101
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Goulet CT, Ingley SJ, Scharf I, Pruitt JN. Thermal effects on survival and reproductive performance vary according to personality type. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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102
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Vetter SG, Brandstätter C, Macheiner M, Suchentrunk F, Gerritsmann H, Bieber C. Shy is sometimes better: personality and juvenile body mass affect adult reproductive success in wild boars, Sus scrofa. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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103
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Burtka JL, Lovern MB, Grindstaff JL. Baseline hormone levels are linked to reproductive success but not parental care behaviors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 229:92-9. [PMID: 26972151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Consistent behavioral differences among individuals, or personalities, have been hypothesized to arise as a result of consistent individual differences in hormone levels. Individual variation in baseline hormone levels or hormonal similarity within a breeding pair may be related to reproductive success, as suggested by the corticosterone-fitness hypothesis and the hormonal similarity hypothesis, respectively. In a population of Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) with repeatable behavioral expression and coordination of behavior within pairs, we tested if baseline androgen and corticosterone levels are related to behavioral expression, if coordination in behavior within pairs is facilitated by hormonal coordination, and if baseline hormone levels are related to fledging success at the individual or pair level. We found no significant relationship between hormone levels and nest visit rate or nest defense for either sex. Androgen and corticosterone levels were not correlated within pairs, but pairs in which males exhibited more aggressive nest defense behavior than females were also more different in androgen levels. Females with higher baseline corticosterone levels fledged more young, but hormonal similarity within pairs was not related to fledging success. Our results provide support for the corticosterone-adaptation hypothesis, which suggests that elevation of baseline corticosterone levels may occur during breeding to meet increased energetic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Burtka
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Science West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Matthew B Lovern
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Science West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer L Grindstaff
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Science West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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104
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David M, Dall SRX. Unravelling the Philosophies Underlying ‘Animal Personality’ Studies: A Brief Re-Appraisal of the Field. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan David
- Department of Biology-Ethology; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; School of Biosciences; College of Life & Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall UK
| | - Sasha R. X. Dall
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; School of Biosciences; College of Life & Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall UK
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105
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Izu LT, Bányász T, Chen-Izu Y. Optimizing Population Variability to Maximize Benefit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143475. [PMID: 26650247 PMCID: PMC4674128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability is inherent in any population, regardless whether the population comprises humans, plants, biological cells, or manufactured parts. Is the variability beneficial, detrimental, or inconsequential? This question is of fundamental importance in manufacturing, agriculture, and bioengineering. This question has no simple categorical answer because research shows that variability in a population can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Here we ask whether there is a certain level of variability that can maximize benefit to the population as a whole. We answer this question by using a model composed of a population of individuals who independently make binary decisions; individuals vary in making a yes or no decision, and the aggregated effect of these decisions on the population is quantified by a benefit function (e.g. accuracy of the measurement using binary rulers, aggregate income of a town of farmers). Here we show that an optimal variance exists for maximizing the population benefit function; this optimal variance quantifies what is often called the "right mix" of individuals in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton T. Izu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamás Bányász
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ye Chen-Izu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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106
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Campioni L, Delgado MM, Penteriani V. Pattern of repeatability in the movement behaviour of a long‐lived territorial species, the eagle owl. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Campioni
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre ISPA – Instituto Universitário Lisboa Portugal
| | - M. M. Delgado
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - V. Penteriani
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana Seville Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO‐CSIC‐PA) Oviedo University – Campus Mieres Mieres Spain
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107
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Petelle MB, Martin JGA, Blumstein DT. Heritability and genetic correlations of personality traits in a wild population of yellow‐bellied marmots (
Marmota flaviventris
). J Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Petelle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of the Free State Qwaqwa Phuthaditjhaba South Africa
| | - J. G. A. Martin
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - D. T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO USA
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108
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Lecorps B, Féron C. Correlates between ear postures and emotional reactivity in a wild type mouse species. Behav Processes 2015; 120:25-9. [PMID: 26275830 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions have been extensively used to assess emotions in humans and thus could be extended to other species that also display facial movements. In mice both painful and fearful situations have been associated with particular shifts in facial expressions. Like other species, mice frequently show a great inter-individual variability when exposed to emotional situations, but so far no study has been conducted to investigate if facial expressions are related to these differences. The aim of this study is to explore if mice of wild origin (Mus spicilegus) express different facial expressions when confronted to novelty and to relate these mimics to their emotional reactivity profile. We used individual exploration scores in a novel odour test and in the elevated plus maze test as proxy measures of individual emotional reactivity. Our results showed that exploration scores in both tests were positively correlated, and both were related to the ear postures expressed by the individuals during their first exploration of the novel odour. This single component of facial expression was in fact a good indicator of inter-individual differences expressed in these two different tests suggesting a strong link between this marker and the individual emotional reactivity. These results highlight the great potential of facial expressions to assess emotional states in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lecorps
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue JB Clément, Villetaneuse 93430, France.
| | - Christophe Féron
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue JB Clément, Villetaneuse 93430, France
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109
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Geary B, Green MC, Ballard BM. Movements and survival of juvenile reddish egrets Egretta rufescens on the Gulf of Mexico coast. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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110
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Michelangeli M, Wong BB, Chapple DG. It’s a trap: sampling bias due to animal personality is not always inevitable. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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111
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Buss DM. How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 4:359-66. [PMID: 26158983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although evolutionary psychology has been successful in explaining some species-typical and sex-differentiated adaptations, a large question that has largely eluded the field is this: How can the field successfully explain personality and individual differences? This article highlights some promising theoretical directions for tackling this question. These include life-history theory, costly signaling theory, environmental variability in fitness optima, frequency-dependent selection, mutation load, and flexibly contingent shifts in strategy according to environmental conditions. Tackling the explanatory question also requires progress on three fronts: (a) reframing some personality traits as forms of strategic individual differences; (b) providing a nonarbitrary, evolutionary-based formulation of environments as distributions and salience profiles of adaptive problems; and (c) identifying which strategies thrive and which falter in these differing problem-defined environments.
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112
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MacKay JRD, Haskell MJ. Consistent Individual Behavioral Variation: The Difference between Temperament, Personality and Behavioral Syndromes. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:455-78. [PMID: 26479368 PMCID: PMC4598688 DOI: 10.3390/ani5030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The interchangeable usage of the words “personality”, “temperament” and “behavioral syndromes” in animal behavior research has often led to confusion. In this paper, we devise a framework for describing the behavioral phenomenon, betweenindividual/between-population variation, and between/across context variation. This framework can be used to give unique definitions of the three terms, supported by previous literature, giving clarity moving forward in the field of animal behavior. Abstract Ethologists use a variety of terminology such as “personality”, “temperament” and “behavioral syndromes” almost interchangeably to discuss the phenomenon of individuals within a population of animals consistently varying from one another in their behavioral responses to stimuli. This interchangeable usage of terminology has contributed to confusion within the field of animal behavior and limits the study of the phenomenon. Here we use a rapid, non-exhaustive and repeatable search strategy literature review to investigate where there were unique distinctions between these three terms and where there was an overlap in their usage. We identified three main areas of confusion in terminology: historical usage which is not updated; a lack of precision between different fields of study; and a lack of precision between different levels of variation. We propose a framework with which to understand and define the terms based on the levels of variation ethologists are interested in. Consistent individual animal behavioral variation relates to the different structures of variation of between-individual/between-population and between and across contexts. By formalizing this framework we provide clarity between the three terms which can be easily defined and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R D MacKay
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JGF, UK.
| | - Marie J Haskell
- Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JGF, UK.
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113
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Ariyomo TO, Watt PJ. Effect of hunger level and time of day on boldness and aggression in the zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1852-1859. [PMID: 25882908 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two environmental variables, hunger level (fed or not fed before behavioural assays) and time of day (morning or afternoon), on the boldness and aggressiveness of male and female zebrafish Danio rerio, was tested. The results showed that neither hunger level nor time of testing influenced boldness in males and females, but hunger level significantly affected aggression in females when compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Ariyomo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - P J Watt
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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114
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Benson JF, Mahoney PJ, Patterson BR. Spatiotemporal variation in selection of roads influences mortality risk for canids in an unprotected landscape. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Benson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent Univ.; Peterborough ON K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Peter J. Mahoney
- Dept of Wildland Resources; Utah State Univ.; Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Brent R. Patterson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section; Peterborough ON K9J 7B8 Canada
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115
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Chapman BB, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brodersen J. Shape up or ship out: migratory behaviour predicts morphology across spatial scale in a freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben B. Chapman
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Karlstad University; Karlstad 651 88 Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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116
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Fisher DN, David M, Tregenza T, Rodríguez-Muñoz R. Dynamics of among-individual behavioral variation over adult lifespan in a wild insect. Behav Ecol 2015; 26:975-985. [PMID: 26167097 PMCID: PMC4495759 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating patterns of among and within-individual trait variation in populations is essential to understanding how selection shapes phenotypes. Behavior is often the most flexible aspect of the phenotype, and to understand how it is affected by selection, we need to examine how consistent individuals are. However, it is not well understood whether among-individual differences tend to remain consistent over lifetimes, or whether the behavior of individuals relative to one another varies over time. We examined the dynamics of 4 behavioral traits (tendency to leave a refuge, shyness, activity, and exploration) in a wild population of field crickets (Gryllus campestris). We tagged individuals and then temporarily removed them from their natural environment and tested them under laboratory conditions. All 4 traits showed among-individual variance in mean levels of expression across the adult lifespan, but no significant differences in how rapidly expression changed with age. For all traits, among-individual variance increased as individuals got older. Our findings reveal seldom examined changes in variance components over the adult lifetime of wild individuals. Such changes will have important implications for the relationship between behavioral traits, life-histories, and fitness and the consequences of selection on wild individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Treliever Road, Penryn TR109FE , UK and
| | - Morgan David
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Treliever Road, Penryn TR109FE , UK and ; Department of Biology-Ethology, University of Antwerp , Drie Eiken Campus, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerpen) , Belgium
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Treliever Road, Penryn TR109FE , UK and
| | - Rolando Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Treliever Road, Penryn TR109FE , UK and
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117
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Long-term behavioural consistency in prey capture but not in web maintenance in a social spider. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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118
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Space-use and sociability are not related to public-information use in ninespine sticklebacks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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119
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Alcalay Y, Scharf I, Ovadia O. Foraging syndromes and trait variation in antlions along a climatic gradient. Oecologia 2015; 178:1093-103. [PMID: 25764505 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral syndromes arise when individual behavior is correlated over time and/or across environmental contexts, often resulting in inter-population behavioral differences. Three main hypotheses have been suggested to explain the evolution of behavioral syndromes. The constraint hypothesis suggests that behaviors originate from a shared mechanism with a strong genetic or physiological basis. In contrast, according to the adaptive hypothesis, behavioral syndromes depend on specific selective pressures in each environment, and thus should evolve when specific behavioral combinations are advantageous. Finally, behavioral syndromes can also arise owing to neutral stochastic processes. We tested here for variation in the foraging syndromes of pit-building antlions originating from different populations along a climatic gradient. Although inter-population variation existed in some traits, foraging syndromes were similar across populations, supporting the constraint hypothesis. These findings suggest that stabilizing selection, acting on the foraging behavior of antlions during their larval phase, outweighs local selection pressures, resulting in "constraint syndromes." We also explored behavioral repeatability of foraging-related traits within and among habitats (natural, novel and disturbed habitats), and detected different levels of repeatability: pit diameter was more repeatable than response time to prey, followed by prey exploitation efficiency. Behavioral repeatability of the same trait differed according to context, suggesting that repeatability is a trait in itself and should not be considered identical even when studying the same behavioral trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehonatan Alcalay
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
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120
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DiRienzo N, Montiglio PO. Four ways in which data-free papers on animal personality fail to be impactful. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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121
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Best EC, Blomberg SP, Goldizen AW. Shy female kangaroos seek safety in numbers and have fewer preferred friendships. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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122
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Covarying variances: more morphologically variable populations also exhibit more diet variation. Oecologia 2015; 178:89-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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123
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Burtka JL, Grindstaff JL. Similar nest defence strategies within pairs increase reproductive success in the eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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124
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McEvoy J, While GM, Sinn DL, Carver S, Wapstra E. Behavioural syndromes and structural and temporal consistency of behavioural traits in a social lizard. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. McEvoy
- School of Biological Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - G. M. While
- School of Biological Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
- Edward Grey Institute; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - D. L. Sinn
- School of Biological Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
- Department of Psychology; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - S. Carver
- School of Biological Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - E. Wapstra
- School of Biological Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
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125
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Boulton K, Couto E, Grimmer AJ, Earley RL, Canario AVM, Wilson AJ, Walling CA. How integrated are behavioral and endocrine stress response traits? A repeated measures approach to testing the stress-coping style model. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:618-33. [PMID: 25691986 PMCID: PMC4328767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely expected that physiological and behavioral stress responses will be integrated within divergent stress-coping styles (SCS) and that these may represent opposite ends of a continuously varying reactive–proactive axis. If such a model is valid, then stress response traits should be repeatable and physiological and behavioral responses should also change in an integrated manner along a major axis of among-individual variation. While there is some evidence of association between endocrine and behavioral stress response traits, few studies incorporate repeated observations of both. To test this model, we use a multivariate, repeated measures approach in a captive-bred population of Xiphophorus birchmanni. We quantify among-individual variation in behavioral stress response to an open field trial (OFT) with simulated predator attack (SPA) and measure waterborne steroid hormone levels (cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone) before and after exposure. Under the mild stress stimulus (OFT), (multivariate) behavioral variation among individuals was consistent with a strong axis of personality (shy–bold) or coping style (reactive–proactive) variation. However, behavioral responses to a moderate stressor (SPA) were less repeatable, and robust statistical support for repeatable endocrine state over the full sampling period was limited to 11-ketotestosterone. Although post hoc analysis suggested cortisol expression was repeatable over short time periods, qualitative relationships between behavior and glucocorticoid levels were counter to our a priori expectations. Thus, while our results clearly show among-individual differences in behavioral and endocrine traits associated with stress response, the correlation structure between these is not consistent with a simple proactive–reactive axis of integrated stress-coping style. Additionally, the low repeatability of cortisol suggests caution is warranted if single observations (or indeed repeat measures over short sampling periods) of glucocorticoid traits are used in ecological or evolutionary studies focussed at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Elsa Couto
- CCMar, University of Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Andrew J Grimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, U.K
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama 300 Hackberry Lane, Box 870344, SEC Building, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487
| | | | - Alastair J Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, U.K
| | - Craig A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, U.K
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126
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Bajer K, Horváth G, Molnár O, Török J, Garamszegi LZ, Herczeg G. European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) personalities: Linking behavioural types to ecologically relevant traits at different ontogenetic stages. Behav Processes 2014; 111:67-74. [PMID: 25475912 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Consistent individual differences within (animal personality) and across (behavioural syndrome) behaviours became well recognized during the past decade. Nevertheless, our knowledge about the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms behind the phenomena is still incomplete. Here, we explored if risk-taking and exploration were consistent and linked to different ecologically relevant traits in wild-caught adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis) and in their 2-3 weeks old laboratory-reared offspring. Both adults and juveniles displayed animal personality, consistency being higher in juveniles. We found correlation between risk-taking and exploration (suggestive of a behavioural syndrome) only in adults. Juveniles were more explorative than adults. Large or ectoparasite-free adult males were more explorative than small or parasitized males. Juvenile females tended to be more risk-taking than males. Behaviour of fathers and their offspring did not correlate. We conclude that European green lizards show high behavioural consistency and age is an important determinant of its strength and links to traits likely affecting fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Bajer
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratório de Biogeografia e Macroecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, 59078-900 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Gergely Horváth
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Molnár
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biological Sciences, Darthmouth College, Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03766, USA
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, c/Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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127
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Kuo YM, Lee YF, Chu WC. Group Effects and Background Color Patterns Affect the Exploratory Behavior of Tree Sparrows. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Min Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Chu
- Department of Life Sciences; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
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128
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Dubois F, Giraldeau LA. How the cascading effects of a single behavioral trait can generate personality. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3038-45. [PMID: 25247061 PMCID: PMC4161177 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals from the same population generally vary in suites of correlated behavioral traits: personality. Yet, the strength of the behavioral correlations sometimes differs among populations and environmental conditions, suggesting that single underlying mechanisms, such as genetic constraints, cannot account for them. We propose, instead, that such suites of correlated traits may arise when a single key behavior has multiple cascading effects on several other behaviors through affecting the range of options available. For instance, an individual's shyness can constrain its habitat choice, which, in turn, could restrict the expression of other behavioral traits. We hypothesize that shy individuals should be especially restrained in their choice of habitat when the risk of predation is high, which then canalizes them into different behavioral options making them appear behaviorally distinct from bolder individuals. We test this idea using an individual-based simulation model. Our results show that individual differences in boldness can be sufficient, under high predation pressure, to generate behavioral correlations between boldness and both the tendency to aggregate and the propensity to use social information. Thus, our findings support the idea that some behavioral syndromes can be, at least to some extent, labile. Our model further predicts that such cascading effects should be more pronounced in populations with a long history of predation, which are expected to exhibit a low average boldness level, compared with predator-naïve populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dubois
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc-Alain Giraldeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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129
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Behavioral repeatability and personality in pit-building antlion larvae under differing environmental contexts. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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130
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Modlmeier AP, Laskowski KL, DeMarco AE, Coleman A, Zhao K, Brittingham HA, McDermott DR, Pruitt JN. Persistent social interactions beget more pronounced personalities in a desert-dwelling social spider. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140419. [PMID: 25165452 PMCID: PMC4155910 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The social niche specialization hypothesis predicts that repeated social interactions will generate social niches within groups, thereby promoting consistent individual differences in behaviour. Current support for this hypothesis is mixed, probably because the importance of social niches is dependent upon the ecology of the species. We test whether repeated interactions among group mates generate consistent individual differences in boldness in the social spider, Stegodyphus dumicola. In support of the social niche specialization hypothesis, we found that consistent individual differences in boldness increased with longer group tenure. Interestingly, these differences took longer to appear than in previous work suggesting this species needs more persistent social interactions to shape its behaviour. Recently disturbed colonies were shyer than older colonies, possibly reflecting differences in predation risk. Our study emphasizes the importance of the social environment in generating animal personalities, but also suggests that the pattern of personality development can depend on subtle differences in species' ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Modlmeier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kate L Laskowski
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex E DeMarco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anna Coleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Katherine Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hayley A Brittingham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Donna R McDermott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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131
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Toms CN, Echevarria DJ. Back to Basics: Searching for a Comprehensive Framework for Exploring Individual Differences in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Behavior. Zebrafish 2014; 11:325-40. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. Toms
- Department of Biology, The University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David J. Echevarria
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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132
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Leclerc M, Dussault C, St-Laurent MH. Behavioural strategies towards human disturbances explain individual performance in woodland caribou. Oecologia 2014; 176:297-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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133
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Animal personality as a driver of reproductive isolation. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:369-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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134
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Gifford ME, Clay TA, Careau V. Individual (co)variation in standard metabolic rate, feeding rate, and exploratory behavior in wild-caught semiaquatic salamanders. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:384-96. [PMID: 24769703 DOI: 10.1086/675974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Repeatability is an important concept in evolutionary analyses because it provides information regarding the benefit of repeated measurements and, in most cases, a putative upper limit to heritability estimates. Repeatability (R) of different aspects of energy metabolism and behavior has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms over short and long time intervals. Recent research suggests that consistent individual differences in behavior and energy metabolism might covary. Here we present new data on the repeatability of body mass, standard metabolic rate (SMR), voluntary exploratory behavior, and feeding rate in a semiaquatic salamander and ask whether individual variation in behavioral traits is correlated with individual variation in metabolism on a whole-animal basis and after conditioning on body mass. All measured traits were repeatable, but the repeatability estimates ranged from very high for body mass (R = 0.98), to intermediate for SMR (R = 0.39) and food intake (R = 0.58), to low for exploratory behavior (R = 0.25). Moreover, repeatability estimates for all traits except body mass declined over time (i.e., from 3 to 9 wk), although this pattern could be a consequence of the relatively low sample size used in this study. Despite significant repeatability in all traits, we find little evidence that behaviors are correlated with SMR at the phenotypic and among-individual levels when conditioned on body mass. Specifically, the phenotypic correlations between SMR and exploratory behavior were negative in all trials but significantly so in one trial only. Salamanders in this study showed individual variation in how their exploratory behavior changed across trials (but not body mass, SMR, and feed intake), which might have contributed to observed changing correlations across trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Gifford
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204; 2Department of Applied Science, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204; 3Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
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135
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Farwell M, Fuzzen MLM, Bernier NJ, McLaughlin RL. Individual differences in foraging behavior and cortisol levels in recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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136
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Fresneau N, Kluen E, Brommer JE. A sex-specific behavioral syndrome in a wild passerine. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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137
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Class B, Kluen E, Brommer JE. Evolutionary quantitative genetics of behavioral responses to handling in a wild passerine. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:427-40. [PMID: 24634727 PMCID: PMC3936389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral differences between individuals that are consistent over time characterize animal personality. The existence of such consistency contrasts to the expectation based on classical behavioral theory that facultative behavior maximizes individual fitness. Here, we study two personality traits (aggression and breath rate during handling) in a wild population of blue tits during 2007–2012. Handling aggression and breath rate were moderately heritable (h2 = 0.35 and 0.20, respectively) and not genetically correlated (rA = 0.06) in adult blue tits, which permits them to evolve independently. Reciprocal cross-fostering (2007–2010) showed that offspring reared by more aggressive males have a higher probability to recruit. In addition, offspring reared by pairs mated assortatively for handling aggression had a higher recruitment probability, which is the first evidence that both parents' personalities influence their reproductive success in the wild in a manner independent of their genetic effects. Handling aggression was not subjected to survival selection in either sex, but slow-breathing females had a higher annual probability of survival as revealed by capture–mark–recapture analysis. We find no evidence for temporal fluctuations in selection, and thus conclude that directional selection (via different fitness components) acts on these two heritable personality traits. Our findings show that blue tit personality has predictable fitness consequences, but that facultative adjustment of an individual's personality to match the fitness maximum is likely constrained by the genetic architecture of personality. In the face of directional selection, the presence of heritable variation in personality suggests the existence of a trade-off that we have not identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Class
- Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Edward Kluen
- Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jon E Brommer
- Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland ; Aronia Research and Development Institute, Åbo Akademi and Novia University of Applied Sciences Ekenäs, 10600, Finland
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138
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White JR, McCormick MI, Meekan MG. Syndromes or flexibility: behavior during a life history transition of a coral reef fish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84262. [PMID: 24386358 PMCID: PMC3874005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of behavioral syndromes focuses on quantifying variation in behavior within and among individual organisms and attempts to account for the maintenance of differences in behavior that occur in a consistent manner among individuals. Behavioral syndromes have potentially important ecological consequences (e.g. survivorship tradeoffs) and can be shaped by population dynamics through selective mortality. Here, we search for any evidence for consistency of behavior across situations in juveniles of a common damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis (Pomacentridae) at the transition between larval habitats in the plankton and juvenile habitats on the reef. Naïve fish leaving the pelagic phase to settle on reefs were caught by light traps and their behaviors observed using similar methods across three different situations (small aquaria, large aquaria, field setting); all of which represent low risk and well-sheltered environments. Seven behavioral traits were compared within and among individuals across situations to determine if consistent behavioral syndromes existed. No consistency was found in any single or combination of behavioral traits for individuals across all situations. We suggest that high behavioral flexibility is likely beneficial for newly-settled fish at this ontogenetic transition and it is possible that consistent behavioral syndromes are unlikely to emerge in juveniles until environmental experience is gained or certain combinations of behaviors are favored by selective mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. White
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Botany Building, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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139
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Soler M. Long-term coevolution between avian brood parasites and their hosts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:688-704. [PMID: 24330159 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory predicts that the most common long-term outcome of the relationships between brood parasites and their hosts should be coevolutionary cycles based on a dynamic change selecting the currently least-defended host species, given that when well-defended hosts are abandoned, hosts will be selected to decrease their defences as these are usually assumed to be costly. This is assumed to be the case also in brood parasite-host systems. Here I examine the frequency of the three potential long-term outcomes of brood parasite-host coevolution (coevolutionary cycles, lack of rejection, and successful resistance) in 182 host species. The results of simple exploratory comparisons show that coevolutionary cycles are very scarce while the lack of rejection and successful resistance, which are considered evolutionary enigmas, are much more frequent. I discuss these results considering (i) the importance of different host defences at all stages of the breeding cycle, (ii) the role of phenotypic plasticity in long-term coevolution, and (iii) the evolutionary history of host selection. I suggest that in purely antagonistic coevolutionary interactions, such as those involving brood parasites and their hosts, that although cycles will exist during an intermediate phase of the interactions, the arms race will end with the extinction of the host or with the host acquiring successful resistance. As evolutionary time passes, this resistance will force brood parasites to use previously less suitable host species. Furthermore, I present a model that represents the long-term trajectories and outcomes of coevolutionary interactions between brood parasites and their hosts with respect to the evolution of egg-rejection defence. This model suggests that as an increasing number of species acquire successful resistance, other unparasitized host species become more profitable and their parasitism rate and the costs imposed by brood parasitism at the population level will increase, selecting for the evolution of host defences. This means that although acceptance is adaptive when the parasitism rate and the costs of parasitism are very low, this cannot be considered to represent an evolutionary equilibrium, as conventional theory has done to date, because it is not stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soler
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Grupo Coevolución, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
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140
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Stahlschmidt Z, O'Leary ME, Adamo S. Food limitation leads to risky decision making and to tradeoffs with oviposition. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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141
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Abstract
Animal personality or temperament refers to individual differences in behaviour that are repeatable over time and across contexts. Personality has been linked to life-history traits, energetic traits and fitness, with implications for the evolution of behaviour. Personality has been quantified for a range of taxa (e.g., fish, songbirds, small mammals) but, so far, there has been little work on personality in bats, despite their diversity and potential as a model taxon for comparative studies. We used a novel environment test to quantify personality in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and assess the short-term repeatability of a range of behaviours. We tested the hypothesis that development influences values of personality traits and predicted that trait values associated with activity would increase between newly volant, pre-weaning young-of-the-year (YOY) and more mature, self-sufficient YOY. We identified personality dimensions that were consistent with past studies of other taxa and found that these traits were repeatable over a 24-hour period. Consistent with our prediction, older YOY captured at a fall swarming site prior to hibernation had higher activity scores than younger YOY bats captured at a maternity colony, suggesting that personality traits vary as development progresses in YOY bats. Thus, we found evidence of short-term consistency of personality within individuals but with the potential for temporal flexibility of traits, depending on age.
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142
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Guzmán DA, Pellegrini S, Kembro JM, Marin RH. Social interaction of juvenile Japanese quail classified by their permanence in proximity to a high or low density of conspecifics. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2567-75. [PMID: 24046402 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One challenge faced by ethologists in poultry welfare is helping birds to form functionally successful groups over time through the expression of appropriate behaviors. Searching for phenotypic variability, we developed in Japanese quail a density-related permanence (DRP) test that enables us to classify young birds (while in groups) according to their individual permanence in boxes containing a high or low density of confined conspecifics (HD or LD, respectively). This study addressed the question of whether contrasting DRP quail behavior may reflect underlying differences in social responses. Birds were classified at 11 d of age in an apparatus consisting of 2 boxes interconnected by a central region delimited by sliding doors. Each box contained at its distal end either 12 or 3 conspecifics confined behind a glass (high or low density, respectively). The doors were closed 9 times every 1 h, and positioning of 36 experimental birds was registered. If birds were found in the box containing high density, low density, or in the central region, they received a 1, -1, or a 0 score, respectively. Birds with final summed scores of ≥3 or ≤-3 were categorized as HD or LD, respectively. Same category groups (HD or LD) were evaluated in their home box (undisturbed) and in a resident/intruder test when 38 d old. A higher proportion of LD than HD groups (5/6 vs. 1/6, respectively) showed at least one aggressive pecking event during a 1-h trial. The LD groups also showed a higher number of aggressive pecking events than HP groups. When an unfamiliar intruder (either HD or LD) was incorporated during 5 min in the HD or LD box, LD resident quail showed shorter latencies and a higher number of aggressive pecking events toward the intruder bird than their HD counterparts. The early individual permanence in the DRP test could be considered a consequence of a different adaptability strategy for group living. This novel test could be relevant for selection programs aiming to obtain birds better suited for rearing in high-density conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611 (5000), Córdoba, Argentina; and
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143
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Dizney L, Dearing MD. The role of behavioural heterogeneity on infection patterns: implications for pathogen transmission. Anim Behav 2013; 86. [PMID: 24319292 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Animals infected with pathogens often differ in behaviour from their uninfected counterparts, and these differences may be key to understanding zoonotic pathogen transmission. To explore behavioural heterogeneity and its role in pathogen transmission, we studied deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, under field conditions. Deer mice are the natural host of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a zoonotic pathogen with high human mortality. We live-trapped mice in May, July and September of 2009 and 2010, marked captures with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, recorded physical characteristics and collected blood samples for SNV analysis. For 4 nights after each trapping session, we observed behaviour with a novel surveillance system of nine camera stations, each consisting of a foraging tray, infrared camera, PIT antenna and data logger. We found that deer mice infected with SNV (30.0%) engaged more frequently in behaviours that increased the probability of intraspecific encounters and SNV transmission than did uninfected deer mice. When deer mice were categorized as bold (31.7%) or shy (68.3%) based on these behaviours, bold behaviour was predictive of positive SNV status. Bold deer mice were three times more likely to be infected with SNV than were shy deer mice. These results suggest that a small percentage of bold individuals are responsible for a majority of SNV transmission events, and that behavioural phenotype is an important consideration in transmission dynamics of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Dizney
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
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144
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Jennings DJ, Hayden TJ, Gammell MP. Personality and predictability in fallow deer fighting behaviour: the relationship with mating success. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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145
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Miranda AC, Schielzeth H, Sonntag T, Partecke J. Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: a result of microevolution or phenotypic plasticity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2634-2644. [PMID: 23681984 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human-altered environmental conditions affect many species at the global scale. An extreme form of anthropogenic alteration is the existence and rapid increase of urban areas. A key question, then, is how species cope with urbanization. It has been suggested that rural and urban conspecifics show differences in behaviour and personality. However, (i) a generalization of this phenomenon has never been made; and (ii) it is still unclear whether differences in personality traits between rural and urban conspecifics are the result of phenotypic plasticity or of intrinsic differences. In a literature review, we show that behavioural differences between rural and urban conspecifics are common and taxonomically widespread among animals, suggesting a significant ecological impact of urbanization on animal behaviour. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms leading to behavioural differences in urban individuals, we hand-raised and kept European blackbirds (Turdus merula) from a rural and a nearby urban area under common-garden conditions. Using these birds, we investigated individual variation in two behavioural responses to the presence of novel objects: approach to an object in a familiar area (here defined as neophilia), and avoidance of an object in a familiar foraging context (defined as neophobia). Neophilic and neophobic behaviours were mildly correlated and repeatable even across a time period of one year, indicating stable individual behavioural strategies. Blackbirds from the urban population were more neophobic and seasonally less neophilic than blackbirds from the nearby rural area. These intrinsic differences in personality traits are likely the result of microevolutionary changes, although we cannot fully exclude early developmental influences.
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146
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147
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Ariyomo TO, Watt PJ. Disassortative mating for boldness decreases reproductive success in the guppy. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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148
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Van Reenen CG, Van der Werf JT, O’Connell NE, Heutinck LF, Spoolder HA, Jones RB, Koolhaas JM, Blokhuis HJ. Behavioural and physiological responses of heifer calves to acute stressors: Long-term consistency and relationship with adult reactivity to milking. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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149
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Clark CC, D’Eath RB. Age over experience: Consistency of aggression and mounting behaviour in male and female pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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150
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Are shy individuals less behaviorally variable? Insights from a captive population of mouse lemurs. Primates 2013; 54:309-14. [PMID: 23760536 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-013-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, individual variation in personality has become a focus of behavioral research in animal systems. Boldness and shyness, often quantified as the tendency to explore novel situations, are seen as personality traits important to the fitness landscape of individuals. Here we tested for individual differences within and across contexts in behavioral responses of captive mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) to novel objects, novel foods, and handling. We report consistent differences in behavioral responses for objects and handling. We also found that the responses to handling and novel objects were correlated and repeatable. Lastly, we show that shyer individuals may show less variability in their behavioral responses. This study provides new information on the potential for behavioral syndromes in this species and highlights differences in the degree to which behavioral types (e.g., shy/bold) vary in their behavioral responses.
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