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Guo Y, Abernathy B, Zeng Y, Ozias-Akins P. TILLING by sequencing to identify induced mutations in stress resistance genes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:157. [PMID: 25881128 PMCID: PMC4369367 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) is a powerful reverse genetics approach for functional genomics studies. We used high-throughput sequencing, combined with a two-dimensional pooling strategy, with either minimum read percentage with non-reference nucleotide or minimum variance multiplier as mutation prediction parameters, to detect genes related to abiotic and biotic stress resistances. In peanut, lipoxygenase genes were reported to be highly induced in mature seeds infected with Aspergillus spp., indicating their importance in plant-fungus interactions. Recent studies showed that phospholipase D (PLD) expression was elevated more quickly in drought sensitive lines than in drought tolerant lines of peanut. A newly discovered lipoxygenase (LOX) gene in peanut, along with two peanut PLD genes from previous publications were selected for TILLING. Additionally, two major allergen genes Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, and fatty acid desaturase AhFAD2, a gene which controls the ratio of oleic to linoleic acid in the seed, were also used in our study. The objectives of this research were to develop a suitable TILLING by sequencing method for this allotetraploid, and use this method to identify mutations induced in stress related genes. Results We screened a peanut root cDNA library and identified three candidate LOX genes. The gene AhLOX7 was selected for TILLING due to its high expression in seeds and roots. By screening 768 M2 lines from the TILLING population, four missense mutations were identified for AhLOX7, three missense mutations were identified for AhPLD, one missense and two silent mutations were identified for Ara h 1.01, three silent and five missense mutations were identified for Ara h 1.02, one missense mutation was identified for AhFAD2B, and one silent mutation was identified for Ara h 2.02. The overall mutation frequency was 1 SNP/1,066 kb. The SNP detection frequency for single copy genes was 1 SNP/344 kb and 1 SNP/3,028 kb for multiple copy genes. Conclusions Our TILLING by sequencing approach is efficient to identify mutations in single and multi-copy genes. The mutations identified in our study can be used to further study gene function and have potential usefulness in breeding programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1348-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Guo
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia -Tifton Campus, 2360 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793-5766, USA.
| | - Brian Abernathy
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Yajuan Zeng
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia -Tifton Campus, 2360 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793-5766, USA.
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia -Tifton Campus, 2360 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793-5766, USA.
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102
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Singh R, Pandey N, Naskar J, Shirke PA. Physiological performance and differential expression profiling of genes associated with drought tolerance in contrasting varieties of two Gossypium species. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:423-38. [PMID: 25149149 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is mostly cultivated under rain-fed conditions in India, thus faces frequent drought conditions during its life cycle. Drought being a major stress factor responsible for yield penalty, there has always been a high priority to generate knowledge on adaptation and tolerance of cotton. In the present study, four cotton varieties, JKC-770 and KC-2 (Gossypium hirsutum), and JKC-717 and RAHS-187(Gossypium herbaceum), were imposed to drought. Under drought condition, differential changes in physiological characters like net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content (RWC), and predawn water potential (ψ 0) showed a change. While proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) content increased along with a concomitant change in the expression of their associated genes. Under moderate stress, tolerant varieties maintain lower ψ 0 probably due to higher proline content as compared to sensitive varieties. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) also plays an important role in tolerance under mild water stress in G. hirsutum varieties. CEF not only activates at high light but also initiates at a very low light intensity. Expression analysis of genes reveals that drought-tolerant varieties showed enhanced detoxifying mechanism by up-regulation of asparagine synthase (AS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and methyl glyoxalase (GlyI) genes under drought stress. Up-regulation of Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthase (Δ(1)P5CS) enhanced accumulation of proline, an osmolyte, under drought in tolerant varieties. While the drought-sensitive varieties showed up-regulation of ethylene responsive factor (ERF) and down-regulation of WRKY70 responsible for senescence of the leaf which correlated well with the high rate of leaf fall in sensitive varieties under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh
- Plant Physiology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
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103
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Julkowska MM, McLoughlin F, Galvan-Ampudia CS, Rankenberg JM, Kawa D, Klimecka M, Haring MA, Munnik T, Kooijman EE, Testerink C. Identification and functional characterization of the Arabidopsis Snf1-related protein kinase SnRK2.4 phosphatidic acid-binding domain. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:614-24. [PMID: 25074439 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important signalling lipid involved in various stress-induced signalling cascades. Two SnRK2 protein kinases (SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10), previously identified as PA-binding proteins, are shown here to prefer binding to PA over other anionic phospholipids and to associate with cellular membranes in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis roots. A 42 amino acid sequence was identified as the primary PA-binding domain (PABD) of SnRK2.4. Unlike the full-length SnRK2.4, neither the PABD-YFP fusion protein nor the SnRK2.10 re-localized into punctate structures upon salt stress treatment, showing that additional domains of the SnRK2.4 protein are required for its re-localization during salt stress. Within the PABD, five basic amino acids, conserved in class 1 SnRK2s, were found to be necessary for PA binding. Remarkably, plants overexpressing the PABD, but not a non-PA-binding mutant version, showed a severe reduction in root growth. Together, this study biochemically characterizes the PA-SnRK2.4 interaction and shows that functionality of the SnRK2.4 PABD affects root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Julkowska
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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104
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Pejchar P, Potocký M, Krčková Z, Brouzdová J, Daněk M, Martinec J. Non-specific phospholipase C4 mediates response to aluminum toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25763003 PMCID: PMC4329606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum ions (Al) have been recognized as a major toxic factor for crop production in acidic soils. The first indication of the Al toxicity in plants is the cessation of root growth, but the mechanism of root growth inhibition is largely unknown. Here we examined the impact of Al on the expression, activity, and function of the non-specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), a plasma membrane-bound isoform of NPC, a member of the plant phospholipase family, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed a lower expression of NPC4 using β-glucuronidase assay and a decreased formation of labeled diacylglycerol, product of NPC activity, using fluorescently labeled phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipase substrate in Arabidopsis WT seedlings treated with AlCl3 for 2 h. The effect on in situ NPC activity persisted for longer Al treatment periods (8, 14 h). Interestingly, in seedlings overexpressing NPC4, the Al-mediated NPC-inhibiting effect was alleviated at 14 h. However, in vitro activity and localization of NPC4 were not affected by Al, thus excluding direct inhibition by Al ions or possible translocation of NPC4 as the mechanisms involved in NPC-inhibiting effect. Furthermore, the growth of tobacco pollen tubes rapidly arrested by Al was partially rescued by the overexpression of AtNPC4 while Arabidopsis npc4 knockout lines were found to be more sensitive to Al stress during long-term exposure of Al at low phosphate conditions. Our observations suggest that NPC4 plays a role in both early and long-term responses to Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, PragueCzech Republic
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105
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Distéfano AM, Valiñas MA, Scuffi D, Lamattina L, ten Have A, García-Mata C, Laxalt AM. Phospholipase D δ knock-out mutants are tolerant to severe drought stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1089371. [PMID: 26340512 PMCID: PMC4883880 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1089371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in different plant processes, ranging from responses to abiotic and biotic stress to plant development. Phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) is activated in dehydration and salt stress, producing the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid. In this work we show that pldδ Arabidopsis mutants were more tolerant to severe drought than wild-type plants. PLDδ has been shown to be required for ABA regulation of stomatal closure of isolated epidermal peels. However, there was no significant difference in stomatal conductance at the whole plant level between wild-type and pldδ mutants. Since PLD hydrolyses structural phospholipids, then we looked at membrane integrity. Ion leakage measurements showed that during dehydration of leaf discs pldδ mutant has less membrane degradation compared to the wild-type. We further analyzed the mutants and showed that pldδ have higher mRNA levels of RAB18 and RD29A compared to wild-type plants under normal growth conditions. Transient expression of AtPLDδ in Nicotiana benthamiana plants induced a wilting phenotype. These findings suggest that, in wt plants PLDδ disrupt membranes in severe drought stress and, in the absence of the protein (PLDδ knock-out) might drought-prime the plants, making them more tolerant to severe drought stress. The results are discussed in relation to PLDδ role in guard cell signaling and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen M Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías A Valiñas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Arjen ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Correspondence to: Ana M Laxalt;
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Garcia de la Garma J, Fernandez-Garcia N, Bardisi E, Pallol B, Asensio-Rubio JS, Bru R, Olmos E. New insights into plant salt acclimation: the roles of vesicle trafficking and reactive oxygen species signalling in mitochondria and the endomembrane system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:216-39. [PMID: 25187269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate salt acclimation. The main objective was to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control salt acclimation. Therefore, we carried out a multidisciplinary study using proteomic, transcriptomic, subcellular and physiological techniques. We obtained a Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell line acclimated to be grown at 258 mM NaCl as a model for this study. The proteomic and transcriptomic data indicate that the molecular response to stress (chaperones, defence proteins, etc.) is highly induced in these salt-acclimated cells. The subcellular results show that salt induces sodium compartmentalization in the cell vacuoles and seems to be mediated by vesicle trafficking in tobacco salt-acclimated cells. Our results demonstrate that abscisic acid (ABA) and proline metabolism are crucial in the cellular signalling of salt acclimation, probably regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the mitochondria. ROS may act as a retrograde signal, regulating the cell response. The network of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is highly altered in salt-acclimated cells. The molecular and subcellular analysis suggests that the unfolded protein response is induced in salt-acclimated cells. Finally, we propose that this mechanism may mediate cell death in salt-acclimated cells.
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107
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Nilsen ET, Freeman J, Grene R, Tokuhisa J. A rootstock provides water conservation for a grafted commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) line in response to mild-drought conditions: a focus on vegetative growth and photosynthetic parameters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115380. [PMID: 25531435 PMCID: PMC4274011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of water stress resistant lines of commercial tomato by breeding or genetic engineering is possible, but will take considerable time before commercial varieties are available for production. However, grafting commercial tomato lines on drought resistant rootstock may produce drought tolerant commercial tomato lines much more rapidly. Due to changing climates and the need for commercial production of vegetables in low quality fields there is an urgent need for stress tolerant commercial lines of vegetables such as tomato. In previous observations we identified a scion root stock combination (‘BHN 602’ scion grafted onto ‘Jjak Kkung’ rootstock hereafter identified as 602/Jjak) that had a qualitative drought-tolerance phenotype when compared to the non-grafted line. Based on this initial observation, we studied photosynthesis and vegetative above-ground growth during mild-drought for the 602/Jjak compared with another scion-rootstock combination (‘BHN 602’ scion grafted onto ‘Cheong Gang’ rootstock hereafter identified as 602/Cheong) and a non-grafted control. Overall above ground vegetative growth was significantly lower for 602/Jjak in comparison to the other plant lines. Moreover, water potential reduction in response to mild drought was significantly less for 602/Jjak, yet stomatal conductance of all plant-lines were equally inhibited by mild-drought. Light saturated photosynthesis of 602/Jjak was less affected by low water potential than the other two lines as was the % reduction in mesophyll conductance. Therefore, the Jjak Kkung rootstock caused aboveground growth reduction, water conservation and increased photosynthetic tolerance of mild drought. These data show that different rootstocks can change the photosynthetic responses to drought of a high yielding, commercial tomato line. Also, this rapid discovery of one scion-rootstock combination that provided mild-drought tolerance suggests that screening more scion-rootstock combination for stress tolerance may rapidly yield commercially viable, stress tolerant lines of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Nilsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua Freeman
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ruth Grene
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James Tokuhisa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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108
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Peters C, Kim SC, Devaiah S, Li M, Wang X. Non-specific phospholipase C5 and diacylglycerol promote lateral root development under mild salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2002-13. [PMID: 24689655 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a robust root system is crucial to plant survival and competition for soil resources. Here we report that the non-specific phospholipase C5 (NPC5) and its derived lipid mediator diacylglycerol (DAG) mediate lateral root (LR) development during salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA knockout mutant npc5-1 produced few to no LR under mild NaCl stress, whereas overexpression of NPC5 increased LR number. Roots of npc5-1 contained a lower level of DAG than wild type, whereas NPC5 overexpressor exhibited an increase in DAG level. Application of DAG, but not phosphatidic acid, fully restored LR growth of npc5-1 to that of wild type under NaCl stress. NPC5 expression was significantly induced in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with NaCl. Npc5-1 was less responsive to auxin-mediated root growth than the wild type. These results indicate that NPC5 mediates LR development in response to salt stress and suggest that DAG functions as a lipid mediator in the stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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109
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Pierik R, Testerink C. The art of being flexible: how to escape from shade, salt, and drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:5-22. [PMID: 24972713 PMCID: PMC4149730 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses, such as shading of the shoot, drought, and soil salinity, threaten plant growth, yield, and survival. Plants can alleviate the impact of these stresses through various modes of phenotypic plasticity, such as shade avoidance and halotropism. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that control plant developmental responses to shade, salt, and drought stress. We discuss plant hormones and cellular signaling pathways that control shoot branching and elongation responses to shade and root architecture modulation in response to drought and salinity. Because belowground stresses also result in aboveground changes and vice versa, we then outline how a wider palette of plant phenotypic traits is affected by the individual stresses. Consequently, we argue for a research agenda that integrates multiple plant organs, responses, and stresses. This will generate the scientific understanding needed for future crop improvement programs aiming at crops that can maintain yields under variable and suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.T.)
| | - Christa Testerink
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.T.)
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110
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Wang J, Ding B, Guo Y, Li M, Chen S, Huang G, Xie X. Overexpression of a wheat phospholipase D gene, TaPLDα, enhances tolerance to drought and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2014; 240:103-15. [PMID: 24705986 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is crucial for plant responses to stress and signal transduction, however, the regulatory mechanism of PLD in abiotic stress is not completely understood; especially, in crops. In this study, we isolated a gene, TaPLDα, from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of TaPLDα revealed a highly conserved C2 domain and two characteristic HKD motifs, which is similar to other known PLD family genes. Further characterization revealed that TaPLDα expressed differentially in various organs, such as roots, stems, leaves and spikelets of wheat. After treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate, dehydration, polyethylene glycol and NaCl, the expression of TaPLDα was up-regulated in shoots. Subsequently, we generated TaPLDα-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis lines under the control of the dexamethasone-inducible 35S promoter. The overexpression of TaPLDα in Arabidopsis resulted in significantly enhanced tolerance to drought, as shown by reduced chlorosis and leaf water loss, higher relative water content and lower relative electrolyte leakage than the wild type. Moreover, the TaPLDα-overexpressing plants exhibited longer roots in response to mannitol treatment. In addition, the seeds of TaPLDα-overexpressing plants showed hypersensitivity to ABA and osmotic stress. Under dehydration, the expression of several stress-related genes, RD29A, RD29B, KIN1 and RAB18, was up-regulated to a higher level in TaPLDα-overexpressing plants than in wild type. Taken together, our results indicated that TaPLDα can enhance tolerance to drought and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis and represents a potential candidate gene to enhance stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Wang
- Tianjin-Bristol Research Center for the Effects of the Environment Change on Crops, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
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111
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Cloning and molecular characterization of phospholipase D (PLD) delta gene from longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4351-60. [PMID: 24590739 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is a non-climacteric fruit with a short postharvest life. The regulation of phospholipase D (PLD) activity closely relates to postharvest browning and senescence of longan fruit. In this study, a novel cDNA clone of longan PLDδ (LgPLDδ) was obtained and registered in GenBank (accession No. JF791814). The deduced amino acid sequence possessed all of the three typical domains of plant PLDs, a C2 domain and two catalytic HxKxxxxD motifs. The tertiary structure of LgPLDδ was further predicted. The western blot result showed that the LgPLDδ protein was specifically recognized by PLDδ antibody. The Q-RT-PCR (real-time quantitative PCR) result showed that the level of LgPLDδ mRNA expression was higher in senescent tissues than in developing tissues, which was also high in postharvest fruit. The western-blotting result further certified the different expression of LgPLDδ. These results provided a scientific basis for further investigating the mechanism of postharvest longan fruit adapting to environmental stress.
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112
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Alqarawi AA, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF, Alshahrani TS, Huqail AA. Effect of salinity on moisture content, pigment system, and lipid composition in Ephedra alata Decne. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2014; 65:61-71. [PMID: 24561895 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.65.2014.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work was carried out to uncover the effect of salinity stress on shoot moisture percentage, pigment content and lipid composition of Ephedra alata Decne. The results suggested that salinity caused significant decrease in plant moisture content. The chl. a, b and carotenoids showed significant decrease with increasing concentration of salt. Total pigment content also showed decline at all salt stress levels. Salt stress caused significant decrease in total lipids (TL), triacylglycerol (TG) and sterol (S) accompanied with an increase in diacylglycerol (DG), sterol ester (SE), and non-esterified fatty acids (FAA) of E. alata. Moreover, saline stress caused significant decrease in all phospholipid fractions except phosphatidic acid which increases during salt stress. Salinity stress resulted in increase of saturated fatty acids and decreases the percentage of un-saturated fatty acids in E. alalta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Alqarawi
- King Saud University Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences P. O. Box 2460 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- King Saud University Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - E F Abd Allah
- King Saud University Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences P. O. Box 2460 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - T S Alshahrani
- King Saud University Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences P. O. Box 2460 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A Huqail
- King Saud University Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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113
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Phospholipase Ds in Plant Response to Hyperosmotic Stresses. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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114
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Wang X, Su Y, Liu Y, Kim SC, Fanella B. Phosphatidic Acid as Lipid Messenger and Growth Regulators in Plants. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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115
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116
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Lin F, Qu Y, Zhang Q. Phospholipids: molecules regulating cytoskeletal organization in plant abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28337. [PMID: 24589893 PMCID: PMC4091320 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton serves as structural, membrane-bound and highly nonlinear dynamics element that basically functions in abiotic and biotic stresses. The study of phospholipid-regulated cytoskeletal organization to strengthen plants against stresses is emerging. Phospholipids in lipid bilayers, as the main compound of cellular membranes, have roles in modulation of membrane curvature and anchoring, cross-linking or regulating particular cytoskeletal proteins to modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review, we highlight the role of phospholipids and their metabolic enzymes through regulating cytoskeletal organization and dynamics in response to abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought and low/high temperature stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
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117
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Gonorazky G, Distéfano AM, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phospholipases in Nitric Oxide-Mediated Plant Signaling. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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118
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Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is recognized as an important class of lipid messengers. The cellular PA levels are dynamic; PA is produced and metabolized by several enzymatic reactions, including different phospholipases, lipid kinases, and phosphatases. PA interacts with various proteins and the interactions may modulate enzyme catalytic activities and/or tether proteins to membranes. The PA-protein interactions are impacted by changes in cellular pH and other effectors, such as cations. PA is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, secretion, cell proliferation, and survival. Manipulations of different PA production reactions alter cellular and organismal response to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. Further investigations of PA's function and mechanisms of action will advance not only the understanding of cell signaling networks but also may lead to biotechnological and pharmacological applications.
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Galvan-Ampudia CS, Julkowska MM, Darwish E, Gandullo J, Korver RA, Brunoud G, Haring MA, Munnik T, Vernoux T, Testerink C. Halotropism is a response of plant roots to avoid a saline environment. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2044-50. [PMID: 24094855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms represent fascinating examples of how plants respond to environmental signals by adapting their growth and development. Here, a novel tropism is reported, halotropism, allowing plant seedlings to reduce their exposure to salinity by circumventing a saline environment. In response to a salt gradient, Arabidopsis, tomato, and sorghum roots were found to actively prioritize growth away from salinity above following the gravity axis. Directionality of this response is established by an active redistribution of the plant hormone auxin in the root tip, which is mediated by the PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin efflux carrier. We show that salt-induced phospholipase D activity stimulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of PIN2 at the side of the root facing the higher salt concentration. The intracellular relocalization of PIN2 allows for auxin redistribution and for the directional bending of the root away from the higher salt concentration. Our results thus identify a cellular pathway essential for the integration of environmental cues with auxin-regulated root growth that likely plays a key role in plant adaptative responses to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Galvan-Ampudia
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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120
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Iakimova ET, Michaeli R, Woltering EJ. Involvement of phospholipase D-related signal transduction in chemical-induced programmed cell death in tomato cell cultures. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1169-1183. [PMID: 23604388 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are incorporated in a complex metabolic network in which the individual PLD isoforms are suggested to regulate specific developmental and stress responses, including plant programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the accumulating knowledge, the mechanisms through which PLD/PA operate during PCD are still poorly understood. In this work, the role of PLDα1 in PCD and the associated caspase-like proteolysis, ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) synthesis in tomato suspension cells was studied. Wild-type (WT) and PLDα1-silenced cell lines were exposed to the cell death-inducing chemicals camptothecin (CPT), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and CdSO(4). A range of caspase inhibitors effectively suppressed CPT-induced PCD in WT cells, but failed to alleviate cell death in PLDα1-deficient cells. Compared to WT, in CPT-treated PLDα1 mutant cells, reduced cell death and decreased production of H(2)O(2) were observed. Application of ethylene significantly enhanced CPT-induced cell death both in WT and PLDα1 mutants. Treatments with the PA derivative lyso-phosphatidic acid and mastoparan (agonist of PLD/PLC signalling downstream of G proteins) caused severe cell death. Inhibitors, specific to PLD and PLC, remarkably decreased the chemical-induced cell death. Taken together with our previous findings, the results suggest that PLDα1 contributes to caspase-like-dependent cell death possibly communicated through PA, reactive oxygen species and ethylene. The dead cells expressed morphological features of PCD such as protoplast shrinkage and nucleus compaction. The presented findings reveal novel elements of PLD/PA-mediated cell death response and suggest that PLDα1 is an important factor in chemical-induced PCD signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Iakimova
- Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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121
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Pleskot R, Li J, Zárský V, Potocký M, Staiger CJ. Regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics by phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:496-504. [PMID: 23664415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to diverse biotic and abiotic stimuli as well as to endogenous developmental cues. Many of these stimuli result in altered activity of phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme that hydrolyzes structural phospholipids producing phosphatidic acid (PA). PA is a key signaling intermediate in animals, but its targets in plants are relatively uncharacterized. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton is a major target of PLD-PA signaling and identified a positive feedback loop between actin turnover and PLD activity. Moreover, two cytoskeletal proteins, capping protein and MAP65-1, have been identified as PA-binding proteins regulating actin and microtubule organization and dynamics. In this review, we highlight the role of the PLD-PA module as an important hub for housekeeping and stress-induced regulation of membrane-associated cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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122
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Smékalová V, Doskočilová A, Komis G, Samaj J. Crosstalk between secondary messengers, hormones and MAPK modules during abiotic stress signalling in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:2-11. [PMID: 23911976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between second messengers, hormones and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in plant signalling systems facilitates adaptation and survival in the face of diverse environmental stresses. This review focuses on the transduction of second messenger and hormone signals by MAPK modules in plant abiotic stress responses. We discuss how this crosstalk regulates gene expression (e.g. by controlling transcription factor activity) and other cellular and physiological responses to enable adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Smékalová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Samaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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123
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Jia Y, Tao F, Li W. Lipid profiling demonstrates that suppressing Arabidopsis phospholipase Dδ retards ABA-promoted leaf senescence by attenuating lipid degradation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65687. [PMID: 23762411 PMCID: PMC3676348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the last phase of the plant life cycle and has an important role in plant development. Degradation of membrane lipids is an essential process during leaf senescence. Several studies have reported fundamental changes in membrane lipids and phospholipase D (PLD) activity as leaves senesce. Suppression of phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) retards abscisic acid (ABA)-promoted senescence. However, given the absence of studies that have profiled changes in the compositions of membrane lipid molecules during leaf senescence, there is no direct evidence that PLD affects lipid composition during the process. Here, we show that application of n-butanol, an inhibitor of PLD, and N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) 12∶0, a specific inhibitor of PLDα1, retarded ABA-promoted senescence to different extents. Furthermore, phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) was induced in leaves treated with ABA, and suppression of PLDδ retarded ABA-promoted senescence in Arabidopsis. Lipid profiling revealed that detachment-induced senescence had different effects on plastidic and extraplastidic lipids. The accelerated degradation of plastidic lipids during ABA-induced senescence in wild-type plants was attenuated in PLDδ-knockout (PLDδ-KO) plants. Dramatic increases in phosphatidic acid (PA) and decreases in phosphatidylcholine (PC) during ABA-induced senescence were also suppressed in PLDδ-KO plants. Our results suggest that PLDδ-mediated hydrolysis of PC to PA plays a positive role in ABA-promoted senescence. The attenuation of PA formation resulting from suppression of PLDδ blocks the degradation of membrane lipids, which retards ABA-promoted senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faqing Tao
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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124
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Liu X, Zhai S, Zhao Y, Sun B, Liu C, Yang A, Zhang J. Overexpression of the phosphatidylinositol synthase gene (ZmPIS) conferring drought stress tolerance by altering membrane lipid composition and increasing ABA synthesis in maize. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1037-55. [PMID: 23152961 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) synthase is a key enzyme in the phospholipid pathway and catalyses the formation of PtdIns. PtdIns is not only a structural component of cell membranes, but also the precursor of the phospholipid signal molecules that regulate plant response to environment stresses. Here, we obtained transgenic maize constitutively overexpressing or underexpressing PIS from maize (ZmPIS) under the control of a maize ubiquitin promoter. Transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR, Southern blotting analysis and real-time RT-PCR assay. The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS)-based lipid profiling analysis showed that, under drought stress conditions, the overexpression of ZmPIS in maize resulted in significantly elevated levels of most phospholipids and galactolipids in leaves compared with those in wild type (WT). At the same time, the expression of some genes involved in the phospholipid metabolism pathway and the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathway including ZmPLC, ZmPLD, ZmDGK1, ZmDGK3, ZmPIP5K9, ZmABA1, ZmNCED, ZmAAO1, ZmAAO2 and ZmSCA1 was markedly up-regulated in the overexpression lines after drought stress. Consistent with these results, the drought stress tolerance of the ZmPIS sense transgenic plants was enhanced significantly at the pre-flowering stages compared with WT maize plants. These results imply that ZmPIS regulates the plant response to drought stress through altering membrane lipid composition and increasing ABA synthesis in maize.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/biosynthesis
- Adaptation, Biological
- CDP-Diacylglycerol-Inositol 3-Phosphatidyltransferase/genetics
- CDP-Diacylglycerol-Inositol 3-Phosphatidyltransferase/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Crops, Agricultural/physiology
- Droughts
- Flowers/genetics
- Flowers/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Membrane Lipids/genetics
- Membrane Lipids/metabolism
- Phospholipids/genetics
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Stress, Physiological
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, China
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125
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Identification of novel candidate phosphatidic acid-binding proteins involved in the salt-stress response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Biochem J 2013; 450:573-81. [PMID: 23323832 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PA (phosphatidic acid) is a lipid second messenger involved in an array of processes occurring during a plant's life cycle. These include development, metabolism, and both biotic and abiotic stress responses. PA levels increase in response to salt, but little is known about its function in the earliest responses to salt stress. In the present study we have combined an approach to isolate peripheral membrane proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana roots with lipid-affinity purification, to identify putative proteins that interact with PA and are recruited to the membrane in response to salt stress. Of the 42 putative PA-binding proteins identified by MS, a set of eight new candidate PA-binding proteins accumulated at the membrane fraction after 7 min of salt stress. Among these were CHC (clathrin heavy chain) isoforms, ANTH (AP180 N-terminal homology) domain clathrin-assembly proteins, a putative regulator of potassium transport, two ribosomal proteins, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and a PI (phosphatidylinositol) 4-kinase. PA binding and salt-induced membrane recruitment of GAPDH and CHC were confirmed by Western blot analysis of the cellular fractions. In conclusion, the approach of the present study is an effective way to isolate biologically relevant lipid-binding proteins and provides new leads in the study of PA-mediated salt-stress responses in roots.
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126
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DU ZY, Chen MX, Chen QF, Xiao S, Chye ML. Overexpression of Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding protein ACBP2 enhances drought tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:300-14. [PMID: 22788984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana acyl-CoA-binding protein 2 (ACBP2) is a stress-responsive protein that is also important in embryogenesis. Here, we assign a role for ACBP2 in abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination, seedling development and the drought response. ACBP2 was induced by ABA and drought, and transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ACBP2 (ACBP2-OXs) showed increased sensitivity to ABA treatment during germination and seedling development. ACBP2-OXs also displayed improved drought tolerance and ABA-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells, thereby promoting stomatal closure, reducing water loss and enhancing drought tolerance. In contrast, acbp2 mutant plants showed decreased sensitivity to ABA in root development and were more sensitive to drought stress. RNA analyses revealed that ACBP2 overexpression up-regulated the expression of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (AtrbohD) and AtrbohF, two NAD(P)H oxidases essential for ABA-mediated ROS production, whereas the expression of Hypersensitive to ABA1 (HAB1), an important negative regulator in ABA signalling, was down-regulated. In addition, transgenic plants expressing ACBP2pro:GUS showed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining in guard cells, confirming a role for ACBP2 at the stomata. These observations support a positive role for ACBP2 in promoting ABA signalling in germination, seedling development and the drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan DU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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127
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Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes structural phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidic acid (PA) and free choline/ethanolamine. In plants, this activity can be stimulated by a wide variety of biotic and abiotic stresses (Li et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1791:927-935, 2009; Testerink and Munnik, J Exp Bot 62(7):2349-2361, 2011). This chapter describes a protocol for the measurement of PLD activity in vivo. The protocol takes advantage of a unique property of PLD, i.e., its ability to substitute a primary alcohol, such as 1-butanol, for water in the hydrolytic reaction. This transphosphatidylation reaction results in the formation of phosphatidylbutanol (PBut), which is a specific and unique reporter for PLD activity. The assay is highly sensitive for detecting PLD activity in vivo, following stimulation of intact plant cells, seedlings, and tissues, being a valuable method for studying the regulation of plant PLD activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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128
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Arisz SA, van Wijk R, Roels W, Zhu JK, Haring MA, Munnik T. Rapid phosphatidic acid accumulation in response to low temperature stress in Arabidopsis is generated through diacylglycerol kinase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23346092 PMCID: PMC3551192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is emerging as an important signaling lipid in abiotic stress responses in plants. The effect of cold stress was monitored using (32)P-labeled seedlings and leaf discs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Low, non-freezing temperatures were found to trigger a very rapid (32)P-PtdOH increase, peaking within 2 and 5 min, respectively. In principle, PtdOH can be generated through three different pathways, i.e., (1) via de novo phospholipid biosynthesis (through acylation of lyso-PtdOH), (2) via phospholipase D hydrolysis of structural phospholipids, or (3) via phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DGK). Using a differential (32)P-labeling protocol and a PLD-transphosphatidylation assay, evidence is provided that the rapid (32)P-PtdOH response was primarily generated through DGK. A simultaneous decrease in the levels of (32)P-PtdInsP, correlating in time, temperature dependency, and magnitude with the increase in (32)P-PtdOH, suggested that a PtdInsP-hydrolyzing PLC generated the DAG in this reaction. Testing T-DNA insertion lines available for the seven DGK genes, revealed no clear changes in (32)P-PtdOH responses, suggesting functional redundancy. Similarly, known cold-stress mutants were analyzed to investigate whether the PtdOH response acted downstream of the respective gene products. The hos1, los1, and fry1 mutants were found to exhibit normal PtdOH responses. Slight changes were found for ice1, snow1, and the overexpression line Super-ICE1, however, this was not cold-specific and likely due to pleiotropic effects. A tentative model illustrating direct cold effects on phospholipid metabolism is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Arisz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wendy Roels
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Teun Munnik, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. e-mail:
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129
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Distéfano AM, Scuffi D, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phospholipase Dδ is involved in nitric oxide-induced stomatal closure. PLANTA 2012. [PMID: 22932846 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1745-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as a second messenger involved in the complex network of signaling events that regulate stomatal closure. Little is known about the signaling events occurring downstream of NO. Previously, we demonstrated the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) in NO signaling during stomatal closure. PLDδ, one of the 12 Arabidopsis PLDs, is involved in dehydration stress responses. To investigate the role of PLDδ in NO signaling in guard cells, we analyzed guard cells responses using Arabidopsis wild type and two independent pldδ single mutants. In this work, we show that pldδ mutants failed to close the stomata in response to NO. Treatments with phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, induced stomatal closure in pldδ mutants. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells involved H(2)O(2) and NO production, both required for ABA-induced stomatal closure. pldδ guard cells produced similar NO and H(2)O(2) levels as the wild type in response to ABA. However, ABA- or H(2)O(2)-induced stomatal closure was impaired in pldδ plants. These data indicate that PLDδ is downstream of NO and H(2)O(2) in ABA-induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen M Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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130
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Distéfano AM, Scuffi D, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phospholipase Dδ is involved in nitric oxide-induced stomatal closure. PLANTA 2012; 236:1899-907. [PMID: 22932846 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as a second messenger involved in the complex network of signaling events that regulate stomatal closure. Little is known about the signaling events occurring downstream of NO. Previously, we demonstrated the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) in NO signaling during stomatal closure. PLDδ, one of the 12 Arabidopsis PLDs, is involved in dehydration stress responses. To investigate the role of PLDδ in NO signaling in guard cells, we analyzed guard cells responses using Arabidopsis wild type and two independent pldδ single mutants. In this work, we show that pldδ mutants failed to close the stomata in response to NO. Treatments with phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, induced stomatal closure in pldδ mutants. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells involved H(2)O(2) and NO production, both required for ABA-induced stomatal closure. pldδ guard cells produced similar NO and H(2)O(2) levels as the wild type in response to ABA. However, ABA- or H(2)O(2)-induced stomatal closure was impaired in pldδ plants. These data indicate that PLDδ is downstream of NO and H(2)O(2) in ABA-induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen M Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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131
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McLoughlin F, Galvan-Ampudia CS, Julkowska MM, Caarls L, van der Does D, Laurière C, Munnik T, Haring MA, Testerink C. The Snf1-related protein kinases SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 are involved in maintenance of root system architecture during salt stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:436-49. [PMID: 22738204 PMCID: PMC3533798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family represents a unique family of plant-specific protein kinases implicated in cellular signalling in response to osmotic stress. In our studies, we observed that two class 1 SnRK2 kinases, SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, are rapidly and transiently activated in Arabidopsis roots after exposure to salt. Under saline conditions, snrk2.4 knockout mutants had a reduced primary root length, while snrk2.10 mutants exhibited a reduction in the number of lateral roots. The reduced lateral root density was found to be a combinatory effect of a decrease in the number of lateral root primordia and an increase in the number of arrested lateral root primordia. The phenotypes were in agreement with the observed expression patterns of genomic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusions of SnRK2.10 and -2.4, under control of their native promoter sequences. SnRK2.10 was found to be expressed in the vascular tissue at the base of a developing lateral root, whereas SnRK2.4 was expressed throughout the root, with higher expression in the vascular system. Salt stress triggered a rapid re-localization of SnRK2.4-YFP from the cytosol to punctate structures in root epidermal cells. Differential centrifugation experiments of isolated Arabidopsis root proteins confirmed recruitment of endogenous SnRK2.4/2.10 to membranes upon exposure to salt, supporting their observed binding affinity for the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. Together, our results reveal a role for SnRK2.4 and -2.10 in root growth and architecture in saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn McLoughlin
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology, Postbus 94215, 1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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132
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Zhang Q, Lin F, Mao T, Nie J, Yan M, Yuan M, Zhang W. Phosphatidic acid regulates microtubule organization by interacting with MAP65-1 in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4555-76. [PMID: 23150630 PMCID: PMC3531852 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play fundamental structural and regulatory roles in cell metabolism and signaling. Here, we report that phosphatidic acid (PA), a product of phospholipase D (PLD), regulates MAP65-1, a microtubule-associated protein, in response to salt stress. Knockout of the PLDα1 gene resulted in greater NaCl-induced disorganization of microtubules, which could not be recovered during or after removal of the stress. Salt affected the association of MAP65-1 with microtubules, leading to microtubule disorganization in pldα1cells, which was alleviated by exogenous PA. PA bound to MAP65-1, increasing its activity in enhancing microtubule polymerization and bundling. Overexpression of MAP65-1 improved salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Mutations of eight amino acids in MAP65-1 led to the loss of its binding to PA, microtubule-bundling activity, and promotion of salt tolerance. The pldα1 map65-1 double mutant showed greater sensitivity to salt stress than did either single mutant. These results suggest that PLDα1-derived PA binds to MAP65-1, thus mediating microtubule stabilization and salt tolerance. The identification of MAP65-1 as a target of PA reveals a functional connection between membrane lipids and the cytoskeleton in environmental stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianing Nie
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Yan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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133
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Kim J, Malladi A, van Iersel MW. Physiological and molecular responses to drought in Petunia: the importance of stress severity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6335-45. [PMID: 23077204 PMCID: PMC3504489 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to drought stress vary depending on the severity of stress and the stage of drought progression. To improve the understanding of such responses, the leaf physiology, abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of genes associated with ABA metabolism and signalling were investigated in Petunia × hybrida. Plants were exposed to different specific substrate water contents (θ = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 m(3)·m(-3)) to induce varying levels of drought stress. Plant responses were investigated both during the drying period (θ decreased to the θ thresholds) and while those threshold θ were maintained. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis (A) decreased with decreasing midday leaf water potential (Ψ(leaf)). Leaf ABA concentration increased with decreasing midday Ψ(leaf) and was negatively correlated with g(s) (r = -0.92). Despite the increase in leaf ABA concentration under drought, no significant effects on the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes were observed. However, the ABA catabolism-related gene CYP707A2 was downregulated, primarily in plants under severe drought (θ = 0.10 m(3)•m(-3)), suggesting a decrease in ABA catabolism under severe drought. Expression of phospholipase Dα (PLDα), involved in regulating stomatal responses to ABA, was enhanced under drought during the drying phase, but there was no relationship between PLDα expression and midday Ψ(leaf) after the θ thresholds had been reached. The results show that drought response of plants depends on the severity of drought stress and the phase of drought progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Kim
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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134
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Singh A, Pandey A, Baranwal V, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Comprehensive expression analysis of rice phospholipase D gene family during abiotic stresses and development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:847-55. [PMID: 22751320 PMCID: PMC3583975 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D is one of the crucial enzymes involved in lipid mediated signaling, triggered during various developmental and physiological processes. Different members of PLD gene family have been known to be induced under different abiotic stresses and during developmental processes in various plant species. In this report, we are presenting a detailed microarray based expression analysis and expression profiles of entire set of PLD genes in rice genome, under three abiotic stresses (salt, cold and drought) and different developmental stages (3-vegetative stages and 11-reproductive stages). Seven and nine PLD genes were identified, which were expressed differentially under abiotic stresses and during reproductive developmental stages, respectively. PLD genes, which were expressed significantly under abiotic stresses exhibited an overlapping expression pattern and were also differentially expressed during developmental stages. Moreover, expression pattern for a set of stress induced genes was validated by real time PCR and it supported the microarray expression data. These findings emphasize the role of PLDs in abiotic stress signaling and development in rice. In addition, expression profiling for duplicated PLD genes revealed a functional divergence between the duplicated genes and signify the role of gene duplication in the evolution of this gene family in rice. This expressional study will provide an important platform in future for the functional characterization of PLDs in crop plants.
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135
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Pokotylo IV, Kretinin SV, Kravets VS. Role of phospholipase D in metabolic reactions of transgenic tobacco cax1 cells under the influence of salt stress. CYTOL GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452712030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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136
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Guo L, Devaiah SP, Narasimhan R, Pan X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang X. Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases interact with phospholipase Dδ to transduce hydrogen peroxide signals in the Arabidopsis response to stress. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2200-12. [PMID: 22589465 PMCID: PMC3442596 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.094946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in plants under various stress conditions and serve as important mediators in plant responses to stresses. Here, we show that the cytosolic glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs) interact with the plasma membrane-associated phospholipase D (PLDδ) to transduce the ROS hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) signal in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic ablation of PLDδ impeded stomatal response to abscisic acid (ABA) and H(2)O(2), placing PLDδ downstream of H(2)O(2) in mediating ABA-induced stomatal closure. To determine the molecular link between H(2)O(2) and PLDδ, GAPC1 and GAPC2 were identified to bind to PLDδ, and the interaction was demonstrated by coprecipitation using proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and yeast, surface plasmon resonance, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. H(2)O(2) promoted the GAPC-PLDδ interaction and PLDδ activity. Knockout of GAPCs decreased ABA- and H(2)O(2)-induced activation of PLD and stomatal sensitivity to ABA. The loss of GAPCs or PLDδ rendered plants less responsive to water deficits than the wild type. The results indicate that the H(2)O(2)-promoted interaction of GAPC and PLDδ may provide a direct connection between membrane lipid-based signaling, energy metabolism and growth control in the plant response to ROS and water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Shivakumar P. Devaiah
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Rama Narasimhan
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Xiangqing Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Address correspondence to
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137
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Uraji M, Katagiri T, Okuma E, Ye W, Hossain MA, Masuda C, Miura A, Nakamura Y, Mori IC, Shinozaki K, Murata Y. Cooperative function of PLDδ and PLDα1 in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:450-60. [PMID: 22392280 PMCID: PMC3375977 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in responses to abiotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. To investigate the roles of two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PLDs, PLDα1 and PLDδ, in ABA signaling in guard cells, we analyzed ABA responses in guard cells using Arabidopsis wild type, pldα1 and pldδ single mutants, and a pldα1 pldδ double mutant. ABA-induced stomatal closure was suppressed in the pldα1 pldδ double mutant but not in the pld single mutants. The pldα1 and pldδ mutations reduced ABA-induced phosphatidic acid production in epidermal tissues. Expression of either PLDα1 or PLDδ complemented the double mutant stomatal phenotype. ABA-induced stomatal closure in both pldα1 and pldδ single mutants was inhibited by a PLD inhibitor (1-butanol ), suggesting that both PLDα1 and PLDδ function in ABA-induced stomatal closure. During ABA-induced stomatal closure, wild-type guard cells accumulate reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and undergo cytosolic alkalization, but these changes are reduced in guard cells of the pldα1 pldδ double mutant. Inward-rectifying K(+) channel currents of guard cells were inhibited by ABA in the wild type but not in the pldα1 pldδ double mutant. ABA inhibited stomatal opening in the wild type and the pldδ mutant but not in the pldα1 mutant. In wild-type rosette leaves, ABA significantly increased PLDδ transcript levels but did not change PLDα1 transcript levels. Furthermore, the pldα1 and pldδ mutations mitigated ABA inhibition of seed germination. These results suggest that PLDα1 and PLDδ cooperate in ABA signaling in guard cells but that their functions do not completely overlap.
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138
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Kolesnikov YS, Nokhrina KP, Kretynin SV, Volotovski ID, Martinec J, Romanov GA, Kravets VS. Molecular structure of phospholipase D and regulatory mechanisms of its activity in plant and animal cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1-14. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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139
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Zhai SM, Gao Q, Xue HW, Sui ZH, Yue GD, Yang AF, Zhang JR. Overexpression of the phosphatidylinositol synthase gene from Zea mays in tobacco plants alters the membrane lipids composition and improves drought stress tolerance. PLANTA 2012; 235:69-84. [PMID: 21830089 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is an important lipid because it serves as a key membrane constituent and is the precursor of the inositol-containing lipids that are found in all plants and animals. It is synthesized from cytidine-diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-DG) and myo-inositol by PtdIns synthase (PIS). We have previously reported that two putative PIS genes from maize (Zea mays L.), ZmPIS and ZmPIS2, are transcriptionally up-regulated in response to drought (Sui et al., Gene, 426:47-56, 2008). In this work, we report on the characterization of ZmPIS in vitro and in vivo. The ZmPIS gene successfully complemented the yeast pis mutant BY4743, and the determination of PIS activity in the yeast strain further confirmed the enzymatic function of ZmPIS. An ESI-MS/MS-based lipid profiling approach was used to identify and quantify the lipid species in transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants before and after drought treatment. The results show that the overexpression of ZmPIS significantly increases lipid levels in tobacco leaves under drought stress compared to those of wild-type tobacco, which correlated well with the increased drought tolerance of the transgenic plants. Further analysis showed that, under drought stress conditions, ZmPIS overexpressors were found to exhibit increased membrane integrity, thereby enabling the retention of more solutes and water compared with the wild-type and the vector control transgenic lines. Our findings give us new insights into the role of the ZmPIS gene in the response of maize to drought/osmotic stress and the mechanisms by which plants adapt to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Zhai
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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140
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Guo L, Wang X. Crosstalk between Phospholipase D and Sphingosine Kinase in Plant Stress Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:51. [PMID: 22639650 PMCID: PMC3355621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The activation of phospholipase D (PLD) produces phosphatidic acid (PA), whereas plant sphingosine kinase (SPHK) phosphorylates long-chain bases to generate long-chain base-1-phosphates such as phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-S1P). PA and phyto-S1P have been identified as lipid messengers. Recent studies have shown that PA interacts directly with SPHKs in Arabidopsis, and that the interaction promotes SPHK activity. However, SPHK and phyto-S1P act upstream of PLDα1 and PA in the stomatal response to abscisic acid (ABA). These findings indicate that SPHK/phyto-S1P and PLD/PA are co-dependent in the amplification of lipid messengers, and that crosstalk between the sphingolipid- and phospholipid-mediated signaling pathways may play important roles in plant stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Biology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, University of MissouriSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Xuemin Wang, Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA. e-mail:
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141
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Kocourková D, Krčková Z, Pejchar P, Veselková Š, Valentová O, Wimalasekera R, Scherer GFE, Martinec J. The phosphatidylcholine-hydrolysing phospholipase C NPC4 plays a role in response of Arabidopsis roots to salt stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3753-63. [PMID: 21525137 PMCID: PMC3134337 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolysing phospholipase C, also known as non-specific phospholipase C (NPC), is a new member of the plant phospholipase family that reacts to environmental stresses such as phosphate deficiency and aluminium toxicity, and has a role in root development and brassinolide signalling. Expression of NPC4, one of the six NPC genes in Arabidopsis, was highly induced by NaCl. Maximum expression was observed from 3 h to 6 h after the salt treatment and was dependent on salt concentration. Results of histochemical analysis of P(NPC4):GUS plants showed the localization of salt-induced expression in root tips. On the biochemical level, increased NPC enzyme activity, indicated by accumulation of diacylglycerol, was observed as early as after 30 min of salt treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings. Phenotype analysis of NPC4 knockout plants showed increased sensitivity to salinity as compared with wild-type plants. Under salt stress npc4 plants had shorter roots, lower fresh weight, and reduced seed germination. Expression levels of abscisic acid-related genes ABI1, ABI2, RAB18, PP2CA, and SOT12 were substantially reduced in salt-treated npc4 plants. These observations demonstrate a role for NPC4 in the response of Arabidopsis to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kocourková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Krčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Veselková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rinukshi Wimalasekera
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science, Section of Applied Molecular Physiology, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günther F. E. Scherer
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science, Section of Applied Molecular Physiology, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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142
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Galvan-Ampudia CS, Testerink C. Salt stress signals shape the plant root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:296-302. [PMID: 21511515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants use different strategies to deal with high soil salinity. One strategy is activation of pathways that allow the plant to export or compartmentalise salt. Relying on their phenotypic plasticity, plants can also adjust their root system architecture (RSA) and the direction of root growth to avoid locally high salt concentrations. Here, we highlight RSA responses to salt and osmotic stress and the underlying mechanisms. A model is presented that describes how salinity affects auxin distribution in the root. Possible intracellular signalling pathways linking salinity to root development and direction of root growth are discussed. These involve perception of high cytosolic Na+ concentrations in the root, activation of lipid signalling and protein kinase activity and modulation of endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Galvan-Ampudia
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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143
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The OXI1 kinase pathway mediates Piriformospora indica-induced growth promotion in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002051. [PMID: 21625539 PMCID: PMC3098243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piriformospora indica is an endophytic fungus that colonizes roots of many plant species and promotes growth and resistance to certain plant pathogens. Despite its potential use in agriculture, little is known on the molecular basis of this beneficial plant-fungal interaction. In a genetic screen for plants, which do not show a P. indica- induced growth response, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant in the OXI1 (Oxidative Signal Inducible1) gene. OXI1 has been characterized as a protein kinase which plays a role in pathogen response and is regulated by H2O2 and PDK1 (3-PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE1). A genetic analysis showed that double mutants of the two closely related PDK1.1 and PDK1.2 genes are defective in the growth response to P. indica. While OXI1 and PDK1 gene expression is upregulated in P. indica-colonized roots, defense genes are downregulated, indicating that the fungus suppresses plant defense reactions. PDK1 is activated by phosphatidic acid (PA) and P. indica triggers PA synthesis in Arabidopsis plants. Under beneficial co-cultivation conditions, H2O2 formation is even reduced by the fungus. Importantly, phospholipase D (PLD)α1 or PLDδ mutants, which are impaired in PA synthesis do not show growth promotion in response to fungal infection. These data establish that the P. indica-stimulated growth response is mediated by a pathway consisting of the PLD-PDK1-OXI1 cascade. Like many root-colonizing microbes, the primitive Basidiomycete fungus Piriformospora indica colonizes the roots of many plant species and promotes their growth. The lack of host specificity suggests that the plant response to this endopyhte is based on general signalling processes. In a genetic screen for Arabidopsis plants, which do not show a P. indica-induced growth response, we isolated a mutant in the OXI1 (Oxidative Signal Inducible1) gene. Previously, this protein kinase has been shown to play a role in pathogen response and is regulated by H2O2 and PDK1 (3-PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE1). A genetic analysis showed that deletion of PDK1 also abolishes the growth response to P. indica. PDK1 is activated by phosphatidic acid (PA). P. indica triggers PA synthesis and mutants impaired in PA synthesis do not show growth promotion in response to fungal infection. Since defense processes are repressed by P. indica, we propose that a pathway consisting of the PLD-PDK1-OXI1 cascade mediates the P. indica-induced growth response.
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144
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Role of phosphatidic acid in plant galactolipid synthesis. Biochimie 2011; 94:86-93. [PMID: 21501653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a precursor metabolite for phosphoglycerolipids and also for galactoglycerolipids, which are essential lipids for formation of plant membranes. PA has in addition a main regulatory role in a number of developmental processes notably in the response of the plant to environmental stresses. We review here the different pools of PA dispatched at different locations in the plant cell and how these pools are modified in different growth conditions, particularly during plastid membrane biogenesis and when the plant is exposed to phosphate deprivation. We analyze how these modifications can affect galactolipid synthesis by tuning the activity of MGD1 enzyme allowing a coupling of phospho- and galactolipid metabolisms. Some mechanisms are considered to explain how physicochemical properties of PA allow this lipid to act as a central internal sensor in plant physiology.
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145
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Shen P, Wang R, Jing W, Zhang W. Rice phospholipase Dα is involved in salt tolerance by the mediation of H(+)-ATPase activity and transcription. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:289-99. [PMID: 21205187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Dα (PLDα) is involved in plant response to salt stress, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated rice PLDα (OsPLDα) localization and its effect on tonoplast (TP) and plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase activity and transcription in response to NaCl. When rice suspension-cultured cells were treated with 100 mM NaCl, PLDα activity in cell extracts showed a transient activation with a threefold increase at 1 h. The amount of OsPLDα protein decreased slightly in the cytosolic fractions, whereas it increased significantly in the TP after NaCl treatment. OsPLDα1 knockdown cells were developed using RNA interference (RNAi) methods. The increase in TP and PM H(+)-ATPase activity induced by NaCl was significantly inhibited in OsPLDα1-RNAi cells. Knockdown of OsPLDα1 prevented the NaCl-induced increase in the transcript level of OsVHA-A (encodes TP H(+)-ATPase) and OSA2 (encodes PM H(+)-ATPase), as well as OsNHX1 (encodes TP Na(+) /H(+) antiporter). The cells died more in OsPLDα1-RNAi mutant than in wild type when they were treated with NaCl. These results suggest that OsPLDα is involved in salt tolerance in rice through the mediation of H(+)-ATPase activity and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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146
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Testerink C, Munnik T. Molecular, cellular, and physiological responses to phosphatidic acid formation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2349-61. [PMID: 21430291 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an essential phospholipid involved in membrane biosynthesis and signal transduction in all eukaryotes. This review focuses on its role as lipid second messenger during plant stress, metabolism, and development. The contribution of different individual isoforms of enzymes that generate and break down PA will be discussed and the downstream responses highlighted, with particular focus on proteins that bind PA. Through characterization of several of these PA targets, a molecular and genetic basis for PA's role in plant stress and development is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Testerink
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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147
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Yu L, Nie J, Cao C, Jin Y, Yan M, Wang F, Liu J, Xiao Y, Liang Y, Zhang W. Phosphatidic acid mediates salt stress response by regulation of MPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:762-73. [PMID: 20796215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid (PA) and a head group, and is involved in the response to various environmental stresses, including salinity. Here, we determined the roles of PLDα and PA in the mediation of salt (NaCl)-stress signaling through the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) in Arabidopsis thaliana. • NaCl-induced changes in the content and composition of PA were quantitatively profiled by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). A specific PA species (a MAPK 16:0-18:2 PA), which was increased in abundance by exposure to NaCl, bound to a MPK6, according to filter binding and ELISA. The effect of PA on MPK6 activity was tested using in-gel analysis. • 16:0-18:2 PA stimulated the activity of MPK6 immunoprecipitated from Arabidopsis leaf extracts. Treatment with NaCl induced a transient activation of MPK6 in wild-type plant, but the activation was abolished in the pldα1 plant mutant. A plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter (SOS1) was identified as a downstream target of MPK6. MPK6 phosphorylated the C-terminal fragment of SOS1. The MPK6 phosphorylation of SOS1 was stimulated by treatment with NaCl, as well as directly by PA. • These results suggest that PA plays a critical role in coupling MAPK cascades in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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148
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Kravets VS, Kolesnikov YS, Kretynin SV, Kabachevskaya EM, Liahnovitch GV, Bondarenko OM, Volotovsky ID, Kukhar VP. Molecular and genetics approaches for investigation of phospholipase D role in plant cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Kravets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - Ya. S. Kolesnikov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - S. V. Kretynin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - E. M. Kabachevskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
| | - G. V. Liahnovitch
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
| | - O. M. Bondarenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - I. D. Volotovsky
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
| | - V. P. Kukhar
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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149
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Leprince AS, Savouré A. [Lipid signaling pathways in plants and their roles in response to water constraints]. Biol Aujourdhui 2010; 204:11-19. [PMID: 20950571 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2009045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have developed the capacity to detect slight variations of their environment. They are able to perceive these environmental signals and to transduce them by signaling pathways in order to trigger adaptative responses. Lipid signaling elements play a central role in these pathways in plants. A key element is phosphatidic acid (PA), which can be produced by two pathways. In the first one, phospholipids are hydrolysed by phospholipase D (PLD) to release PA. In the second one, PA is produced through the activity of phospholipase C (PLC) to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) which is then phosphorylated by DAG kinase (DAGK). The amount of PA in the cell is regulated by PA kinase, which phosphorylates PA to produce diacylglycerolpyrophosphate (DGPP), considered as a second messenger as well. PLCs play a dual role in cell signaling by regulating the amount of intracellular Ca(2+), another essential second messenger. Phosphoinositides, such as PI3P, PI4P and PI(4,5)P(2), are substrates of PLCs and PLDs and are considered as second messengers also. In this review, we present recent data regarding the specific features of these lipid signaling pathways in plant compared with other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, UR5 UPMC, EAC7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie P6, 4 place Jussieu, case 156, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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150
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Sueldo DJ, Foresi NP, Casalongué CA, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phosphatidic acid formation is required for extracellular ATP-mediated nitric oxide production in suspension-cultured tomato cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:909-16. [PMID: 20356346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
*In animals and plants, extracellular ATP exerts its effects by regulating the second messengers Ca(2+), nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In animals, phospholipid-derived molecules, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol phosphates, have been associated with the extracellular ATP signaling pathway. The involvement of phospholipids in extracellular ATP signaling in plants, as it is established in animals, is unknown. *In vivo phospholipid signaling upon extracellular ATP treatment was studied in (32)P(i)-labeled suspension-cultured tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cells. *Here, we report that, in suspension-cultured tomato cells, extracellular ATP induces the formation of the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid. Exogenous ATP at doses of 0.1 and 1 mM induce the formation of phosphatidic acid within minutes. Studies on the enzymatic sources of phosphatidic acid revealed the participation of both phospholipase D and C in concerted action with diacylglycerol kinase. *Our results suggest that extracellular ATP-mediated nitric oxide production is downstream of phospholipase C/diacylglycerol kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Sueldo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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