101
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Non-Invasive Assessment of Skin Barrier Properties: Investigating Emerging Tools for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications. COSMETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics4040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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102
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de Groot JHB, Semin GR, Smeets MAM. On the Communicative Function of Body Odors. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:306-324. [PMID: 28346117 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616676599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans use multiple senses to navigate the social world, and the sense of smell is arguably the most underestimated one. An intriguing aspect of the sense of smell is its social communicative function. Research has shown that human odors convey information about a range of states (e.g., emotions, sickness) and traits (e.g., individuality, gender). Yet, what underlies the communicability of these states and traits via smell? We fill this explanatory gap with a framework that highlights the dynamic and flexible aspects of human olfactory communication. In particular, we explain how chemical profiles, associative learning (i.e., the systematic co-occurrence of chemical profiles with state- or trait-related information), and top-down contextual influences could interact to shape human odor perception. Our model not only helps to integrate past research on human olfactory communication but it also opens new avenues for future research on this fascinating, yet to date poorly understood, field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H B de Groot
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gün R Semin
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,2 William James Center for Research, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Portugal
| | - Monique A M Smeets
- 1 Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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103
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Interspecies transmission of emotional information via chemosignals: from humans to dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Anim Cogn 2017; 21:67-78. [PMID: 28988316 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a study examining interspecies emotion transfer via body odors (chemosignals). Do human body odors (chemosignals) produced under emotional conditions of happiness and fear provide information that is detectable by pet dogs (Labrador and Golden retrievers)? The odor samples were collected from the axilla of male donors not involved in the main experiment. The experimental setup involved the co-presence of the dog's owner, a stranger and the odor dispenser in a space where the dogs could move freely. There were three odor conditions [fear, happiness, and control (no sweat)] to which the dogs were assigned randomly. The dependent variables were the relevant behaviors of the dogs (e.g., approaching, interacting and gazing) directed to the three targets (owner, stranger, sweat dispenser) aside from the dogs' stress and heart rate indicators. The results indicated with high accuracy that the dogs manifested the predicted behaviors in the three conditions. There were fewer and shorter owner directed behaviors and more stranger directed behaviors when they were in the "happy odor condition" compared to the fear odor and control conditions. In the fear odor condition, they displayed more stressful behaviors. The heart rate data in the control and happy conditions were significantly lower than in the fear condition. Our findings suggest that interspecies emotional communication is facilitated by chemosignals.
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104
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Gaby JM, Zayas V. Smelling is Telling: Human Olfactory Cues Influence Social Judgments in Semi-Realistic Interactions. Chem Senses 2017; 42:405-418. [PMID: 28369183 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How does a person's smell affect others' impressions of them? Most body odor research asks perceivers to make social judgments based on armpit sweat without perfume or deodorant, presented on t-shirts. Yet, in real life, perceivers encounter fragranced body odor, on whole bodies. Our "raters" wore blindfolds and earplugs and repeatedly smelled same-sex "donors" in live interactions. In one condition, donors wore their normal deodorant and perfume ("diplomatic" odor) while in the other condition, donors were asked to avoid all outside fragrance influences ("natural" odor). We assessed the reliability of social judgments based on such live interactions, and the relationships between live judgments and traditional t-shirt based judgments, and between natural- and diplomatic odor-based judgments. Raters' repeated live social judgments (e.g., friendliness, likeability) were highly consistent for both diplomatic and natural odor, and converged with judgments based on t-shirts. However, social judgments based on natural odor did not consistently predict social judgments based on diplomatic odor, suggesting that natural and diplomatic body odor may convey different types of social information. Our results provide evidence that individuals can perceive reliable, meaningful social olfactory signals from whole bodies, at social distances, regardless of the presence or absence of perfume. Importantly, however, the social value of these signals is modified by the addition of exogenous fragrances. Further, our focus on judgments in same-sex dyads suggests that these olfactory cues hold social value in non-mating contexts. We suggest that future research employ more ecologically relevant methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gaby
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, 202 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, USA and.,Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Vivian Zayas
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, 202 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, USA and
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105
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Ashrafi M, Bates M, Baguneid M, Alonso-Rasgado T, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Bayat A. Volatile organic compound detection as a potential means of diagnosing cutaneous wound infections. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:574-590. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ashrafi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Centre for Dermatological Research, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohamed Baguneid
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Alonso-Rasgado
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Centre for Dermatological Research, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials; University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom
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106
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de Groot JHB, Smeets MAM. Human Fear Chemosignaling: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Chem Senses 2017; 42:663-673. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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107
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Sampling method development and optimization in view of human hand odor analysis by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5113-5124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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108
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Duffy E, Jacobs MR, Kirby B, Morrin A. Probing skin physiology through the volatile footprint: Discriminating volatile emissions before and after acute barrier disruption. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:919-925. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew R. Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Dermatology Research Group; St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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109
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Novel collection method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from dogs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:1-4. [PMID: 28692852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Host derived chemical cues are an important aspect of arthropod attraction to potential hosts. Host cues that act over longer distances include CO2, heat, and water vapor, while cues such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) act over closer distances. Domestic dogs are important hosts for disease cycles that include dog heartworm disease vectored by mosquitoes, however the host VOCs utilized by vectors are not well known. Herein we present a novel method that sampled VOCs from a dog host. A Tenax TD stainless steel tube was held near a dog's fur and skin, which collected VOCs that were later desorbed and tentatively identified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrospectrometer (GC-MS). Background air chemicals were subtracted from the dog sample, resulting in 182 differentiated compounds, a majority of which were identified by ionization fragmentation patterns. Four dogs were sampled and shared 41 of the identified chemicals. VOCs were representative of aliphatics, aromatics, aldehydes, alcohols and carboxylic acids. This chemical characterization method has the potential to identify both individuals and breeds of dogs in addition to other potential uses such as disease diagnosis.
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110
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Croy I, Frackowiak T, Hummel T, Sorokowska A. Babies Smell Wonderful to Their Parents, Teenagers Do Not: an Exploratory Questionnaire Study on Children's Age and Personal Odor Ratings in a Polish Sample. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2017; 10:81-87. [PMID: 28932343 PMCID: PMC5574933 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-017-9230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infant body odor is subjectively pleasant to parents and activates reward areas in the brain. Hence, body odor perception might contribute to parental bonding. However, it is unknown whether the perceived pleasantness of children's body odor varies over the course of a child's development. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-five parents (M = 36.9 years, SD = 7.3) were asked to assess the personal odor pleasantness of their children (N = 367; M = 9.3 years, SD = 6.4). RESULTS Odor pleasantness was found to decrease as a function of children's age. Neither sex of the parent nor sex of the child contributed significantly to this effect. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the effect of age-related changes on personal odor pleasantness reflects olfactory modulation of parental-child relationships. IMPLICATIONS Our study suggests that perception of young children's personal odor as pleasant may contribute to bonding and thereby caretaking, which is needed to a lesser degree after puberty than before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Frackowiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland
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111
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Migration of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces: Observation technique and nanoscale variations. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 275:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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112
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Ren Y, Liu W, Chen J, Wang J, Wang K, Zhou J, Cai S, Zheng M, Liu J, Liu L, Xue D. A missense variant of the ABCC11 gene is associated with Axillary Osmidrosis susceptibility and clinical phenotypes in the Chinese Han Population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46335. [PMID: 28485377 PMCID: PMC5423033 DOI: 10.1038/srep46335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axillary osmidrosis (AO) is a common condition characterized by an offensive odor arising from apocrine gland secretions in the axillae that socially and psychologically impairs affected individuals. The exact aetiology of AO is still not fully understood, but genetic factors have been suggested to play an important role. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17822931 in the ABCC11 gene located on human chromosome 16q12.1 has been shown to be associated with AO. In this study, we genotyped rs17822931 in two independent samples of Chinese Hans including 93 AO individuals vs 95 controls and 81 AO individuals vs 106 controls by using SNaPshot Multiplex Kit. We confirmed the association for ABCC11 gene, showing that rs17822931-G was significantly associated with increased risk for AO (Pcombined = 1.42E-21, OR = 83.94, 95% CI = 83.03–84.85). We also found rs17822931 was associated with subphenotypes of AO. AO individuals carrying the risk allele G are more likely to show wet earwax (P = 2.40E-05), higher frequency of family history (P = 1.04E-02) and early age of onset (P = 3.81E-02). Our study concluded that the association of rs17822931 in the ABCC11 gene with AO was replicated in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jisu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyou Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suiqing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lunfei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Dermatology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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113
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114
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Hussain JN, Mantri N, Cohen MM. Working Up a Good Sweat - The Challenges of Standardising Sweat Collection for Metabolomics Analysis. Clin Biochem Rev 2017; 38:13-34. [PMID: 28798503 PMCID: PMC5548369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human sweat is a complex biofluid of interest to diverse scientific fields. Metabolomics analysis of sweat promises to improve screening, diagnosis and self-monitoring of numerous conditions through new applications and greater personalisation of medical interventions. Before these applications can be fully developed, existing methods for the collection, handling, processing and storage of human sweat need to be revised. This review presents a cross-disciplinary overview of the origins, composition, physical characteristics and functional roles of human sweat, and explores the factors involved in standardising sweat collection for metabolomics analysis. METHODS A literature review of human sweat analysis over the past 10 years (2006-2016) was performed to identify studies with metabolomics or similarly applicable 'omics' analysis. These studies were reviewed with attention to sweat induction and sampling techniques, timing of sweat collection, sweat storage conditions, laboratory derivation, processing and analytical platforms. RESULTS Comparative analysis of 20 studies revealed numerous factors that can significantly impact the validity, reliability and reproducibility of sweat analysis including: anatomical site of sweat sampling, skin integrity and preparation; temperature and humidity at the sweat collection sites; timing and nature of sweat collection; metabolic quenching; transport and storage; qualitative and quantitative measurements of the skin microbiota at sweat collection sites; and individual variables such as diet, emotional state, metabolic conditions, pharmaceutical, recreational drug and supplement use. CONCLUSION Further development of standard operating protocols for human sweat collection can open the way for sweat metabolomics to significantly add to our understanding of human physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N Hussain
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083
| | - Nitin Mantri
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia
| | - Marc M Cohen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083
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115
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Cuzuel V, Cognon G, Rivals I, Sauleau C, Heulard F, Thiébaut D, Vial J. Origin, Analytical Characterization, and Use of Human Odor in Forensics. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:330-350. [PMID: 28120328 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing a strategy to characterize the odor prints of individuals should be relevant to support identification obtained using dogs in courts of justice. This article proposes an overview of the techniques used for the forensic profiling of human odor. After reviewing the origin of human odor-both genetic and physiological-the different analytical steps from sample collection to statistical data processing are presented. The first challenge is the collection of odor, whether by direct sampling with polymer patches, cotton gauze, etc., or indirect sampling with devices like Scent Transfer Unit. Then, analytical techniques are presented. Analyses are commonly performed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As they yield large amounts of data, advanced statistical tools are needed to provide efficient and reliable data processing, which is essential to give more probative value to information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cuzuel
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France.,Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Cognon
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris, UMRS 1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Charles Sauleau
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - François Heulard
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
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116
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Milanowski M, Pomastowski P, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Saliva – Volatile Biomarkers and Profiles. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:251-266. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1266925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Milanowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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117
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Determination of VOC marker combinations for the classification of individuals by gender and race/ethnicity. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:193-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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118
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Allen C, Cobey KD, Havlíček J, Roberts SC. The impact of artificial fragrances on the assessment of mate quality cues in body odor. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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119
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, Marshall A, Verbeck GF. Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8146-72. [PMID: 27388215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical "signatures" associated with human presence, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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120
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Alho L, Soares SC, Costa LP, Pinto E, Ferreira JHT, Sorjonen K, Silva CF, Olsson MJ. Nosewitness Identification: Effects of Lineup Size and Retention Interval. Front Psychol 2016; 7:713. [PMID: 27303317 PMCID: PMC4884748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although canine identification of body odor (BO) has been widely used as forensic evidence, the concept of nosewitness identification by human observers was only recently put to the test. The results indicated that BOs associated with male characters in authentic crime videos could later be identified in BO lineup tests well above chance. To further evaluate nosewitness memory, we assessed the effects of lineup size (Experiment 1) and retention interval (Experiment 2), using a forced-choice memory test. The results showed that nosewitness identification works for all lineup sizes (3, 5, and 8 BOs), but that larger lineups compromise identification performance in similarity to observations from eye- and earwitness studies. Also in line with previous eye- and earwitness studies, but in disagreement with some studies on odor memory, Experiment 2 showed significant forgetting between shorter retention intervals (15 min) and longer retention intervals (1-week) using lineups of five BOs. Altogether this study shows that identification of BO in a forensic setting is possible and has limits and characteristics in line with witness identification through other sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alho
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, CoimbraPortugal
| | - Sandra C Soares
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, PortoPortugal; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSweden
| | - Liliana P Costa
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro Portugal
| | - Elisa Pinto
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro Portugal
| | - Jacqueline H T Ferreira
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, CoimbraPortugal
| | - Kimmo Sorjonen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Carlos F Silva
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS.UA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, PortoPortugal
| | - Mats J Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden
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Verhulst NO, Weldegergis BT, Menger D, Takken W. Attractiveness of volatiles from different body parts to the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii is affected by deodorant compounds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27141. [PMID: 27251017 PMCID: PMC4890431 DOI: 10.1038/srep27141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes display biting preferences among different sites of the human body. In addition to height or convection currents, body odour may play a role in the selection of these biting sites. Previous studies have shown that skin emanations are important host-finding cues for mosquitoes. In this study, skin emanations were collected from armpits, hands and feet; the volatile profiles were analysed and tested for their attractiveness to the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Skin emanations collected from armpits were less attractive to An. coluzzii compared to hands or/and feet. The difference may have been caused by deodorant residues, which were found in the armpit samples and not in those of hands and feet. In a subsequent experiment, volunteers were asked to avoid using skincare products for five days, and thereafter, no differences in attractiveness of the body parts to mosquitoes were found. The detected deodorant compound isopropyl tetradecanoate inhibited mosquito landings in a repellent bioassay. It is concluded that the volatiles emanated from different body parts induced comparable levels of attraction in mosquitoes, and that skincare products may reduce a person’s attractiveness to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels O Verhulst
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Menger
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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122
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Rendon NM, Soini HA, Scotti MAL, Weigel ER, Novotny MV, Demas GE. Photoperiod and aggression induce changes in ventral gland compounds exclusively in male Siberian hamsters. Horm Behav 2016; 81:1-11. [PMID: 26944610 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication is a critical component of social behavior as it facilitates social encounters, allows for evaluation of the social partner, defines territories and resources, and advertises information such as sex and physiological state of an animal. Odors provide a key source of information about the social environment to rodents; however, studies identifying chemical compounds have thus far focused primarily on few species, particularly the house mouse. Moreover, considerably less attention has been focused on how environmental factors, reproductive phenotype, and behavioral context alter these compounds outside of reproduction. We examined the effects of photoperiod, sex, and social context on chemical communication in the seasonally breeding Siberian hamster. We sampled ventral gland secretions in both male and female hamsters before and after an aggressive encounter and identified changes in a range of volatile compounds. Next, we investigated how photoperiod, reproductive phenotype, and aggression altered ventral gland volatile compound composition across the sexes. Males exhibited a more diverse chemical composition, more sex-specific volatiles, and showed higher levels of excretion compared to females. Individual volatiles were also differentially excreted across photoperiod and reproductive phenotype, as well as differentially altered in response to an aggressive encounter. Female volatile compound composition, in contrast, did not differ across photoperiods or in response to aggression. Collectively, these data contribute to a greater understanding of context-dependent changes in chemical communication in a seasonally breeding rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M Rendon
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Helena A Soini
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Melissa-Ann L Scotti
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ellen R Weigel
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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123
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Marchal S, Bregeras O, Puaux D, Gervais R, Ferry B. Rigorous Training of Dogs Leads to High Accuracy in Human Scent Matching-To-Sample Performance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146963. [PMID: 26863620 PMCID: PMC4749222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human scent identification is based on a matching-to-sample task in which trained dogs are required to compare a scent sample collected from an object found at a crime scene to that of a suspect. Based on dogs’ greater olfactory ability to detect and process odours, this method has been used in forensic investigations to identify the odour of a suspect at a crime scene. The excellent reliability and reproducibility of the method largely depend on rigor in dog training. The present study describes the various steps of training that lead to high sensitivity scores, with dogs matching samples with 90% efficiency when the complexity of the scents presented during the task in the sample is similar to that presented in the in lineups, and specificity reaching a ceiling, with no false alarms in human scent matching-to-sample tasks. This high level of accuracy ensures reliable results in judicial human scent identification tests. Also, our data should convince law enforcement authorities to use these results as official forensic evidence when dogs are trained appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marchal
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Bregeras
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Didier Puaux
- Division of the Technical and Scientific Police (DTSP), Central Direction of the Judicial Police, Central Service of the Judicial Identity, Forensic Section, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, F-69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Gervais
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon— UMR CNRS 5292 — INSERM U 1028 — Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, F-69366, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Ferry
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon— UMR CNRS 5292 — INSERM U 1028 — Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 50 avenue Tony Garnier, F-69366, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Mutic S, Moellers EM, Wiesmann M, Freiherr J. Chemosensory Communication of Gender Information: Masculinity Bias in Body Odor Perception and Femininity Bias Introduced by Chemosignals During Social Perception. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1980. [PMID: 26834656 PMCID: PMC4719098 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body odor is a source of important social information. In this study, we explore whether the sex of an individual can be established based on smelling axillary odor and whether exposure to male and female odors biases chemosensory and social perception. In a double-blind, pseudo-randomized application, 31 healthy normosmic heterosexual male and female raters were exposed to male and female chemosignals (odor samples of 27 heterosexual donors collected during a cardio workout) and a no odor sample. Recipients rated chemosensory samples on a masculinity-femininity scale and provided intensity, familiarity and pleasantness ratings. Additionally, the modulation of social perception (gender-neutral faces and personality attributes) and affective introspection (mood) by male and female chemosignals was assessed. Male and female axillary odors were rated as rather masculine, regardless of the sex of the donor. As opposed to the masculinity bias in the odor perception, a femininity bias modulating social perception appeared. A facilitated femininity detection in gender-neutral faces and personality attributes in male and female chemosignals appeared. No chemosensory effect on mood of the rater was observed. The results are discussed with regards to the use of male and female chemosignals in affective and social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiljana Mutic
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Eileen M Moellers
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
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125
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Mutic S, Parma V, Brünner YF, Freiherr J. You Smell Dangerous: Communicating Fight Responses Through Human Chemosignals of Aggression. Chem Senses 2015; 41:35-43. [PMID: 26453051 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect conspecifics that represent a potential harm for an individual represents a high survival benefit. Humans communicate socially relevant information using all sensory modalities, including the chemosensory systems. In study 1, we investigated whether the body odor of a stranger with the intention to harm serves as a chemosignal of aggression. Sixteen healthy male participants donated their body odor while engaging in a boxing session characterized by aggression-induction methods (chemosignal of aggression) and while performing an ergometer session (exercise chemosignal). Self-reports on aggression-related physical activity, motivation to harm and angry emotions selectively increased after aggression induction. In study 2, we examined whether receivers smelling such chemosignals experience emotional contagion (e.g., anger) or emotional reciprocity (e.g., anxiety). The aggression and exercise chemosignals were therefore presented to 22 healthy normosmic participants in a double-blind, randomized exposure during which affective/cognitive processing was examined (i.e., emotion recognition task, emotional stroop task). Behavioral results indicate that chemosignals of aggression induce an affective/cognitive modulation compatible with an anxiety reaction in the recipients. These findings are discussed in light of mechanisms of emotional reciprocity as a way to convey not only affective but also motivational information via chemosensory signals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiljana Mutic
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and
| | - Valentina Parma
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 177 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne F Brünner
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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126
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Frick A, Chidlow G, Lewis S, van Bronswijk W. Investigations into the initial composition of latent fingermark lipids by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 254:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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127
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Allen C, Havlíček J, Roberts SC. Effect of fragrance use on discrimination of individual body odor. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1115. [PMID: 26300812 PMCID: PMC4528100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that artificial fragrances may be chosen to complement or enhance an individual’s body odor, rather than simply masking it, and that this may create an odor blend with an emergent quality that is perceptually distinguishable from body odor or fragrance alone. From this, it can be predicted that a new emergent odor might be more easily identified than an individual’s body odor in isolation. We used a triangle test paradigm to assess whether fragrance affects people’s ability to distinguish between individual odors. Six male and six female donors provided axillary odor samples in three conditions (without fragrance, wearing their own fragrance, and wearing an assigned fragrance). In total, 296 female and 131 male participants selected the odd one from three odor samples (two from one donor, one from another; both of the same sex). We found that participants could discriminate between the odors at above chance levels in all three odor conditions. Olfactory identification ability (measured using Sniffin’ Sticks) positively predicted discrimination performance, and sex differences in performance were also observed, with female raters being correct more often than men. Success rates were also higher for odors of male donors. Additionally, while performance was above chance in all conditions, individual odor discrimination varied across the three conditions. Discrimination rate was significantly higher in the “no fragrance” condition than either of the fragranced conditions. Importantly, however, discrimination rate was also significantly higher in the “own fragrance” condition than the “assigned fragrance” condition, suggesting that naturally occurring variance in body odor is more preserved when blended with fragrances that people choose for themselves, compared with other fragrances. Our data are consistent with the idea that fragrance choices are influenced by fragrance interactions with an individual’s own body odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Allen
- Division of Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling, UK
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Craig Roberts
- Division of Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling, UK
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128
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybrid volatolomics and disease detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11036-48. [PMID: 26235374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to "volatolomics"-an emerging frontier for fast, risk-free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by "hybrid" approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel)
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Vera Ruzsanyi
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel).
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129
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybride Volatolomik und der Nachweis von Krankheiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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130
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Cadd S, Islam M, Manson P, Bleay S. Fingerprint composition and aging: A literature review. Sci Justice 2015; 55:219-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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131
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Thoß M, Luzynski KC, Ante M, Miller I, Penn DJ. Major urinary protein (MUP) profiles show dynamic changes rather than individual 'barcode' signatures. Front Ecol Evol 2015; 3. [PMID: 26973837 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
House mice (Mus musculus) produce a variable number of major urinary proteins (MUPs), and studies suggest that each individual produces a unique MUP profile that provides a distinctive odor signature controlling individual and kin recognition. This 'barcode hypothesis' requires that MUP urinary profiles show high individual variability within populations and also high individual consistency over time, but tests of these assumptions are lacking. We analyzed urinary MUP profiles of 66 wild-caught house mice from eight populations using isoelectric focusing. We found that MUP profiles of wild male house mice are not individually unique, and though they were highly variable, closer inspection revealed that the variation strongly depended on MUP band type. The prominent ('major) bands were surprisingly homogenous (and hence most MUPs are not polymorphic), but we also found inconspicuous ('minor') bands that were highly variable and therefore potential candidates for individual fingerprints. We also examined changes in urinary MUP profiles of 58 males over time (from 6 to 24 weeks of age), and found that individual MUP profiles and MUP concentration were surprisingly dynamic, and showed significant changes after puberty and during adulthood. Contrary to what we expected, however, the minor bands were the most variable over time, thus no good candidates for individual fingerprints. Although MUP profiles do not provide individual fingerprints, we found that MUP profiles were more similar among siblings than non-kin despite considerable fluctuation. Our findings show that MUP profiles are not highly stable over time, they do not show strong individual clustering, and thus challenge the barcode hypothesis. Within-individual dynamics of MUP profiles indicate a different function of MUPs in individual recognition than previously assumed and advocate an alternative hypothesis ('dynamic changes' hypothesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thoß
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K C Luzynski
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ante
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Miller
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D J Penn
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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132
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Owino EA, Sang R, Sole CL, Pirk C, Mbogo C, Torto B. An improved odor bait for monitoring populations of Aedes aegypti-vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:253. [PMID: 25924877 PMCID: PMC4418051 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective surveillance and estimation of the biting fraction of Aedes aegypti is critical for accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter-epidemic periods of dengue and chikungunya fever. Here, we describe the development and use of synthetic human odor baits for improved sampling of adult Ae. aegypti, in two dengue and chikungunya fevers endemic areas in Kenya; Kilifi and Busia counties. METHODS We collected volatiles from the feet and trunks of two female and two male volunteers aged between 25 and 45 years. We used coupled gas chromatography- electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) analysis to screen for antennally-active components from the volatiles and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify the EAD-active components. Using randomized replicated designs, we compared the efficacies of Biogents (BG) sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide plus either single or blends of the identified compounds against the BG sentinel trap baited with carbon dioxide plus the BG commercial lure in trapping Ae. aegypti. The daily mosquito counts in the different traps were subjected to negative binomial regression following the generalized linear models procedures. RESULTS A total of ten major EAD-active components identified by GC/MS as mainly aldehydes and carboxylic acids, were consistently isolated from the human feet and trunk volatiles from at least two volunteers. Field assays with synthetic chemicals of the shared EAD-active components identified from the feet and trunk gave varying results. Ae. aegypti were more attracted to carbon dioxide baited BG sentinel traps combined with blends of aldehydes than to similar traps combined with blends of carboxylic acids. When we assessed the efficacy of hexanoic acid detected in odors of the BG commercial lure and volunteers plus carbon dioxide, trap captures of Ae. aegypti doubled over the trap baited with the commercial BG lure. However, dispensing aldehydes and carboxylic acids together in blends, reduced trap captures of Ae. aegypti by ~45%-50%. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for roles of carboxylic acids and aldehydes in Ae. aegypti host attraction and also show that of the carboxylic acids, hexanoic acid is a more effective lure for the vector than the BG commercial lure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Owino
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
| | - Catherine L Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Christian Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI & KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
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133
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de Groot JHB, Smeets MAM, Rowson MJ, Bulsing PJ, Blonk CG, Wilkinson JE, Semin GR. A Sniff of Happiness. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:684-700. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797614566318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that feelings of happiness transfer between individuals through mimicry induced by vision and hearing. The evidence is inconclusive, however, as to whether happiness can be communicated through the sense of smell via chemosignals. As chemosignals are a known medium for transferring negative emotions from a sender to a receiver, we examined whether chemosignals are also involved in the transmission of positive emotions. Positive emotions are important for overall well-being and yet relatively neglected in research on chemosignaling, arguably because of the stronger survival benefits linked with negative emotions. We observed that exposure to body odor collected from senders of chemosignals in a happy state induced a facial expression and perceptual-processing style indicative of happiness in the receivers of those signals. Our findings suggest that not only negative affect but also a positive state (happiness) can be transferred by means of odors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique A. M. Smeets
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Matt J. Rowson
- Unilever Research & Development, Colworth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cor G. Blonk
- Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gün R. Semin
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University
- Department of Psychology, Koç University
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisbon, Portugal
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134
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Bohbot JD, Pitts RJ. The narrowing olfactory landscape of insect odorant receptors. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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135
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Wyatt TD. The search for human pheromones: the lost decades and the necessity of returning to first principles. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142994. [PMID: 25740891 PMCID: PMC4375873 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As humans are mammals, it is possible, perhaps even probable, that we have pheromones. However, there is no robust bioassay-led evidence for the widely published claims that four steroid molecules are human pheromones: androstenone, androstenol, androstadienone and estratetraenol. In the absence of sound reasons to test the molecules, positive results in studies need to be treated with scepticism as these are highly likely to be false positives. Common problems include small sample sizes, an overestimate of effect size (as no effect can be expected), positive publication bias and lack of replication. Instead, if we are to find human pheromones, we need to treat ourselves as if we were a newly discovered mammal, and use the rigorous methods already proven successful in pheromone research on other species. Establishing a pheromone relies on demonstration of an odour-mediated behavioural or physiological response, identification and synthesis of the bioactive molecule(s), followed by bioassay confirmation of activity. Likely sources include our sebaceous glands. Comparison of secretions from adult and pre-pubertal humans may highlight potential molecules involved in sexual behaviour. One of the most promising human pheromone leads is a nipple secretion from the areola glands produced by all lactating mothers, which stimulates suckling by any baby not just their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram D Wyatt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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136
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Abstract
Sniffing our hand after a handshake may allow us to detect chemical signals produced by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gün R Semin
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey and ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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137
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Kean EF, Chadwick EA, Müller CT. Scent signals individual identity and country of origin in otters. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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138
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Jha SK, Hayashi K. A quick responding quartz crystal microbalance sensor array based on molecular imprinted polyacrylic acids coating for selective identification of aldehydes in body odor. Talanta 2015; 134:105-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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139
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de Groot JHB, Smeets MAM, Semin GR. Rapid stress system drives chemical transfer of fear from sender to receiver. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118211. [PMID: 25723720 PMCID: PMC4344325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans can register another person's fear not only with their eyes and ears, but also with their nose. Previous research has demonstrated that exposure to body odors from fearful individuals elicited implicit fear in others. The odor of fearful individuals appears to have a distinctive signature that can be produced relatively rapidly, driven by a physiological mechanism that has remained unexplored in earlier research. The apocrine sweat glands in the armpit that are responsible for chemosignal production contain receptors for adrenalin. We therefore expected that the release of adrenalin through activation of the rapid stress response system (i.e., the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system) is what drives the release of fear sweat, as opposed to activation of the slower stress response system (i.e., hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis). To test this assumption, sweat was sampled while eight participants prepared for a speech. Participants had higher heart rates and produced more armpit sweat in the fast stress condition, compared to baseline and the slow stress condition. Importantly, exposure to sweat from participants in the fast stress condition induced in receivers (N = 31) a simulacrum of the state of the sender, evidenced by the emergence of a fearful facial expression (facial electromyography) and vigilant behavior (i.e., faster classification of emotional facial expressions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H. B. de Groot
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A. M. Smeets
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gün R. Semin
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA), Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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140
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, France N. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry for homeland security and forensic applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:231-239. [PMID: 25398262 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A man-portable membrane inlet mass spectrometer has been built and tested to detect and monitor characteristic odors emitted from the human body and also from threat substances. In each case, a heated membrane sampling probe was used. During human scent monitoring experiments, data were obtained for inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds emitted from human breath and sweat in a confined space. Volatile emissions were detected from the human body at low ppb concentrations. Experiments with compounds associated with narcotics, explosives, and chemical warfare agents were conducted for a range of membrane types. Test compounds included methyl benzoate (odor signature of cocaine), piperidine (precursor in clandestine phencyclidine manufacturing processes), 2-nitrotoluene (breakdown product of TNT), cyclohexanone (volatile signature of plastic explosives), dimethyl methylphosphonate (used in sarin and soman nerve agent production), and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (simulant compound for sulfur mustard gas). Gas phase calibration experiments were performed allowing sub-ppb LOD to be established. The results showed excellent linearity versus concentration and rapid membrane response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
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141
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Drea CM. D'scent of man: a comparative survey of primate chemosignaling in relation to sex. Horm Behav 2015; 68:117-33. [PMID: 25118943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue (Chemosignals and Reproduction). As highly visual animals, primates, in general, and Old World species (including humans), in particular, are not immediately recognized for reliance in their daily interactions on olfactory communication. Nevertheless, views on primate olfactory acuity and the pervasiveness of their scent signaling are changing, with increased appreciation for the important role of body odors in primate social and sexual behavior. All major taxonomic groups, from lemurs to humans, are endowed with scent-producing organs, and either deposit or exude a wealth of volatile compounds, many of which are known semiochemicals. This review takes a comparative perspective to illustrate the reproductive context of primate signaling, the relevant information content of their signals, the sexually differentiated investigative responses generated, and the behavioral or physiological consequences of message transmission to both signaler and receiver. Throughout, humans are placed alongside their relatives to illustrate the evolutionary continuum in the sexual selection of primate chemosignals. This ever-growing body of evidence points to a critical role of scent in guiding the social behavior and reproductive function throughout the primate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA.
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142
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Zhu Z, Zhang H, Luo G, Xu N, Pan Z. Association between the ABCC11 gene polymorphism and the expression of apolipoprotein D by the apocrine glands in axillary osmidrosis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4463-7. [PMID: 25633187 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the adenosine triphosphate‑binding cassette sub‑family C member 11 (ABCC11) gene polymorphism and apolipoprotein D (ApoD), an odor precursor carrier, may be important in the formation of axillary odor. To date, few studies have examined the potential correlation between these two factors. The present study aimed to investigate the association between a 538 G>A single‑nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the ABCC11 gene and the mRNA expression levels of ApoD in the apocrine gland of patients with osmidrosis. The 538 G>A polymorphism genotypes of 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of osmidrosis were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a base‑quenched probe method, and they were divided into two groups according to the results. The G allele functions as a dominant gene; therefore, patients with the GG or GA genotype were allocated to Group I (n=28) and patients with the AA genotype to Group II (n=5). The mRNA expression levels of ApoD in the apocrine glands were determined by reverse transcription‑PCR. The results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of ApoD were significantly higher in the apocrine glands of patients in Group I compared with those in Group II (P<0.01). In conclusion, the results indicated that the ABCC11 gene SNP of the 538 G>A allele was associated with a downregulation of the mRNA expression of ApoD in the apocrine glands, which may indicate a role for the ABCC11 gene in the mediation of osmidrosis by enhancing the transition of odor precursors via the ApoD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechen Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund S‑221 85, Sweden
| | - Zhonglan Pan
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
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143
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Seesaard T, Lorwongtragool P, Kerdcharoen T. Development of fabric-based chemical gas sensors for use as wearable electronic noses. SENSORS 2015; 15:1885-902. [PMID: 25602265 PMCID: PMC4327107 DOI: 10.3390/s150101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel gas sensors embroidered into fabric substrates based on polymers/ SWNT-COOH nanocomposites were proposed in this paper, aiming for their use as a wearable electronic nose (e-nose). The fabric-based chemical gas sensors were fabricated by two main processes: drop coating and embroidery. Four potential polymers (PVC, cumene-PSMA, PSE and PVP)/functionalized-SWCNT sensing materials were deposited onto interdigitated electrodes previously prepared by embroidering conductive thread on a fabric substrate to make an optimal set of sensors. After preliminary trials of the obtained sensors, it was found that the sensors yielded a electrical resistance in the region of a few kilo-Ohms. The sensors were tested with various volatile compounds such as ammonium hydroxide, ethanol, pyridine, triethylamine, methanol and acetone, which are commonly found in the wastes released from the human body. These sensors were used to detect and discriminate between the body odors of different regions and exist in various forms such as the urine, armpit and exhaled breath odor. Based on a simple pattern recognition technique, we have shown that the proposed fabric-based chemical gas sensors can discriminate the human body odor from two persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thara Seesaard
- Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Panida Lorwongtragool
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Teerakiat Kerdcharoen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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144
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Prokop-Prigge KA, Mansfield CJ, Parker MR, Thaler E, Grice EA, Wysocki CJ, Preti G. Ethnic/racial and genetic influences on cerumen odorant profiles. J Chem Ecol 2014; 41:67-74. [PMID: 25501636 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with human cerumen (earwax) and the effects of ethnicity/race and variation on the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 11 gene (ABCC11). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ABCC11 affects the cerumen VOC profiles of individuals from African, Caucasian, and Asian descent. Employing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) we have identified the nature and relative abundance of cerumen VOCs from 32 male donors. Our results show that cerumen contains a complex mixture of VOCs and that the amounts of these compounds vary across individuals as well as across ethnic/racial groups. In six of the seven compounds whose detected concentrations were found to be statistically different across groups, individuals of African descent (AfD) > Caucasian descent (CaD) > Asians descent (AsD). Our findings also reveal that ABCC11 genotype alone does not predict the type and relative levels of volatiles found in human cerumen, and suggest that other biochemical pathways must be involved. Examination of the composition and diversity of external auditory canal microbiota in a small subset of our subject population revealed that the ear microbiota may not be directly correlated with either ethnic group membership or ABCC11 genotype.
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145
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Menger DJ, Van Loon JJA, Takken W. Assessing the efficacy of candidate mosquito repellents against the background of an attractive source that mimics a human host. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:407-413. [PMID: 24797537 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito repellents are used around the globe to protect against nuisance biting and disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development of repellents as tools to control the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. We present a new bioassay for the accurate assessment of candidate repellent compounds, using a synthetic odour that mimics the odour blend released by human skin. Using DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) and PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol) as reference compounds, nine candidate repellents were tested, of which five showed significant repellency to the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). These included: 2-nonanone; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; linalool; δ-decalactone, and δ-undecalactone. The lactones were also tested on the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae), against which they showed similar degrees of repellency. We conclude that the lactones are highly promising repellents, particularly because these compounds are pleasant-smelling, natural products that are also present in human food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Menger
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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146
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delBarco-Trillo J, Drea CM. Socioecological and phylogenetic patterns in the chemical signals of strepsirrhine primates. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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147
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Buljubasic F, Buchbauer G. The scent of human diseases: a review on specific volatile organic compounds as diagnostic biomarkers. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanis Buljubasic
- General Hospital Mannheim, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- General Hospital Mannheim, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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148
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Bonfanti ME. From sniffer dogs to emerging sniffer devices for airport security: an opportunity to rethink privacy implications? SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2014; 20:791-807. [PMID: 24519533 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-014-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are known for their incredible ability to detect odours, extracting them from a "complex" environment and recognising them. This makes sniffer dogs precious assets in a broad variety of security applications. However, their use is subject to some intrinsic restrictions. Dogs can only be trained to a limited set of applications, get tired after a relatively short period, and thus require a high turnover. This has sparked a drive over the past decade to develop artificial sniffer devices-generally known as "chemical sniffers" or "electronic noses"-able to complement and possibly replace dogs for some security applications. Such devices have been already deployed, or are intended to be deployed, at borders, airports and other critical installation security checkpoints. Similarly to dogs, they are adopted for detecting residual traces that indicate either the presence of, or recent contact with, substances like drugs and explosives. It goes without saying that, as with sniffer dogs, the use of artificial sniffer devices raises many sensitive issues. Adopting an ethical and legal perspective, the present paper discusses the privacy and data protection implications of the possible deployment of a hand-held body scanning sniffer for screening passengers at EU airport security checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo E Bonfanti
- Institute of Law, Politics and Development, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna di Pisa, Pisa, Italy,
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149
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO + with some physiologically significant aldehydes obtained using a SRI-TOF-MS instrument. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 363:23-31. [PMID: 25844049 PMCID: PMC4375723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO+ with 22 aldehydes involved in human physiology have been determined under the prevailing conditions of a selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) at an E/N in the flow/drift tube reactor of 130 Td. The chosen aldehydes were fourteen alkanals (the C2-C11 n-alkanals, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, and 2-ethyl hexanal), six alkenals (2-propenal, 2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-butenal, 3-methyl 2-butenal, 2-methyl 2-butenal, and 2-undecenal), benzaldehyde, and furfural. The product ion fragmentations patterns were determined for both dry air and humid air (3.5% absolute humidity) used as the matrix buffer/carrier gas in the drift tube of the SRI-TOF-MS instrument. Hydride ion transfer was seen to be a common ionization mechanism in all these aldehydes, thus generating (M-H)+ ions. Small fractions of the adduct ion, NO+M, were also seen for some of the unsaturated alkenals, in particular 2-undecenal, and heterocyclic furfural for which the major reactive channel was non-dissociative charge transfer generating the M+ parent ion. Almost all of the reactions resulted in partial fragmentation of the aldehyde molecules generating hydrocarbon ions; specifically, the alkanal reactions resulted in multiple product ions, whereas, the alkenals reactions produced only two or three product ions, dissociation of the nascent excited product ion occurring preferentially at the 2-position. The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of aldehydes reactions employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO+ mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstr. 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institut of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
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150
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Emission rates of selected volatile organic compounds from skin of healthy volunteers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 959:62-70. [PMID: 24768920 PMCID: PMC4013926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of volatiles emitted by human skin by SPME-GCMS. Determination of emission rates of 64 skin-borne species. Selection of potential skin-borne markers of human presence for rescue applications.
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC–MS) coupled with solid phase micro-extraction as pre-concentration method (SPME) was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by human skin. A total of 64 C4-C10 compounds were quantified in skin emanation of 31 healthy volunteers. Amongst them aldehydes and hydrocarbons were the predominant chemical families with eighteen and seventeen species, respectively. Apart from these, there were eight ketones, six heterocyclic compounds, six terpenes, four esters, two alcohols, two volatile sulphur compounds, and one nitrile. The observed median emission rates ranged from 0.55 to 4790 fmol cm−2 min−1. Within this set of analytes three volatiles; acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and acetaldehyde exhibited especially high emission rates exceeding 100 fmol cm−2 min−1. Thirty-three volatiles were highly present in skin emanation with incidence rates over 80%. These species can be considered as potential markers of human presence, which could be used for early location of entrapped victims during Urban Search and Rescue Operations (USaR).
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