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Al-Kaidy H, Duwe A, Huster M, Muffler K, Schlegel C, Sieker T, Stadtmüller R, Tippkötter N, Ulber R. Biotechnologie und Bioverfahrenstechnik - Vom ersten Ullmanns Artikel bis hin zu aktuellen Forschungsthemen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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102
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Liu R, Zhai J, Liu L, Wang Y, Wei Y, Jiang X, Gao L, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Chai Z, Gao X. Spatially marking and quantitatively counting membrane immunoglobulin M in live cells via Ag cluster-aptamer probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3560-3. [PMID: 24563906 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49036j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A probe composed of an aptamer and a silver cluster, where the aptamer targets mIgM of live cells and the silver cluster provides fluorescent imaging and mass quantification of mIgM of live cells, is presented. This new probe simultaneously provides accurate spatial and mass information of mIgM in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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103
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Abstract
In recent years aptamers, synthetic DNA or RNA single-chain oligonucleotides, have been used in various immunological studies to bind specific ligands. Detailed data on the interactions of an RNA aptamer with a human Fc fragment were obtained by X-ray crystallography. The complex formation involves multiple weak interactions that resemble protein-protein interactions. Aptamers specific to cell surface receptors may serve as antagonists or agonists blocking or stimulating cell activities. As aptamers can modify T-cell reactions, they could be useful in the treatment of chronic diseases such as autoimmune and oncological pathologies. In chimeras constructed for the delivery of active substances to defined targets, aptamers specific to surface proteins may be used to transport constructs directed to targets such as tumor cells. Aptamers are also employed as highly specific reagents in immunological assays after being labeled with reporter groups such as fluorescent dyes or following immobilization on insoluble carriers such as membranes or microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Nezlin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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104
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Zhu H, Li J, Zhang XB, Ye M, Tan W. Nucleic acid aptamer-mediated drug delivery for targeted cancer therapy. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:39-45. [PMID: 25277749 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are emerging as promising therapeutic agents and recognition elements. In particular, cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) allows in vitro selection of aptamers selective to whole cells without prior knowledge of the molecular signatures on the cell surface. The advantage of aptamers is their high affinitiy and binding specificity towards the target. This Minireview focuses on single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotide (DNA or RNA)-based aptamers as cancer therapeutics/theranostics. Specifically, aptamer-nanomaterial conjugates, aptamer-drug conjugates, targeted phototherapy and targeted biotherapy are covered in detail. In reviewing the literature, the potential of aptamers as delivery systems for therapeutic and imaging applications in cancer is clear, however, major challenges remain to be resolved, such as the poorly understood pharmacokinetics, toxicity and off-target effects, before they can be fully exploited in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhu
- Molecular Science & Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 (China)
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105
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Zeng Z, Tung CH, Zu Y. A cancer cell-activatable aptamer-reporter system for one-step assay of circulating tumor cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e184. [PMID: 25118170 PMCID: PMC4221596 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The current antibody-mediated numeration assays of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) require multiple steps and are time-consuming. To overcome these technical limitations, a cancer cell-activatable aptamer-reporter was formulated by conjugating a biomarker-specific aptamer sequence with paired fluorochrome-quencher molecules. In contrast to the antibody probes, the intact aptamer-reporter was optically silent in the absence of cells of interest. However, when used in an assay, the aptamer selectively targeted cancer cells through interaction with a specific surface biomarker, which triggered internalization of the aptamer-reporter and, subsequently, into cell lysosomes. Rapid lysosomal degradation of the aptamer-reporter resulted in separation of the paired fluorochrome-quencher molecules. The released fluorochrome emitted bright fluorescent signals exclusively within the targeted cancer cells, with no background noise in the assay. Thus, the assays could be completed in a single step within minutes. By using this one-step assay, CTCs in whole blood and marrow aspirate samples of patients with lymphoma tumors were selectively highlighted and rapidly detected with no off-target signals from background blood cells. The development of the cancer cell-activatable aptamer-reporter system allows for the possibility of a simple and robust point-of-care test for CTC detection, which is currently unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Hospital and Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Hospital and Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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106
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Bruno JG, Richarte AM, Phillips T. Preliminary Development of a DNA Aptamer-Magnetic Bead Capture Electrochemiluminescence Sandwich Assay for Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Microchem J 2014; 115:32-38. [PMID: 24764602 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-two candidate DNA aptamer sequences were selected for binding to the cardiovascular biomarker B-type or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Candidate aptamers were screened to rank their relative affinities against BNP by an aptamer-based ELISA-like aptamer microplate assay (ELASA). The highest affinity aptamers from ELASA screening were also paired in all possible combinations and screened for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay potential in capture aptamer-magnetic bead and ruthenium trisbipyridine (Ru(bpy)32+)-reporter aptamer sandwich formats. The top ECL sandwich combinations utilized the same aptamer pair in either capture or reporting roles with nanogram to low picogram per mL levels of detection even in 50% human serum. ECL assay sensitivity and linearity even in 50% human serum suggest that the aptamer-based assay is at least comparable to other reported immunoassays for BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Alicia M Richarte
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Taylor Phillips
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
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107
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Aptamer-facilitated Protection of Oncolytic Virus from Neutralizing Antibodies. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e167. [PMID: 24892725 PMCID: PMC4078759 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses promise to significantly improve current cancer treatments through their tumor-selective replication and multimodal attack against cancer cells. However, one of the biggest setbacks for oncolytic virus therapy is the intravenous delivery of the virus, as it can be cleared from the bloodstream by neutralizing antibodies before it reaches the tumor cells. We have selected DNA aptamers against an oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, using a competitive binding approach, as well as against the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of antivesicular stomatitis virus polyclonal antibodies, in order to shield the virus from nAbs and enhance its in vivo survival. We used flow cytometry to identify these aptamers and evaluated their efficiency to shield vesicular stomatitis virus in a cell-based plaque forming assay. These oligonucleotides were then modified to obtain multivalent binders, which led to a decrease of viral aggregation, an increase in its infectivity and an increase in its stability in serum. The aptamers were also incubated in nondiluted serum, showing their effectiveness under conditions mimicking those in vivo. With this approach, we were able to increase viral infectivity by more than 70% in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Thus, this method has the potential to enhance the delivery of vesicular stomatitis virus through the bloodstream without compromising the patient's immune system.
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108
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Li P, Yan Y, Wei S, Wei J, Gao R, Huang X, Huang Y, Jiang G, Qin Q. Isolation and characterization of a new class of DNA aptamers specific binding to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) with antiviral activities. Virus Res 2014; 188:146-54. [PMID: 24768847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), a member of the genus Ranavirus, is a major viral pathogen that has caused heavy economic losses to the grouper aquaculture industry in China and Southeast Asia. No efficient method of controlling SGIV outbreaks is currently available. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is now widely used for the in vitro selection of artificial ssDNA or RNA ligands, known as aptamers, which bind to targets through their stable three-dimensional structures. In our current study, we generated ssDNA aptamers against the SGIV, and evaluated their ability to block SGIV infection in cultured fish cells and cultured fish in vivo. The anti-SGIV DNA aptamers, LMB-761, LMB-764, LMB-748, LMB-439, LMB-755, and LMB-767, were selected from a pool of oligonucleotides randomly generated using a SELEX iterative method. The analysis of the secondary structure of the aptamers revealed that they all formed similar stem-loop structures. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the aptamers bound SGIV specifically, as evidenced by a lack cross-reactivity with the soft shell turtle iridovirus. The aptamers produced no cytotoxic effects in cultured grouper spleen cells (GS). Assessment of cytopathic effects (CPE) and viral titer assays showed that LMB-761, LMB-764, LMB-748, LMB-755, and LMB-767 significantly inhibited SGIV infection in GS cells. The in vivo experiments showed that LMB-761 and LMB-764 reduced SGIV-related mortality, and no negative effects were observed in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, indicating that these DNA aptamers may be suitable antiviral candidates for controlling SGIV infections in fish reared in marine aquaculture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ren Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Exploitation of Tropical Biotic Resources, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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109
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Application of DNA Aptamers and Quantum Dots to Lateral Flow Test Strips for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens with Improved Sensitivity versus Colloidal Gold. Pathogens 2014; 3:341-55. [PMID: 25437803 PMCID: PMC4243449 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies aimed at improving the sensitivity of foodborne pathogen detection via lateral flow (LF) test strips by use of high affinity DNA aptamers for capture and reporter functions when coupled to red-emitting quantum dots (Qdot 655) are reported. A variety of DNA aptamers developed against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica were paired in capture and reporter combinations to determine which yielded the strongest detection of their cognate bacteria using a colloidal gold screening system. Several promising sandwich combinations were identified for each of the three bacterial LF strip systems. The best E. coli aptamer-LF system was further studied and yielded a visible limit of detection (LOD) of ~3,000 E. coli 8739 and ~6,000 E. coli O157:H7 in buffer. These LODs were reduced to ~300–600 bacterial cells per test respectively by switching to a Qdot 655 aptamer-LF system. Novel aspects of these assays such as the use of high levels of detergents to avoid quantum dot agglutination and enhance migration in analytical membranes, identification of optimal analytical membrane types, UV-immobilization of capture aptamers, and novel dual biotin/digoxigenin-end labeled aptamer streptavidin-colloidal gold or -Qdot 655 conjugates plus anti-digoxigenin antibody control lines are also discussed. In general, this work provides proof-of-principle for highly sensitive aptamer-Qdot LF strip assays for rapid foodborne pathogen detection.
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110
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Improvement of a streptavidin-binding aptamer by LNA- and α-l-LNA-substitutions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2273-7. [PMID: 24745966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Forty modified versions of a streptavidin-binding aptamer each containing single or multiple LNA or α-l-LNA-substitutions were synthesized and their dissociation constants determined by surface plasmon resonance experiments. Both full-length and truncated versions of the aptamer were studied and compared with the unmodified DNA aptamers. A ∼two-fold improvement in binding affinity was achieved by incorporation of LNA nucleotides in the 3'-part of the stems of the streptavidin-binding aptamer whereas LNA- and α-l-LNA-substitutions in the terminal stem increased the serum stability.
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111
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Kuwahara M, Obika S. In vitro selection of BNA (LNA) aptamers. ARTIFICIAL DNA, PNA & XNA 2014; 4:39-48. [PMID: 24044051 DOI: 10.4161/adna.25786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we achieved the first in vitro selection of 2'-O,4'-C-methylene bridged/locked nucleic acid (2',4'-BNA/LNA) aptamers. High-affinity thrombin-binding aptamers (TBAs) were obtained from DNA-based libraries containing 2'-O,4'-C-methylene-bridged/linked bicyclic ribonucleotides (B/L nucleotides) in the 5'-primer region, using the method of capillary electrophoresis systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX). Furthermore, a similar selection protocol could provide TBAs that contain B/L nucleotides in both primer and random regions. We review technical challenges involved in the generation of various BNA libraries using analogs of B/L nucleoside-5'-triphosphate and polymerase variants and also discuss applications of these libraries to the selection of BNA (LNA) aptamers, as well as future prospects for their therapeutic and diagnostic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; Gunma, Japan
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112
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Ali MM, Li F, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Kang DK, Ankrum JA, Le XC, Zhao W. Rolling circle amplification: a versatile tool for chemical biology, materials science and medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3324-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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113
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Shi H, He X, Cui W, Wang K, Deng K, Li D, Xu F. Locked nucleic acid/DNA chimeric aptamer probe for tumor diagnosis with improved serum stability and extended imaging window in vivo. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 812:138-44. [PMID: 24491774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As promising molecular probes for in vivo tumor imaging, aptamers without modification remain problematic due to insufficient serum stability and unabiding imaging window. To address this problem, a novel locked nucleic acid (LNA)/DNA chimeric aptamer probe was developed through proper LNA incorporation and supplemented 3'-3'-thymidine (3'-3'-T) capping. TD05, a DNA aptamer against lymphoma Ramos cells, being used as the model, a series of modification strategies were designed and optimized with different positions, numbers and combinations. It was revealed that the combined use of LNA and 3'-3'-T had a synergistic effect, and with the increase of LNA substitution in stem region, the serum stability of TD05 was gradually enhanced while its affinity and specificity were perfectly maintained to Ramos cells. Particularly, TD05.6 with 7-base pair-LNA substitution exhibited the significantly elevated detection stability half-life from ∼0.5 h of TD05 to 5-6h of TD05.6 for target cells in serum. Moreover, a much slower clearance rate in tumor-bearing mice was also observed for TD05.6, thus leading to the greatly extended tumor imaging window from <150 min of TD05 to >600 min of TD05.6. This strategy might be of great potentials to generate more aptamer probes that are stable and nuclease-resistant for tumor diagnosis in real biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wensi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Ke Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Duo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fengzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecule Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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114
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Kwon YS, Ahmad Raston NH, Gu MB. An ultra-sensitive colorimetric detection of tetracyclines using the shortest aptamer with highly enhanced affinity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 50:40-2. [PMID: 24185440 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A shortened 8-mer ssDNA aptamer was successfully truncated for four different tetracyclines with high affinity. The ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of oxytetracycline using this shortened aptamer was possible, which was about 500-fold enhanced compared to that obtained using the original 76-mer aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seop Kwon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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115
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Shigdar S, Macdonald J, O'Connor M, Wang T, Xiang D, Al.Shamaileh H, Qiao L, Wei M, Zhou SF, Zhu Y, Kong L, Bhattacharya S, Li C, Duan W. Aptamers as theranostic agents: modifications, serum stability and functionalisation. SENSORS 2013; 13:13624-37. [PMID: 24152925 PMCID: PMC3859083 DOI: 10.3390/s131013624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers, and the selection process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) used to generate them, were first described more than twenty years ago. Since then, there have been numerous modifications to the selection procedures. This review discusses the use of modified bases as a means of enhancing serum stability and producing effective therapeutic tools, as well as functionalising these nucleic acids to be used as potential diagnostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.S.); (W.D.)
| | - Joanna Macdonald
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
| | - Michael O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
| | - Hadi Al.Shamaileh
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Unit, at the Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney at the Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ming Wei
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; E-Mail:
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India; E-Mail:
| | - ChunGuang Li
- Centre for Complimentary Medicine Research, National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia; E-Mails: (J.M.); (M.O.); (T.W.); (D.X.); (H.A.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.S.); (W.D.)
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116
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Zhang Z, Ali MM, Eckert MA, Kang DK, Chen YY, Sender LS, Fruman DA, Zhao W. A polyvalent aptamer system for targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9728-35. [PMID: 24044994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Poor efficacy and off-target systemic toxicity are major problems associated with current chemotherapeutic approaches to treat cancer. We developed a new form of polyvalent therapeutics that is composed of multiple aptamer units synthesized by rolling circle amplification and physically intercalated chemotherapy agents (termed as "Poly-Aptamer-Drug"). Using a leukemia cell-binding aptamer and doxorubicin as a model system, we have successfully constructed Poly-Aptamer-Drug systems and demonstrated that the Poly-Aptamer-Drug is significantly more effective than its monovalent counterpart in targeting and killing leukemia cells due to enhanced binding affinity (≈ 40 fold greater) and cell internalization via multivalent effects. We anticipate that our Poly-Aptamer-Drug approach will yield new classes of tunable therapeutics that can be utilized to effectively target and treat cancers while minimizing the side effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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117
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Hu M, Zhang K. The application of aptamers in cancer research: an up-to-date review. Future Oncol 2013; 9:369-76. [PMID: 23469972 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid ligands that are generated by molecular evolution to bind with high affinities and specificities to a large variety of targets, which make them attractive tools to be applied in cancer research. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in aptamer-based applications in cancer molecular research such as cancer targeting, biomarker discovery and therapeutics. Aptamers generated from cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment especially contribute to the discovery of novel membrane proteins as cancer biomarkers. Aptamer-nanoparticle conjugation could achieve higher affinity for cancer detection. Aptamer-conjugated nanocarriers deliver drugs to cancer cells with increased specificity and efficacy, as well as reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Meyer M, Scheper T, Walter JG. Aptamers: versatile probes for flow cytometry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7097-109. [PMID: 23838792 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid oligomers with distinct conformational shapes that allow them to bind targets with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers are selected from a random oligonucleotide library by their capability to bind a certain molecular target. A variety of targets ranging from small molecules like amino acids to complex targets and whole cells have been used to select aptamers. These characteristics and the ability to create specific aptamers against virtually any cell type in a process termed "systematic evolution by exponential enrichment" make them interesting tools for flow cytometry. In this contribution, we review the application of aptamers as probes for flow cytometry, especially cell-phenotyping and detection of various cancer cell lines and virus-infected cells and pathogens. We also discuss the potential of aptamers combined with nanoparticles such as quantum dots for the generation of new multivalent detector molecules with enhanced affinity and sensitivity. With regard to recent advancements in aptamer selection and the decreasing costs for oligonucleotide synthesis, aptamers may rise as potent competitors for antibodies as molecular probes in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Doster A, Ziegler S, Foermer S, Rieker RJ, Heeg K, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Phosphorothioate-modified CpG oligodeoxynucleotides mimic autoantigens and reveal a potential role for Toll-like receptor 9 in receptor revision. Immunology 2013; 139:166-78. [PMID: 23289794 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-expression of recombinase activating genes (RAG) in mature B cells may support autoreactivity by enabling revision of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Recent reports suggest that administration of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) -stimulating CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) could trigger the manifestation of autoimmune disease and that TLR are involved in the selection processes eliminating autoreactive BCR. The mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. This prompted us to ask, whether TLR9 could be involved in receptor revision. We found that phosphorothioate-modified CpG ODN (CpG(PTO)) induced expression of Ku70 and re-expression of RAG-1 in human peripheral blood B lymphocytes and Igλ expression in sorted Igκ(+) B cells. Further results revealed unselective binding specificity of CpG(PTO) -induced immunoglobulin and suggested that CpG(PTO) engage and/or mimic IgM receptor signalling, an important prerequisite for the initialization of receptor editing or revision. Altogether, our data describe a potential role for TLR9 in receptor revision and suggest that CpG(PTO) could mimic chromatin-bearing autoantigens by simultaneously engaging the BCR and TLR9 on IgM(+) B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Doster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang CW, Chung WH, Cheng YF, Ying NW, Peck K, Chen YT, Hung SI. A new nucleic acid-based agent inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immune disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:713-722.e11. [PMID: 23791505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are distinct immune reactions elicited by drugs or allogeneic antigens; however, they share a pathomechanism with the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). CTLs produce cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, chemokines, or immune alarmins, such as granulysin (GNLY), leading to the extensive tissue damage and systemic inflammation seen in patients with SJS/TEN or GVHD. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic agent specific for CTL-mediated immune disorders. OBJECTIVES By targeting GNLY(+) CTLs, we aimed to develop a nucleic acid-based agent consisting of an anti-CD8 aptamer with GNLY small interfering RNA (siRNA). METHODS We performed systematic evolution of ligands using exponential enrichment to select and identify effective anti-CD8 aptamers. We developed an aptamer-siRNA chimera using a "sticky bridge" method by conjugating the aptamer with siRNA. We analyzed the inhibitory effects of the aptamer-siRNA chimera on CTL responses in patients with SJS/TEN or GVHD. RESULTS We identified a novel DNA aptamer (CD8AP17s) targeting CTLs. This aptamer could be specifically internalized into human CTLs. We generated the CD8AP17s aptamer-GNLY siRNA chimera, which showed a greater than 79% inhibitory effect on the production of GNLY by drug/alloantigen-activated T cells. The CD8AP17s aptamer-GNLY siRNA chimera decreased cytotoxicity in in vitro models of both SJS/TEN (elicited by drug-specific antigen) and GVHD (elicited by allogeneic antigens). CONCLUSIONS Our results identified a new nucleic acid-based agent (CD8 aptamer-GNLY siRNA chimera) that can significantly inhibit CTL-mediated drug hypersensitivity, such as that seen in patients with SJS/TEN, as well as the alloreactivity seen in patients with GVHD. This study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for CTL-mediated immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Wei Wang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Infection and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Program, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, Keelung, Linko, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Wen Ying
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Konan Peck
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Infection and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Program, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper K Karlsen
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Ray P, Viles KD, Soule EE, Woodruff RS. Application of aptamers for targeted therapeutics. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:255-71. [PMID: 23563807 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides that are isolated through a process termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. With the advent of cell-based selection technology, aptamers can be selected to bind protein targets that are expressed on the cell surface. These aptamers demonstrate excellent specificity and high affinity toward their target proteins and are often internalized upon binding to their targets. This has opened up the possibility of using aptamers for cell-specific targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will discuss cell-surface protein targets, the aptamers that bind them, and their applications for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ray
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 103035, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Bruno JG. A review of therapeutic aptamer conjugates with emphasis on new approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:340-57. [PMID: 24276022 PMCID: PMC3816688 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential to emulate or enhance antibodies with nucleic acid aptamers while lowering costs has prompted development of new aptamer-protein, siRNA, drug, and nanoparticle conjugates. Specific focal points of this review discuss DNA aptamers covalently bound at their 3' ends to various proteins for enhanced stability and greater pharmacokinetic lifetimes in vivo. The proteins can include Fc tails of IgG for opsonization, and the first component of complement (C1q) to trigger complement-mediated lysis of antibiotic-resistant Gram negative bacteria, cancer cells and possibly some parasites during vulnerable stages. In addition, the 3' protein adduct may be a biotoxin, enzyme, or may simply be human serum albumin (HSA) or a drug known to bind HSA, thereby retarding kidney and other organ clearance and inhibiting serum exonucleases. In this review, the author summarizes existing therapeutic aptamer conjugate categories and describes his patented concept for PCR-based amplification of double-stranded aptamers followed by covalent attachment of proteins or other agents to the chemically vulnerable overhanging 3' adenine added by Taq polymerase. PCR amplification of aptamers could dramatically lower the current $2,000/gram cost of parallel chemical oligonucleotide synthesis, thereby enabling mass production of aptamer-3'-protein or drug conjugates to better compete against expensive humanized monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Zhang L, Klein BD, Metcalf CS, Smith MD, McDougle DR, Lee HK, White HS, Bulaj G. Incorporation of monodisperse oligoethyleneglycol amino acids into anticonvulsant analogues of galanin and neuropeptide y provides peripherally acting analgesics. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:574-85. [PMID: 23259957 DOI: 10.1021/mp300236v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of neuropeptides into the central and/or peripheral nervous systems supports development of novel neurotherapeutics for the treatment of pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases. Our previous work showed that the combination of lipidization and cationization applied to anticonvulsant neuropeptides galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) improved their penetration across the blood-brain barrier yielding potent antiepileptic lead compounds, such as Gal-B2 (NAX 5055) or NPY-B2. To dissect peripheral and central actions of anticonvulsant neuropeptides, we rationally designed, synthesized and characterized GAL and NPY analogues containing monodisperse (discrete) oligoethyleneglycol-lysine (dPEG-Lys). The dPEGylated analogues Gal-B2-dPEG(24), Gal-R2-dPEG(24) and NPY-dPEG(24) displayed analgesic activities following systemic administration, while avoiding penetration into the brain. Gal-B2-dPEG(24) was synthesized by a stepwise deprotection of orthogonal 4-methoxytrityl and allyloxycarbonyl groups, and subsequent on-resin conjugations of dPEG(24) and palmitic acids, respectively. All the dPEGylated analogues exhibited substantially decreased hydrophobicity (expressed as logD values), increased in vitro serum stabilities and pronounced analgesia in the formalin and carrageenan inflammatory pain assays following systemic administration, while lacking apparent antiseizure activities. These results suggest that discrete PEGylation of neuropeptides offers an attractive strategy for developing neurotherapeutics with restricted penetration into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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Netirojjanakul C, Witus LS, Behrens CR, Weng CH, Iavarone AT, Francis MB. Synthetically modified Fc domains as building blocks for immunotherapy applications. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lundin KE, Højland T, Hansen BR, Persson R, Bramsen JB, Kjems J, Koch T, Wengel J, Smith CIE. Biological activity and biotechnological aspects of locked nucleic acids. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 82:47-107. [PMID: 23721720 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407676-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Locked nucleic acid (LNA) is one of the most promising new nucleic acid analogues that has been produced under the past two decades. In this chapter, we have tried to cover many of the different areas, where this molecule has been used to improve the function of synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs). The use of LNA in antisense ONs, including gapmers, splice-switching ONs, and siLNA, as well as antigene ONs, is reviewed. Pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics of LNA ONs and a description of selected compounds in, or close to, clinical testing are described. In addition, new LNA modifications and the adaptation of enzymes for LNA incorporation are reviewed. Such enzymes may become important for the development of stabilized LNA-containing aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Lundin
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nonaka Y, Yoshida W, Abe K, Ferri S, Schulze H, Bachmann TT, Ikebukuro K. Affinity improvement of a VEGF aptamer by in silico maturation for a sensitive VEGF-detection system. Anal Chem 2012; 85:1132-7. [PMID: 23237717 DOI: 10.1021/ac303023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is an efficient method to identify aptamers; however, it sometimes fails to identify aptamers that bind to their target with high affinity. Thus, post-SELEX optimization of aptamers is required to improve aptamer binding affinity. We developed in silico maturation based on a genetic algorithm (1) as an efficient mutagenesis method to improve aptamer binding affinity. In silico maturation was performed to improve a VEGF-binding DNA aptamer (VEap121). The VEap121 aptamer is considered to fold into a G-quadruplex structure and this structure may be important for VEGF recognition. Using in silico maturation, VEap121 was mutated with the exception of the guanine tracts that are considered to form the G-quartet. As a result, four aptamers were obtained that showed higher affinity compared with VEap121. The dissociation constant (K(d)) of the most improved aptamer (3R02) was 300 pM. The affinity of 3R02 was 16-fold higher than that of VEap121. Moreover, a bivalent aptamer was constructed by connecting two identical 3R02s through a 10-mer thymine linker for further improvement of affinity. The bivalent aptamer (3R02 Bivalent) bound to VEGF with a K(d) value of 30 pM. Finally, by constructing a VEGF-detection system using a VEGF antibody as the capture molecule and monovalent 3R02 as the detection molecule, a more sensitive assay was developed compared with the system using VEap121. These results indicate that in silico maturation could be an efficient method to improve aptamer affinity for construction of sensitive detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nonaka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Bioinspired multivalent DNA network for capture and release of cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19626-31. [PMID: 23150586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211234109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capture and isolation of flowing cells and particulates from body fluids has enormous implications in diagnosis, monitoring, and drug testing, yet monovalent adhesion molecules used for this purpose result in inefficient cell capture and difficulty in retrieving the captured cells. Inspired by marine creatures that present long tentacles containing multiple adhesive domains to effectively capture flowing food particulates, we developed a platform approach to capture and isolate cells using a 3D DNA network comprising repeating adhesive aptamer domains that extend over tens of micrometers into the solution. The DNA network was synthesized from a microfluidic surface by rolling circle amplification where critical parameters, including DNA graft density, length, and sequence, could readily be tailored. Using an aptamer that binds to protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) that is overexpressed on many human cancer cells, we demonstrate that the 3D DNA network significantly enhances the capture efficiency of lymphoblast CCRF-CEM cells over monovalent aptamers and antibodies, yet maintains a high purity of the captured cells. When incorporated in a herringbone microfluidic device, the 3D DNA network not only possessed significantly higher capture efficiency than monovalent aptamers and antibodies, but also outperformed previously reported cell-capture microfluidic devices at high flow rates. This work suggests that 3D DNA networks may have broad implications for detection and isolation of cells and other bioparticles.
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Amplification and re-generation of LNA-modified libraries. Molecules 2012; 17:13087-97. [PMID: 23128088 PMCID: PMC6268865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Locked nucleic acids (LNA) confer high thermal stability and nuclease resistance to oligonucleotides. The discovery of polymerases that accept LNA triphosphates has led us to propose a scheme for the amplification and re-generation of LNA-containing oligonucleotide libraries. Such libraries could be used for in vitro selection of e.g., native LNA aptamers. We maintained an oligonucleotide library encoding 40 randomized positions with LNA ATP, GTP, CTP, and TTP for 7 rounds of ‘mock’ in vitro selection in the absence of a target and analyzed the sequence composition after rounds 1, 4 and 7. We observed a decrease in LNA-A content from 20.5% in round 1 to 6.6% in round 7. This decrease was accompanied by a substantial bias against successive LNA-As (poly-LNA adenosine tracts) and a relative over-representation of single LNA-As. Maintaining a library with LNA TTP yielded similar results. Together, these results suggest that dispersed LNA monomers are tolerated in our in vitro selection protocol, and that LNA-modified libraries can be sustained for up to at least seven selection rounds, albeit at reduced levels. This enables the discovery of native LNA aptamers and similar oligonucleotide structures.
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131
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Zhu G, Ye M, Donovan MJ, Song E, Zhao Z, Tan W. Nucleic acid aptamers: an emerging frontier in cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10472-80. [PMID: 22951893 PMCID: PMC3869973 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed the development and application of nucleic acid aptamers in a variety of fields, including target analysis, disease therapy, and molecular and cellular engineering. The efficient and widely applicable aptamer selection, reproducible chemical synthesis and modification, generally impressive target binding selectivity and affinity, relatively rapid tissue penetration, low immunogenicity, and rapid systemic clearance make aptamers ideal recognition elements for use as therapeutics or for in vivo delivery of therapeutics. In this feature article, we discuss the development and biomedical application of nucleic acid aptamers, with emphasis on cancer cell aptamer isolation, targeted cancer therapy, oncology biomarker identification and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA) Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Michael J. Donovan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA) Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Center For Research at Bio/nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA) Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
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Chang CC, Wei SC, Wu TH, Lee CH, Lin CW. Aptamer-based colorimetric detection of platelet-derived growth factor using unmodified gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2012. [PMID: 23202340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple method for the detection of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) based on base stacking effect coupled with an unmodified gold nanoparticle (AuNP) indicator. In the absence of a target, an aptamer probe and a capture probe stably co-exist in a solution, as it is difficult to sustain an interaction between both these probes due to the short 8bp duplex. However, when a target protein binds to the aptamer probe, the strong base stacking effect can lead to a favorable and stable interaction between the aptamer and capture probes. Hence, the capture probe dissociates from the AuNP surfaces, inducing AuNP aggregation. Compared with other AuNP-based aptasensors for PDGFs, using this base stacking effect can overcome a structured-aptamer method's limitation of requiring thiolated-aptamer-modified AuNPs. Under optimal detection conditions, this label-free colorimetric sensor could detect PDGFs down to 6nM with high selectivity in the presence of other interferring proteins. This simple detection approach provides viable methods for a structured-aptamer sensing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Multivalent ligand: design principle for targeted therapeutic delivery approach. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1171-87. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions of biological molecules play an important role in many biochemical events. A multivalent ligand comprises of multiple copies of ligands conjugated to scaffolds, allowing the simultaneous binding of multivalent ligands to multiple binding sites or receptors. Many research groups have successfully designed and synthesized multivalent ligands to increase the binding affinity, avidity and specificity of the ligand to the receptor. A multimeric ligand is a promising option for the specific treatment of diseases. In this review, the factors affecting multivalent interactions, including the size and shape of the ligand, geometry and an arrangement of ligands on the scaffold, linker length, thermodynamic, and kinetics of the interactions are discussed. Examples of the multivalent ligand applications for therapeutic delivery are also summarized.
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Sultana S, Khan MR, Kumar M, Kumar S, Ali M. Nanoparticles-mediated drug delivery approaches for cancer targeting: a review. J Drug Target 2012; 21:107-25. [PMID: 22873288 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.712130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become the leading cause of death among different populations of the world. The treatment is limited to chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Selective targeting to the tumor cells is possible by nanoparticles-based drug delivery system. It maximizes the drug concentration at the desired target and protects the surrounding healthy tissues at the same time. To improve the targeting potential of the anticancer drugs, nanoparticles were optimized for the size and surface characteristics to enhance their circulation time and targeting efficiency. Passive targeting involves surface modification with polyethylene glycol to avoid its elimination by natural body defense mechanism. Active targeting involves chemical interaction with certain antigen, receptors, and genes which are over expressed during progression of disease. In addition, the article highlights recent developments in "smart"-stimulus-responsive-drug carriers designed to enhance the localization and efficacy of therapeutic payloads as compared with free drug. Enhanced targeting potential, imaging, and controlled release of drugs or therapeutic molecules could be possible through multi-functional nanocarrier. Such multi-faceted, versatile nanocarriers and drug delivery systems promise a substantial increase in the efficacy of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmaceutical sciences.
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Polyvalent nucleic acid aptamers and modulation of their activity: a focus on the thrombin binding aptamer. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:202-15. [PMID: 22850531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based aptamers can be selected from combinatorial libraries of synthetic oligonucleotides to bind, with affinity and specificity similar to antibodies, a wide range of biomedically relevant targets. Compared to protein therapeutics, aptamers exhibit significant advantages in terms of size, non-immunogenicity and wide synthetic accessibility. Various chemical modifications have been introduced in the natural oligonucleotide backbone of aptamers in order to increase their half-life, as well as their pharmacological properties. Very effective alternative approaches, devised in order to improve both the aptamer activity and stability, were based on the design of polyvalent aptamers, able to establish multivalent interactions with the target: thus, multiple copies of an aptamer can be assembled on the same molecular- or nanomaterial-based scaffold. In the present review, the thrombin binding aptamers (TBAs) are analyzed as a model system to study multiple-aptamer constructs aimed at improving their anticoagulation activity in terms of binding to the target and stability to enzymatic degradation. Indeed - even if the large number of chemically modified TBAs investigated in the last 20 years has led to encouraging results - a significant progress has been obtained only recently with bivalent or engineered dendritic TBA aptamers, or assemblies of TBAs on nanoparticles and DNA nanostructures. Furthermore, the modulation of the aptamers activity by means of tailored drug-active reversal agents, especially in the field of anticoagulant aptamers, as well as the reversibility of the TBA activity through the use of antidotes, such as porphyrins, complementary oligonucleotides or of external stimuli, are discussed.
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Gong P, Shi B, Zheng M, Wang B, Zhang P, Hu D, Gao D, Sheng Z, Zheng C, Ma Y, Cai L. PEI protected aptamer molecular probes for contrast-enhanced in vivo cancer imaging. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7810-7. [PMID: 22835645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers have emerged as promising molecular probes for cancer diagnosis. However, their application for in vivo cancer imaging remains limitation due to the poor stability in blood and the degradation by nucleases. In the present study, we generated PEI/aptamer molecular complexes for cancer imaging in vivo by using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-activatable fluorescence probes (DFProbes) to monitor DNA degradation. The results showed that the complexes with PEI at the N/P ratio from 3.8 to 15 effectively prevented the degradation of DFProbes both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PEI successfully protected TD05 aptamers from DNase degradation without affecting its specific recognition of Ramos cells. In tumor bearing mice, PEI/aptamer molecular complexes further demonstrated superior passive tumor targeting and extended circulation time as compared with free aptamer. Hence, the well-defined PEI/aptamer probe is a novel strategy to deliver targeted aptamer for tumor diagnosis and imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
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137
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Liang HR, Hu GQ, Zhang T, Yang YJ, Zhao LL, Qi YL, Wang HL, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Isolation of ssDNA aptamers that inhibit rabies virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:341-7. [PMID: 22771543 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, functional nucleic acids, capable of binding a variety of molecular targets with high affinity and specificity, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. In this study, the cell surface-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Cell-SELEX) strategy was used to generate DNA aptamers which targeted to the intact rabies virus-infected live cells. Through 35 iterative rounds of selection, five high-affinity single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers were generated by cell-SELEX. Virus titer assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed that all five aptamers could inhibit replication of rabies virus (RABV) in cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells; and T14 and F34 aptamers were most effective. The qRT-PCR also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect in BHK-21 cells. Collectively, these data show the feasibility of generating functionally effective aptamers against rabies virus-infected cells by the Cell-SELEX iterative procedure. These aptamers may prove clinically useful as therapeutic molecules with specific antiviral potential against RABV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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138
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Zhu G, Meng L, Ye M, Yang L, Sefah K, O’Donoghue MB, Chen Y, Xiong X, Huang J, Song E, Tan W. Self-assembled aptamer-based drug carriers for bispecific cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1630-6. [PMID: 22492537 PMCID: PMC3475610 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Monovalent aptamers can deliver drugs to target cells by specific recognition. However, different cancer subtypes are distinguished by heterogeneous biomarkers and one single aptamer is unable to recognize all clinical samples from different patients with even the same type of cancers. To address heterogeneity among cancer subtypes for targeted drug delivery, as a model, we developed a drug carrier with a broader recognition range of cancer subtypes. This carrier, sgc8c-sgd5a (SD), was self-assembled from two modified monovalent aptamers. It showed bispecific recognition abilities to target cells in cell mixtures; thus broadening the recognition capabilities of its parent aptamers. The self-assembly of SD simultaneously formed multiple drug loading sites for the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox). The Dox-loaded SD (SD-Dox) also showed bispecific abilities for target cell binding and drug delivery. Most importantly, SD-Dox induced bispecific cytotoxicity in target cells in cell mixtures. Therefore, by broadening the otherwise limited recognition capabilities of monovalent aptamers, bispecific aptamer-based drug carriers would facilitate aptamer applications for clinically heterogeneous cancer subtypes that respond to the same cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Zhu
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Ling Meng
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Kwame Sefah
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Meghan B. O’Donoghue
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Xiong
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
| | - Jin Huang
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+ 1) 352-846-2410
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139
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Advances in binder identification and characterisation: the case of oligonucleotide aptamers. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:550-4. [PMID: 22178698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers represent an important class of synthetic protein binders useful for proteome-wide applications. The identification and characterisation of such molecules have been greatly facilitated by the development of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Amplification (SELEX). Since then numerous advances and alternatives to improve efficient aptamer discovery have been reported. In the present manuscript we discuss the recent advances performed around the SELEX approach that may help to expand the availability of new aptamers and the subsequent applications that may be developed.
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140
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Davydova A, Vorobjeva M, Venyaminova A. Escort aptamers: new tools for the targeted delivery of therapeutics into cells. Acta Naturae 2011; 3:12-29. [PMID: 22649701 PMCID: PMC3347615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Escort aptamers are DNA or RNA sequences with high affinity to certain cell-surface proteins, which can be used for targeted delivery of various agents into cells of a definite type. The peculiarities of the selection of escort aptamers are discussed in this review. The methods used in selection of escort aptamers via the SELEX technique are considered, including selection against isolated cell-surface proteins, cell fragments, living eukaryotic cells, and bacteria. Particular attention is given to the design and chemical modification of escort aptamers. The different fields of application of escort aptamers are described, including the targeted delivery of siRNAs, nanoparticles, toxins, and photoagents, as well as the identification of specific cell markers and the detection or isolation of cells of a definite type. The potential for the application of escort aptamers in the development of new therapeutic agents and diagnostic systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Davydova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - M.A. Vorobjeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences
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141
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Svensen N, Díaz-Mochón JJ, Bradley M. Microarray generation of thousand-member oligonucleotide libraries. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24906. [PMID: 21966380 PMCID: PMC3179494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to efficiently and economically generate libraries of defined pieces of DNA would have a myriad of applications, not least in the area of defined or directed sequencing and synthetic biology, but also in applications associated with encoding and tagging. In this manuscript DNA microarrays were used to allow the linear amplification of immobilized DNA sequences from the array followed by PCR amplification. Arrays of increasing sophistication (1, 10, 3,875, 10,000 defined sequences) were used to validate the process, with sequences verified by selective hybridization to a complementary DNA microarray and DNA sequencing, which demonstrated a PCR error rate of 9.7×10−3/site/duplication. This technique offers an economical and efficient way of producing specific DNA libraries of hundreds to thousands of members with the DNA-arrays being used as “factories” allowing specific DNA oligonucleotide pools to be generated. We also found substantial variance observed between the sequence frequencies found via Solexa sequencing and microarray analysis, highlighting the care needed in the interpretation of profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Svensen
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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142
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Talbot LJ, Mi Z, Bhattacharya SD, Kim V, Guo H, Kuo PC. Pharmacokinetic characterization of an RNA aptamer against osteopontin and demonstration of in vivo efficacy in reversing growth of human breast cancer cells. Surgery 2011; 150:224-30. [PMID: 21801960 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report pharmacokinetic (PK) data, evaluation of modifications for increased stability, evaluation for cellular uptake, and mediation of regression of breast cancer for the aptamer OPN-R3. METHODS The OPN-R3 aptamer was assessed for PK data in vivo with additional comparison of IV and subcutaneous dosing. Five aptamer variants were generated by differential 2'-O-methylation for comparison with parent. OPN-R3-Cy3 was incubated with MDA-MB231 cells and cellular uptake evaluated under confocal microscopy. Mice were treated with OPN-R3, mutant, or saline 3 weeks after inoculation with MDA-MB231 cells and tumor size was evaluated. RESULTS OPN-R3 PK data were: t(1/2) 7.76 hours, T(max) 3 hours, C(max) 13.2 mmol/L, mean residence time 9 hours, AUC (0-t) 161.9 mmol/hr/L, and K(d) 57.2 nmol/L. The half-life was higher when given intravenously versus subcutaneously (E(1/2) 7.93 vs 0.74 hours). The 2' methylation of all available bases increased unmodified aptamer stability and affinity (t(1/2) 6.2 hours; K(d) 520 nmol/L), but this did not improve on parent aptamer (t(1/2) 7.78 hours, K(d) 18 nmol/L). The aptamer remained extracellular. OPN-R3 caused regression of tumor to levels seen at 1 week after tumor inoculation. CONCLUSION We show the efficacy of OPN-R3 for reversing growth of breast cancer cells with adequate PK stability for clinical application.
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143
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Shigdar S, Ward AC, De A, Yang CJ, Wei M, Duan W. Clinical applications of aptamers and nucleic acid therapeutics in haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2011; 155:3-13. [PMID: 21810089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Haematological malignancies result from a heterogeneous mix of genetic mutations and chromosome aberrations and translocations. Targeted therapies, such as the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, or the BCR-ABL1 inhibitor imatinib, have proven to be effective treatments in the management of some of these malignancies, though relapsing or refractory disease is still common. Nucleic acid-based therapies have also entered the clinical arena, providing an alternative, complementary approach. The forerunner of these therapies were the antisense oligonucleotides, but their scope has expanded to include short-interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA, decoy oligonucleotides and aptamers. These can be used either as mono-therapeutics, in conjunction with current chemotherapy regimens, or in combination with each other to improve therapeutic efficacy. Not only can these nucleic acid-based therapies silence target genes, they also have the potential of restoring gene function. While challenges remain in delivering effective doses of nucleic acid in vivo, these are steadily being met, suggesting an optimistic future in the treatment of haematological malignancies. This review summarizes the application of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, particularly aptamers, in the diagnosis and treatment of haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdon Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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144
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Chittasupho C, Siahaan TJ, Vines CM, Berkland C. Autoimmune therapies targeting costimulation and emerging trends in multivalent therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:873-89. [PMID: 21984960 PMCID: PMC3186944 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins participating in immunological signaling have emerged as important targets for controlling the immune response. A multitude of receptor-ligand pairs that regulate signaling pathways of the immune response have been identified. In the complex milieu of immune signaling, therapeutic agents targeting mediators of cellular signaling often either activate an inflammatory immune response or induce tolerance. This review is primarily focused on therapeutics that inhibit the inflammatory immune response by targeting membrane-bound proteins regulating costimulation or mediating immune-cell adhesion. Many of these signals participate in larger, organized structures such as the immunological synapse. Receptor clustering and arrangement into organized structures is also reviewed and emerging trends implicating a potential role for multivalent therapeutics is posited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok, Thailand
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
| | - Charlotte M Vines
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton B. Iliuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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146
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Doessing H, Vester B. Locked and unlocked nucleosides in functional nucleic acids. Molecules 2011; 16:4511-26. [PMID: 21629180 PMCID: PMC6264650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids are able to adopt a plethora of structures, many of which are of interest in therapeutics, bio- or nanotechnology. However, structural and biochemical stability is a major concern which has been addressed by incorporating a range of modifications and nucleoside derivatives. This review summarizes the use of locked nucleic acid (LNA) and un-locked nucleic acid (UNA) monomers in functional nucleic acids such as aptamers, ribozymes, and DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birte Vester
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M 5230, Denmark; E-Mail: (H.D.)
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