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HIV-1 Env- and Vpu-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Associated with Elite Control of HIV. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00700-17. [PMID: 28701393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00700-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying HIV-infected individuals who control HIV replication (elite controllers [ECs]) enables exploration of effective anti-HIV immunity. HIV Env-specific and non-Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may contribute to protection from progressive HIV infection, but the evidence is limited. We recruited 22 ECs and matched them with 44 viremic subjects. HIV Env- and Vpu-specific ADCC responses in sera were studied using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based dimeric recombinant soluble FcγRIIIa (rsFcγRIIIa)-binding assay, surface plasmon resonance, antibody-dependent natural killer (NK) cell activation assays, and ADCC-mediated killing assays. ECs had higher levels of HIV Env-specific antibodies capable of binding FcγRIIIa, activating NK cells, and mediating granzyme B activity (all P < 0.01) than viremic subjects. ECs also had higher levels of antibodies against a C-terminal 13-mer Vpu peptide capable of mediating FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation than viremic subjects (both P < 0.05). Our data associate Env-specific and Vpu epitope-specific ADCC in effective immune responses against HIV among ECs. Our findings have implications for understanding the role of ADCC in HIV control.IMPORTANCE Understanding immune responses associated with elite control of HIV may aid the development of immunotherapeutic and vaccine strategies for controlling HIV infection. Env is a major HIV protein target of functional antibody responses that are heightened in ECs. Interestingly, EC antibodies also target Vpu, an accessory protein crucial to HIV, which degrades CD4 and antagonizes tetherin. Antibodies specific to Vpu are a common feature of the immune response of ECs that may prove to be of functional importance to the design of improved ADCC-based immunotherapy and preventative HIV vaccines.
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102
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Horwitz JA, Bar-On Y, Lu CL, Fera D, Lockhart AAK, Lorenzi JCC, Nogueira L, Golijanin J, Scheid JF, Seaman MS, Gazumyan A, Zolla-Pazner S, Nussenzweig MC. Non-neutralizing Antibodies Alter the Course of HIV-1 Infection In Vivo. Cell 2017; 170:637-648.e10. [PMID: 28757252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) to HIV-1 show little measurable activity in prevention or therapy in animal models yet were the only correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. To investigate the role of nnAbs on HIV-1 infection in vivo, we devised a replication-competent HIV-1 reporter virus that expresses a heterologous HA-tag on the surface of infected cells and virions. Anti-HA antibodies bind to, but do not neutralize, the reporter virus in vitro. However, anti-HA protects against infection in humanized mice and strongly selects for nnAb-resistant viruses in an entirely Fc-dependent manner. Similar results were also obtained with tier 2 HIV-1 viruses using a human anti-gp41 nnAb, 246D. While nnAbs are demonstrably less effective than broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo, the data show that nnAbs can protect against and alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo. PAPERCLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whelan Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniela Fera
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ainsley A K Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johannes F Scheid
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Zolla-Pazner Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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103
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Vanderven HA, Liu L, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Nguyen TH, Wan Y, Wines B, Hogarth PM, Tilmanis D, Reynaldi A, Parsons MS, Hurt AC, Davenport MP, Kotsimbos T, Cheng AC, Kedzierska K, Zhang X, Xu J, Kent SJ. Fc functional antibodies in humans with severe H7N9 and seasonal influenza. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92750. [PMID: 28679958 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both seasonal and novel avian influenza viruses can result in severe infections requiring hospitalization. Anti-influenza antibodies (Abs) with Fc-mediated effector functions, such as Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), are of growing interest in control of influenza but have not previously been studied during severe human infections. As such, the objective of this study was to examine Fc-mediated Ab functions in humans hospitalized with influenza infection. METHODS Serum Ab response was studied in subjects hospitalized with either pandemic H7N9 avian influenza virus in China (n = 18) or circulating seasonal influenza viruses in Melbourne, Australia (n = 16). Recombinant soluble Fc receptor dimer ELISAs, natural killer (NK) cell activation assays, and Ab-dependent killing assays with influenza-infected target cells were used to assess the Fc functionality of anti-influenza hemagglutinin (HA) Abs during severe human influenza infection. RESULTS We found that the peak generation of Fc functional HA Abs preceded that of neutralizing Abs for both severe H7N9 and seasonal influenza infections. Subjects who succumbed to complications of H7N9 infection demonstrated reduced HA-specific Fc receptor-binding Abs (in magnitude and breadth) immediately prior to death compared with those who survived. Subjects who recovered from H7N9 and severe seasonal influenza infections demonstrated increased Fc receptor-binding Abs not only against the homologous infecting strain but against HAs from different influenza A subtypes. CONCLUSION Collectively, survivors of severe influenza infection rapidly generate a functional Ab response capable of mediating ADCC against divergent influenza viruses. Broadly binding HA Abs with Fc-mediated functions may be a useful component of protective immunity to severe influenza infection. FUNDING The National Health and Medical Research Council ([NHMRC] grants 1023294, 1041832, and 1071916), the Australian Department of Health, and the joint University of Melbourne/Fudan University International Research and Research Training Fund provided funding for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre (SPHCC) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fernanda Ana-Sosa-Batiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi Ho Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre (SPHCC) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce Wines
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Danielle Tilmanis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre (SPHCC) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre (SPHCC) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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104
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French MA, Tjiam MC, Abudulai LN, Fernandez S. Antiviral Functions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific IgG Antibodies: Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and Implications for Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28725225 PMCID: PMC5495868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective and tolerable for long periods of time but cannot eradicate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by either elimination of viral reservoirs or enhancement of HIV-1-specific immune responses. Boosting "protective" HIV-1-specific immune responses by active or passive immunization will therefore be necessary to control or eradicate HIV-1 infection and is currently the topic of intense investigation. Recently reported studies conducted in HIV patients and non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV-1 infection suggest that HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses may contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. However, production of IgG antibodies with virus neutralizing activity by vaccination remains problematic and while vaccine-induced natural killer cell-activating IgG antibodies have been shown to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection, they may not be sufficient to control or eradicate established HIV-1 infection. It is, therefore, important to consider other functional characteristics of IgG antibody responses. IgG antibodies to viruses also mediate opsonophagocytic antibody responses against virions and capsids that enhance the function of phagocytic cells playing critical roles in antiviral immune responses, particularly conventional dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that these antibody functions might contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, IgG antibodies contribute to the intracellular degradation of viruses via binding to the cytosolic fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21). The functional activity of an IgG antibody response is influenced by the IgG subclass content, which affects binding to antigens and to Fcγ receptors on phagocytic cells and to TRIM21. The IgG subclass content and avidity of IgG antibodies is determined by germinal center (GC) reactions in follicles of lymphoid tissue. As HIV-1 infects cells in GCs and induces GC dysfunction, which may persist during ART, strategies for boosting HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses should include early commencement of ART and possibly the use of particular antiretroviral drugs to optimize drug levels in lymphoid follicles. Finally, enhancing particular functions of HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses by using adjuvants or cytokines to modulate the IgG subclass content of the antibody response might be investigated in NHP models of HIV-1 infection and during trials of therapeutic vaccines in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A. French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Christian Tjiam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laila N. Abudulai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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105
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Nabi R, Moldoveanu Z, Wei Q, Golub ET, Durkin HG, Greenblatt RM, Herold BC, Nowicki MJ, Kassaye S, Cho MW, Pinter A, Landay AL, Mestecky J, Kozlowski PA. Differences in serum IgA responses to HIV-1 gp41 in elite controllers compared to viral suppressors on highly active antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180245. [PMID: 28671952 PMCID: PMC5495342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for natural control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) replication in elite controllers (EC) remain incompletely defined. To determine if EC generate high quality HIV-specific IgA responses, we used Western blotting to compare the specificities and frequencies of IgA to HIV antigens in serum of gender-, age- and race-matched EC and aviremic controllers (HC) and viremic noncontrollers (HN) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Concentrations and avidity of IgA to HIV antigens were measured using ELISA or multiplex assays. Measurements for IgG were performed in parallel. EC were found to have stronger p24- and V1V2-specific IgG responses than HN, but there were no IgG differences for EC and HC. In contrast, IgA in EC serum bound more frequently to gp160 and gag proteins than IgA in HC or HN. The avidity of anti-gp41 IgA was also greater in EC, and these subjects had stronger IgA responses to the gp41 heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), a reported target of anti-bacterial RNA polymerase antibodies that cross react with gp41. However, EC did not demonstrate greater IgA responses to E. coli RNA polymerase or to peptides containing the shared LRAI sequence, suggesting that most of their HR1-specific IgA antibodies were not induced by intestinal microbiota. In both EC and HAART recipients, the concentrations of HIV-specific IgG were greater than HIV-specific IgA, but their avidities were comparable, implying that they could compete for antigen. Exceptions were C1 peptides and V1V2 loops. IgG and IgA responses to these antigens were discordant, with IgG reacting to V1V2, and IgA reacting to C1, especially in EC. Interestingly, EC with IgG hypergammaglobulinemia had greater HIV-specific IgA and IgG responses than EC with normal total IgG levels. Heterogeneity in EC antibody responses may therefore be due to a more focused HIV-specific B cell response in some of these individuals. Overall, these data suggest that development of HIV-specific IgA responses and affinity maturation of anti-gp41 IgA antibodies occurs to a greater extent in EC than in subjects on HAART. Future studies will be required to determine if IgA antibodies in EC may contribute in control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostastistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Marek J. Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Institute of immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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106
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Ferrari G, Pollara J, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. Humoral and Innate Antiviral Immunity as Tools to Clear Persistent HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S152-S159. [PMID: 28520963 PMCID: PMC5410976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 uses the CD4 molecule as its principal receptor to infect T cells. HIV-1 integrates its viral genome into the host cell, leading to persistent infection wherein HIV-1 can remain transcriptionally silent in latently infected CD4+ T cells. On reactivation of replication-competent provirus, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are expressed and accumulate on the cell surface, allowing infected cells to be detected and targeted by endogenous immune responses or immune interventions. HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies have the potential to bind HIV-1 cell surface Env and promote elimination of infected CD4+ T cells by recruiting cytotoxic effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells. Harnessing humoral and innate cellular responses has become one focus of research to develop innovative strategies to recruit and redirect cytotoxic effector cells to eliminate the HIV-1 latently infected CD4+ T-cell reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Departments of Surgery.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery.,Immunology, and.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Medicine.,Immunology, and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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107
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Hepatitis C virus-induced NK cell activation causes metzincin-mediated CD16 cleavage and impaired antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1130-1137. [PMID: 28192188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Fc receptor family for immunoglobulin (Ig)G type III (FcγRIII, CD16) is an activating receptor on natural killer (NK) cells and an essential mediator of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). There is only limited information on its role during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We studied CD16 expression in relation to NK cell functional activity in HCV-infected patients and sought mechanistic insights into virus-induced modulation. METHODS NK cell CD16 expression and activation status were evaluated ex vivo by flow cytometry in HCV-infected patients and healthy controls (HC) as well as in vitro after co-culture with HCV-infected HuH7.5 cells. Rituximab-mediated ADCC was assessed in HC and HCV-infected patients using Daudi cells as a target. The role of metzincins in CD16 down-modulation was assessed using specific inhibitory molecules and by evaluating intracellular mRNA levels. RESULTS HCV-infected patients exhibited increased frequencies of ex vivo activated NK cells and a concomitantly decreased NK CD16 expression, which resulted in impaired ADCC activity. Moreover, exposure of NK cells to culture-derived HCV recapitulated the ex vivo findings of decreased CD16 expression and increased NK cell activation. Importantly, blockade of metzincin-mediated shedding activity, including selective a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM-17) inhibition, restored NK CD16 expression. Successful treatment with direct-acting antivirals partially improved NK ADCC function despite delayed CD16 reconstitution. CONCLUSION Chronic HCV infection induces NK cell activation resulting in ADAM-17-dependent CD16 shedding and consequent impaired ADCC function. Altered ADCC may contribute to failure to eradicate HCV-infected hepatocytes. LAY SUMMARY We show here that hepatitis C virus (HCV) activates natural killer (NK) lymphocytes which, as a consequence, loose their Fc receptor for IgG (CD16), an essential molecule for antibody binding. We show that this occurs through the action of enzymes named metzincins, resulting in altered NK-mediated antibody-dependent killing (ADCC) of target cells. This mechanism may contribute to HCV persistence and may represent a general phenomenon whereby some viruses can escape host's immune responses.
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108
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HIV-Specific B Cell Frequency Correlates with Neutralization Breadth in Patients Naturally Controlling HIV-Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 21:158-169. [PMID: 28615147 PMCID: PMC5514383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been isolated from patients with high viremia but also from HIV controllers that repress HIV-1 replication. In these elite controllers (ECs), multiple parameters contribute to viral suppression, including genetic factors and immune responses. Defining the immune correlates associated with the generation of bnAbs may help in designing efficient immunotherapies. In this study, in ECs either positive or negative for the HLA-B*57 protective allele, in treated HIV-infected and HIV-negative individuals, we characterized memory B cell compartments and HIV-specific memory B cells responses using flow cytometry and ELISPOT. ECs preserved their memory B cell compartments and in contrast to treated patients, maintained detectable HIV-specific memory B cell responses. All ECs presented IgG1 + HIV-specific memory B cells but some individuals also preserved IgG2 + or IgG3 + responses. Importantly, we also analyzed the capacity of sera from ECs to neutralize a panel of HIV strains including transmitted/founder virus. 29% and 21% of HLA-B*57 + and HLA-B*57 − ECs, respectively, neutralized at least 40% of the viral strains tested. Remarkably, in HLA-B*57 + ECs the frequency of HIV-Env-specific memory B cells correlated positively with the neutralization breadth suggesting that preservation of HIV-specific memory B cells might contribute to the neutralizing responses in these patients. In contrast to treated HIV-infected patients, elite controllers (ECs) maintain HIV-specific memory B cell responses. In HLA-B*57 + ECs, HIV-specific B cell frequency correlates positively with the neutralization breadth of tier-2 HIV strains. In HLA-B*57 + and HLA-B*57 − ECs different antibody functions are probably involved in suppressing HIV replication.
A fraction of HIV-1-infected individuals (so-called elite controllers, ECs) naturally control HIV-1 replication maintaining undetectable viral loads. Understanding the mechanisms implicated in natural control of HIV-1 infection will help in developing efficient HIV vaccines. In ECs, we analyzed the influence of B cell antibody responses. We show that in contrast to successfully treated HIV-1-infected patients, ECs preserve memory B cell compartments and maintain HIV-specific B cell responses. In ECs positive for the protective HLA-B*57 allele, HIV-specific memory B cell responses are positively associated with the breadth of HIV neutralization. These findings will help develop novel immunotherapies to fight HIV.
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109
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Lack of ADCC Breadth of Human Nonneutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02440-16. [PMID: 28122982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02440-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) also mediate ADCC in cell culture and rely on their Fc region for optimal efficacy in animal models. Here, we selected 9 monoclonal nnAbs and 5 potent bNAbs targeting various epitopes and conformations of the gp120/41 complex and analyzed the potency of the two types of antibodies to bind and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in culture. Regardless of their neutralizing activity, most of the selected antibodies recognized and killed cells infected with two laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains. Some nnAbs also bound bystander cells that may have captured viral proteins. However, in contrast to the bNAbs, the nnAbs bound poorly to reactivated infected cells from 8 HIV-positive individuals and did not mediate effective ADCC against these cells. The nnAbs also inefficiently recognize cells infected with 8 different transmitted-founder (T/F) isolates. The addition of a synthetic CD4 mimetic enhanced the binding and killing efficacy of some of the nnAbs in an epitope-dependent manner without reaching the levels achieved by the most potent bNAbs. Overall, our data reveal important qualitative and quantitative differences between nnAbs and bNAbs in their ADCC capacity and strongly suggest that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.IMPORTANCE Most of the anti-HIV antibodies generated by infected individuals do not display potent neutralizing activities. These nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been identified as a protective immune correlate in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. However, in primate models, the nnAbs do not protect against simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition. Thus, the role of nnAbs with ADCC activity in protection from infection remains debatable. In contrast, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) neutralize a large array of viral strains and mediate ADCC in cell culture. We analyzed the capacities of 9 nnAbs and 5 bNAbs to eliminate infected cells. We selected 18 HIV-1 strains, including virus reactivated from the reservoir of HIV-positive individuals and transmitted-founder isolates. We report that the nnAbs bind poorly to cells infected with primary HIV-1 strains and do not mediate potent ADCC. Overall, our data show that the breadth of recognition of HIV-1 by nnAbs is narrow.
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110
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IFN-α augments natural killer-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4+ T cells regardless of major histocompatibility complex class 1 downregulation. AIDS 2017; 31:613-622. [PMID: 28225449 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN We have previously shown that IFN-α stimulation augments direct natural killer (NK) cell lysis of autologous CD4 primary T cells infected with certain HIV-1 isolates based upon major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-1) downregulation capacity. Here, we investigated if antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) could trigger lysis of HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to direct NK lysis and if IFN-α prestimulation of NK cells could further enhance ADCC. METHODS Using broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against gp120 (VRC01 or PGV04) or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients (ART-suppressed or elite controller) to trigger ADCC, we measured NK cell chromium release cytotoxicity against HIV-1-infected autologous CD4 primary T cells and NK cell CD107a degranulation against gp120-coated CD4 T cells. Total or NK-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as effectors in the presence or absence of IFN-α prestimulation. RESULTS Plasma from HIV-1-infected patients and monoclonal antibodies against gp120 could trigger NK-dependent ADCC lysis of viral isolates that were resistant to direct NK cell lysis following IFN-α stimulation. In contrast, viral isolates that exhibited potent MHC-I downregulation capacity could be lysed by NK cells through either IFN-α stimulated direct cytotoxicity or through ADCC. When utilized in combination, IFN-α prestimulation significantly augmented ADCC lysis of HIV-1-infected target cells and increased NK cell CD107a degranulation against gp120-coated ADCC targets (P < 0.05, n = 6). CONCLUSION HIV-1 isolates with lower MHC-I downregulation capacity are resistant to direct lysis following IFN-α stimulation but retain sensitivity to ADCC. IFN-α prestimulation can significantly increase NK-mediated clearance of HIV-1-infected target cells by both ADCC and/or direct cytotoxicity depending on MHC downregulation status.
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Alvarez RA, Maestre AM, Law K, Durham ND, Barria MI, Ishii-Watabe A, Tada M, Kapoor M, Hotta MT, Rodriguez-Caprio G, Fierer DS, Fernandez-Sesma A, Simon V, Chen BK. Enhanced FCGR2A and FCGR3A signaling by HIV viremic controller IgG. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88226. [PMID: 28239647 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 viremic controllers (VC) spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral treatment. Several studies indicate that IgG Abs from VCs induce enhanced responses from immune effector cells. Since signaling through Fc-γ receptors (FCGRs) modulate these Ab-driven responses, here we examine if enhanced FCGR activation is a common feature of IgG from VCs. Using an infected cell-based system, we observed that VC IgG stimulated greater FCGR2A and FCGR3A activation as compared with noncontrollers, independent of the magnitude of HIV-specific Ab binding or virus neutralization activities. Multivariate regression analysis showed that enhanced FCGR signaling was a significant predictor of VC status as compared with chronically infected patients (CIP) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of patient IgG functions primarily grouped VC IgG profiles by enhanced FCGR2A, FCGR3A, or dual signaling activity. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced FCGR signaling is a common and significant predictive feature of VC IgG, with VCs displaying a distinct spectrum of FCGR activation profiles. Thus, profiling FCGR activation may provide a useful method for screening and distinguishing protective anti-HIV IgG responses in HIV-infected patients and in monitoring HIV vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Ana M Maestre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Law
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Maria Ines Barria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute.,Department of Microbiology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathew T Hotta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | | | - Daniel S Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute
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Kulkarni A, Kurle S, Shete A, Ghate M, Godbole S, Madhavi V, Kent SJ, Paranjape R, Thakar M. Indian Long-term Non-Progressors Show Broad ADCC Responses with Preferential Recognition of V3 Region of Envelope and a Region from Tat Protein. Front Immunol 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28154562 PMCID: PMC5243827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) is likely to be important in governing protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and slowing disease progression. Little is known about the ADCC responses to HIV-1 subtype C. We characterized ADCC responses in HIV-1 subtype C-infected Indian subjects with slow disease progression and identified the dominant antigenic regions recognized by these antibodies. ADCC responses were measured in plasma from 34 long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), who were asymptomatic and maintained CD4 count above 500 cells/mm3 for the last 7 years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 58 ART naïve progressors with CD4 count <500 cells/mm3 against overlapping HIV-1 peptides using a flow cytometry-based antibody-dependent natural killer (NK) cell activation assay. The assay measured CD107a expression on NK cells as a marker of antibody-dependent NK cell activation and IFN-γ secretion by NK cells upon activation. The ADCC epitopes were mapped using the matrix of overlapping peptides. Indian LTNPs showed higher and broader ADCC responses compared to the progressors. The Env-C and Tat-specific ADCC responses were associated with lower plasma viral load, whereas the Env-C responses were also associated with higher CD4 counts. Five of 10 LTNP responders targeted epitopes in the V3 region (amino acids 288–330) of Env-C. Additionally, three Tat regions were targeted by ADCC antibodies from LTNPs. ADCC responses were associated with slow HIV progression in Indian subtype C-infected cohort. The frequently recognized peptides from the V3 loop of Env and the novel epitopes from Tat by the LTNPs warrants further study to understand the role of ADCC responses to these regions in control and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kulkarni
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Swarali Kurle
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Ashwini Shete
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Vijaya Madhavi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Ramesh Paranjape
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Department of Immunology and Serology, National AIDS Research Institute , Pune , India
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Vanderven HA, Jegaskanda S, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:89-96. [PMID: 28088123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are a key defence against influenza infection and disease, but neutralizing antibodies are often strain-specific and of limited utility against divergent or pandemic viruses. There is now considerable evidence that influenza-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can assist in the clearance of influenza infection in vitro and in animal models. Further, ADCC-mediating antibodies that recognize a broad array of influenza strains are common in humans, likely as a result of being regularly exposed to influenza infections. The concept that influenza-specific ADCC can assist in the partial control of influenza infections in humans is gaining momentum. This review examines the utility of influenza-specific ADCC antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Clinic and Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Central Clinical School, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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The Antiviral Immune Response and Its Impact on the HIV-1 Reservoir. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 417:43-67. [PMID: 29071476 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells represent a major barrier to HIV-1 eradication. Studies have shown that it will not be possible to cure HIV-1 infection unless these cells are eliminated. Latently infected cells probably do not express viral antigens and thus may not be susceptible to the HIV-1 specific immune response, nevertheless the size and composition of the reservoir is influenced by the immune system. In this chapter, we review the different components of the HIV-1 specific immune response and discuss how the immune system can be harnessed to eradicate the virus.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral immunity. In the setting of HIV infection, epidemiologic and functional evidence support a role for NK cells in both protection from new infection and in viral control. Specifically, NK cells directly mediate immune pressure leading to virus evolution, and NK cell receptor genotypic profiles, clonal repertoires, and functional capacity have all been implicated in virus containment. In addition, indirect NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity has been linked to vaccine-induced protective immunity against HIV infection. With recent advances in our understanding of NK cell deficiency, development, memory-like responses, and editing of the adaptive immune system, the opportunities to direct and exploit NK cell antiviral immunity to target HIV have exponentially grown. In this review, we seek to highlight the intersections between discoveries in basic NK cell biology and the challenges of HIV chronic infection, vaccine development, and cure/eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Scully
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- />Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- />Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Shete A, Suryawanshi P, Chavan C, Kulkarni A, Godbole S, Ghate M, Thakar M. Development of IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT based assay for screening of ADCC responses. J Immunol Methods 2016; 441:49-55. [PMID: 27923642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity has been established as one of the important protective immune mechanisms against HIV making it essential to evaluate it while testing immunogenicity of emerging vaccine candidates. IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT assay, widely used for evaluation of CTL response in HIV vaccine trials, was adapted for measuring ADCC responses and the results were compared with the standard ICS based assays. IFN-γ responses elicited by plasma samples of 23 HIV infected individuals against Env and Gag peptides using granulocytes as antigen presenting cells were assessed by both the methods. Supernatants of the activated cells in ELISPOT assay were also assessed for cytokine/chemokine estimation. ELISPOT assays detected significantly more ADCC responders against HIV-Env and Gag peptide pools than ICS assay. The magnitude of IFN-γ response in both the assay correlated significantly (p=0.002). NK cells were found to be the predominant cell type secreting IFN-γ in the assay. Although IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in supernatants of Env peptides stimulated cells, IP-10 and MCP-1α levels were found to be more against Gag peptides. Thus, IFN-γ secretory ELISPOT assay was found to be more sensitive in detecting ADCC responders than ICS assay making it a valuable tool for screening of ADCC responses in future vaccine trials. Differences in cytokine pattern of Env versus Gag stimulated cells warrants a need for investigating their role in protection against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India.
| | - Poonam Suryawanshi
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Chetan Chavan
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Archana Kulkarni
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, 73, G Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India
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Fink E, Fuller K, Agan B, Berger EA, Saphire A, Quinnan GV, Elder JH. Humoral Antibody Responses to HIV Viral Proteins and to CD4 Among HIV Controllers, Rapid and Typical Progressors in an HIV-Positive Patient Cohort. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1187-1197. [PMID: 27771962 PMCID: PMC5175433 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess humoral antibody responses as a function of disease progression (DP) in a well-defined HIV+ cohort. We quantified antibodies to HIV-1 gp120, Gag, and CD4 receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from a cohort of 97 HIV+ subjects at defined stages of DP. We also measured antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as a function of the clinical status of the patients. We purified antibodies to CD4 and gp120 and assessed them for specificity, ability to block gp120 binding to target cells, ability to block virus infection, and ability to facilitate ADCC. All of the HIV+ patient samples were positive for antibodies to HIV gp120 and p24 and 80% showed evidence of hypergammaglobulinemia. Approximately 10% of cohort members were positive for antibodies to CD4, but we noted no significant correlation relevant to DP. There were statistically significant differences between the groups concerning the level of humoral response to gp120 and Gag. However, we observed no distinction in ability of anti-gp120 antibodies purified from each group to neutralize infection. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in ADCC, with elite controllers exhibiting significantly lower levels of ADCC than the other five groups. We detected IgA anti-gp120 antibodies, but did not correlate their presence with either DP or ADCC levels. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the humoral antibody response to the antigens assessed here represents a signature of the level of viremia but does not correlate with clinical status of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fink
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Katherine Fuller
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Gerald V. Quinnan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John H. Elder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Fan X, Zhu L, Liang H, Xie Z, Huang X, Wang S, Shen T. Antibody-dependent CD56+ T cell responses are functionally impaired in long-term HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2016; 13:76. [PMID: 27814766 PMCID: PMC5097383 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which mainly mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, may play a critical role in slowing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) disease progression and protecting from HIV-1 infection. Besides classic NK cells, CD56+ T cells also have some NK cell-like properties, such as the large granular lymphocyte morphology and the capacity to destroy NK-sensitive target cells. However, little is known about the potentials of antibody-dependent CD56+ T cell responses and the association between antibody-dependent CD56+ T cell responses and HIV-1 disease progression. Results In the present study, we showed evidences that, in addition to NK cells, CD56+ T cells could generate degranulation upon CD16 cross-linking. Ex vivo study showed that FcγRIII (CD16)-mediated CD56+ T cell responses were distinctly induced by IgG antibody-bound P815 cells. Comparatively, CD56− T cells and invariant NKT (CD3+ 6B11+) failed to induce antibody-dependent activation. Antibody-dependent CD56+ T cell responses were mainly ascribed to CD4/CD8 double negative subset and were functionally impaired in long-term HIV-1-infected former plasma donors, regardless of hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection status. Also, CD56+ T cell-mediated HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent responses were declined in men who have sex with men with HIV-1 infection over 3 years. Finally, we showed that matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor GM6001 could partially restored antibody-dependent CD56+ T cell responses of chronic HIV-1-infected subjects. Conclusions Our results suggested that CD56+ T cells could mediate ADCC responses and the responses were impaired in chronic HIV-1 infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0313-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiangbo Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Yaseen MM, Yaseen MM, Alqudah MA. Broadly neutralizing antibodies: An approach to control HIV-1 infection. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 36:31-40. [PMID: 27739924 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1225301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although available antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection to a non-fatal chronic disease, the economic burden of lifelong therapy, severe adverse ART effects, daily ART adherence, and emergence of ART-resistant HIV-1 mutants require prospecting for alternative therapeutic modalities. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (BNAbs) may offer one such feasible alternative. To evaluate their therapeutic potential in established HIV-1 infection, we sought to address recent advances in pre-clinical and clinical investigations in this area of HIV-1 research. In addition, we addressed the obstacles that may impede the success of such immunotherapeutic approach, suggested strategic solutions, and briefly compared this approach with the currently used ART to open new insights for potential future passive immunotherapy for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- b Department of Public Health, College of Nursing , University of Benghazi , Benghazi , Libya
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- c Department of Clinical Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
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Williams KL, Cortez V, Dingens AS, Gach JS, Rainwater S, Weis JF, Chen X, Spearman P, Forthal DN, Overbaugh J. HIV-specific CD4-induced Antibodies Mediate Broad and Potent Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity and Are Commonly Detected in Plasma From HIV-infected humans. EBioMedicine 2016; 2:1464-77. [PMID: 26629541 PMCID: PMC4634620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific antibodies (Abs) can reduce viral burden by blocking new rounds of infection or by destroying infected cells via activation of effector cells through Fc–FcR interaction. This latter process, referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), has been associated with viral control and improved clinical outcome following both HIV and SIV infections. Here we describe an HIV viral-like particle (VLP)-based sorting strategy that led to identification of HIV-specificmemory B cells encoding Abs that mediate ADCC froma subtype A-infected Kenyan woman at 914 days post-infection. Using this strategy, 12 HIV-envelope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were isolated and three mediated potent ADCC activitywhen compared to well-characterized ADCC mAbs. The ADCC-mediating Abs also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), which provides a net measure of Fc receptor-triggered effects against replicating virus. Two of the three ADCC-mediating Abs targeted a CD4-induced (CD4i) epitope also bound by the mAb C11; the third antibody targeted the N-terminus of V3. Both CD4i Abs identified here demonstrated strong cross-clade breadth with activity against 10 of 11 envelopes tested, including those from clades A, B, C, A/D and C/D, whereas the V3-specific antibody showed more limited breadth. Variants of these CD4i, C11-like mAbs engineered to interrupt binding to FcγRs inhibited a measurable percentage of the donor's ADCC activity starting as early as 189 days post-infection. C11-like antibodies also accounted for between 18–78% of ADCC activity in 9 chronically infected individuals from the same cohort study. Further, the two CD4i Abs originated from unique B cells, suggesting that antibodies targeting this epitope can be commonly produced. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that CD4i, C11-like antibodies develop within the first 6 months of infection and they can arise fromunique B-cell lineages in the same individual. Further, thesemAbsmediate potent plasma IgG-specificADCC breadth and potency and contribute to ADCC activity in other HIV-infected individuals.
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121
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Bruel T, Mouquet H, Schwartz O. [Antibodies that kill HIV-1-infected cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:671-4. [PMID: 27615165 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163208004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité Virus et Immunité, CNRS URA 3015, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'Immunologie, Laboratoire G5, Réponse humorale aux pathogènes, Inserm U1222, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France - Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité Virus et Immunité, CNRS URA 3015, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France - Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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Isitman G, Lisovsky I, Tremblay-McLean A, Kovacs C, Harris M, Routy JP, Bruneau J, Wainberg MA, Tremblay C, Bernard NF. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity of Effector Cells from HIV-Infected Elite and Viral Controllers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1079-1088. [PMID: 27499379 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriage of alleles encoding certain inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor/HLA ligand KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations is associated with protection from HIV infection and slow time to AIDS, implicating NK cells in HIV control. NK cells also mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC has been identified as a correlate of protection in secondary analyses of the modestly protective RV144 Thai HIV vaccine trial. In ADCC, HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies (Abs) bridge HIV-infected or gp120-coated target cells and NK cells expressing CD16 receptors for Ab Fc domains. CD16 engagement activates NK cells to secrete cytokines/chemokines, degranulate, deliver granzyme B (GrB) to target cells, and cytolysis. A subset of HIV+ subjects, known as slow progressors (SPs), maintains low-level viremia without treatment. HIV+ SPs versus progressors have higher titers and/or a greater breadth of ADCC-competent Abs. Investigations of the functional capacity of NK effector cells following CD16 engagement in HIV+ subjects are lacking. We used the ADCC-GranToxiLux (ADCC-GTL) assay to assess the frequency of GrB+ (%GrB+) cells generated by effector cells from 37 HIV+ SPs and 15 progressors to gp120-coated CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells in the presence of anti-Env Abs. Subject groups were stratified according to whether or not they carried educating KIR3DL1/HLA-B combinations able to confer NK cells with functional potential. No differences were observed in %GrB+ target cells generated by effector cells from carriers of educating versus noneducating KIR3DL1/HLA-B pairs. The absence of an effect of NK cell education on this readout may be due to loss of the ability of educated NK cells from SPs to respond to Ab-dependent stimulation and/or the lower frequency of KIR3DL1+ than KIR3DL1- NK cells that coexpress CD16. That KIR/HLA genotypes have minimal impact on interindividual differences in ADCC potency has relevance for therapeutic interventions that target ADCC for HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irene Lisovsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Hematology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark A. Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, MUHC, Montreal, Canada
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Engineering broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:157-173. [PMID: 26827912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of advances spanning from isolation to delivery of potent HIV-specific antibodies has begun to revolutionize understandings of antibody-mediated antiviral activity. As a result, the set of broadly neutralizing and highly protective antibodies has grown in number, diversity, potency, and breadth of viral recognition and neutralization. These antibodies are now being further enhanced by rational engineering of their anti-HIV activities and coupled to cutting edge gene delivery and strategies to optimize their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. As a result, the prospects for clinical use of HIV-specific antibodies to treat, clear, and prevent HIV infection are gaining momentum. Here we discuss the diverse methods whereby antibodies are being optimized for neutralization potency and breadth, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and effector function with the aim of revolutionizing HIV treatment and prevention options.
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125
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Overcoming the Constraints of Anti-HIV/CD89 Bispecific Antibodies That Limit Viral Inhibition. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9425172. [PMID: 27419146 PMCID: PMC4933884 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9425172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative strategies are necessary to maximize the clinical application of HIV neutralizing antibodies. To this end, bispecific constructs of human antibody F240, reactive with well-conserved gp41 epitope and antibody 14A8, reactive with the IgA receptor (CD89) on effector cells, were constructed. A F240 × 14A8 bispecific single chain variable region (scFv) molecule was constructed by linking two scFvs using a conventional GGGGS linker. Despite immunoreactivity with HIV gp41 and neutrophils, this bispecific scFv failed to inhibit HIV infection. This is in sharp contrast to viral inhibition using a chemical conjugate of the Fab of these two antibodies. Therefore, we constructed two novel Fab-like bispecific antibody molecules centered on fusion of the IgG1 CH1 domain or CH1-hinge domain to the C-terminus of F240scFv and fusion of the kappa chain CL domain to the C-terminus of 14A8scFv. Both Bi-Fab antibodies showed significant ADCVI activity for multiple clade B and clade C isolates by arming the neutrophils to inhibit HIV infection. The approach presented in this study is unique for HIV immunotherapy in that the impetus of neutralization is to arm and mobilize PMN to destroy HIV and HIV infected cells.
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Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 90:6127-6139. [PMID: 27122574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00347-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein have been studied extensively for their ability to block viral infectivity, little data are currently available on nonneutralizing functions of these antibodies, such as their ability to eliminate virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies of diverse specificities, including potent broadly neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies, were therefore tested for ADCC against cells infected with a lab-adapted HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1NL4-3), a primary HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1JR-FL), and a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) adapted for pathogenic infection of rhesus macaques (SHIVAD8-EO). In accordance with the sensitivity of these viruses to neutralization, HIV-1NL4-3-infected cells were considerably more sensitive to ADCC, both in terms of the number of antibodies and magnitude of responses, than cells infected with HIV-1JR-FL or SHIVAD8-EO ADCC activity generally correlated with antibody binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells and with viral neutralization; however, neutralization was not always predictive of ADCC, as instances of ADCC in the absence of detectable neutralization, and vice versa, were observed. These results reveal incomplete overlap in the specificities of antibodies that mediate these antiviral activities and provide insights into the relationship between ADCC and neutralization important for the development of antibody-based vaccines and therapies for combating HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE This study provides fundamental insights into the relationship between antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and virus neutralization that may help to guide the development of antibody-based vaccines and immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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128
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Highly individual patterns of virus-immune IgG effector responses in humans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:409-24. [PMID: 27193020 PMCID: PMC5003914 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IgG responses are fundamental to adaptive immunity and document immunological memory of previous pathogen encounter. While specific antigen recognition is mediated by the variable F(ab')2 domain of IgG, various effector functions become activated via the constant Fcγ part bridging IgG-opsonized targets to FcγR-expressing immune effector cells. Traditionally, neutralizing IgG is considered the most appropriate correlate of protective humoral immunity to viruses. However, evidence is increasing that antiviral IgG mediates protection to viruses via activation of FcγRs. Using a test system allowing quantitative detection of virus-immune IgG able to activate FcγRs, sera of healthy individuals and vaccinees were assessed with regard to two prototypical human pathogenic viruses: measles and human cytomegalovirus. Marked differences in the capacity of individuals to generate FcγRI-, FcγRII- and FcγRIII-activating responses were noted. Comparison of FcγR-activating IgG with neutralizing and ELISA IgG concentrations did not correlate for HCMV and only very poorly for MV. Since neither neutralizing IgG nor overall IgG responses faithfully predict the activation of FcγRs, only the simultaneous quantification of IgGs activating defined FcγRs will aid to delineate individual "immunograms" of virus IgG immunity. Such new multiparametric assessment of antiviral IgG qualities could be instrumental in defining correlates of protection and disease progression.
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Brief Report: Seminal Plasma Anti-HIV Antibodies Trigger Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity: Implications for HIV Transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:17-23. [PMID: 26761269 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from HIV vaccine trials in humans and non-human primates suggests that nonneutralizing antibody functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), are an important component of vaccine-mediated protection. Whether anti-HIV ADCC antibodies are present in seminal fluid, however, is not known. We assessed whether anti-HIV antibodies within seminal plasma mediate ADCC and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Using matched blood and seminal plasma samples, we detected anti-HIV IgG within samples from all 11 HIV-infected donors. Furthermore, anti-HIV antibodies within the seminal plasma triggered detectable ADCC in 9 of 11 donors and activated NK cells in 6 of 11 donors. The ability of seminal plasma-derived IgG to activate NK cells in an anti-HIV antibody-dependent manner was enhanced when IgG were enriched and other seminal plasma components were removed. These observations have relevance for understanding natural immunity to HIV infection and provide assistance with HIV vaccine design.
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130
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Borggren M, Jensen SS, Heyndrickx L, Palm AA, Gerstoft J, Kronborg G, Hønge BL, Jespersen S, da Silva ZJ, Karlsson I, Fomsgaard A. Neutralizing Antibody Response and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in HIV-1-Infected Individuals from Guinea-Bissau and Denmark. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:434-42. [PMID: 26621287 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic and prophylactic HIV vaccines for African countries is urgently needed, but the question of what immunogens to use needs to be answered. One approach is to include HIV envelope immunogens derived from HIV-positive individuals from a geographically concentrated epidemic with more limited viral genetic diversity for a region-based vaccine. To address if there is a basis for a regional selected antibody vaccine, we have screened two regionally separate cohorts from Guinea-Bissau and Denmark for neutralizing antibody activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against local and nonlocal circulating HIV-1 strains. The neutralizing activity did not demonstrate higher potential against local circulating strains according to geography and subtype determination, but the plasma from Danish individuals demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity than that from Guinea-Bissau individuals against both local and nonlocal virus strains. Interestingly, an opposite pattern was observed with ADCC activity, where Guinea-Bissau individual plasma demonstrated higher activity than Danish plasma and was specifically against the local circulating subtype. Thus, on basis of samples from these two cohorts, no local-specific neutralizing activity was detected, but a local ADCC response was identified in the Guinea-Bissau samples, suggesting potential use of regional immunogens for an ADCC-inducing vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Borggren
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Skov Jensen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Biomedical Department, Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelica A. Palm
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Kronborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | - Ingrid Karlsson
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, Zhang X, Gittens K, Justement JS, Kovacs C, McDermott AB, Li Y, Sajadi MM, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Moir S. Maintenance of HIV-Specific Memory B-Cell Responses in Elite Controllers Despite Low Viral Burdens. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:390-8. [PMID: 27122593 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific B-cell responses in infected individuals are maintained by active HIV replication. Suppression of viremia by antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to quantitative and qualitative changes that remain unclear. Accordingly, B-cell responses were investigated in elite controllers (ECs), who maintain undetectable HIV levels without ART, and in individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART. Despite a higher HIV burden in the ART group, compared with the EC group, frequencies of HIV-specific B cells were higher in the EC group, compared with those in the ART group. However, the initiation of ART in several ECs was associated with reduced frequencies of HIV-specific B cells, suggesting that responses are at least in part sustained by HIV replication. Furthermore, B-cell responses to tetanus toxin but not influenza hemagglutinin in the ART group were lower than those in the EC group. Thus, the superior HIV-specific humoral response in ECs versus ART-treated individuals is likely due to a more intact humoral immune response in ECs and/or distinct responses to residual HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Maryland
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132
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Hens J, Jennes W, Kestens L. The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26997965 PMCID: PMC4799629 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating and inhibitory signals mediated by receptor-ligand binding with the target cell. These receptor-ligand bonds mainly consist of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are expressed at the cell surface of NK cells, and their ligands: the highly variable human leukocyte antigen -class I molecules (HLA). Absence of an inhibitory receptor-ligand bond lowers the NK cell activation threshold, whereas an activating receptor-ligand bond stimulates the cell, potentially overcoming this threshold and triggering NK cell activation. NK cells influence the course of infection as well as the acquisition of HIV-1. Several lines of evidence relate the activating NK cell receptor KIR3DS1, in the presence or absence of its putative ligand HLA-Bw4, with slower disease progression as well as resistance to HIV-1 infection. Overall, resistance to HIV-1 infection predominantly correlates with activating KIR/HLA profiles, consisting of e.g. activating KIRs, group B haplotypes, or inhibitory KIRs in absence of their ligands. Such a conclusion is less evident for studies of HIV-1 disease progression, with studies reporting beneficial as well as detrimental effects of activating KIR/HLA genotypes. It is likely that KIR/HLA association studies are complicated by the complexity of the KIR and HLA loci and their mutual interactions, as well as by additional factors like route of HIV exposure, immune activation, presence of co-infections, and the effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. One newly discovered NK cell activation pathway associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection involves the presence of an iKIR/HLA mismatch between partners. The absence of such an iKIR/HLA bond renders donor-derived allogeneic HIV-1 infected cells vulnerable to NK cell responses during HIV-1 transmission. Therefore, theoretically, HIV-1 would be eliminated before it has the chance to infect the autologous cells in the recipient. While this “alloreactive” NK cell mechanism is especially relevant to HIV transmission in monogamous couples, it would be interesting to investigate how it could influence resistance to HIV in other settings. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge about these autologous and alloreactive NK cell responses with regard to HIV-1 outcome.
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Elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10844. [PMID: 26936020 PMCID: PMC4782064 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc region of HIV-1 Env-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is required for suppressing viraemia, through mechanisms which remain poorly understood. Here, we identify bNAbs that exert antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cell culture and kill HIV-1-infected lymphocytes through natural killer (NK) engagement. These antibodies target the CD4-binding site, the glycans/V3 and V1/V2 loops on gp120, or the gp41 moiety. The landscape of Env epitope exposure at the surface and the sensitivity of infected cells to ADCC vary considerably between viral strains. Efficient ADCC requires sustained cell surface binding of bNAbs to Env, and combining bNAbs allows a potent killing activity. Furthermore, reactivated infected cells from HIV-positive individuals expose heterogeneous Env epitope patterns, with levels that are often but not always sufficient to trigger killing by bNAbs. Our study delineates the parameters controlling ADCC activity of bNAbs, and supports the use of the most potent antibodies to clear the viral reservoir.
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134
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Maruta Y, Kuwata T, Tanaka K, Alam M, Valdez KPR, Egami Y, Suwa Y, Morioka H, Matsushita S. Cross-Neutralization Activity of Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) Derived from Anti-V3 Monoclonal Antibodies Mediated by Post-Attachment Binding. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:395-404. [PMID: 26902223 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The V3 loop in the envelope (Env) of HIV-1 is one of the major targets of neutralizing antibodies. However, this antigen is hidden inside the Env trimer in most isolates and is fully exposed only during CD4-gp120 interaction. Thus, primary HIV-1 isolates are relatively resistant to anti-V3 antibodies because IgG is too large to access the V3 loop. To overcome this obstacle, we constructed single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) from anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies 0.5γ, 5G2, and 16G6. Enhanced neutralization by 0.5γ and 5G2 scFvs was observed in strains resistant to their IgG counterparts. Neutralization coverage by 0.5γ scFv reached up to 90% of the tested viruses (tier 2 and 3 classes). The temperature-regulated neutralization assay revealed that extensive cross-neutralization of 0.5γ scFv can be explained by post-attachment neutralization. Neutralization assay involving viruses carrying an inter-subunit disulfide bond (SOS virus) showed that the neutralization-susceptible timeframe after attachment was 60 to 120 min. These results indicate that the scFvs efficiently access the V3 loop and subsequently neutralize HIV-1, even after virus attachment to the target cells. Based on its broad and potent neutralizing activity, further development of anti-V3 scFv for therapeutic and preventive strategies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maruta
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University
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135
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Tamalet C, Colson P, Decroly E, Dhiver C, Ravaux I, Stein A, Raoult D. Reevaluation of possible outcomes of infections with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:299-311. [PMID: 26794031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that HIV infection can result in several possible incomes, including a very small proportion of individuals whose HIV replication is controlled after treatment interruption (known as HIV posttreatment controllers) or spontaneously without any treatment (known as HIV elite controllers). Both types of individuals are HIV RNA negative but HIV DNA positive, with living virus which can be stimulated ex vivo. A review was conducted to assess the literature on yet rarer cases with detectable integrated HIV DNA without HIV infectious virus in HIV-seropositive or -negative individuals. Three categories of patients were identified: (a) HIV-seropositive individuals with apparent spontaneous cure from their HIV infection, (b) HIV-seronegative children born to HIV-infected mothers and (c) highly exposed seronegative adults. Validity criteria were proposed to assess the presence of integrated HIV DNA as possible or unquestionable in these three categories. Only three articles among the 22 ultimately selected fulfilled these criteria. Among the highly exposed seronegative subjects, some individuals were described as being without integrated HIV DNA, probably because these subjects were not investigated using relevant, highly sensitive methods. Finally, we propose a definition of spontaneous cure of HIV infection based on clinical, immunologic and virologic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Aix-Marseille University, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, France
| | - P Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Aix-Marseille University, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, France
| | - E Decroly
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS AFMB Laboratory, UMR 7257, Case 925, France
| | - C Dhiver
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - I Ravaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - A Stein
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, France; Aix-Marseille University, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, France.
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Env-Specific IgA from Viremic HIV-Infected Subjects Compromises Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2016; 90:670-81. [PMID: 26491172 PMCID: PMC4702681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02363-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elucidating the factors that modulate HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) will help in understanding its role in HIV immunity. The aim of this study was to determine whether IgA could modify the magnitude of ADCC in HIV infection, abrogating its protective role. Plasma samples from 20 HIV-positive (HIV(+)) subjects enrolled during primary HIV infection (PHI), 10 chronically infected subjects (chronic), and 7 elite controllers (EC) were used. ADCC was determined by using a fluorometric ADCC assay, before and after removal of plasma IgA. Data were analyzed by using nonparametric statistics. ADCC was documented in 80% of PHI enrollment samples and in 100% of PHI 12-month, chronic, and EC samples; it peaked after acute infection, reached a plateau in chronic infection, and decreased after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Significant associations between ADCC and disease progression were found only after removal of plasma IgA from 12-month PHI samples: the magnitude of ADCC not only increased after IgA removal but also correlated with CD4(+) T-cell preservation. This work provides evidence that gp120-specific IgA was capable of modifying ADCC responses during natural HIV infection for the first time and adds to similar evidence provided in other settings. Furthermore, it underscores the complexity of the ADCC phenomenon and will help in an understanding of its underlying mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Although the induction of ADCC-mediating antibodies in HIV-infected subjects has been extensively documented, the association of these antibodies with protection from disease progression is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that plasma IgA is a factor capable of modifying the magnitude of IgG-mediated ADCC in HIV infection, mitigating its beneficial effect. These results help in understanding why previous studies failed to demonstrate correlations between ADCC and disease progression, and they also contribute to the notion that an HIV vaccine should stimulate the production of ADCC-mediating IgG antibodies but not IgA.
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137
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Nef Proteins from HIV-1 Elite Controllers Are Inefficient at Preventing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2015; 90:2993-3002. [PMID: 26719277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02973-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Impairment of Nef function, including reduced CD4 downregulation, was described in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals that control viral replication without antiretroviral treatment (elite controllers [EC]). Elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) requires the presence of envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation, raising the possibility that accumulating CD4 at the surface of virus-infected cells in EC could interact with Env and thereby sensitize these cells to ADCC. We observed a significant increase in the exposure of Env epitopes targeted by ADCC-mediating antibodies at the surface of cells expressing Nef isolates from EC; this correlated with enhanced susceptibility to ADCC. Altogether, our results suggest that enhanced susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC may contribute to the EC phenotype. IMPORTANCE Nef clones derived from elite controllers (EC) have been shown to be attenuated for CD4 downregulation; how this contributes to the nonprogressor phenotype of these infected individuals remains uncertain. Increasing evidence supports a role for HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in controlling viral infection and replication. Here, we show that residual CD4 left at the surface of cells expressing Nef proteins isolated from ECs are sufficient to allow Env-CD4 interaction, leading to increased exposure of Env CD4-induced epitopes and increased susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that ADCC might be an active immune mechanism in EC that helps to maintain durable suppression of viral replication and low plasma viremia level in this rare subset of infected individuals. Therefore, targeting Nef's ability to downregulate CD4 could render HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC and thus have therapeutic utility.
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Richard J, Veillette M, Ding S, Zoubchenok D, Alsahafi N, Coutu M, Brassard N, Park J, Courter JR, Melillo B, Smith AB, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Sodroski J, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Small CD4 Mimetics Prevent HIV-1 Uninfected Bystander CD4 + T Cell Killing Mediated by Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity. EBioMedicine 2015; 3:122-134. [PMID: 26870823 PMCID: PMC4739418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes a progressive depletion of CD4 + T cells. Despite its importance for HIV-1 pathogenesis, the precise mechanisms underlying CD4 + T-cell depletion remain incompletely understood. Here we make the surprising observation that antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediates the death of uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells in cultures of HIV-1-infected cells. While HIV-1-infected cells are protected from ADCC by the action of the viral Vpu and Nef proteins, uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells bind gp120 shed from productively infected cells and are efficiently recognized by ADCC-mediating antibodies. Thus, gp120 shedding represents a viral mechanism to divert ADCC responses towards uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells. Importantly, CD4-mimetic molecules redirect ADCC responses from uninfected bystander cells to HIV-1-infected cells; therefore, CD4-mimetic compounds might have therapeutic utility in new strategies aimed at specifically eliminating HIV-1-infected cells. Gp120 shed from productively-infected cells binds to bystander CD4 + T cells. Gp120-coated bystander cells are highly sensitivity to ADCC responses mediated by CD4-induced antibodies. Small-molecule CD4-mimetics redirect CD4-induced antibodies to HIV-1-infected cells.
The hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 + T cells. Using cultures of HIV-1-infected cells, we observed that a part of the machinery that the virus uses to infect cells (gp120) binds to uninfected cells. Antibodies elicited during the course of the infection against the gp120 can recognize uninfected cells and redirect an immune response to them that results in their elimination. Importantly, this phenomenon can be blocked with a small CD4-mimetic compound that abrogates the binding of gp120 to uninfected cells and redirects the immune system to infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Coutu
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joel R Courter
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139-3583, USA; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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139
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Liu C, Ma X, Liu B, Chen C, Zhang H. HIV-1 functional cure: will the dream come true? BMC Med 2015; 13:284. [PMID: 26588898 PMCID: PMC4654816 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a long-lived pool of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent viruses, is the major obstacle to curing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can successfully suppress HIV-1 viremia and significantly delay the progression of the disease, it cannot eliminate the viral reservoir and the patient must continue to take anti-viral medicines for life. Currently, the appearance of the 'Berlin patient', the 'Boston patients', and the 'Mississippi baby' have inspired many therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 aimed at curing efforts. However, the specific eradication of viral latency and the recovery and optimization of the HIV-1-specific immune surveillance are major challenges to achieving such a cure. Here, we summarize recent studies addressing the mechanisms underlying the viral latency and define two categories of viral reservoir: 'shallow' and 'deep'. We also present the current strategies and recent advances in the development of a functional cure for HIV-1, focusing on full/partial replacement of the immune system, 'shock and kill', and 'permanent silencing' approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Cancan Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV elite controllers suppress HIV viremia without antiretroviral therapy (ART), yet previous studies demonstrated that elite controllers maintain an activated T-cell phenotype. Chronic immune activation has detrimental consequences and thus ART has been advocated for all elite controllers. However, elite controllers are not a clinically homogenous group. Since CD4% is among the best predictors of AIDS-related events, in the current study, we assessed whether this marker can be used to stratify elite controllers needing ART. METHODS Sixteen elite controllers were divided into two groups based on CD4% (EC > 40% and EC ≤40%), and T-cell subsets were analyzed for markers of memory/differentiation (CD45RA, CCR7, CD28), activation (CD38/HLA-DR), immunosenescence (CD57), costimulation (CD73, CD28) and exhaustion (PD-1, CD160, Tim-3). Monocyte subsets (CD14, CD16) were also analyzed and sCD14 levels were quantified using ELISA. RESULTS In the EC group, expression of activation, exhaustion, and immunosensescence markers on T cells were significantly reduced compared with the EC group and similar to the seronegative controls. The EC group expressed higher levels of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD73 and had lower levels of monocyte activation (HLA-DR expression) with a reduced frequency of inflammatory monocyte (CD14 CD16) subset. Furthermore, the EC group maintained a stable CD4% during a median follow-up of 6 years. CONCLUSION Elite controllers with preserved CD4T cells (EC) have normal T-cell and monocyte phenotypes and therefore may have limited benefit from ART. CD4% can be an important marker for evaluating future studies aimed at determining the need for ART in this group of individuals.
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141
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HIV Vaccine: Recent Advances, Current Roadblocks, and Future Directions. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:560347. [PMID: 26579546 PMCID: PMC4633685 DOI: 10.1155/2015/560347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In spite of successful interventions and treatment protocols, an HIV vaccine would be the ultimate prevention and control strategy. Ever since identification of HIV/AIDS, there have been meticulous efforts for vaccine development. The specific aim of this paper is to review recent vaccine efficacy trials and associated advancements and discuss the current challenges and future directions. Recombinant DNA technologies greatly facilitated development of many viral products which were later incorporated into vectors for effective vaccines. Over the years, a number of scientific approaches have gained popularity and include the induction of neutralizing antibodies in late 1980s, induction of CD8 T cell in early 1990s, and combination approaches currently. Scientists have hypothesized that stimulation of right sequences of somatic hypermutations could induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of effective neutralization and viral elimination. Studies have shown that a number of host and viral factors affect these processes. Similarly, eliciting specific CD8 T cells immune responses through DNA vaccines hold future promises. In summary, future studies should focus on the continuous fight between host immune responses and ever-evasive viral factors for effective vaccines.
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142
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Jülg B, Barouch DH. Novel immunological strategies for HIV-1 eradication. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:232-6. [PMID: 27482421 PMCID: PMC4946653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 is able to persist in cellular reservoirs. Preclinical studies suggest that the latent reservoir is established within days of virus exposure, even before virus can be detected in peripheral blood. Latently infected cells remain undetectable by the immune system and can persist for years without losing their ability to produce infectious virus when ART is discontinued. Novel concepts for viral eradication strategies combine pharmacological induction of latently infected cells to produce virus together with immune-enhancing interventions to enable the host to clear these cells. In this review, we describe the early establishment of HIV-1 latency and discuss current strategies to disrupt latency and potentially enable clearance of these persistently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jülg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
USA,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston,
Massachusetts,
USA
| | - DH Barouch
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
USA,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston,
Massachusetts,
USA,Corresponding author: Dan H Barouch, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E/CLS-1045, 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215, USA
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144
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Gallerano D, Cabauatan CR, Sibanda EN, Valenta R. HIV-Specific Antibody Responses in HIV-Infected Patients: From a Monoclonal to a Polyclonal View. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 167:223-41. [PMID: 26414324 DOI: 10.1159/000438484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infections represent a major global health threat, affecting more than 35 million individuals worldwide. High infection rates and problems associated with lifelong antiretroviral treatment emphasize the need for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic immune intervention strategies. It is conceivable that insights for the design of new immunogens capable of eliciting protective immune responses may come from the analysis of HIV-specific antibody responses in infected patients. Using sophisticated technologies, several monoclonal neutralizing antibodies were isolated from HIV-infected individuals. However, the majority of polyclonal antibody responses found in infected patients are nonneutralizing. Comprehensive analyses of the molecular targets of HIV-specific antibody responses identified that during natural infection antibodies are mainly misdirected towards gp120 epitopes outside of the CD4-binding site and against regions and proteins that are not exposed on the surface of the virus. We therefore argue that vaccines aiming to induce protective responses should include engineered immunogens, which are capable of focusing the immune response towards protective epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gallerano
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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145
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Cobey S, Wilson P, Matsen FA. The evolution within us. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140235. [PMID: 26194749 PMCID: PMC4528412 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The B-cell immune response is a remarkable evolutionary system found in jawed vertebrates. B-cell receptors, the membrane-bound form of antibodies, are capable of evolving high affinity to almost any foreign protein. High germline diversity and rapid evolution upon encounter with antigen explain the general adaptability of B-cell populations, but the dynamics of repertoires are less well understood. These dynamics are scientifically and clinically important. After highlighting the remarkable characteristics of naive and experienced B-cell repertoires, especially biased usage of genes encoding the B-cell receptors, we contrast methods of sequence analysis and their attempts to explain patterns of B-cell evolution. These phylogenetic approaches are currently unlinked to explicit models of B-cell competition, which analyse repertoire evolution at the level of phenotype, the affinities and specificities to particular antigenic sites. The models, in turn, suggest how chance, infection history and other factors contribute to different patterns of immunodominance and protection between people. Challenges in rational vaccine design, specifically vaccines to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, underscore critical gaps in our understanding of B cells' evolutionary and ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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146
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Chung HK, Pise-Masison CA, Muthiah A, Radonovich MF, Lee EM, Lee JK, Pal R. Transcription profiling of CD4⁺ T cells in rhesus macaques that infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus and re-challenged with SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:263-74. [PMID: 26332118 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights into the host factors that contribute to an effective antiviral immune response may be obtained by examining global gene expression in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected non-human primates that exhibit different virological outcomes. METHODS Six chronically SHIV-infected macaques were rectally challenged with SIVmac251. Viral RNA and proviral DNA load in blood were measured. Gene expression profiles in CD4+ T cells were examined and compared between animals with different levels of infection following challenge. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Viral RNA was markedly controlled in four challenged animals, whereas two animals had persistent high viremia. Analysis of the gene expression profiles at early infection revealed gene expression signatures between protectors and non-protectors and identified potential protective biomarkers. Pathway analyses revealed that IFN pathway genes are down-regulated in protectors compared to unprotectors. This study suggests that high levels of expression of type 1 IFN-related genes may paradoxically promote virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annamalai Muthiah
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitte Cancer Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael F Radonovich
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitte Cancer Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
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147
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Chan KR, Ong EZ, Mok DZL, Ooi EE. Fc receptors and their influence on efficacy of therapeutic antibodies for treatment of viral diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1351-60. [PMID: 26466016 PMCID: PMC4673539 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1079127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The lack of vaccines against several important viral diseases necessitates the development of therapeutics to save lives and control epidemics. In recent years, therapeutic antibodies have received considerable attention due to their good safety profiles and clinical success when used against viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and Hendra virus. The binding affinity of these antibodies can directly impact their therapeutic efficacy. However, we and others have also demonstrated that the subtype of Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) engaged influences the stoichiometric requirement for virus neutralization. Hence, the development of therapeutic antibodies against infectious diseases should consider the FcγRs engaged and Fc-effector functions involved. This review highlights the current state of knowledge about FcγRs and FcγR effector functions involved in virus neutralization, with emphasis on factors that can affect FcγR engagement. A better understanding of Fc-FcγR interactions during virus neutralization will allow development of therapeutic antibodies that are efficacious and can be administered with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rong Chan
- a 1 Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- b 2 Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Darren Z L Mok
- c 3 Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- a 1 Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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148
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Pernas M, Sanchez-Merino V, Casado C, Merino-Mansilla A, Olivares I, Yuste E, Lopez-Galindez C. HIV-1 Dual Infected LTNP-EC Patients Developed an Unexpected Antibody Cross-Neutralizing Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134054. [PMID: 26258485 PMCID: PMC4530867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the neutralization breadth in dually infected (DI) HIV-1 long-term non-progressor elite controller patients (LTNP-EC) using a representative minipanel of 6 viruses from 5 different subtypes. Our results showed an improved neutralization breadth in DI LTNP-EC patients when compared with matched LTNP single-infected patients. The role of viral diversity in neutralization was estimated with the Shannon Entropy and the p-distance in viral quasispecies. We found a positive correlation between neutralization breadth and diversity within the viral quasispecies. This correlation could explain why a group of LTNP-EC patients developed a broad neutralizing response despite having undetectable levels of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pernas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d´Investigacions Biomediquès August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepcion Casado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d´Investigacions Biomediquès August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Eloisa Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d´Investigacions Biomediquès August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
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Ansari AW, Ahmad F, Meyer-Olson D, Kamarulzaman A, Jacobs R, Schmidt RE. Natural killer cell heterogeneity: cellular dysfunction and significance in HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3037-49. [PMID: 25939268 PMCID: PMC11113101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effectors that provide first line of defence against viruses. Human NK cells are heterogeneous in nature, and their functions rely on a dynamic balance between germ-line-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. HIV-1 infection results in altered NK cell receptor repertoire and impaired effector functions including the ability to lyse virus-infected cells and secretion of antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. Over the last decade, additional NK cell subset-specific molecules have been identified, leading to emergence of a more complex cellular diversity than previously thought. Herein, we discuss NK cell subset redistribution, altered receptor repertoire and influence of interaction of polymorphic leucocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) on HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wahid Ansari
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Meyer-Olson
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lambah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E. Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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150
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Aziz M, Mahmood F, Mata M, Durkin HG, Liu C, Greenblatt RM, Nowicki M, Golub ET, Anastos K, French AL, Baum LL. Development of IgG Mediated Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the Serum and Genital Mucosa of HIV Seroconverters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26798561 PMCID: PMC4718584 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background We measured antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in serum and genital fluids of heterosexually exposed women during HIV seroconversion. Methods Plasma and cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from 11 seroconverters (SC) were analyzed biannually from one year pre- to 6 year post-seroconversion using a 51Cr-release assay to measure HIV-1 gp120 specific ADCC. Results No SC had significant HIV specific CVL ADCC activity before seroconversion or until 1.5 yr after seroconversion. One individual had a %Specific Release (SR) of 25.4 at 2 years, 26.7 at 3 years and 21.0 at 4 years after seroconversion in CVL. Another sample had 4.7% SR at 2 years, 5.3 at 3 years, 10.9 at 4 years, and 8.4 at 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A third had no activity until 17% SR 5 years after seroconversion in CVL. A fourth showed activity of 36.5% SR at 6.5 years after seroconversion. Seven women had no ADCC activity in their CVL. Paired serum samples showed HIV specific ADCC activity prior to the appearance of CVL ADCC activity. Conclusions HIV specific ADCC activity in CVL rose 2 years after seroconversion; ADCC was present in the serum prior to this time. These data suggest that genital tract ADCC activity is not present until well after acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Aziz
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fareeha Mahmood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariana Mata
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marek Nowicki
- University of Southern California Norris Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | | | | | - Audrey L French
- CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Linda L Baum
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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