Finally, 13 genes were selected to be included in a HBOC diagnosis gene panel: BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, TP53, CDH1, PTEN, RAD51C, RAD51D, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM. The reasons for excluding NBN, RAD51B, CHEK2, STK11, ATM, BARD1, BRIP1 from the HBOC diagnosis panel are presented. Screening, prevention and genetic counselling guidelines were detailed for each of the 18 genes. DISCUSSION Due to the rapid increase in knowledge, the GGC has planned a yearly update of the bibliography to take into account new findings. Furthermore, genetic-epidemiological studies are being initiated to better estimate the cancer risk associated with genes which are not yet included in the HBOC diagnosis panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moretta
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, oncogénétique clinique, département d'anticipation et de suivi des cancers, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Pascaline Berthet
- Centre François-Baclesse, oncogénétique clinique, département de biopathologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Valérie Bonadona
- Centre Léon-Berard, unité clinique d'oncologie génétique, 69008 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, LBBE UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Caron
- Gustave-Roussy hôpital universitaire, département de médecine, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Carole Corsini
- CHRU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, service d'oncogénétique, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Véronica Cusin
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de génétique, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Capucine Delnatte
- ICO-Centre René-Gauducheau, unité d'oncogénétique, 44800 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Dussart
- Centre Léon-Berard, unité clinique d'oncologie génétique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Michel Longy
- Institut Bergonié, oncogénétique, Inserm U 1218, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christine Maugard
- CHU de Strasbourg, oncogénétique clinique, oncogénétique moléculaire, évaluation familiale et suivi, laboratoire d'oncobiologie, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tan Dat Nguyen
- Institut Jean-Godinot, oncogénétique, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- CHRU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, service d'oncogénétique, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Vaur
- Centre François-Baclesse, laboratoire de biologie et de génétique du cancer, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nadine Andrieu
- Inserm, U900, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Mines ParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Lasset
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, LBBE UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Centre Léon Bérard, département de santé publique, unité de prévention et épidémiologie génétique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Noguès
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, oncogénétique clinique, département d'anticipation et de suivi des cancers, 232, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille université, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, 13000 Marseille, France
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Miles MA, Hawkins CJ. Mutagenic assessment of chemotherapy and Smac mimetic drugs in cells with defective DNA damage response pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14421. [PMID: 30258062 PMCID: PMC6158240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging therapies can spur the formation of therapy-related cancers, due to mis-repair of lesions they create in non-cancerous cells. This risk may be amplified in patients with impaired DNA damage responses. We disabled key DNA damage response pathways using genetic and pharmacological approaches, and assessed the impact of these deficiencies on the mutagenicity of chemotherapy drugs or the "Smac mimetic" GDC-0152, which kills tumor cells by targeting XIAP, cIAP1 and 2. Doxorubicin and cisplatin provoked mutations in more surviving cells deficient in ATM, p53 or the homologous recombination effector RAD51 than in wild type cells, but suppressing non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by disabling DNA-PKcs prevented chemotherapy-induced mutagenesis. Vincristine-induced mutagenesis required p53 and DNA-PKcs but was not affected by ATM status, consistent with it provoking ATM-independent p53-mediated activation of caspases and CAD, which creates DNA lesions in surviving cells that could be mis-repaired by NHEJ. Encouragingly, GDC-0152 failed to stimulate mutations in cells with proficient or defective DNA damage response pathways. This study highlights the elevated oncogenic risk associated with treating DNA repair-deficient patients with genotoxic anti-cancer therapies, and suggests a potential advantage for Smac mimetic drugs over traditional therapies: a reduced risk of therapy-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
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Zhan W, Shelton CA, Greer PJ, Brand RE, Whitcomb DC. Germline Variants and Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Emerging Concepts. Pancreas 2018; 47:924-936. [PMID: 30113427 PMCID: PMC6097243 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer requires many genetic mutations. Combinations of underlying germline variants and environmental factors may increase the risk of cancer and accelerate the oncogenic process. We systematically reviewed, annotated, and classified previously reported pancreatic cancer-associated germline variants in established risk genes. Variants were scored using multiple criteria and binned by evidence for pathogenicity, then annotated with published functional studies and associated biological systems/pathways. Twenty-two previously identified pancreatic cancer risk genes and 337 germline variants were identified from 97 informative studies that met our inclusion criteria. Fifteen of these genes contained 66 variants predicted to be pathogenic (APC, ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, CFTR, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, NBN, PALB2, PALLD, PRSS1, SPINK1, TP53). Pancreatic cancer risk genes were organized into key biological mechanisms that promote pancreatic oncogenesis within an oncogenic model. Development of precision medicine approaches requires updated variant information within the framework of an oncogenic progression model. Complex risk modeling may improve interpretation of early biomarkers and guide pathway-specific treatment for pancreatic cancer in the future. Precision medicine is within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Celeste A. Shelton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Phil J. Greer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David C. Whitcomb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Cragun DL, Kechik J, Pal T. Complexities of genetic screening and testing in hereditary colorectal cancer. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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118
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Robson M. Moderate-Penetrance Predisposition to Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-018-0289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Penkert J, Schmidt G, Hofmann W, Schubert S, Schieck M, Auber B, Ripperger T, Hackmann K, Sturm M, Prokisch H, Hille-Betz U, Mark D, Illig T, Schlegelberger B, Steinemann D. Breast cancer patients suggestive of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutational spectrum, candidate genes, and unexplained heredity. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:87. [PMID: 30086788 PMCID: PMC6081832 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most prevalent tumor entity in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Up to 80% of individuals with a Li-Fraumeni-like phenotype do not harbor detectable causative germline TP53 variants. Yet, no systematic panel analyses for a wide range of cancer predisposition genes have been conducted on cohorts of women with breast cancer fulfilling Li-Fraumeni(-like) clinical diagnostic criteria. Methods To specifically help explain the diagnostic gap of TP53 wild-type Li-Fraumeni(-like) breast cancer cases, we performed array-based CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) and panel-based sequencing of 94 cancer predisposition genes on 83 breast cancer patients suggestive of Li-Fraumeni syndrome who had previously had negative test results for causative BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53 germline variants. Results We identified 13 pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants in ten patients and in nine genes, including four copy number aberrations and nine single-nucleotide variants or small indels. Three patients presented as double-mutation carriers involving two different genes each. In five patients (5 of 83; 6% of cohort), we detected causative pathogenic variants in established hereditary breast cancer susceptibility genes (i.e., PALB2, CHEK2, ATM). Five further patients (5 of 83; 6% of cohort) were found to harbor pathogenic variants in genes lacking a firm association with breast cancer susceptibility to date (i.e., Fanconi pathway genes, RECQ family genes, CDKN2A/p14ARF, and RUNX1). Conclusions Our study details the mutational spectrum in breast cancer patients suggestive of Li-Fraumeni syndrome and indicates the need for intensified research on monoallelic variants in Fanconi pathway and RECQ family genes. Notably, this study further reveals a large portion of still unexplained Li-Fraumeni(-like) cases, warranting comprehensive investigation of recently described candidate genes as well as noncoding regions of the TP53 gene in patients with Li-Fraumeni(-like) syndrome lacking TP53 variants in coding regions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1011-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Penkert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winfried Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schieck
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Ripperger
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Hille-Betz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothea Mark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schlegelberger
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Whitworth J, Smith PS, Martin JE, West H, Luchetti A, Rodger F, Clark G, Carss K, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Penkett C, Mapeta R, Ashford S, Megy K, Shakeel H, Ahmed M, Adlard J, Barwell J, Brewer C, Casey RT, Armstrong R, Cole T, Evans DG, Fostira F, Greenhalgh L, Hanson H, Henderson A, Hoffman J, Izatt L, Kumar A, Kwong A, Lalloo F, Ong KR, Paterson J, Park SM, Chen-Shtoyerman R, Searle C, Side L, Skytte AB, Snape K, Woodward ER, Tischkowitz MD, Maher ER, Aitman T, Alachkar H, Ali S, Allen L, Allsup D, Ambegaonkar G, Anderson J, Antrobus R, Armstrong R, Arno G, Arumugakani G, Ashford S, Astle W, Attwood A, Austin S, Bacchelli C, Bakchoul T, Bariana TK, Baxendale H, Bennett D, Bethune C, Bibi S, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Bleda M, Boggard H, Bolton-Maggs P, Booth C, Bradley JR, Brady A, Brown M, Browning M, Bryson C, Burns S, Calleja P, Canham N, Carmichael J, Carss K, Caulfield M, Chalmers E, Chandra A, Chinnery P, Chitre M, Church C, Clement E, Clements-Brod N, Clowes V, Coghlan G, Collins P, Cookson V, Cooper N, Corris P, Creaser-Myers A, DaCosta R, Daugherty L, Davies S, Davis J, De Vries M, Deegan P, Deevi SV, Deshpande C, Devlin L, Dewhurst E, Dixon P, Doffinger R, Dormand N, Drewe E, Edgar D, Egner W, Erber WN, Erwood M, Erwood M, Everington T, Favier R, Firth H, Fletcher D, Flinter F, Frary A, Freson K, Furie B, Furnell A, Gale D, Gardham A, Gattens M, Ghali N, Ghataorhe PK, Ghurye R, Gibbs S, Gilmour K, Gissen P, Goddard S, Gomez K, Gordins P, Graf S, Gräf S, Greene D, Greenhalgh A, Greinacher A, Grigoriadou S, Grozeva D, Hackett S, Hadinnapola C, Hague R, Haimel M, Halmagyi C, Hammerton T, Hart D, Hayman G, Heemskerk JW, Henderson R, Hensiek A, Henskens Y, Herwadkar A, Holden S, Holder M, Holder S, Hu F, Huis in’t Veld A, Huissoon A, Humbert M, Hurst J, James R, Jolles S, Josifova D, Kazmi R, Keeling D, Kelleher P, Kelly AM, Kennedy F, Kiely D, Kingston N, Koziell A, Krishnakumar D, Kuijpers TW, Kuijpers T, Kumararatne D, Kurian M, Laffan MA, Lambert MP, Allen HL, Lango-Allen H, Lawrie A, Lear S, Lees M, Lentaigne C, Liesner R, Linger R, Longhurst H, Lorenzo L, Louka E, Machado R, Ross RM, MacLaren R, Maher E, Maimaris J, Mangles S, Manson A, Mapeta R, Markus HS, Martin J, Masati L, Mathias M, Matser V, Maw A, McDermott E, McJannet C, Meacham S, Meehan S, Megy K, Mehta S, Michaelides M, Millar CM, Moledina S, Moore A, Morrell N, Mumford A, Murng S, Murphy E, Nejentsev S, Noorani S, Nurden P, Oksenhendler E, Othman S, Ouwehand WH, Ouwehand WH, Papadia S, Park SM, Parker A, Pasi J, Patch C, Paterson J, Payne J, Peacock A, Peerlinck K, Penkett CJ, Pepke-Zaba J, Perry D, Perry DJ, Pollock V, Polwarth G, Ponsford M, Qasim W, Quinti I, Rankin S, Rankin J, Raymond FL, Rayner-Matthews P, Rehnstrom K, Reid E, Rhodes CJ, Richards M, Richardson S, Richter A, Roberts I, Rondina M, Rosser E, Roughley C, Roy N, Rue-Albrecht K, Samarghitean C, Sanchis-Juan A, Sandford R, Santra S, Sargur R, Savic S, Schotte G, Schulman S, Schulze H, Scott R, Scully M, Seneviratne S, Sewell C, Shamardina O, Shipley D, Simeoni I, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith KG, Sohal A, Southgate L, Staines S, Staples E, Stark H, Stauss H, Stein P, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Stock S, Suntharalingam J, Talks K, Tan Y, Thachil J, Thaventhiran J, Thomas E, Thomas M, Thompson D, Thrasher A, Tischkowitz M, Titterton C, Toh CH, Toshner M, Treacy C, Trembath R, Tuna S, Turek W, Turro E, Van Geet C, Veltman M, Vogt J, von Ziegenweldt J, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Wakeling E, Wanjiku I, Warner TQ, Wassmer E, Watkins H, Watt C, Webster N, Welch S, Westbury S, Wharton J, Whitehorn D, Wilkins M, Willcocks L, Williamson C, Woods G, Woods G, Wort J, Yeatman N, Yong P, Young T, Yu P. Comprehensive Cancer-Predisposition Gene Testing in an Adult Multiple Primary Tumor Series Shows a Broad Range of Deleterious Variants and Atypical Tumor Phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:3-18. [PMID: 29909963 PMCID: PMC6037202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple primary tumors (MPTs) affect a substantial proportion of cancer survivors and can result from various causes, including inherited predisposition. Currently, germline genetic testing of MPT-affected individuals for variants in cancer-predisposition genes (CPGs) is mostly targeted by tumor type. We ascertained pre-assessed MPT individuals (with at least two primary tumors by age 60 years or at least three by 70 years) from genetics centers and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 460 individuals from 440 families. Despite previous negative genetic assessment and molecular investigations, pathogenic variants in moderate- and high-risk CPGs were detected in 67/440 (15.2%) probands. WGS detected variants that would not be (or were not) detected by targeted resequencing strategies, including low-frequency structural variants (6/440 [1.4%] probands). In most individuals with a germline variant assessed as pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP), at least one of their tumor types was characteristic of variants in the relevant CPG. However, in 29 probands (42.2% of those with a P/LP variant), the tumor phenotype appeared discordant. The frequency of individuals with truncating or splice-site CPG variants and at least one discordant tumor type was significantly higher than in a control population (χ2 = 43.642; p ≤ 0.0001). 2/67 (3%) probands with P/LP variants had evidence of multiple inherited neoplasia allele syndrome (MINAS) with deleterious variants in two CPGs. Together with variant detection rates from a previous series of similarly ascertained MPT-affected individuals, the present results suggest that first-line comprehensive CPG analysis in an MPT cohort referred to clinical genetics services would detect a deleterious variant in about a third of individuals.
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Hu C, Hart SN, Polley EC, Gnanaolivu R, Shimelis H, Lee KY, Lilyquist J, Na J, Moore R, Antwi SO, Bamlet WR, Chaffee KG, DiCarlo J, Wu Z, Samara R, Kasi PM, McWilliams RR, Petersen GM, Couch FJ. Association Between Inherited Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer. JAMA 2018; 319:2401-2409. [PMID: 29922827 PMCID: PMC6092184 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Individuals genetically predisposed to pancreatic cancer may benefit from early detection. Genes that predispose to pancreatic cancer and the risks of pancreatic cancer associated with mutations in these genes are not well defined. OBJECTIVE To determine whether inherited germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes are associated with increased risks of pancreatic cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control analysis to identify pancreatic cancer predisposition genes; longitudinal analysis of patients with pancreatic cancer for prognosis. The study included 3030 adults diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer and enrolled in a Mayo Clinic registry between October 12, 2000, and March 31, 2016, with last follow-up on June 22, 2017. Reference controls were 123 136 individuals with exome sequence data in the public Genome Aggregation Database and 53 105 in the Exome Aggregation Consortium database. EXPOSURES Individuals were classified based on carrying a deleterious mutation in cancer predisposition genes and having a personal or family history of cancer. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Germline mutations in coding regions of 21 cancer predisposition genes were identified by sequencing of products from a custom multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based panel; associations of genes with pancreatic cancer were assessed by comparing frequency of mutations in genes of pancreatic cancer patients with those of reference controls. RESULTS Comparing 3030 case patients with pancreatic cancer (43.2% female; 95.6% non-Hispanic white; mean age at diagnosis, 65.3 [SD, 10.7] years) with reference controls, significant associations were observed between pancreatic cancer and mutations in CDKN2A (0.3% of cases and 0.02% of controls; odds ratio [OR], 12.33; 95% CI, 5.43-25.61); TP53 (0.2% of cases and 0.02% of controls; OR, 6.70; 95% CI, 2.52-14.95); MLH1 (0.13% of cases and 0.02% of controls; OR, 6.66; 95% CI, 1.94-17.53); BRCA2 (1.9% of cases and 0.3% of controls; OR, 6.20; 95% CI, 4.62-8.17); ATM (2.3% of cases and 0.37% of controls; OR, 5.71; 95% CI, 4.38-7.33); and BRCA1 (0.6% of cases and 0.2% of controls; OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.54-4.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case-control study, mutations in 6 genes associated with pancreatic cancer were found in 5.5% of all pancreatic cancer patients, including 7.9% of patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer and 5.2% of patients without a family history of pancreatic cancer. Further research is needed for replication in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven N Hart
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric C Polley
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rohan Gnanaolivu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hermela Shimelis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kun Y Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jenna Lilyquist
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jie Na
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raymond Moore
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Samuel O Antwi
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - William R Bamlet
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kari G Chaffee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John DiCarlo
- Qiagen Sciences Research and Development, Qiagen Inc, Hilden, Germany
| | - Zhong Wu
- Qiagen Sciences Research and Development, Qiagen Inc, Hilden, Germany
| | - Raed Samara
- Qiagen Sciences Research and Development, Qiagen Inc, Hilden, Germany
| | | | | | - Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Acevedo F, Deng Z, Armengol VD, Hughes K. Managing Patient with Mutations in PALB2, CHEK2, or ATM. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-018-0269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jerzak KJ, Mancuso T, Eisen A. Ataxia-telangiectasia gene ( ATM) mutation heterozygosity in breast cancer: a narrative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:e176-e180. [PMID: 29719442 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that heterozygosity for a pathogenic ATM variant is present in 1%-2% of the adult population, clinical guidelines to inform physicians and genetic counsellors about optimal management in that population are lacking. Methods In this narrative review, we describe the challenges and controversies in the management of women who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant with respect to screening for breast and other malignancies, to choices for systemic therapy, and to decisions about radiation therapy. Results Given that the lifetime risk for breast cancer in women who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant is likely greater than 25%, those women should undergo annual mammographic screening starting at least by 40 years of age. For women in this group who have a strong family history of breast cancer, earlier screening with both magnetic resonance imaging and mammography should be considered. High-quality data to inform the management of established breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic ATM variants are lacking. Although deficiency in the ATM gene product might confer sensitivity to dna-damaging pharmaceuticals such as inhibitors of poly (adp-ribose) polymerase or platinum agents, prospective clinical trials have not been conducted in the relevant patient population. Furthermore, the evidence with respect to radiation therapy is mixed; some data suggest increased toxicity, and other data suggest improved clinical benefit from radiation in women who are carriers of a pathogenic ATM variant. Conclusions As in the 2017 U.S. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, we recommend high-risk imaging for women in Ontario who are heterozygous for a pathogenic ATM variant. Currently, ATM carrier status should not influence decisions about systemic or radiation therapy in the setting of an established breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jerzak
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - T Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - A Eisen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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124
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Frequency of pathogenic germline mutations in cancer susceptibility genes in breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2018; 35:81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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125
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Podralska M, Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Żurawek M, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A, Słomski R, Nowak J, Stembalska A, Pesz K, Mosor M. Genetic variants in ATM, H2AFX and MRE11 genes and susceptibility to breast cancer in the polish population. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:452. [PMID: 29678143 PMCID: PMC5910560 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage repair is a complex process, which can trigger the development of cancer if disturbed. In this study, we hypothesize a role of variants in the ATM, H2AFX and MRE11 genes in determining breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. Methods We examined the whole sequence of the ATM kinase domain and estimated the frequency of founder mutations in the ATM gene (c.5932G > T, c.6095G > A, and c.7630-2A > C) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in H2AFX (rs643788, rs8551, rs7759, and rs2509049) and MRE11 (rs1061956 and rs2155209) among 315 breast cancer patients and 515 controls. The analysis was performed using high-resolution melting for new variants and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for recurrent ATM mutations. H2AFX and MRE11 polymorphisms were analyzed using TaqMan assays. The cumulative genetic risk scores (CGRS) were calculated using unweighted and weighted approaches. Results We identified four mutations (c.6067G > A, c.8314G > A, c.8187A > T, and c.6095G > A) in the ATM gene in three BC cases and two control subjects. We observed a statistically significant association of H2AFX variants with BC. Risk alleles (the G of rs7759 and the T of rs8551 and rs2509049) were observed more frequently in BC cases compared to the control group, with P values, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 0.0018, 1.47 (1.19 to 1.82); 0.018, 1.33 (1.09 to 1.64); and 0.024, 1.3 (1.06 to 1.59), respectively. Haplotype-based tests identified a significant association of the H2AFX CACT haplotype with BC (P < 0.0001, OR = 27.29, 95% CI 3.56 to 209.5). The risk of BC increased with the growing number of risk alleles. The OR (95% CI) for carriers of ≥ four risk alleles was 1.71 (1.11 to 2.62) for the CGRS. Conclusions This study confirms that H2AFX variants are associated with an increased risk of BC. The above-reported sequence variants of MRE11 genes may not constitute a risk factor of breast cancer in the Polish population. The contribution of mutations detected in the ATM gene to the development of breast cancer needs further detailed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Podralska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | | | - Magdalena Żurawek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,University of Life Sciences of Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Pesz
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Mosor
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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126
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Renault AL, Mebirouk N, Fuhrmann L, Bataillon G, Cavaciuti E, Le Gal D, Girard E, Popova T, La Rosa P, Beauvallet J, Eon-Marchais S, Dondon MG, d'Enghien CD, Laugé A, Chemlali W, Raynal V, Labbé M, Bièche I, Baulande S, Bay JO, Berthet P, Caron O, Buecher B, Faivre L, Fresnay M, Gauthier-Villars M, Gesta P, Janin N, Lejeune S, Maugard C, Moutton S, Venat-Bouvet L, Zattara H, Fricker JP, Gladieff L, Coupier I, Chenevix-Trench G, Hall J, Vincent-Salomon A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Andrieu N, Lesueur F. Morphology and genomic hallmarks of breast tumours developed by ATM deleterious variant carriers. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:28. [PMID: 29665859 PMCID: PMC5905168 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is a moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility gene; germline loss-of-function variants are found in up to 3% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) families who undergo genetic testing. So far, no clear histopathological and molecular features of breast tumours occurring in ATM deleterious variant carriers have been described, but identification of an ATM-associated tumour signature may help in patient management. Methods To characterise hallmarks of ATM-associated tumours, we performed systematic pathology review of tumours from 21 participants from ataxia-telangiectasia families and 18 participants from HBOC families, as well as copy number profiling on a subset of 23 tumours. Morphology of ATM-associated tumours was compared with that of 599 patients with no BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations from a hospital-based series, as well as with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Absolute copy number and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) profiles were obtained from the OncoScan SNP array. In addition, we performed whole-genome sequencing on four tumours from ATM loss-of-function variant carriers with available frozen material. Results We found that ATM-associated tumours belong mostly to the luminal B subtype, are tetraploid and show LOH at the ATM locus at 11q22–23. Unlike tumours in which BRCA1 or BRCA2 is inactivated, tumours arising in ATM deleterious variant carriers are not associated with increased large-scale genomic instability as measured by the large-scale state transitions signature. Losses at 13q14.11-q14.3, 17p13.2-p12, 21p11.2-p11.1 and 22q11.23 were observed. Somatic alterations at these loci may therefore represent biomarkers for ATM testing and harbour driver mutations in potentially ‘druggable’ genes that would allow patients to be directed towards tailored therapeutic strategies. Conclusions Although ATM is involved in the DNA damage response, ATM-associated tumours are distinct from BRCA1-associated tumours in terms of morphological characteristics and genomic alterations, and they are also distinguishable from sporadic breast tumours, thus opening up the possibility to identify ATM variant carriers outside the ataxia-telangiectasia disorder and direct them towards effective cancer risk management and therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-0951-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Renault
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Noura Mebirouk
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Eve Cavaciuti
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Le Gal
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Girard
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Popova
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Philippe La Rosa
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Juana Beauvallet
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Eon-Marchais
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Dondon
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Walid Chemlali
- Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Raynal
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Martine Labbé
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascaline Berthet
- Unité de Pathologie Gynécologique, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Olivier Caron
- Service d'Oncologie Génétique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Institut GIMI, CHU de Dijon, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France.,Oncogénétique, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Marc Fresnay
- Département d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Médicale, CLCC Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | | | - Paul Gesta
- Service d'Oncogénétique Régional Poitou-Charentes, Centre Hospitalier Georges-Renon, Niort, France
| | - Nicolas Janin
- Service de Génétique, Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lejeune
- Service de Génétique Clinique Guy Fontaine, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - Christine Maugard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, UF1422 Oncogénétique Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Oncogénétique Evaluation familiale et suivi, UF6948 Oncogénétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Laboratoire Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, CHU de Bordeaux-GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Zattara
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Coupier
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Oncogénétique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Unité d'Oncogénétique, ICM Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janet Hall
- UMR INSERM 1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- INSERM U830, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Andrieu
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Paris, France. .,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France. .,PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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127
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Hauke J, Horvath J, Groß E, Gehrig A, Honisch E, Hackmann K, Schmidt G, Arnold N, Faust U, Sutter C, Hentschel J, Wang-Gohrke S, Smogavec M, Weber BHF, Weber-Lassalle N, Weber-Lassalle K, Borde J, Ernst C, Altmüller J, Volk AE, Thiele H, Hübbel V, Nürnberg P, Keupp K, Versmold B, Pohl E, Kubisch C, Grill S, Paul V, Herold N, Lichey N, Rhiem K, Ditsch N, Ruckert C, Wappenschmidt B, Auber B, Rump A, Niederacher D, Haaf T, Ramser J, Dworniczak B, Engel C, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, Hahnen E. Gene panel testing of 5589 BRCA1/2-negative index patients with breast cancer in a routine diagnostic setting: results of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Med 2018. [PMID: 29522266 PMCID: PMC5911592 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of germ line mutations in non-BRCA1/2 genes associated with hereditary breast cancer (BC) is low, and the role of some of these genes in BC predisposition and pathogenesis is conflicting. In this study, 5589 consecutive BC index patients negative for pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations and 2189 female controls were screened for germ line mutations in eight cancer predisposition genes (ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, and TP53). All patients met the inclusion criteria of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer for germ line testing. The highest mutation prevalence was observed in the CHEK2 gene (2.5%), followed by ATM (1.5%) and PALB2 (1.2%). The mutation prevalence in each of the remaining genes was 0.3% or lower. Using Exome Aggregation Consortium control data, we confirm significant associations of heterozygous germ line mutations with BC for ATM (OR: 3.63, 95%CI: 2.67-4.94), CDH1 (OR: 17.04, 95%CI: 3.54-82), CHEK2 (OR: 2.93, 95%CI: 2.29-3.75), PALB2 (OR: 9.53, 95%CI: 6.25-14.51), and TP53 (OR: 7.30, 95%CI: 1.22-43.68). NBN germ line mutations were not significantly associated with BC risk (OR:1.39, 95%CI: 0.73-2.64). Due to their low mutation prevalence, the RAD51C and RAD51D genes require further investigation. Compared with control datasets, predicted damaging rare missense variants were significantly more prevalent in CHEK2 and TP53 in BC index patients. Compared with the overall sample, only TP53 mutation carriers show a significantly younger age at first BC diagnosis. We demonstrate a significant association of deleterious variants in the CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 genes with bilateral BC. Both, ATM and CHEK2, were negatively associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumor phenotypes. A particularly high CHEK2 mutation prevalence (5.2%) was observed in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hauke
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judit Horvath
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Groß
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Honisch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Faust
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Sutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mateja Smogavec
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nana Weber-Lassalle
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weber-Lassalle
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julika Borde
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander E Volk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Hübbel
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Keupp
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beatrix Versmold
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Pohl
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Grill
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria Paul
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Natalie Herold
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Lichey
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ruckert
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Rump
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Ramser
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Division of Tumor Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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128
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Chen CC, Feng W, Lim PX, Kass EM, Jasin M. Homology-Directed Repair and the Role of BRCA1, BRCA2, and Related Proteins in Genome Integrity and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2018; 2:313-336. [PMID: 30345412 PMCID: PMC6193498 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line and somatic mutations in genes that promote homology-directed repair (HDR), especially BRCA1 and BRCA2, are frequently observed in several cancers, in particular, breast and ovary but also prostate and other cancers. HDR is critical for the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks and other lesions, and HDR factors also protect stalled replication forks. As a result, loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 poses significant risks to genome integrity, leading not only to cancer predisposition but also to sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, affecting therapeutic approaches. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of BRCA1 and BRCA2, including how they genetically interact with other repair factors, how they protect stalled replication forks, how they affect the response to aldehydes, and how loss of their functions links to mutation signatures. Importantly, given the recent advances with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for the treatment of HDR-deficient tumors, we discuss mechanisms by which BRCA-deficient tumors acquire resistance to PARPi and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pei Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elizabeth M Kass
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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129
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Inherited DNA-Repair Defects in Colorectal Cancer. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:401-414. [PMID: 29478780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) heritability has been estimated to be around 30%. However, mutations in the known CRC-susceptibility genes explain CRC risk in fewer than 10% of affected individuals. Germline mutations in DNA-repair genes (DRGs) have recently been reported in CRC, but their contribution to CRC risk is largely unknown. We evaluated the gene-level germline mutation enrichment of 40 DRGs in 680 unselected CRC individuals and 27,728 ancestry-matched cancer-free adults. Significant findings were then examined in independent cohorts of 1,661 unselected CRC individuals and 1,456 individuals with early-onset CRC. Of the 680 individuals in the discovery set, 31 (4.56%) individuals harbored germline pathogenic mutations in known CRC-susceptibility genes, and another 33 (4.85%) individuals had DRG mutations that have not been previously associated with CRC risk. Germline pathogenic mutations in ATM and PALB2 were enriched in both the discovery (OR = 2.81 and p = 0.035 for ATM and OR = 4.91 and p = 0.024 for PALB2) and validation (OR = 2.97 and adjusted p = 0.0013 for ATM and OR = 3.42 and adjusted p = 0.034 for PALB2) sets. Biallelic loss of ATM was evident in all individuals with matched tumor profiling. CRC individuals also had higher rates of actionable mutations in the HR pathway, which can substantially increase the risk of developing cancers other than CRC. Our analysis provides evidence for ATM and PALB2 as CRC-risk genes, underscoring the importance of the homologous recombination pathway in CRC. In addition, we identified frequent complete homologous recombination deficiency in CRC tumors, representing a unique opportunity to explore targeted therapeutic interventions such as poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi).
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130
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Lorans M, Dow E, Macrae FA, Winship IM, Buchanan DD. Update on Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: Improving the Clinical Utility of Multigene Panel Testing. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e293-e305. [PMID: 29454559 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common cancers, is a major public health issue globally, especially in Westernized countries. Up to 35% of CRCs are thought to be due to heritable factors, but currently only 5% to 10% of CRCs are attributable to high-risk mutations in known CRC susceptibility genes, predominantly the mismatch repair genes (Lynch syndrome) and adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC; familial adenomatous polyposis). In this era of precision medicine, high-risk mutation carriers, when identified, can be offered various risk management options that prevent cancers and improve survival, including risk-reducing medication, screening for early detection, and surgery. The practice of clinical genetics is currently transitioning from phenotype-directed single gene testing to multigene panels, now offered by numerous providers. For CRC, the genes included across these panels vary, ranging from well established, clinically actionable susceptibility genes with quantified magnitude of risk, to genes that lack extensive validation or have less evidence of association with CRC and, therefore, have minimal clinical utility. The current lack of consensus regarding inclusion of genes in CRC panels presents challenges in patient counseling and management, particularly when a variant in a less validated gene is identified. Furthermore, there remain considerable challenges regarding variant interpretation even for the well established CRC susceptibility genes. Ironically though, only through more widespread testing and the accumulation of large international data sets will sufficient information be generated to (i) enable well powered studies to determine if a gene is associated with CRC susceptibility, (ii) to develop better models for variant interpretation and (iii) to facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lorans
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eryn Dow
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Finlay A Macrae
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Winship
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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131
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Coppa A, Nicolussi A, D'Inzeo S, Capalbo C, Belardinilli F, Colicchia V, Petroni M, Zani M, Ferraro S, Rinaldi C, Buffone A, Bartolazzi A, Screpanti I, Ottini L, Giannini G. Optimizing the identification of risk-relevant mutations by multigene panel testing in selected hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families. Cancer Med 2018; 7:46-55. [PMID: 29271107 PMCID: PMC5773970 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of multigene panel testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer screening has greatly improved efficiency, speed, and costs. However, its clinical utility is still debated, mostly due to the lack of conclusive evidences on the impact of newly discovered genetic variants on cancer risk and lack of evidence-based guidelines for the clinical management of their carriers. In this pilot study, we aimed to test whether a systematic and multiparametric characterization of newly discovered mutations could enhance the clinical utility of multigene panel sequencing. Out of a pool of 367 breast/ovarian cancer families Sanger-sequenced for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, we selected a cohort of 20 BRCA1/2-negative families to be subjected to the BROCA-Cancer Risk Panel massive parallel sequencing. As a strategy for the systematic characterization of newly discovered genetic variants, we collected blood and cancer tissue samples and established lymphoblastoid cell lines from all available individuals in these families, to perform segregation analysis, loss-of-heterozygosity and further molecular studies. We identified loss-of-function mutations in 6 out 20 high-risk families, 5 of which occurred on BRCA1, CHEK2 and ATM and are esteemed to be risk-relevant. In contrast, a novel RAD50 truncating mutation is most likely unrelated to breast cancer. Our data suggest that integrating multigene panel testing with a pre-organized, multiparametric characterization of newly discovered genetic variants improves the identification of risk-relevant alleles impacting on the clinical management of their carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Coppa
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 324Rome00161Italy
| | - Arianna Nicolussi
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 324Rome00161Italy
| | - Sonia D'Inzeo
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 324Rome00161Italy
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | | | - Valeria Colicchia
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Marialaura Petroni
- Center for Life Nano Science@SapienzaIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaRome00161Italy
| | - Massimo Zani
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Sergio Ferraro
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Christian Rinaldi
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Amelia Buffone
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Department of PathologySant'Andrea HospitalUniversity La SapienzaVia di Grottarossa 1035Rome00189Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaV.le R. Elena 291Rome00161Italy
- Istituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiRome00161Italy
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132
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Okur V, Chung WK. The impact of hereditary cancer gene panels on clinical care and lessons learned. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a002154. [PMID: 29162654 PMCID: PMC5701305 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in hereditary cancer syndromes account for a modest fraction of all cancers; however, identifying patients with these germline mutations offers tremendous health benefits to both patients and their family members. There are about 60 genes that confer a high lifetime risk of specific cancers, and this information can be used to tailor prevention, surveillance, and treatment. With advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and the elimination of gene patents for evaluating genetic information, we are now able to analyze multiple genes simultaneously, leading to the widespread clinical use of gene panels for germline cancer testing. Over the last 4 years since these panels were introduced, we have learned about the diagnostic yield of testing, the expanded phenotypes of the patients with mutations, and the clinical utility of genetic testing in patients with cancer and/or without cancer but with a family history of cancer. We have also experienced challenges including the large number of variants of unknown significance (VUSs), identification of somatic mutations and need to differentiate these from germline mutations, technical issues with particular genes and mutations, insurance coverage and reimbursement issues, lack of access to data, and lack of clinical management guidelines for newer and, especially, moderate and low-penetrance genes. The lessons learned from cancer genetic testing panels are applicable to other clinical areas as well and highlight the problems to be solved as we advance genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Okur
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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133
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Powers B, Pal T, Laronga C. Considerations in Testing for Inherited Breast Cancer Predisposition in the Era of Personalized Medicine. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2017; 27:1-22. [PMID: 29132555 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances realized through next-generation sequencing technologies coupled with the loss of the ability to patent genes have led to reduction in costs for genetic testing. As a result, more people are being identified with inherited breast cancer syndromes that may affect recommendations for surveillance and risk reduction. Surgeons, at the forefront for patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer, must keep current with the changing landscape of genetics to continue to provide appropriate counsel and care. This article provides an overview of individuals at risk for inherited cancer predisposition and recommendations for surveillance and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Powers
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 N. Mckinley Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tuya Pal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christine Laronga
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 N. Mckinley Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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134
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DNA damage, metabolism and aging in pro-inflammatory T cells: Rheumatoid arthritis as a model system. Exp Gerontol 2017; 105:118-127. [PMID: 29101015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is the major driver of morbidity and mortality, steeply increasing the risk to succumb to cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection and neurodegeneration. Inflammation is a common denominator in age-related pathologies, identifying the immune system as a gatekeeper in aging overall. Among immune cells, T cells are long-lived and exposed to intense replication pressure, making them sensitive to aging-related abnormalities. In successful T cell aging, numbers of naïve cells, repertoire diversity and activation thresholds are preserved as long as possible; in maladaptive T cell aging, protective T cell functions decline and pro-inflammatory effector cells are enriched. Here, we review in the model system of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) how maladaptive T cell aging renders the host susceptible to chronic, tissue-damaging inflammation. In T cells from RA patients, known to be about 20years pre-aged, three interconnected functional domains are altered: DNA damage repair, metabolic activity generating energy and biosynthetic precursor molecules, and shaping of plasma membranes to promote T cell motility. In each of these domains, key molecules and pathways have now been identified, including the glycolytic enzymes PFKFB3 and G6PD; the DNA repair molecules ATM, DNA-PKcs and MRE11A; and the podosome marker protein TKS5. Some of these molecules may help in defining targetable pathways to slow the T cell aging process.
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135
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Mini E, Landini I, Lucarini L, Lapucci A, Napoli C, Perrone G, Tassi R, Masini E, Moroni F, Nobili S. The Inhibitory Effects of HYDAMTIQ, a Novel PARP Inhibitor, on Growth in Human Tumor Cell Lines With Defective DNA Damage Response Pathways. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1441-1451. [PMID: 28429680 PMCID: PMC7841208 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14926854178616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes play a key role in the regulation of cellular processes (e.g., DNA damage repair, genomic stability). It has been shown that PARP inhibitors (PARPIs) are selectively cytotoxic against cells having dysfunctions in genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms (synthetic lethality). Drug-induced PARP inhibition potentiates the activity of anticancer drugs such as 5-fluorouracil in enhancing DNA damage, whose repair involves PARP-1 activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of a novel PARPI, HYDAMTIQ, on growth in human tumor cell lines characterized by different features with regard to DNA damage response pathways (BRCA mutational status, microsatellite status, and ATM expression level) and degree of sensitivity/resistance to 5-fluorouracil. HYDAMTIQ showed a more potent inhibitory effect on cell growth in a BRCA2 mutant cell line (CAPAN-1) compared with wild-type cells (C2-6, C2-12, and C2-14 CAPAN-1 clones, and MCF-7). No statistically significant difference was observed after HYDAMTIQ exposure between cells having a different MS status or a different MRE11 mutational status. HYDAMTIQ induced greater antiproliferative effects in SW620 cells expressing a low level of ATM than in H630 cells expressing a high level of ATM. Finally, the combination of HYDAMTIQ and 5-fluorouracil exerted a synergistic effect on the inhibition of SW620 cell growth and an antagonistic effect on that of H630 cell growth. Our results show that the novel PARP inhibitor HYDAMTIQ potently inhibits the growth of human tumor cells with defective DNA damage response pathways and exerts synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with 5-fluorouracil. These data provide relevant examples of synthetic lethality and evidence for further development of this novel PARPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mini
- *Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ida Landini
- *Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- †Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapucci
- *Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Napoli
- ‡Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Perrone
- *Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Tassi
- *Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- †Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavio Moroni
- †Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- ‡Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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136
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Jian W, Shao K, Qin Q, Wang X, Song S, Wang X. Clinical and genetic characterization of hereditary breast cancer in a Chinese population. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2017; 15:19. [PMID: 29093764 PMCID: PMC5663067 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-017-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer develops as a result of multiple gene mutations in combination with environmental risk factors. Causative variants in genes such as BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 have been shown to account for hereditary nature of certain breast cancers. However,other genes, such as ATM, PALB2, BRIP1, CHEK, BARD1, while lower in frequency, may also increase breast cancer risk. There are few studies examining the role of these causative variants. Our study aimed to examine the clinical and genetic characterization of hereditary breast cancer in a Chinese population. METHODS We tested a panel of 27 genes implicated in breast cancer risk in 240 participants using Next-Generation Sequencing. The prevalence of genetic causative variants was determined and the association between causative variants and clinico-pathological characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS Causative variant rate was 19.2% in the breast cancer (case) group and 12.5% in the high-risk group. In the case group 2.5% of patients carried BRCA1 causative variant, 7.5% BRCA2 variants, 1.7% patients had MUTYH, CHEK or PALB2 variants, and 0.8% patients carried ATM, BARD1, NBN, RAD51C or TP53 variants. In the high-risk group 5.8% women carried MUTYH causative variants, 2.5% had causative variants in ATM, 1.7% patients had variants in BRCA2 and 0.8% in BARD1, BRIP1 or CDH1. There was no significant difference in the presence of causative variants among clinical stages of breast cancer, tumor size and lymph nodes status. However, eight of the 12 BRCA1/2 causative variants were found in the TNBC group. CONCLUSIONS We found increased genetic causative variants in the familial breast cancer group and in high-risk women with a family history of breast cancer. However, the variant MUTYH c.892-2A > G may not be directly associated with hereditary breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Jian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second people’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Kang Shao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second people’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | | | - Shufen Song
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second people’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Xianming Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second people’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
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137
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Renault AL, Mebirouk N, Cavaciuti E, Le Gal D, Lecarpentier J, d'Enghien CD, Laugé A, Dondon MG, Labbé M, Lesca G, Leroux D, Gladieff L, Adenis C, Faivre L, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Lortholary A, Fricker JP, Dahan K, Bay JO, Longy M, Buecher B, Janin N, Zattara H, Berthet P, Combès A, Coupier I, Hall J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Andrieu N, Lesueur F. Telomere length, ATM mutation status and cancer risk in Ataxia-Telangiectasia families. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:994-1003. [PMID: 28981872 PMCID: PMC5862273 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked constitutive telomere length (TL) to aging-related diseases including cancer at different sites. ATM participates in the signaling of telomere erosion, and inherited mutations in ATM have been associated with increased risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer. The goal of this study was to investigate whether carriage of an ATM mutation and TL interplay to modify cancer risk in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) families.The study population consisted of 284 heterozygous ATM mutation carriers (HetAT) and 174 non-carriers (non-HetAT) from 103 A-T families. Forty-eight HetAT and 14 non-HetAT individuals had cancer, among them 25 HetAT and 6 non-HetAT were diagnosed after blood sample collection. We measured mean TL using a quantitative PCR assay and genotyped seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) recurrently associated with TL in large population-based studies.HetAT individuals were at increased risk of cancer (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.2-4.4, P = 0.01), and particularly of breast cancer for women (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.2-7.1, P = 0.02), in comparison to their non-HetAT relatives. HetAT individuals had longer telomeres than non-HetAT individuals (P = 0.0008) but TL was not associated with cancer risk, and no significant interaction was observed between ATM mutation status and TL. Furthermore, rs9257445 (ZNF311) was associated with TL in HetAT subjects and rs6060627 (BCL2L1) modified cancer risk in HetAT and non-HetAT women.Our findings suggest that carriage of an ATM mutation impacts on the age-related TL shortening and that TL per se is not related to cancer risk in ATM carriers. TL measurement alone is not a good marker for predicting cancer risk in A-T families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Renault
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Noura Mebirouk
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Eve Cavaciuti
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Dorothée Le Gal
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Julie Lecarpentier
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Marie-Gabrielle Dondon
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Martine Labbé
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- CHU de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Service de Génétique Médicale, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Leroux
- CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Département de Génétique, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Gladieff
- Institut Claudius Regaud-IUCT-Oncopole, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Hôpital d'Enfants, Service de Génétique Médicale, Dijon, France
| | | | - Alain Lortholary
- Centre Catherine de Sienne, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Nantes, France
| | | | - Karin Dahan
- Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Génétique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Janin
- Clinique Universitaire Saint-Luc, Génétique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Pascaline Berthet
- Centre François Baclesse, Unité de Pathologie Gynécologique, Caen, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, Unité de Génétique Médicale et Cytogénétique, Nîmes, France
| | - Isabelle Coupier
- Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Service de Génétique Médicale et Oncogénétique, Montpellier, France.,ICM Val d'Aurel, Unité d'Oncogénétique, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Janet Hall
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR INSERM 1052, Lyon, France.,CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,INSERM, U830, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Andrieu
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Fontainebleau, France
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138
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de la Morena MT. Clinical Phenotypes of Hyper-IgM Syndromes. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 4:1023-1036. [PMID: 27836054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary immunodeficiency (PID) diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of immune function. Technical advancements in whole-genome, whole-exome, and RNA-sequencing have seen the explosion of genetic discoveries in the field of PIDs. The present review aims to focus on a group of immunodeficiency disorders associated with elevated levels of IgM (hyper IgM; HIGM) and provides a clinical differential diagnosis. Most patients present for evaluation of immunodeficiency due to recurrent infections, and laboratory studies show either a clear isolated elevation of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) with low or absent IgG, IgA, and IgE. Alternatively, IgM levels may be normal or moderately elevated while other serum immunoglobulins are reported below the norms for age but not absent. Mechanistically, these disorders are recognized as defects in immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR). Importantly, to safeguard genetic stability, CSR utilizes elements of the DNA repair machinery including multi-protein complexes involved in mismatch repair (MMR). Therefore, it is not uncommon for defects in the DNA repair machinery, to present with laboratory findings of HIGM. This review will discuss clinical phenotypes associated with congenital defects associated with HIGM. Clinical manifestations, relevant immunologic testing, inheritance pattern, molecular diagnosis, presumed pathogenesis, and OMIM number, when annotated are compiled. Accepted therapeutic options, when available, are reviewed for each condition discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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139
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Abdulrahman AA, Heintzelman RC, Corbman M, Garcia FU. Invasive breast carcinomas with ATM gene variants of uncertain significance share distinct histopathologic features. Breast J 2017; 24:291-297. [PMID: 28986972 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability of next-generation sequencing for clinical research dramatically improved our understanding of breast cancer genetics and resulted in detection of new mutation variants. Cancer risk data relating to some of these variants are insufficient, prompting the designation of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The histopathologic characteristics of these variants have not been previously described. We propose to depict these characteristics and determine if invasive carcinomas with similar VUS genes share similar histomorphologic features. In total, 28 invasive breast cancers with VUS were retrospectively identified. Tumor sections were reviewed and a predefined set of histopathologic characteristics were documented and compared. Nine of the 28 cases were variants in the ATM gene and were found to share similar histologic characteristics; all had tumor cells with low nuclear grade, absent tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, as well as a marked desmoplastic response. A subset of the above findings were identified in variants of other genes but none had all findings collectively. Furthermore, variants of ATM gene had smaller tumor size, lower pathologic T stage at presentation, and more favorable surrogate molecular subtype compared to variants of other genes. These findings could potentially be used to reclassify VUS and predict which patients may harbor ATM mutations, and hence could have implications in triaging toward ATM variant identification for potential future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abdulrahman
- Department of Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Heintzelman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Corbman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fernando U Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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140
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Germline variants in the ATM gene and breast cancer susceptibility in Moroccan women: A meta-analysis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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141
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Sauter ER. Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer. Eur J Breast Health 2017; 13:162-167. [PMID: 29082372 PMCID: PMC5648271 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2017.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer detected throughout both the developing and the developed world. Its incidence is on the rise in the developing world. Great strides have been made in developing biomarkers to guide therapy for women diagnosed with breast cancer. Far fewer advances have occurred with biomarker development for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Standard screening for new and recurrent breast cancer involves clinical breast exam and breast imaging. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved noninvasive body fluid tests for the early detection of new or recurrent breast cancer. Promising biomarker approaches include multianalyte testing of tissue for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer and body fluid analysis for both at risk women and to monitor individuals after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Sauter
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, USA
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142
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Shieh A, Mohamed AA. A Case of Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a Patient With Heterozygous Mutations in the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Gene. J Hematol 2017; 6:96-100. [PMID: 32300401 PMCID: PMC7155842 DOI: 10.14740/jh330w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of adjuvant chemotherapy has improved survival for many patients with breast cancer. Unfortunately, such treatment can come at a price, in particular, malignancies. We present a case of a 36-year-old woman with heterozygous mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene who was admitted to the hospital for fatigue and diffusely scattered bruises. She was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast and had bilateral mastectomy with axillary node clearance followed by adjuvant chemotherapy 3 years prior. Her vitals were stable. Lab tests revealed thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and anemia. Peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy revealed numerous myeloblasts. After flow cytometry and FISH analysis were performed, a diagnosis of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) was made. The patient was treated with induction chemotherapy and a bone marrow biopsy revealed residual disease. Re-induction therapy was given and a bone marrow biopsy revealed complete remission. She subsequently received an allogenic stem cell transplant and was cured. Her treatment course was uncomplicated. We raise the question as to whether certain chemotherapy agents should be avoided in patients with mutations in DNA repair genes. Furthermore, it is essential for physicians to educate patients on the risk of secondary malignancies arising from chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Shieh
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ali A Mohamed
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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143
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Vogelaar IP, van der Post RS, van Krieken JHJ, Spruijt L, van Zelst-Stams WA, Kets CM, Lubinski J, Jakubowska A, Teodorczyk U, Aalfs CM, van Hest LP, Pinheiro H, Oliveira C, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, de Ligt J, Vissers LELM, Hoischen A, Gilissen C, van de Vorst M, Goeman JJ, Schackert HK, Ranzani GN, Molinaro V, Gómez García EB, Hes FJ, Holinski-Feder E, Genuardi M, Ausems MGEM, Sijmons RH, Wagner A, van der Kolk LE, Bjørnevoll I, Høberg-Vetti H, van Kessel AG, Kuiper RP, Ligtenberg MJL, Hoogerbrugge N. Unraveling genetic predisposition to familial or early onset gastric cancer using germline whole-exome sequencing. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1246-1252. [PMID: 28875981 PMCID: PMC5643972 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of individuals with a genetic predisposition to gastric cancer (GC) enables preventive measures. However, the underlying cause of genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer remains largely unexplained. We performed germline whole-exome sequencing on leukocyte DNA of 54 patients from 53 families with genetically unexplained diffuse-type and intestinal-type GC to identify novel GC-predisposing candidate genes. As young age at diagnosis and familial clustering are hallmarks of genetic tumor susceptibility, we selected patients that were diagnosed below the age of 35, patients from families with two cases of GC at or below age 60 and patients from families with three GC cases at or below age 70. All included individuals were tested negative for germline CDH1 mutations before or during the study. Variants that were possibly deleterious according to in silico predictions were filtered using several independent approaches that were based on gene function and gene mutation burden in controls. Despite a rigorous search, no obvious candidate GC predisposition genes were identified. This negative result stresses the importance of future research studies in large, homogeneous cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P Vogelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van der Post
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Han Jm van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Spruijt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Marleen Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Urszula Teodorczyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte P van Hest
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Pinheiro
- Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al Prof Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje van de Vorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans K Schackert
- Department of Surgical Research, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Valeria Molinaro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Encarna B Gómez García
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J Hes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Holinski-Feder
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rolf H Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Wagner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lizet E van der Kolk
- Family Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Bjørnevoll
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pathology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hildegunn Høberg-Vetti
- Western Norway Familial Cancer Center, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ad Geurts van Kessel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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144
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Abstract
Multidisciplinary genetic clinics offer counseling and testing to those who meet criteria for familial breast cancer, and plastic surgeons become integral to this process when risk-reducing surgery and postmastectomy reconstruction are deemed appropriate. As reconstructive surgeons, it is important that plastic surgeons are aware of the risks and issues associated with the genetic variants that cause patients to present for prophylactic or therapeutic surgery.
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145
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Gómez-Flores-Ramos L, Álvarez-Gómez RM, Villarreal-Garza C, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Mohar A. Breast cancer genetics in young women: What do we know? MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 774:33-45. [PMID: 29173497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) in young women, generally defined in oncology as women who are 40 years of age or younger, represents 2 out of 10 BC cases in developing countries. Several research studies, including genetic cancer panel tests, genome-wide association studies, expression analyses and polymorphisms reports, have found that young women with BC exhibit a higher genetic susceptibility and specific genomic signature compared to postmenopausal women with BC. Thus, international guidelines recommend genetic counseling for this age population. This review presents the current state of the art of genetics and genomics with regards to young women with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Gómez-Flores-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología, Subdivisión de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando # 22, Col. Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Álvarez-Gómez
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Subdivisión de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerlogía, Av. San Fernando # 22, Col. Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Villarreal-Garza
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Subdivisión de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerlogía, Av. San Fernando # 22, Col. Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Cáncer de Mama, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro Médico Zambrano Hellion, 6° Piso Av. Batallón de San Patricio #112 Col. Real San Agustín, San Pedro Garza García C.P. 66278, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Subdivisión de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerlogía, Av. San Fernando # 22, Col. Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mohar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología, Subdivisión de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando # 22, Col. Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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146
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Bubien V, Bonnet F, Dupiot-Chiron J, Barouk-Simonet E, Jones N, de Reynies A, MacGrogan G, Sevenet N, Letouzé E, Longy M. Combined tumor genomic profiling and exome sequencing in a breast cancer family implicates ATM in tumorigenesis: A proof of principle study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:788-799. [PMID: 28691344 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial breast cancers (BCs) account for 10%-20% of all diagnosed BCs, yet only 20% of such tumors arise in the context of a germline mutation in known tumor suppressor genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. The vast genetic heterogeneity which characterizes non BRCA1 and non BRCA2 (or BRCAx) families makes grouped studies impossible to perform. Next generation sequencing techniques, however, allow individual families to be studied to identify rare and or private mutations but the high number of genetic variants identified need to be sorted using pathogenicity or recurrence criteria. An additional sorting criterion may be represented by the identification of candidate regions defined by tumor genomic rearrangements. Indeed, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays allows the detection of conserved ancestral haplotypes within recurrent regions of loss of heterozygosity, common to several familial tumors, which can highlight genomic loci harboring a germline mutation in cancer predisposition genes. The combination of both exome sequencing and SNP array-CGH for a series of familial BC revealed a germline ATM mutation associated with a loss of the wild-type allele in two BC from a BRCAx family. The analysis of additional breast tumors from ten BC families in which a germline ATM mutation had been identified revealed a high frequency of wild-type allele loss. This result argues strongly in favor of the involvement of ATM in these tumors as a tumor suppressor gene and confirms that germline ATM mutations are involved in a subset of familial BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bubien
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Cancer Genetics Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Françoise Bonnet
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Cancer Genetics Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Natalie Jones
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Cancer Genetics Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien de Reynies
- Programme CIT, Bioinformatics Department, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs), Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan MacGrogan
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,BioPathology Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Cancer Genetics Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Programme CIT, Bioinformatics Department, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs), Paris, France
| | - Michel Longy
- INSERM U1218, Mammary & Leukemic Oncogenesis group, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Cancer Genetics Department, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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147
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Dosani M, Schrader KA, Nichol A, Sun S, Shenkier T, Lohn Z, Aubertin G, Tyldesley S. Severe Late Toxicity After Adjuvant Breast Radiotherapy in a Patient with a Germline Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Gene: Future Treatment Decisions. Cureus 2017; 9:e1458. [PMID: 28929041 PMCID: PMC5593749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene mutations may confer increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and increased risk of late toxicity for cancer patients. We present the case of a 55-year-old female treated with adjuvant breast and regional nodal radiation following lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for stage II invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. She developed severe telangiectasia, fibrosis, induration, chest wall pain (with evidence of rib fractures on imaging), and painful limitation in her range of motion at the shoulder. She was subsequently found to have a likely pathogenic germline ATM gene mutation. At relapse, she elected to pursue systemic therapy alone for intracranial metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dosani
- Radiation Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre
| | | | - Alan Nichol
- Radiation Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre
| | - Sophie Sun
- Hereditary Cancer Program, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre
| | | | - Zoe Lohn
- Hereditary Cancer Program, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre
| | - Gudrun Aubertin
- Hereditary Cancer Program, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Centre
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148
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Nik-Zainal S, Morganella S. Mutational Signatures in Breast Cancer: The Problem at the DNA Level. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:2617-2629. [PMID: 28572256 PMCID: PMC5458139 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A breast cancer genome is a record of the historic mutagenic activity that has occurred throughout the development of the tumor. Indeed, every mutation may be informative. Although driver mutations were the main focus of cancer research for a long time, passenger mutational signatures, the imprints of DNA damage and DNA repair processes that have been operative during tumorigenesis, are also biologically illuminating. This review is a chronicle of how the concept of mutational signatures arose and brings the reader up-to-date on this field, particularly in breast cancer. Mutational signatures have now been advanced to include mutational processes that involve rearrangements, and novel cancer biological insights have been gained through studying these in great detail. Furthermore, there are efforts to take this field into the clinical sphere. If validated, mutational signatures could thus form an additional weapon in the arsenal of cancer precision diagnostics and therapeutic stratification in the modern war against cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2617-29. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Breast Cancer Research: From Base Pairs to Populations."
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Nik-Zainal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandro Morganella
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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149
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Mortaz E, Marashian SM, Ghaffaripour H, Varahram M, Mehrian P, Dorudinia A, Garssen J, Adcock IM, Taylor M, Mahdaviani SA. A new ataxia-telangiectasia mutation in an 11-year-old female. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:415-419. [PMID: 28488180 PMCID: PMC5486830 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a rare inherited disorder, usually affects the nervous and immune systems, and occasionally other organs. A-T is associated mainly with mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, which encodes a protein kinase that has a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage. We report here a novel ATM mutation (c.3244_3245insG; p.His1082fs) in an 11-year old female. This subject presented with typical features, with the addition of chest manifestations including mediastinal lymphadenopathy and diffuse bilateral micronodular infiltration of the lungs, along with a high EBV titer. The subject died as a result of rapid B-cell lymphoma progression before chemotherapy could be initiated. This case highlights the need for the rapid diagnosis of A-T mutations and the detection of associated life-threatening outcomes such as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed Mehran Marashian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Ghaffaripour
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Mehrian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atosa Dorudinia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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150
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