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He L, Li B, Lu X, Yuan L, Yang Y, Yuan Y, Du J, Guo S. The effect of exogenous calcium on mitochondria, respiratory metabolism enzymes and ion transport in cucumber roots under hypoxia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11391. [PMID: 26304855 PMCID: PMC4548228 DOI: 10.1038/srep11391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces plant stress, particularly in cucumber plants under hydroponic culture. In plants, calcium is involved in stress signal transmission and growth. The ultimate goal of this study was to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the effects of exogenous calcium on the mitochondrial antioxidant system, the activity of respiratory metabolism enzymes, and ion transport in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2) roots under hypoxic conditions. Our experiments revealed that exogenous calcium reduces the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mitochondria under hypoxia. Exogenous calcium also enhances the accumulation of enzymes involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. We utilized fluorescence and ultrastructural cytochemistry methods to observe that exogenous calcium increases the concentrations of Ca(2+) and K(+) in root cells by increasing the activity of plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase and tonoplast H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-PPase. Overall, our results suggest that hypoxic stress has an immediate and substantial effect on roots. Exogenous calcium improves metabolism and ion transport in cucumber roots, thereby increasing hypoxia tolerance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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102
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Puyang X, An M, Han L, Zhang X. Protective effect of spermidine on salt stress induced oxidative damage in two Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:96-106. [PMID: 25841065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To improve the salinity tolerance of turfgrass and investigate the effect of spermidine (Spd) on antioxidant metabolism and gene expression under salinity stress condition, exogenous Spd was applied before two kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars ('Kenblue' and 'Midnight') were exposed to 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) stress for 28 d. Salinity stress decreased the turfgrass quality, increased the content of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O₂(·-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and isozymes intensity in both cultivars. In addition, the expression level of Cu/ZnSOD was down-regulated in 'Kenblue' but up-regulated in 'Midnight' after salt treatment. Salinity stress also enhanced the expression of APX but inhibited the expression of CAT and POD in both cultivars. Exogenous Spd treatment alleviated the salinity-induced oxidative stress through decreasing MDA, H₂O₂ and O₂(·-) contents in both cultivars. Besides, exogenous Spd further enhanced the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APX accompanied with the increased intensity of specific isozymes of SOD, CAT and APX in both cultivars and POD in 'Kenblue'. Moreover, Spd further up-regulated expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD and APX, but down-regulated those of CAT and POD in both cultivars. These results indicated that exogenous Spd might improve turfgrass quality and promote the salinity tolerance in the two cultivars of kentucky bluegrass through reducing oxidative damages and increasing enzyme activity both at protein and transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Puyang
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Mengying An
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Liebao Han
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Xunzhong Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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103
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Sudhakar C, Veeranagamallaiah G, Nareshkumar A, Sudhakarbabu O, Sivakumar M, Pandurangaiah M, Kiranmai K, Lokesh U. Polyamine metabolism influences antioxidant defense mechanism in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) cultivars with different salinity tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:141-56. [PMID: 25348337 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Polyamines can regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes and impart plants tolerance to abiotic stresses. A comparative analysis of polyamines, their biosynthetic enzymes at kinetic and at transcriptional level, and their role in regulating the induction of antioxidant defense enzymes under salt stress condition in two foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) cultivars, namely Prasad, a salt-tolerant, and Lepakshi, a salt-sensitive cultivar was conducted. Salt stress resulted in elevation of free polyamines due to increase in the activity of spermidine synthase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase enzymes in cultivar Prasad compared to cultivar Lepakshi under different levels of NaCl stress. These enzyme activities were further confirmed at the transcript level via qRT-PCR analysis. The cultivar Prasad showed a greater decrease in diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase activity, which results in the accumulation of polyamine pools over cultivar Lepakshi. Generation of free radicals, such as O 2 (·-) and H2O2, was also analyzed quantitatively. A significant increase in O 2 (·-) and H2O2 in the cultivar Lepakshi compared with cultivar Prasad was recorded in overall pool sizes. Further, histochemical staining showed lesser accumulation of O 2 (·-) and of H2O2 in the leaves of cultivar Prasad than cultivar Lepakshi. Our results also suggest the ability of polyamine oxidation in regulating the induction of antioxidative defense enzymes, which involve in the elimination of toxic levels of O 2 (·-) and H2O2, such as Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. The contribution of polyamines in modulating antioxidative defense mechanism in NaCl stress tolerance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinta Sudhakar
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515 003, India,
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104
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Kurusu T, Kuchitsu K, Tada Y. Plant signaling networks involving Ca(2+) and Rboh/Nox-mediated ROS production under salinity stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:427. [PMID: 26113854 PMCID: PMC4461821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress, which induces both ionic and osmotic damage, impairs plant growth and causes severe reductions in crop yield. Plants are equipped with defense responses against salinity stress such as regulation of ion transport including Na(+) and K(+), accumulation of compatible solutes and stress-related gene expression. The initial Ca(2+) influx mediated by plasma membrane ion channels has been suggested to be crucial for the adaptive signaling. NADPH oxidase (Nox)-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has also been suggested to play crucial roles in regulating adaptation to salinity stress in several plant species including halophytes. Respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) proteins show the ROS-producing Nox activity, which are synergistically activated by the binding of Ca(2+) to EF-hand motifs as well as Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation. We herein review molecular identity, structural features and roles of the Ca(2+)-permeable channels involved in early salinity and osmotic signaling, and comparatively discuss the interrelationships among spatiotemporal dynamic changes in cytosolic concentrations of free Ca(2+), Rboh-mediated ROS production, and downstream signaling events during salinity adaptation in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kurusu
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of TechnologyHachioji, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of ScienceNoda, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of ScienceNoda, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takamitsu Kurusu, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of ScienceNoda, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of ScienceNoda, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tada
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of TechnologyHachioji, Japan
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105
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Wang Y, Zeng L, Xing D. ROS-mediated enhanced transcription of CYP38 promotes the plant tolerance to high light stress by suppressing GTPase activation of PsbO2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:777. [PMID: 26483802 PMCID: PMC4586435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Immunophilin family, cyclophilin38 (CYP38) is discovered to be localized in the thylakoid lumen, and is reported to be a participant in the function regulation of thylakoid membrane protein. However, the molecule mechanisms remain unclear. We found that, CYP38 plays an important role in the process of regulating and protecting the plant to resist high light (HL) stress. Under HL condition, the gene expression of CYP38 is enhanced, and if CYP38 gene is deficient, photochemistry efficiency, and chlorophyll content falls distinctly, and excessive reactive oxygen species synthesis occurs in the chloroplast. Western blot results showed that the D1 degradation rate of cyp38 mutant plants is faster than that of wide type plants. Interestingly, both gene expression and activity of PsbO2 were drastically enhanced in cyp38 mutant plants and less changed when the deleted gene of CYP38 was restored under HL treatment. This indicates that CYP38 may impose a negative regulation effect on PsbO2, which exerts a positive regulation effect in facilitating the dephosphorylation and subsequent degradation of D1. It is also found that, under HL condition, the cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca(2+)]cyt) concentration and the gene expression level of calmodulin 3 (CaM3) arose markedly, which occurs upstream of CYP38 gene expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that CYP38 plays an important role in plant strengthening HL resistibility, which provides a new insight in the research of mechanisms of CYP38 protein in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da Xing
- *Correspondence: Da Xing, MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Shipai, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, China,
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106
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O’Rourke JA, Iniguez LP, Fu F, Bucciarelli B, Miller SS, Jackson SA, McClean PE, Li J, Dai X, Zhao PX, Hernandez G, Vance CP. An RNA-Seq based gene expression atlas of the common bean. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:866. [PMID: 25283805 PMCID: PMC4195886 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is grown throughout the world and comprises roughly 50% of the grain legumes consumed worldwide. Despite this, genetic resources for common beans have been lacking. Next generation sequencing, has facilitated our investigation of the gene expression profiles associated with biologically important traits in common bean. An increased understanding of gene expression in common bean will improve our understanding of gene expression patterns in other legume species. RESULTS Combining recently developed genomic resources for Phaseolus vulgaris, including predicted gene calls, with RNA-Seq technology, we measured the gene expression patterns from 24 samples collected from seven tissues at developmentally important stages and from three nitrogen treatments. Gene expression patterns throughout the plant were analyzed to better understand changes due to nodulation, seed development, and nitrogen utilization. We have identified 11,010 genes differentially expressed with a fold change ≥ 2 and a P-value < 0.05 between different tissues at the same time point, 15,752 genes differentially expressed within a tissue due to changes in development, and 2,315 genes expressed only in a single tissue. These analyses identified 2,970 genes with expression patterns that appear to be directly dependent on the source of available nitrogen. Finally, we have assembled this data in a publicly available database, The Phaseolus vulgaris Gene Expression Atlas (Pv GEA), http://plantgrn.noble.org/PvGEA/ . Using the website, researchers can query gene expression profiles of their gene of interest, search for genes expressed in different tissues, or download the dataset in a tabular form. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the basis for a gene expression atlas, which will facilitate functional genomic studies in common bean. Analysis of this dataset has identified genes important in regulating seed composition and has increased our understanding of nodulation and impact of the nitrogen source on assimilation and distribution throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A O’Rourke
- />Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- />USDA-ARS, Corn Insect Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Luis P Iniguez
- />Centro de Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 66210 Cuernavaca, Mor Mexico
| | - Fengli Fu
- />Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Bruna Bucciarelli
- />Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Susan S Miller
- />Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- />Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Philip E McClean
- />Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 USA
| | - Jun Li
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Xinbin Dai
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Patrick X Zhao
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Georgina Hernandez
- />Centro de Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 66210 Cuernavaca, Mor Mexico
| | - Carroll P Vance
- />Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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107
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Wu H, Shabala L, Zhou M, Shabala S. Durum and bread wheat differ in their ability to retain potassium in leaf mesophyll: implications for salinity stress tolerance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1749-62. [PMID: 25104542 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the differential salinity tolerance between bread wheat and durum wheat is essential for breeding salt-tolerant varieties to cope with the global salinity issue threatening future food supply. In the past, higher salinity tolerance in bread wheat compared with durum wheat has been attributed to its better ability to exclude Na(+) from uptake. Here we show that another mechanism, namely more superior K(+) retention ability in the leaf mesophyll, also contributes to this difference. A strong positive correlation (R(2) > 0.41, P < 0.001) was found between NaCl-induced K(+) efflux in the leaf mesophyll and overall salinity tolerance in 48 wheat varieties. However, while the above correlation was strong in bread wheat, it was statistically insignificant in durum wheat. Consistent with these findings, a significantly higher relative leaf K(+) content was found in bread wheat than in durum wheat. In contrast to root tissues, the role of voltage-gated K(+) channels in K(+) retention in the wheat mesophyll was relatively small, and non-selective cation channels played a major role in controlling intracellular K(+) homeostasis. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between NaCl-induced mesophyll H(+) flux and mesophyll K(+) retention was found, and interpreted as a compensatory mechanism employed by sensitive varieties to regain K(+) leaked into the apoplast. It is concluded that bread wheat and durum wheat show different strategies of coping with salinity, and that targeting mechanisms conferring K(+) retention in the leaf mesophyll may be a promising way to improve the overall salinity tolerance in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Wu
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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108
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Pottosin I, Velarde-Buendía AM, Bose J, Fuglsang AT, Shabala S. Polyamines cause plasma membrane depolarization, activate Ca2+-, and modulate H+-ATPase pump activity in pea roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2463-72. [PMID: 24723394 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines regulate a variety of cation and K(+) channels, but their potential effects on cation-transporting ATPases are underexplored. In this work, noninvasive microelectrode ion flux estimation and conventional microelectrode techniques were applied to study the effects of polyamines on Ca(2+) and H(+) transport and membrane potential in pea roots. Externally applied spermine or putrescine (1mM) equally activated eosin yellow (EY)-sensitive Ca(2+) pumping across the root epidermis and caused net H(+) influx or efflux. Proton influx induced by spermine was suppressed by EY, supporting the mechanism in which Ca(2+) pump imports 2 H(+) per each exported Ca(2+). Suppression of the Ca(2+) pump by EY diminished putrescine-induced net H(+) efflux instead of increasing it. Thus, activities of Ca(2+) and H(+) pumps were coupled, likely due to the H(+)-pump inhibition by intracellular Ca(2+). Additionally, spermine but not putrescine caused a direct inhibition of H(+) pumping in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Spermine, spermidine, and putrescine (1mM) induced membrane depolarization by 70, 50, and 35 mV, respectively. Spermine-induced depolarization was abolished by cation transport blocker Gd(3+), was insensitive to anion channels' blocker niflumate, and was dependent on external Ca(2+). Further analysis showed that uptake of polyamines but not polyamine-induced cationic (K(+)+Ca(2+)+H(+)) fluxes were a main cause of membrane depolarization. Polyamine increase is a common component of plant stress responses. Activation of Ca(2+) efflux by polyamines and contrasting effects of polyamines on net H(+) fluxes and membrane potential can contribute to Ca(2+) signalling and modulate a variety of transport processes across the plasma membrane under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Colima, Ave 25 de julio 965, Villa de San Sebastian, 28045 Colima, Colima, México School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Ana María Velarde-Buendía
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of Colima, Ave 25 de julio 965, Villa de San Sebastian, 28045 Colima, Colima, México
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Anja T Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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109
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Pottosin I, Shabala S. Polyamines control of cation transport across plant membranes: implications for ion homeostasis and abiotic stress signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:154. [PMID: 24795739 PMCID: PMC4006063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are unique polycationic metabolites, controlling a variety of vital functions in plants, including growth and stress responses. Over the last two decades a bulk of data was accumulated providing explicit evidence that polyamines play an essential role in regulating plant membrane transport. The most straightforward example is a blockage of the two major vacuolar cation channels, namely slow (SV) and fast (FV) activating ones, by the micromolar concentrations of polyamines. This effect is direct and fully reversible, with a potency descending in a sequence Spm(4+) > Spd(3+) > Put(2+). On the contrary, effects of polyamines on the plasma membrane (PM) cation and K(+)-selective channels are hardly dependent on polyamine species, display a relatively low affinity, and are likely to be indirect. Polyamines also affect vacuolar and PM H(+) pumps and Ca(2+) pump of the PM. On the other hand, catabolization of polyamines generates H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals. Export of polyamines to the apoplast and their oxidation there by available amine oxidases results in the induction of a novel ion conductance and confers Ca(2+) influx across the PM. This mechanism, initially established for plant responses to pathogen attack (including a hypersensitive response), has been recently shown to mediate plant responses to a variety of abiotic stresses. In this review we summarize the effects of polyamines and their catabolites on cation transport in plants and discuss the implications of these effects for ion homeostasis, signaling, and plant adaptive responses to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pottosin
- Biomedical Centre, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, University of ColimaColima, Mexico
- School of Land and Food, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
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110
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Ordoñez NM, Marondedze C, Thomas L, Pasqualini S, Shabala L, Shabala S, Gehring C. Cyclic mononucleotides modulate potassium and calcium flux responses to H2O2 in Arabidopsis roots. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1008-15. [PMID: 24530500 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic mononucleotides are messengers in plant stress responses. Here we show that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces rapid net K(+)-efflux and Ca(2+)-influx in Arabidopsis roots. Pre-treatment with either 10μM cAMP or cGMP for 1 or 24h does significantly reduce net K(+)-leakage and Ca(2+)-influx, and in the case of the K(+)-fluxes, the cell permeant cyclic mononucleotides are more effective. We also examined the effect of 10μM of the cell permeant 8-Br-cGMP on the Arabidopsis microsomal proteome and noted a specific increase in proteins with a role in stress responses and ion transport, suggesting that cGMP is sufficient to directly and/or indirectly induce complex adaptive changes to cellular stresses induced by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Maria Ordoñez
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Bioscience Core Facility, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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111
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Minocha R, Majumdar R, Minocha SC. Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: a complex relationship. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:175. [PMID: 24847338 PMCID: PMC4017135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiological relationship between abiotic stress in plants and polyamines was reported more than 40 years ago. Ever since there has been a debate as to whether increased polyamines protect plants against abiotic stress (e.g., due to their ability to deal with oxidative radicals) or cause damage to them (perhaps due to hydrogen peroxide produced by their catabolism). The observation that cellular polyamines are typically elevated in plants under both short-term as well as long-term abiotic stress conditions is consistent with the possibility of their dual effects, i.e., being protectors from as well as perpetrators of stress damage to the cells. The observed increase in tolerance of plants to abiotic stress when their cellular contents are elevated by either exogenous treatment with polyamines or through genetic engineering with genes encoding polyamine biosynthetic enzymes is indicative of a protective role for them. However, through their catabolic production of hydrogen peroxide and acrolein, both strong oxidizers, they can potentially be the cause of cellular harm during stress. In fact, somewhat enigmatic but strong positive relationship between abiotic stress and foliar polyamines has been proposed as a potential biochemical marker of persistent environmental stress in forest trees in which phenotypic symptoms of stress are not yet visible. Such markers may help forewarn forest managers to undertake amelioration strategies before the appearance of visual symptoms of stress and damage at which stage it is often too late for implementing strategies for stress remediation and reversal of damage. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the published literature on interactions between abiotic stress and polyamines in plants, and examines the experimental strategies used to understand the functional significance of this relationship with the aim of improving plant productivity, especially under conditions of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Minocha
- US Forest Service, Northern Research StationDurham, NH, USA
| | - Rajtilak Majumdar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceGeneva, NY, USA
| | - Subhash C. Minocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
- *Correspondence: Subhash C. Minocha, Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA e-mail:
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Do PT, Drechsel O, Heyer AG, Hincha DK, Zuther E. Changes in free polyamine levels, expression of polyamine biosynthesis genes, and performance of rice cultivars under salt stress: a comparison with responses to drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:182. [PMID: 24847340 PMCID: PMC4021140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity affects a large proportion of rural area and limits agricultural productivity. To investigate differential adaptation to soil salinity, we studied salt tolerance of 18 varieties of Oryza sativa using a hydroponic culture system. Based on visual inspection and photosynthetic parameters, cultivars were classified according to their tolerance level. Additionally, biomass parameters were correlated with salt tolerance. Polyamines have frequently been demonstrated to be involved in plant stress responses and therefore soluble leaf polyamines were measured. Under salinity, putrescine (Put) content was unchanged or increased in tolerant, while dropped in sensitive cultivars. Spermidine (Spd) content was unchanged at lower NaCl concentrations in all, while reduced at 100 mM NaCl in sensitive cultivars. Spermine (Spm) content was increased in all cultivars. A comparison with data from 21 cultivars under long-term, moderate drought stress revealed an increase of Spm under both stress conditions. While Spm became the most prominent polyamine under drought, levels of all three polyamines were relatively similar under salt stress. Put levels were reduced under both, drought and salt stress, while changes in Spd were different under drought (decrease) or salt (unchanged) conditions. Regulation of polyamine metabolism at the transcript level during exposure to salinity was studied for genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines and compared to expression under drought stress. Based on expression profiles, investigated genes were divided into generally stress-induced genes (ADC2, SPD/SPM2, SPD/SPM3), one generally stress-repressed gene (ADC1), constitutively expressed genes (CPA1, CPA2, CPA4, SAMDC1, SPD/SPM1), specifically drought-induced genes (SAMDC2, AIH), one specifically drought-repressed gene (CPA3) and one specifically salt-stress repressed gene (SAMDC4), revealing both overlapping and specific stress responses under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc T. Do
- Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Drechsel
- Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Arnd G. Heyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk K. Hincha
- Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ellen Zuther, Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail:
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Shukla D, Krishnamurthy S, Sahi SV. Genome wide transcriptome analysis reveals ABA mediated response in Arabidopsis during gold (AuCl(-) 4) treatment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:652. [PMID: 25506348 PMCID: PMC4246665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The unique physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) find manifold applications in diagnostics, medicine and catalysis. Chemical synthesis produces reactive AuNPs and generates hazardous by-products. Alternatively, plants can be utilized to produce AuNPs in an eco-friendly manner. To better control the biosynthesis of AuNPs, we need to first understand the detailed molecular response induced by AuCl(-) 4 In this study, we carried out global transcriptome analysis in root tissue of Arabidopsis grown for 12- h in presence of gold solution (HAuCl4) using the novel unbiased Affymetrix exon array. Transcriptomics analysis revealed differential regulation of a total of 704 genes and 4900 exons. Of these, 492 and 212 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively. The validation of the expressed key genes, such as glutathione-S-transferases, auxin responsive genes, cytochrome P450 82C2, methyl transferases, transducin (G protein beta subunit), ERF transcription factor, ABC, and MATE transporters, was carried out through quantitative RT-PCR. These key genes demonstrated specific induction under AuCl4(-) treatment relative to other heavy metals, suggesting a unique plant-gold interaction. GO enrichment analysis reveals the upregulation of processes like oxidative stress, glutathione binding, metal binding, transport, and plant hormonal responses. Changes predicted in biochemical pathways indicated major modulation in glutathione mediated detoxification, flavones and derivatives, and plant hormone biosynthesis. Motif search analysis identified a highly significant enriched motif, ACGT, which is an abscisic acid responsive core element (ABRE), suggesting the possibility of ABA- mediated signaling. Identification of abscisic acid response element (ABRE) points to the operation of a predominant signaling mechanism in response to AuCl(-) 4 exposure. Overall, this study presents a useful picture of plant-gold interaction with an identification of candidate genes involved in nanogold synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivendra V. Sahi
- *Correspondence: Shivendra V. Sahi, Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA e-mail:
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