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Novohradsky V, Zanellato I, Marzano C, Pracharova J, Kasparkova J, Gibson D, Gandin V, Osella D, Brabec V. Epigenetic and antitumor effects of platinum(IV)-octanoato conjugates. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623355 PMCID: PMC5473904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the anticancer properties of cis, cis, trans-[Pt(IV)(NH3)2Cl2(OA)2] [Pt(IV)diOA] (OA = octanoato), Pt(IV) derivative of cisplatin containing two OA units appended to the axial positions of a six-coordinate Pt(IV) center. Our results demonstrate that Pt(IV)diOA is a potent cytotoxic agent against many cancer cell lines (the IC50 values are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those of clinically used cisplatin or Pt(IV) derivatives with biologically inactive axial ligands). Importantly, Pt(IV)diOA overcomes resistance to cisplatin, is significantly more potent than its branched Pt(IV) valproato isomer and exhibits promising in vivo antitumor activity. The potency of Pt(IV)diOA is a consequence of several factors including enhanced cellular accumulation correlating with enhanced DNA platination and cytotoxicity. Pt(IV)diOA induces DNA hypermethylation and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells at levels markedly lower than the IC50 value of free OA suggesting the synergistic action of platinum and OA moieties. Collectively, the remarkable antitumor effects of Pt(IV)diOA are a consequence of the enhanced cellular uptake which makes it possible to simultaneously accumulate high levels of both cisplatin and OA in cells. The simultaneous dual action of cisplatin and OA by different mechanisms in tumor cells may result in a markedly enhanced and unique antitumor effects of Pt(IV) prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universita del Piemonte Orientale, "A. Avogadro"Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Universita di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Gibson
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Universita di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universita del Piemonte Orientale, "A. Avogadro"Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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102
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Nafar F, Clarke J, Mearow K. Coconut oil protects cortical neurons from amyloid beta toxicity by enhancing signaling of cell survival pathways. Neurochem Int 2017; 105:64-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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103
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Vandenberghe C, St-Pierre V, Pierotti T, Fortier M, Castellano CA, Cunnane SC. Tricaprylin Alone Increases Plasma Ketone Response More Than Coconut Oil or Other Medium-Chain Triglycerides: An Acute Crossover Study in Healthy Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e000257. [PMID: 29955698 PMCID: PMC5998344 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.116.000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ketones are the brain's main alternative fuel to glucose. Dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) supplements increase plasma ketones, but their ketogenic efficacy relative to coconut oil (CO) is not clear. Objective: The aim was to compare the acute ketogenic effects of the following test oils in healthy adults: coconut oil [CO; 3% tricaprylin (C8), 5% tricaprin (C10)], classical MCT oil (C8-C10; 55% C8, 35% C10), C8 (>95% C8), C10 (>95% C10), or CO mixed 50:50 with C8-C10 or C8. Methods: In a crossover design, 9 participants with mean ± SD ages 34 ± 12 y received two 20-mL doses of the test oils prepared as an emulsion in 250 mL lactose-free skim milk. During the control (CTL) test, participants received only the milk vehicle. The first test dose was taken with breakfast and the second was taken at noon but without lunch. Blood was sampled every 30 min over 8 h for plasma acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) analysis. Results: C8 was the most ketogenic test oil with a day-long mean ± SEM of +295 ± 155 µmol/L above the CTL. C8 alone induced the highest plasma ketones expressed as the areas under the curve (AUCs) for 0-4 and 4-8 h (780 ± 426 µmol ⋅ h/L and 1876 ± 772 µmol ⋅ h/L, respectively); these values were 813% and 870% higher than CTL values (P < 0.01). CO plasma ketones peaked at +200 µmol/L, or 25% of the C8 ketone peak. The acetoacetate-to-β-HB ratio increased 56% more after CO than after C8 after both doses. Conclusions: In healthy adults, C8 alone had the highest net ketogenic effect over 8 h, but induced only half the increase in the acetoacetate-to-β-HB ratio compared with CO. Optimizing the type of MCT may help in developing ketogenic supplements designed to counteract deteriorating brain glucose uptake associated with aging. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 02679222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Vandenberghe
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Departments of
- Pharmacology and Physiology and
- Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Valérie St-Pierre
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Departments of
- Pharmacology and Physiology and
- Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Tyler Pierotti
- Department of Biology–Health Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortier
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Departments of
| | | | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Departments of
- Pharmacology and Physiology and
- Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
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104
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Schönfeld P, Reiser G. Brain energy metabolism spurns fatty acids as fuel due to their inherent mitotoxicity and potential capacity to unleash neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:68-77. [PMID: 28366720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain uses long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) to a negligible extent as fuel for the mitochondrial energy generation, in contrast to other tissues that also demand high energy. Besides this generally accepted view, some studies using cultured neural cells or whole brain indicate a moderately active mitochondrial β-oxidation. Here, we corroborate the conclusion that brain mitochondria are unable to oxidize fatty acids. In contrast, the combustion of liver-derived ketone bodies by neural cells is long-known. Furthermore, new insights indicate the use of odd-numbered medium-chain fatty acids as valuable source for maintaining the level of intermediates of the citric acid cycle in brain mitochondria. Non-esterified LCFAs or their activated forms exert a large variety of harmful side-effects on mitochondria, such as enhancing the mitochondrial ROS generation in distinct steps of the β-oxidation and therefore potentially increasing oxidative stress. Hence, the question arises: Why do in brain energy metabolism mitochondria selectively spurn LCFAs as energy source? The most likely answer are the relatively higher content of peroxidation-sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids and the low antioxidative defense in brain tissue. There are two remarkable peroxisomal defects, one relating to α-oxidation of phytanic acid and the other to uptake of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) which lead to pathologically high tissue levels of such fatty acids. Both, the accumulation of phytanic acid and that of VLCFAs give an enlightening insight into harmful activities of fatty acids on neural cells, which possibly explain why evolution has prevented brain mitochondria from the equipment with significant β-oxidation enzymatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration (Neurobiochemie), Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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105
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Katsu-Jiménez Y, Alves RMP, Giménez-Cassina A. Food for thought: Impact of metabolism on neuronal excitability. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:41-46. [PMID: 28263755 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal excitability is a highly demanding process that requires high amounts of energy and needs to be exquisitely regulated. For this reason, brain cells display active energy metabolism to support their activity. Independently of their roles as energy substrates, compelling evidence shows that the nature of the fuels that neurons use contribute to fine-tune neuronal excitability. Crosstalk of neurons with glial populations also plays a prominent role in shaping metabolic flow in the brain. In this review, we provide an overview on how different carbon substrates and metabolic pathways impact neurotransmission, and the potential implications for neurological disorders in which neuronal excitability is deregulated, such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Katsu-Jiménez
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renato M P Alves
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Giménez-Cassina
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Molecular Biology, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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106
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Abstract
Ketone body metabolism is a central node in physiological homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how ketones serve discrete fine-tuning metabolic roles that optimize organ and organism performance in varying nutrient states and protect from inflammation and injury in multiple organ systems. Traditionally viewed as metabolic substrates enlisted only in carbohydrate restriction, observations underscore the importance of ketone bodies as vital metabolic and signaling mediators when carbohydrates are abundant. Complementing a repertoire of known therapeutic options for diseases of the nervous system, prospective roles for ketone bodies in cancer have arisen, as have intriguing protective roles in heart and liver, opening therapeutic options in obesity-related and cardiovascular disease. Controversies in ketone metabolism and signaling are discussed to reconcile classical dogma with contemporary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Puchalska
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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107
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Romano A, Koczwara JB, Gallelli CA, Vergara D, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Gaetani S, Giudetti AM. Fats for thoughts: An update on brain fatty acid metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 84:40-45. [PMID: 28065757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain fatty acid (FA) metabolism deserves a close attention not only for its energetic aspects but also because FAs and their metabolites/derivatives are able to influence many neural functions, contributing to brain pathologies or representing potential targets for pharmacological and/or nutritional interventions. Glucose is the preferred energy substrate for the brain, whereas the role of FAs is more marginal. In conditions of decreased glucose supply, ketone bodies, mainly formed by FA oxidation, are the alternative main energy source. Ketogenic diets or medium-chain fatty acid supplementations were shown to produce therapeutic effects in several brain pathologies. Moreover, the positive effects exerted on brain functions by short-chain FAs and the consideration that they can be produced by intestinal flora metabolism contributed to the better understanding of the link between "gut-health" and "brain-health". Finally, attention was paid also to the regulatory role of essential polyunsaturated FAs and their derivatives on brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Justyna Barbara Koczwara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Vergara
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Piazzetta F. Muratore, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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108
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Dean M, Reiss K. Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122093. [PMID: 27983603 PMCID: PMC5187893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matthew Dean
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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109
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Effect of a ketogenic meal on cognitive function in elderly adults: potential for cognitive enhancement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3797-3802. [PMID: 27568199 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucose is the principal energy substrate for the brain, although ketone bodies are an effective alternative. Evidence suggests that elevation of plasma ketone body levels through oral intake of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) may improve cognitive function. OBJECTIVES We tried to examine the possible effects of a ketogenic meal serving on cognition in elderly non-demented subjects. METHODS Subjects were 19 non-demented elderly adults over 60 years old (13 females; mean age: 66.1 ± 2.9 years) who underwent neurocognitive tests 90 and 180 min after oral intake of a ketogenic meal (Ketonformula®) containing 20 g of MCTs and an isocaloric placebo meal without MCTs on separate days. RESULTS Elevation of plasma ketone concentration after intake of a single ketogenic meal containing 20 g of MCTs was confirmed (all p < 0.001). As for cognition, improvements were observed in the digit span test, Trail-Making Test B, and the global score (Z = -2.4, p = 0.017) following the ketogenic meal and the change in the executive functioning score was positively correlated with that of the plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level. The cognition-enhancing effect was observed predominantly for individuals who had a relatively low global score at baseline (Z = -2.8, p = 0.005), compared to individuals with a high global score (Z = -0.7, p = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of ketone bodies were successfully increased after intake of the ketogenic meal. The ketogenic meal was suggested to have positive effects on working memory, visual attention, and task switching in non-demented elderly.
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110
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Zhuo M, Gorgun MF, Englander EW. Augmentation of glycolytic metabolism by meclizine is indispensable for protection of dorsal root ganglion neurons from hypoxia-induced mitochondrial compromise. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:20-31. [PMID: 27458119 PMCID: PMC5538108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet energy demands, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons harbor high mitochondrial content, which renders them acutely vulnerable to disruptions of energy homeostasis. While neurons typically rely on mitochondrial energy production and have not been associated with metabolic plasticity, new studies reveal that meclizine, a drug, recently linked to modulations of energy metabolism, protects neurons from insults that disrupt energy homeostasis. We show that meclizine rapidly enhances glycolysis in DRG neurons and that glycolytic metabolism is indispensable for meclizine-exerted protection of DRG neurons from hypoxic stress. We report that supplementation of meclizine during hypoxic exposure prevents ATP depletion, preserves NADPH and glutathione stores, curbs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuates mitochondrial clustering in DRG neurites. Using extracellular flux analyzer, we show that in cultured DRG neurons meclizine mitigates hypoxia-induced loss of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Respiratory capacity is a measure of mitochondrial fitness and cell ability to meet fluctuating energy demands and therefore, a key determinant of cellular fate. While meclizine is an 'old' drug with long record of clinical use, its ability to modulate energy metabolism has been uncovered only recently. Our findings documenting neuroprotection by meclizine in a setting of hypoxic stress reveal previously unappreciated metabolic plasticity of DRG neurons as well as potential for pharmacological harnessing of the newly discovered metabolic plasticity for protection of peripheral nervous system under mitochondria compromising conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhuo
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Murat F Gorgun
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ella W Englander
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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111
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Nonaka Y, Takagi T, Inai M, Nishimura S, Urashima S, Honda K, Aoyama T, Terada S. Lauric Acid Stimulates Ketone Body Production in the KT-5 Astrocyte Cell Line. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:693-9. [PMID: 27430387 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coconut oil has recently attracted considerable attention as a potential Alzheimer's disease therapy because it contains large amounts of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and its consumption is thought to stimulate hepatic ketogenesis, supplying an alternative energy source for brains with impaired glucose metabolism. In this study, we first reevaluated the responses of plasma ketone bodies to oral administration of coconut oil to rats. We found that the coconut oil-induced increase in plasma ketone body concentration was negligible and did not significantly differ from that observed after high-oleic sunflower oil administration. In contrast, the administration of coconut oil substantially increased the plasma free fatty acid concentration and lauric acid content, which is the major MCFA in coconut oil. Next, to elucidate whether lauric acid can activate ketogenesis in astrocytes with the capacity to generate ketone bodies from fatty acids, we treated the KT-5 astrocyte cell line with 50 and 100 μM lauric acid for 4 h. The lauric acid treatments increased the total ketone body concentration in the cell culture supernatant to a greater extent than oleic acid, suggesting that lauric acid can directly and potently activate ketogenesis in KT-5 astrocytes. These results suggest that coconut oil intake may improve brain health by directly activating ketogenesis in astrocytes and thereby by providing fuel to neighboring neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Nonaka
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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112
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Schönfeld P, Wojtczak L. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids in energy metabolism: the cellular perspective. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:943-54. [PMID: 27080715 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and MCFAs), independently of their cellular signaling functions, are important substrates of the energy metabolism and anabolic processes in mammals. SCFAs are mostly generated by colonic bacteria and are predominantly metabolized by enterocytes and liver, whereas MCFAs arise mostly from dietary triglycerides, among them milk and dairy products. A common feature of SCFAs and MCFAs is their carnitine-independent uptake and intramitochondrial activation to acyl-CoA thioesters. Contrary to long-chain fatty acids, the cellular metabolism of SCFAs and MCFAs depends to a lesser extent on fatty acid-binding proteins. SCFAs and MCFAs modulate tissue metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, as manifested by a mostly inhibitory effect on glycolysis and stimulation of lipogenesis or gluconeogenesis. SCFAs and MCFAs exert no or only weak protonophoric and lytic activities in mitochondria and do not significantly impair the electron transport in the respiratory chain. SCFAs and MCFAs modulate mitochondrial energy production by two mechanisms: they provide reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain and partly decrease efficacy of oxidative ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lech Wojtczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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