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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To briefly review recent work within the vitamin D and cancer field, whereas also providing context relating how these findings may impact clinical care and future research efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Vitamin D has now been convincingly shown both in vitro and in preclinical animal models to alter the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Whether vitamin D prevents cancer in humans or limits cancer progression, however, remain open questions. Epidemiologic and observational data relating circulating 25(OH)D levels and cancer risk suggest an inverse relationship for most cancers including breast, colorectal, leukemia and lymphoma, and prostate, although for each malignancy there also exist studies that have failed to demonstrate such an inverse relationship. Likewise, a more recent report failed to confirm a previously reported association of increased pancreatic cancer risk in patients with higher 25(OH)D levels. A large prospective study in which patients aged at least 50 years receive 2000 IU vitamin D3 daily for 5 years, with cancer as a primary endpoint, has recently been launched. SUMMARY Although much effort has attempted to delineate a causal relationship between vitamin D and a wide array of human cancers, we await large-scale randomized controlled trial data for definitive answers.
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A GC polymorphism associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is a risk factor for hip fracture in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 10-year follow-up of the Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R75. [PMID: 24646907 PMCID: PMC4060202 DOI: 10.1186/ar4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis and hip fracture than healthy individuals. Genetic variants affecting serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration, an indicator of vitamin D status, were recently identified by genome-wide association studies of Caucasian populations. The purpose of this study was to validate the association and to test whether the serum 25(OH)D-linked genetic variants were associated with the occurrence of hip fracture in Japanese RA patients. Methods DNA samples of 1,957 Japanese RA patients were obtained from the Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis (IORRA) cohort DNA collection. First, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were reported to be associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration by genome-wide association studies were genotyped. The SNPs that showed a significant association with serum 25(OH)D level in the cross-sectional study were used in the longitudinal analysis of hip fracture risk. The genetic risk for hip fracture was determined by a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model in 1,957 patients with a maximum follow-up of 10 years (median, 8 years). Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that rs2282679 in GC (the gene encoding group-specific component (vitamin D binding protein)) locus was significantly associated with lower serum 25(OH)D concentration (P = 8.1 × 10-5). A Cox proportional hazards model indicated that rs2282679 in GC was significantly associated with the occurrence of hip fracture in a recessive model (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.52 (1.05-6.05), P = 0.039). Conclusions A two-staged analysis demonstrated that rs2282679 in GC was associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration and could be a risk factor for hip fracture in Japanese RA patients.
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Ternes SB, Rowling MJ. Vitamin D transport proteins megalin and disabled-2 are expressed in prostate and colon epithelial cells and are induced and activated by all-trans-retinoic acid. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65:900-7. [PMID: 23909735 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.805422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Megalin and disabled-2 (Dab2) are essential for uptake of the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25D3)-vitamin D binding protein (DBP) complex in tissues. In the kidney, this mechanism regulates serum 25D3 levels and production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D3) by CYP27B1 for systemic use. Previously, we showed that mammary epithelial cells expressing CYP27B1 express megalin and Dab2 and internalize DBP by endocytosis, indicating 25D3 was accessible for conversion to 1,25D3 in extra-renal tissues. Moreover, induction of megalin and Dab2 (protein and mRNA abundance) by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) enhanced DBP uptake. This suggests megalin and Dab2 play a central role in uptake of vitamin D and may predict actions of vitamin D in extra-renal tissues. Here, we characterized megalin and Dab2 expression and uptake of DBP in transformed human prostate and colon epithelial cells. Megalin and Dab2 were expressed in prostate and colon epithelial cells, which was markedly enhanced following treatment with RA. Furthermore, DBP uptake was stimulated by low-dose RA supplementation in LNCaP, PC-3, and Caco-2 cells. Taken together, these are the first studies to our knowledge that have demonstrated modulated expression of megalin and Dab2, as well as an association between increased expression of endocytic proteins with DBP uptake in prostate and colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantel B Ternes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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104
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Wang W, Ingles SA, Torres-Mejía G, Stern MC, Stanczyk FZ, Schwartz GG, Nelson DO, Fejerman L, Wolff RK, Slattery ML, John EM. Genetic variants and non-genetic factors predict circulating vitamin D levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women: the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2014; 5:31-46. [PMID: 24596595 PMCID: PMC3939005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common polymorphisms in or near GC, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and NADSYN1/DHCR7 genes to be associated with circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in European populations. To replicate these GWAS findings, we examined six selected polymorphisms from these regions and their relation with circulating 25(OH)D levels in 1,605 Hispanic women (629 U.S. Hispanics and 976 Mexicans) and 354 non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. We also assessed the potential interactions between these variants and known non-genetic predictors of 25(OH)D levels, including body mass index (BMI), sunlight exposure and vitamin D intake from diet and supplements. The minor alleles of the two GC polymorphisms (rs7041 and rs2282679) were significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D levels in both Hispanic and NHW women. The CYP2R1 polymorphism, rs2060793, also was significantly associated with 25(OH)D levels in both groups. We found no significant associations for the polymorphisms in the CYP24A1. In Hispanic controls, 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with the rs12785878T and rs1790349G haplotype in the NADSYN1/DHCR7 region. Significant interactions between GC rs2282679 and BMI and between rs12785878 and time spent in outdoor activities were observed. These results provide further support for the contribution of common genetic variants to individual variability in circulating 25(OH)D levels. The observed interactions between SNPs and non-genetic factors warrant confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Cancer Prevention Institute of CaliforniaFremont, CA 94538, USA
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sue Ann Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest UniversityMedical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - David O Nelson
- Cancer Prevention Institute of CaliforniaFremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Laura Fejerman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine,Institute for Human Genetics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of CaliforniaFremont, CA 94538, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94503, USA
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105
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Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system regulates a broad variety of independent biological processes, and its deficiency is associated with rickets, bone diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and tuberculosis. Cellular and molecular studies have also shown that it is implicated in the suppression of cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Sunlight exposure and consequent increased circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with reduced occurrence and a reduced mortality in different histological types of cancer, including those resident in the skin, prostate, breast, colon, ovary, kidney, and bladder. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a steroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors is highly expressed in epithelial cells at risk for carcinogenesis, providing a direct molecular link by which vitamin D status impacts on carcinogenesis. Because VDR expression is retained in many human tumors, vitamin D status may be an important modulator of cancer progression in persons living with cancer. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D, VDR, and cancer, summarizing several mechanisms proposed to explain the potential protective effect of vitamin D against the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Neng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Nelson WG, Kanarek N, Dobbs A, Platz EA, Rohrmann S. Association of serum calcium with serum sex steroid hormones in men in NHANES III. Aging Male 2013; 16:151-8. [PMID: 23672276 PMCID: PMC4005327 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2013.772133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a positive regulator of male fertility, which indicates a link between regulation of bone remodeling and reproduction or more specifically a link between calcium and androgens. This possibly suggests how calcium is linked to prostate cancer development through its link with the reproductive system. We studied serum calcium and sex steroid hormones in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). METHODS Serum calcium and sex steroid hormones were measured for 1262 men in NHANES III. We calculated multivariable-adjusted geometric means of serum concentrations of total and estimated free testosterone and estradiol, androstanediol glucuronide (AAG), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by categories of calcium (lowest 5% [<1.16 mmol/L], mid 90%, top 5% [≥1.30 mmol/L]). RESULTS Levels of total and free testosterone, total estradiol or AAG did not differ across categories of serum calcium. Adjusted SHBG concentrations were 36.4 for the bottom 5%, 34.2 for the mid 90% and 38.9 nmol/L for the top 5% of serum calcium (Ptrend = 0.006), free estradiol levels were 0.88, 0.92 and 0.80 pg/ml (Ptrend = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS This link between calcium and sex steroid hormones, in particular the U-shaped pattern with SHBG, may, in part, explain why observational studies have found a link between serum calcium and risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King’s College London, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, London, UK
| | - Karl Michaelsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Oncology, Pathology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norma Kanarek
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Dobbs
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- University of Zurich, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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107
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Oh JJ, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK, Jeong CW, Kim D, Kim HJ, Myung SC. Genetic variations in VDR associated with prostate cancer risk and progression in a Korean population. Gene 2013; 533:86-93. [PMID: 24120391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of vitamin D are implicated as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer, and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may be important in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. In this study, sequence variants in the VDR gene were investigated in a Korean study cohort to determine whether they are associated with prostate cancer risk. We evaluated the association between 47 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VDR gene and prostate cancer risk as well as clinical characteristics (prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, pathological stage and Gleason score) in Korean men (272 prostate cancer patients and 173 benign prostatic hyperplasia patient who underwent a prostate biopsy, which was negative for malignancy) using unconditional logistic regression. The statistical analysis suggested that two VDR sequence variants (rs2408876 and rs2239182) had a significant association with prostate cancer risk (odds ratio [OR]. 1.41; p=0.03; OR, 0.73; p=0.05, respectively). Logistic analyses of the VDR polymorphisms with several prostate cancer related factors showed that several SNPs were significant; nine SNPs to PSA level, three to clinical stage, two to pathological stage, and three SNPs to the Gleason score. The results suggest that some VDR gene polymorphisms in Korean men might not only be associated with prostate cancer risk but also significantly related to prostate cancer-related risk factors such as PSA level, tumor stage, and Gleason score. However, current limitation for small cohort with not-healthy control group might have false positive effects; therefore it should be overcome via further large-scale validating studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Jin Oh
- Department of Urology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea; CHA Cancer Research Center, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
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108
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Rohrmann S, Braun J, Bopp M, Faeh D. Inverse association between circulating vitamin D and mortality--dependent on sex and cause of death? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:960-966. [PMID: 24095147 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In various populations, vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic diseases and mortality. We examined the association between concentration of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a marker of vitamin D status, and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 3404 participants of the general adult Swiss population, who were recruited between November 1988 and June 1989 and followed-up until the end of 2008. Circulating 25(OH)D was measured by protein-bound assay. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause and cause-specific mortality adjusting for sex, age, season, diet, nationality, blood pressure, and smoking status. Per 10 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D concentration, all-cause mortality decreased by 20% (HR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.74-0.92). 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality in women (HR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-1.00 per 10 ng/mL increase), but not in men (HR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.77-1.23). In contrast, 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with cancer mortality in men (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91 per 10 ng/mL increase), but not in women (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 0.93-1.39). Multivariate adjustment only slightly modified the 25(OH)D-mortality association. CONCLUSION 25(OH)D was similarly inversely related to all-cause mortality in men and women. However, we observed opposite effects in women and men with respect to cardiovascular and cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rohrmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Unit of Demography and Health Statistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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109
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The association of ultraviolet radiation-B (305 nm), season of diagnosis, and latitude on the survival outcome of prostate cancer in the high UV environment of Australia. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2005-11. [PMID: 23974842 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive associations between sun exposure and cancer survival have been observed in regions of high latitudes, where ambient solar ultraviolet (SUV) radiation is generally low. PURPOSE We examined the effects of ambient ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) at time of diagnosis, season of diagnosis and latitude of residence on survival outcome from prostate cancer. METHOD Regression models for relative survival were used to estimate relative excess risks (RER) of death after diagnosis of prostate cancer from cancer registries in Eastern Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania). RESULTS Relative excess risks was increased with diagnosis in summer (RER = 1.20; 95 % CI 1.14-1.26) relative to winter, high ambient UVB at the time of diagnosis (>60 mW/m(2); RER = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.05-1.15) relative to low SUV (<30 mW/m(2)), and with residence in high latitudes (35°S-43°S; RER = 1.20; 95 % CI 1.14-1.26) relative to low latitudes (9°S-29.9°S). RER was highest for summer diagnosis in all three latitude bands, after adjusting for age, follow-up period, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION The contradictory outcome from season and latitude suggests that their use as surrogates for UV warrants validation. Our data suggest that high ambient solar ultraviolet radiation at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer increases the risk of dying from this cancer.
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110
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Holt SK, Kolb S, Fu R, Horst R, Feng Z, Stanford JL. Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:666-70. [PMID: 23972671 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecological, in vitro, and in vivo studies demonstrate a link between vitamin D and prostate tumor growth and aggressiveness. The goal of this study was to investigate whether plasma concentration of vitamin D is associated with survivorship and disease progression in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study of 1476 prostate cancer patients to assess disease recurrence/progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) risks associated with serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D]. RESULTS There were 325 recurrence/progression and 95 PCSM events during an average of 10.8 years of follow-up. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were not associated with risk of recurrence/progression or mortality. Clinically deficient vitamin D levels were associated with an increased risk of death from other causes. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence that serum vitamin D levels measured after diagnosis affect prostate cancer prognosis. Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with risk of non-prostate cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Holt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, United States.
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111
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Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Boonen S, Mathieu C, Vanderschueren D, Lips P. Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1283-304. [PMID: 23922354 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Public health authorities around the world recommend widely variable supplementation strategies for adults, whereas several professional organizations, including The Endocrine Society, recommend higher supplementation. METHODS We analyzed published randomized controlled clinical trials to define the optimal intake or vitamin D status for bone and extraskeletal health. CONCLUSIONS The extraskeletal effects of vitamin D are plausible as based on preclinical data and observational studies. However, apart from the beneficial effects of 800 IU/d of vitamin D3 for reduction of falls in the elderly, causality remains yet unproven in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The greatest risk for cancer, infections, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels below 20 ng/mL. There is ample evidence from RCTs that calcium and bone homeostasis, estimated from serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and PTH, calcium absorption, or bone mass, can be normalized by 25OHD levels above 20 ng/mL. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation (800 IU/d) in combination with calcium can reduce fracture incidence by about 20%. Such a dose will bring serum levels of 25OHD above 20 ng/mL in nearly all postmenopausal women. Based on calculations of the metabolic clearance of 25OHD, a daily intake of 500-700 IU of vitamin D3 is sufficient to maintain serum 25OHD levels of 20 ng/mL. Therefore, the recommendations for a daily intake of 1500-2000 IU/d or serum 25OHD levels of 30 ng or higher for all adults or elderly subjects, as suggested by The Endocrine Society Task Force, are premature. Fortunately, ongoing RCTs will help to guide us to solve this important public health question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Department of Endocrinology, Herestraat 49 ON1, Box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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112
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Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:720-55. [PMID: 23790560 PMCID: PMC3761874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem that affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. However, there remains cynicism about the lack of randomized controlled trials to support the association studies regarding the nonskeletal health benefits of vitamin D. This review was obtained by searching English-language studies published up to April 1, 2013, in PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (search terms: vitamin D and supplementation) and focuses on recent challenges regarding the definition of vitamin D deficiency and how to achieve optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from dietary sources, supplements, and sun exposure. The effect of vitamin D on fetal programming epigenetics and gene regulation could potentially explain why vitamin D has been reported to have such wide-ranging health benefits throughout life. There is potentially a great upside to increasing the vitamin D status of children and adults worldwide for improving musculoskeletal health and reducing the risk of chronic illnesses, including some cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neurocognitive disorders, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Hossein-nezhad
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
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113
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Giangreco AA, Nonn L. The sum of many small changes: microRNAs are specifically and potentially globally altered by vitamin D3 metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:86-93. [PMID: 23333596 PMCID: PMC3686905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 deficiency is rampant which may contribute to increased risk of many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders. Genomic activity of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) mediates most vitamin D3's actions and many gene targets of 1,25D have been characterized. As the importance of non-coding RNAs has emerged, the ability of vitamin D3via 1,25D to regulate microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in several cancer cell lines, patient tissue and sera. In vitamin D3 intervention patient trials, significant differences in miRNAs are observed between treatment groups and/or between baseline and followup. In patient sera from population studies, specific miRNA differences associate with serum levels of 25D. The findings thus far indicate that dietary vitamin D3 in patients and 1,25D in vitro not only regulate specific miRNA(s), but may also globally upregulate miRNA levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology, 840 S. Wood St, Room 130 CSN, Chicago, IL60612, USA. Tel.: +1 312 996 0194; fax: +1 312 996 7586
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114
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Anderson LN, Cotterchio M, Knight JA, Borgida A, Gallinger S, Cleary SP. Genetic variants in vitamin d pathway genes and risk of pancreas cancer; results from a population-based case-control study in ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66768. [PMID: 23826131 PMCID: PMC3691295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and pancreas cancer have suggested a potential role of the vitamin D pathway in the etiology of this fatal disease. Variants in vitamin-D related genes are known to affect 25(OH)D levels and function and it is unknown if these variants may influence pancreatic cancer risk. The association between 87 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 genes was evaluated within the Ontario Pancreas Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study. Pancreatic cancer cases with pathology confirmed adenocarcinoma were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry (n = 628) and controls were identified through random digit dialing (n = 1193). Age and sex adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. SNPs in the CYP24A1, CYP2R1, calcium sensing receptor (CASR), vitamin D binding protein (GC), retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRA) and megalin (LRP2) genes were significantly associated with pancreas cancer risk. For example, pancreas cancer risk was inversely associated with CYP2R1 rs10741657 (AA versus GG, OR = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.51-0.95) and positively with CYP24A1 rs6127119 (TT versus CC. OR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.28-2.94). None of the associations were statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Vitamin D pathway gene variants may be associated with pancreas cancer risk and future studies are needed to understand the possible role of vitamin D in tumorigenesis and may have implications for cancer-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Anderson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia A. Knight
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayelet Borgida
- Zane Cohen Digestive Diseases Clinical Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P. Cleary
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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115
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Taksler GB, Cutler DM, Giovannucci E, Smith MR, Keating NL. Ultraviolet index and racial differences in prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer 2013; 119:3195-203. [PMID: 23744754 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with prostate cancer, and darker skin reduces the body's ability to generate vitamin D from sunshine. The impact of sunshine on racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality is unknown. METHODS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database, the authors calculated age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates among black and white men aged ≥ 45 years by race and county between 2000 and 2009 (N = 906,381 men). Similarly, county-level prostate cancer mortality rates were calculated from the National Vital Statistics System (N = 288,874). These data were linked with the average monthly solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation index by county and data regarding health, wellness, and demographics. Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess whether increases in the UV index (in deciles) moderated the association between black race and the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer. RESULTS Compared with counties in the lowest UV index decile, prostate cancer incidence rates for white and black men were lower in counties with a higher UV index (all Ps ≤ 0.051). Incidence rates were higher for black men versus white men, but the difference by race was less for counties in the fourth to fifth UV index deciles versus those in the first decile (Ps ≤ 0.02). Mortality rates also were found to decrease with increasing UV index for white men (Ps ≤ 0.003), but increase for black men, and an unexplained increase in racial differences in mortality rates was observed with an increasing UV index. CONCLUSIONS Racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer were larger in some areas with less sunshine. Additional research should confirm the findings of the current study and assess whether optimizing vitamin D levels among black men can reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen B Taksler
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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116
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Cheng TYD, King IB, Barnett MJ, Ambrosone CB, Thornquist MD, Goodman GE, Neuhouser ML. Serum phospholipid fatty acids, genetic variation in myeloperoxidase, and prostate cancer risk in heavy smokers: a gene-nutrient interaction in the carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1106-17. [PMID: 23535901 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated associations of serum phospholipid n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and trans-fatty acids with prostate cancer risk, and whether myeloperoxidase G-463A (rs2333227) modified the associations in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) (Seattle, Washington; Irvine, California; New Haven, Connecticut; San Francisco, California; Baltimore, Maryland; and Portland, Oregon, 1985-2003). Prerandomization sera were assayed for fatty acids among 641 men with incident prostate cancer (368 nonaggressive and 273 aggressive (stage III/IV or Gleason score ≥7)) and 1,398 controls. Overall, dihomo-γ-linolenic (quartiles 4 vs. 1: odds ratio (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.95; P(trend) = 0.024) and docosatetraenoic (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.02; P(trend) = 0.011) acids were inversely associated with nonaggressive and aggressive prostate cancer risks, respectively. Among men with MPO GG, the genotype upregulating oxidative stress, quartiles 4 versus 1 eicosapentaenoic plus docosahexaenoic acids were suggestively associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer (OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.95, 2.92; P(trend) = 0.07). However, the association was the inverse among men with MPO GA/AA genotypes (P(interaction) = 0.011). Interactions were also observed for docosapentaenoic acid, total n-3 PUFAs, and arachidonic acid. MPO GA/AA vs. GG was associated with a 2-fold increase in aggressive prostate cancer risk among men with low (quartile 1) n-3 PUFAs. This study adds important evidence linking oxidative stress with prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4B402, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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117
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Giangreco AA, Vaishnav A, Wagner D, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Nonn L. Tumor suppressor microRNAs, miR-100 and -125b, are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:483-94. [PMID: 23503652 PMCID: PMC3644314 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MiR-100 and miR-125b are lost in many cancers and have potential function as tumor suppressors. Using both primary prostatic epithelial cultures and laser capture-microdissected prostate epithelium from 45 patients enrolled in a vitamin D3 randomized trial, we identified miR-100 and -125b as targets of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). In patients, miR-100 and -125b levels were significantly lower in tumor tissue than in benign prostate. Similarly, miR-100 and -125b were lower in primary prostate cancer cells than in cells derived from benign prostate. Prostatic concentrations of 1,25D positively correlated with these miRNA levels in both prostate cancer and benign epithelium, showing that patients with prostate cancer may still benefit from vitamin D3. In cell assays, upregulation of these miRNAs by 1,25D was vitamin D receptor dependent. Transfection of pre-miR-100 and pre-miR-125b in the presence or absence of 1,25D decreased invasiveness of cancer cell, RWPE-2. Pre-miR-100 and pre-miR-125b decreased proliferation in primary cells and cancer cells respectively. Pre-miR-125b transfection suppressed migration and clonal growth of prostate cancer cells, whereas knockdown of miR-125b in normal cells increased migration indicates a tumor suppressor function. 1,25D suppressed expression of previously bona fide mRNA targets of these miRNAs, E2F3 and Plk1, in a miRNA-dependent manner. Together, these findings show that vitamin D3 supplementation augments tumor suppressive miRNAs in patient prostate tissue, providing evidence that miRNAs could be key physiologic mediators of vitamin D3 activity in prevention and early treatment of prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- E2F3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- E2F3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Laser Capture Microdissection
- Male
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Prognosis
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives
- Vitamin D/pharmacology
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avani Vaishnav
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Fleshner
- Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Pathology, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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118
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Powell IJ, Bollig-Fischer A. Minireview: the molecular and genomic basis for prostate cancer health disparities. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:879-91. [PMID: 23608645 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more aggressive screening across all demographics and gradual declines in mortality related to prostate cancer (PCa) in the United States, race disparities persist. For African American men (AAM), PCa is more often an aggressive disease showing increased metastases and greater PCa-related mortality compared with European American men. The earliest research points to how distinctions are likely the result of a combination of factors, including ancestry genetics and lifestyle variables. More recent research considers that cancer, although influenced by external forces, is ultimately a disease primarily driven by aberrations observed in the molecular genetics of the tumor. Research studying PCa predominantly from European American men shows that indolent and advanced or metastatic prostate tumors have distinguishing molecular genomic make-ups. Early yet increasing evidence suggests that clinically distinct PCa from AAM also display molecular distinctions. It is reasonable to predict that further study will reveal molecular subtypes and various frequencies for PCa subtypes among diverse patient groups, thereby providing insight as to the genomic lesions and gene signatures that are functionally implicated in carcinogenesis or aggressive PCa in AAM. That knowledge will prove useful in developing strategies to predict who will develop advanced PCa among AAM and will provide the rationale to develop effective individualized treatment strategies to overcome disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Powell
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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119
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Torfadottir JE, Valdimarsdottir UA, Mucci LA, Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Tryggvadottir L, Aspelund T, Olafsson O, Harris TB, Jonsson E, Tulinius H, Gudnason V, Adami HO, Stampfer M, Steingrimsdottir L. Consumption of fish products across the lifespan and prostate cancer risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59799. [PMID: 23613715 PMCID: PMC3629172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine whether fish and fish oil consumption across the lifespan is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. Design The study was nested among 2268 men aged 67–96 years in the AGES-Reykjavik cohort study. In 2002 to 2006, dietary habits were assessed, for early life, midlife and later life using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were followed for prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality through 2009 via linkage to nationwide cancer- and mortality registers. Adjusting for potential confounders, we used regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for prostate cancer according to fish and fish oil consumption. Results Among the 2268 men, we ascertained 214 prevalent and 133 incident prostate cancer cases, of which 63 had advanced disease. High fish consumption in early- and midlife was not associated with overall or advanced prostate cancer. High intake of salted or smoked fish was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of advanced prostate cancer both in early life (95% CI: 1.08, 3.62) and in later life (95% CI: 1.04, 5.00). Men consuming fish oil in later life had a lower risk of advanced prostate cancer [HR (95%CI): 0.43 (0.19, 0.95)], no association was found for early life or midlife consumption. Conclusions Salted or smoked fish may increase risk of advanced prostate cancer, whereas fish oil consumption may be protective against progression of prostate cancer in elderly men. In a setting with very high fish consumption, no association was found between overall fish consumption in early or midlife and prostate cancer risk.
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120
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Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or calcitriol, is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of many types of cancer cells, including prostate and liver cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) for prostate and liver cancer therapy. However, 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) can cause hypercalcemia, thus, analogs of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) that are less calcemic but exhibit potent antiproliferative activity would be attractive as therapeutic agents. We have developed 2α-functional group substituted 19-norvitamin D(3) analogs with and without 14-epimerization. Among them, 2α- and 2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10 and -11, respectively) and 14-epi-2α- and 14-epi-2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11, respectively) were found to be the most promising. In this review, we discuss the synthesis of this unique class of vitamin D analogs, the molecular mechanism of anticancer actions of vitamin D, and the biological evaluation of these analogs for potential application to the prevention and treatment of prostate and liver cancer.
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121
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Wu MC, Maity A, Lee S, Simmons EM, Harmon QE, Lin X, Engel SM, Molldrem JJ, Armistead PM. Kernel machine SNP-set testing under multiple candidate kernels. Genet Epidemiol 2013; 37:267-75. [PMID: 23471868 PMCID: PMC3769109 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Joint testing for the cumulative effect of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms grouped on the basis of prior biological knowledge has become a popular and powerful strategy for the analysis of large-scale genetic association studies. The kernel machine (KM)-testing framework is a useful approach that has been proposed for testing associations between multiple genetic variants and many different types of complex traits by comparing pairwise similarity in phenotype between subjects to pairwise similarity in genotype, with similarity in genotype defined via a kernel function. An advantage of the KM framework is its flexibility: choosing different kernel functions allows for different assumptions concerning the underlying model and can allow for improved power. In practice, it is difficult to know which kernel to use a priori because this depends on the unknown underlying trait architecture and selecting the kernel which gives the lowest P-value can lead to inflated type I error. Therefore, we propose practical strategies for KM testing when multiple candidate kernels are present based on constructing composite kernels and based on efficient perturbation procedures. We demonstrate through simulations and real data applications that the procedures protect the type I error rate and can lead to substantially improved power over poor choices of kernels and only modest differences in power vs. using the best candidate kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7420, USA.
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122
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. Antineoplastic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R31-47. [PMID: 23319494 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is mostly known for its importance in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. However, next to its classical effects on bone, kidney and intestine, 1,25(OH)2D3 also exerts antineoplastic effects on various types of cancer. The use of 1,25(OH)2D3 itself as treatment against neoplasia is hampered by its calcemic side effects. Therefore, 1,25(OH)2D3-derived analogs were developed that are characterized by lower calcemic side effects and stronger antineoplastic effects. This review mainly focuses on the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying signaling pathways. 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs inhibit proliferation, angiogenesis, migration/invasion and induce differentiation and apoptosis in malignant cell lines. Moreover, prostaglandin synthesis and Wnt/b-catenin signaling are also influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs. Human studies indicate an inverse association between serum 25(OH)D3 values and the incidence of certain cancer types. Given the literature, it appears that the epidemiological link between vitamin D3 and cancer is the strongest for CRC, however more intervention studies and randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to unravel the beneficial dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs to induce antineoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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123
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Mondul AM, Shui IM, Yu K, Travis RC, Stevens VL, Campa D, Schumacher FR, Ziegler RG, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Berndt S, Crawford ED, Gapstur SM, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci E, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Hunter DJ, Johansson M, Key TJ, Le Marchand L, Lindström S, McCullough ML, Navarro C, Overvad K, Palli D, Purdue M, Stampfer MJ, Weinstein SJ, Willett WC, Yeager M, Chanock SJ, Trichopoulos D, Kolonel LN, Kraft P, Albanes D. Genetic variation in the vitamin d pathway in relation to risk of prostate cancer--results from the breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:688-96. [PMID: 23377224 PMCID: PMC3617077 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0007-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that vitamin D status may be associated with prostate cancer risk although the direction and strength of this association differs between experimental and observational studies. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status. We examined prostate cancer risk in relation to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in four genes shown to predict circulating levels of 25(OH)D. METHODS SNP markers localized to each of four genes (GC, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and DHCR7) previously associated with 25(OH)D were genotyped in 10,018 cases and 11,052 controls from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the individual and cumulative association between genetic variants and risk of overall and aggressive prostate cancer. RESULTS We observed a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer among men with the allele in rs6013897 near CYP24A1 associated with lower serum 25(OH)D [per A allele, OR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.93; Ptrend = 0.0002) but an increased risk for nonaggressive disease (per A allele: OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17; Ptrend = 0.002). Examination of a polygenic score of the four SNPs revealed statistically significantly lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer among men with a greater number of low vitamin D alleles (OR for 6-8 vs. 0-1 alleles, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98; Ptrend = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS In this large, pooled analysis, genetic variants related to lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer. IMPACT Our genetic findings do not support a protective association between loci known to influence vitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Mondul
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, 6120 Executive Blvd, Suite 320, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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124
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Li L, Wu B, Yang L, Yin G, Wei W, Sui S, Liu J. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with pancreatic cancer: A pilot study in a North China Population. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1731-1735. [PMID: 23761840 PMCID: PMC3678656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PC). We investigated the association of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the VDR gene with PC in age- and gender-matched patients and controls. PC (n=91) and healthy control (n=80) samples were genotyped for the FokI (rs2228570) and BsmI (rs1544410) polymorphisms using the PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Chi-square analysis was used to test for the overall association of VDR genotype with disease. There was a significant difference in the frequency of genotype FF between the PC patients and controls (Ptrend=0.009); however, the difference in frequency of genotype BB between the two groups was not significant (Ptrend=0.082). The difference between FF and Ff/ff frequency was significant (P=0.002). The two high-risk genotypes were ffbb and Ffbb, with an 11.66- and 6.42-fold increased risk of PC, respectively. VDR gene polymorphisms were important for the development of PC in this study population; however, further exploration of these findings and their implications are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021; ; Department of Internal Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, P.R. China
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125
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Abstract
Large nutritional epidemiology studies, with long-term follow-up to assess major clinical end points, coupled with advances in basic science and clinical trials, have led to important improvements in our understanding of nutrition in primary prevention of chronic disease. Although much work remains, sufficient evidence has accrued to provide solid advice on healthy eating. Good data now support the benefits of diets that are rich in plant sources of fats and protein, fish, nuts, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables; that avoid partially hydrogenated fats; and that limit red meat and refined carbohydrates. The simplistic advice to reduce all fat, or all carbohydrates, has not stood the test of science; strong evidence supports the need to consider fat and carbohydrate quality and different protein sources. This article briefly summarizes major findings from recent years bearing on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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126
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Kim JS, Roberts JM, Weigel NL. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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127
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Masko EM, Allott EH, Freedland SJ. The relationship between nutrition and prostate cancer: is more always better? Eur Urol 2012; 63:810-20. [PMID: 23219353 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most diagnosed malignancies in the world, correlating with regions where men consume more of a so-called Western-style diet. As such, there is much interest in understanding the role of lifestyle and diet on the incidence and progression of PCa. OBJECTIVE To provide a summary of published literature with regard to dietary macro- and micronutrients and PCa incidence and progression. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was completed using the PubMed database for all studies published on diet and PCa in June 2012 or earlier. Primary literature and meta-analyses were given preference over other review articles when possible. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The literature was reviewed on seven dietary components: carbohydrates, protein, fat and cholesterol, vegetables, vitamins and minerals, and phytochemicals. Current literature linking these nutrients to PCa is limited at best, but trends in the published data suggest consumption of carbohydrates, saturated and ω-6 fats, and certain vitamin supplements may promote PCa risk and progression. Conversely, consumption of many plant phytochemicals and ω-3 fatty acids seem to slow the risk and progression of the disease. All other nutrients seem to have no effect or data are inconclusive. A brief summary about the clinical implications of dietary interventions with respect to PCa prevention, treatment, and survivorship is provided. CONCLUSIONS Due to the number and heterogeneity of published studies investigating diet and PCa, it is difficult to determine what nutrients make up the perfect diet for the primary and secondary prevention of PCa. Because diets are made of multiple macro- and micronutrients, further prospective studies are warranted, particularly those investigating the relationship between whole foods instead of a single nutritional component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Masko
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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128
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Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 22:118-26. [PMID: 23125333 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0670-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bony metastases cause substantial morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa). The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed on prostate tumors and may participate in bone metastases development. We assessed whether (i) common genetic variation in CaSR was associated with PCa risk and (ii) these associations varied by calcium intake or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. METHODS We included 1,193 PCa cases and 1,244 controls nested in the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1993-2004). We genotyped 18 CaSR single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) to capture common variation. The main outcome was risk of lethal PCa (n = 113); secondary outcomes were overall (n = 1,193) and high-grade PCa (n = 225). We used the kernel machine approach to conduct a gene-level multimarker analysis and unconditional logistic regression to compute per-allele ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for individual SNPs. RESULTS The joint association of SNPs in CaSR was significant for lethal PCa (P = 0.04); this association was stronger in those with low 25(OH)D (P = 0.009). No individual SNPs were associated after considering multiple testing; three SNPs were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with lethal PCa with ORs (95% CI) of 0.65(0.42-0.99): rs6438705; 0.65(0.47-0.89): rs13083990; and 1.55(1.09-2.20): rs2270916. The three nonsynonymous SNPs (rs1801725, rs1042636, and rs1801726) were not significantly associated; however, the association for rs1801725 was stronger in men with low 25(OH)D [OR(95%CI): 0.54(0.31-0.95)]. There were no significant associations with overall or high-grade PCa. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that CaSR may be involved in PCa progression. IMPACT Further studies investigating potential mechanisms for CaSR and PCa, including bone remodeling and metastases are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Amaral AFS, Méndez-Pertuz M, Muñoz A, Silverman DT, Allory Y, Kogevinas M, Lloreta J, Rothman N, Carrato A, Rivas del Fresno M, Real FX, Malats N. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) and bladder cancer risk according to tumor stage and FGFR3 status: a mechanism-based epidemiological study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1897-904. [PMID: 23108201 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] protects against several cancers. However, little is known regarding urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). We analyzed the association between plasma 25(OH)D(3) and overall risk of UBC, as well as according to stage and FGFR3 molecular subphenotypes. METHODS Plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D(3) in 1125 cases with UBC and 1028 control subjects were determined by a chemiluminescence immunoassay. FGFR3 mutational status and expression in tumor tissue were assessed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were further stratified by tumor invasiveness and grade, FGFR3 expression, and smoking status. Cell proliferation was measured in human UBC cell lines cultured with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). RESULTS A statistically significantly increased risk of UBC was observed among subjects presenting the lowest concentrations of 25(OH)D(3) (OR(adj) = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.82; P = .006), showing a dose-response effect (P (trend) = .004). The association was stronger for patients with muscle-invasive tumors, especially among low-FGFR3 expressers (OR(adj) = 5.94; 95% CI = 1.72 to 20.45; P = .005). The biological plausibility of these associations is supported by the fact that, in vitro, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) upregulates FGFR3 expression in UBC cell lines with low levels of wild-type FGFR3. CONCLUSION These findings support a role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of UBC and show that 25(OH)D(3) levels are associated with FGFR3 expression in the tumor. Because FGFR3 mutation and overexpression are markers of better outcome, our findings suggest that individuals with low levels of plasma 25(OH)D(3) may be at high risk of more aggressive forms of UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F S Amaral
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
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Epstein MM, Andrén O, Kasperzyk JL, Shui IM, Penney KL, Fall K, Rider JR, Stampfer MJ, Andersson SO, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA. Seasonal variation in expression of markers in the vitamin D pathway in prostate tissue. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1359-66. [PMID: 22710747 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies suggest variation in genes along the vitamin D pathway, as well as vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein levels, may be associated with prostate cancer. As serum vitamin D levels vary by season, we sought to determine whether the expression of genes on the vitamin D pathway, assessed in prostate tumor tissue, do the same. METHODS Our study incorporates mRNA expression data from 362 men in the Swedish Watchful Waiting cohort, diagnosed between 1977 and 1999, and 106 men enrolled in the US Physicians' Health Study (PHS) diagnosed between 1983 and 2004. We also assayed for VDR protein expression among 832 men in the PHS and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts. Season was characterized by date of initial tissue specimen collection categorically and by average monthly ultraviolet radiation levels. One-way analysis of variance was used to examine variation in the expression levels of six genes on the vitamin D pathway-VDR, GC, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, RXRα, CYP24A1-and VDR protein by season, adjusted for age at diagnosis and Gleason grade. Variation was also examined separately among lethal and nonlethal cases. RESULTS Tumor expression levels of the six genes did not vary significantly by season of tissue collection. No consistent patterns emerged from subgroup analyses by lethal versus nonlethal cases. CONCLUSIONS Unlike circulating levels of 25(OH) vitamin D, expression levels of genes on the vitamin D pathway and VDR protein did not vary overall by season of tissue collection. Epidemiological analyses of vitamin D gene expression may not be biased by seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara M Epstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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