101
|
Xia C, Zheng Y, Huang J, Zhou X, Li R, Zha M, Wang S, Huang Z, Lan H, Turgeon R, Fei Z, Zhang C. Elucidation of the Mechanisms of Long-Distance mRNA Movement in a Nicotiana benthamiana/Tomato Heterograft System. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:745-758. [PMID: 29720554 PMCID: PMC6001325 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent heterograft analyses showed that large-scale messenger RNA (mRNA) movement takes place in the phloem, but the number of mobile transcripts reported varies widely. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying large-scale mRNA movement remains limited. In this study, using a Nicotiana benthamiana/tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) heterograft system and a transgenic approach involving potato (Solanum tuberosum), we found that: (1) the overall mRNA abundance in the leaf is not a good indicator of transcript mobility to the root; (2) increasing the expression levels of nonmobile mRNAs in the companion cells does not promote their mobility; (3) mobile mRNAs undergo degradation during their movement; and (4) some mRNAs arriving in roots move back to shoots. These results indicate that mRNA movement has both regulated and unregulated components. The cellular origins of mobile mRNAs may differ between herbaceous and woody species. Taken together, these findings suggest that the long-distance movement of mRNAs is a complex process and that elucidating the physiological roles associated with this movement is challenging but remains an important task for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Rui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Manrong Zha
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Hilleary R, Gilroy S. Systemic signaling in response to wounding and pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:57-62. [PMID: 29351871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess systemic signaling networks that allow the perception of local stresses to be translated into plant-wide responses. Although information can be propagated via a variety of molecules such as hormones and RNAs moving within the bulk flow of the phloem or in the transpiration stream, the vasculature also appears to be a major pathway whereby extremely rapid signals move bi-directionally throughout the plant. In these cases, the movement mechanisms are not dependent on redistribution through bulk flow. For example, self-reinforcing systems based around changes in Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, coupled to parallel electrical signaling events appear able to generate waves of information that can propagate at hundreds of μm/s. These signals then elicit distant responses that prime the plant for a more effective defense or stress response in unchallenged tissues. Although ion channels, Ca2+, reactive oxygen species and associated molecular machineries, such as the NADPH oxidases, have been identified as likely important players in this propagation system, the precise nature of these signaling networks remains to be defined. Critically, whether different stimuli are using the same rapid, systemic signaling network, or whether multiple, parallel pathways for signal propagation are operating to trigger specific systemic outputs remains a key open question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Yang X, Yang M, Deng H, Ding Y. New Era of Studying RNA Secondary Structure and Its Influence on Gene Regulation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:671. [PMID: 29872445 PMCID: PMC5972288 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure of RNA plays a central role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression such as RNA maturation, degradation, and translation. With the rise of next-generation sequencing, the study of RNA structure has been transformed from in vitro low-throughput RNA structure probing methods to in vivo high-throughput RNA structure profiling. The development of these methods enables incremental studies on the function of RNA structure to be performed, revealing new insights of novel regulatory mechanisms of RNA structure in plants. Genome-wide scale RNA structure profiling allows us to investigate general RNA structural features over 10s of 1000s of mRNAs and to compare RNA structuromes between plant species. Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of: (i) RNA structure probing methods; (ii) the biological functions of RNA structure; (iii) genome-wide RNA structural features corresponding to their regulatory mechanisms; and (iv) RNA structurome evolution in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Minglei Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hongjing Deng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiliang Ding
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Abstract
A key element to understand developmental and reproductive processes like germline development, double fertilization, and embryogenesis is the study of cell-specific gene expression patterns which is best analyzed by RNA in situ hybridization. Different visualization techniques have been established to mark either the region of mRNA production (using the classical chromogenic detection system) or the specific localization of mRNAs (using fluorescent labeled probes). In this chapter, we describe and compare whole mount RNA in situ hybridization techniques on ovules and young developing seeds from Arabidopsis thaliana using three different detection systems. The alkaline phosphatase (AP) coupled antibody detecting the antigen labeled probe facilitates the production of a precipitating dye indicating mRNA presence: (1) using BCIP/NBT as substrates, it is converted to a blue staining that can be visualized using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Alternatively, (2) using Fast-Red as a substrate it is converted to a purple fluorescent staining that can be visualized either by light microscopy or, for a higher cellular resolution, by confocal microscope. To analyze mRNA distribution with subcellular resolution we (3) describe a third, highly sensitive fluorescent detection system, which is based on the enzymatic activity of a peroxidase. In combination with a tyramide signal amplification (TSA) system, it leads to multi-fluorescent labeled antibodies marking the mRNA bound probe locally.
Collapse
|
105
|
Kehr J, Kragler F. Long distance RNA movement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:29-40. [PMID: 29418002 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 29 I. Introduction 29 II. Phloem as a conduit for macromolecules 30 III. Classes of phloem transported RNAs and their function 32 IV. Mode of RNA transport 35 V. Conclusions 37 Acknowledgements 37 References 37 SUMMARY: In higher plants, small noncoding RNAs and large messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are transported between cells and over long distances via the phloem. These large macromolecules are thought to get access to the sugar-conducting phloem vessels via specialized plasmodesmata (PD). Analyses of the phloem exudate suggest that all classes of RNA molecules, including silencing-induced RNAs (siRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) and mRNAs, are transported via the vasculature to distant tissues. Although the functions of mobile siRNAs and miRNAs as signalling molecules are well established, we lack a profound understanding of mobile mRNA function(s) in recipient cells and tissues, and how they are selected for transport. A surprisingly high number of up to thousands of mRNAs were described in diverse plant species such as cucumber, pumpkin, Arabidopsis and grapevine to move long distances over graft junctions to distinct body parts. In this review, we present an overview of the classes of mobile RNAs, the potential mechanisms facilitating RNA long-distance transport, and the roles of mobile RNAs in regulating transcription and translation. Furthermore, we address potential function(s) of mobile protein-encoding mRNAs with respect to their characteristics and evolutionary constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kehr
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molekulare Pflanzengenetik, University Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Department II, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Plewka P, Thompson A, Szymanski M, Nuc P, Knop K, Rasinska A, Bialkowska A, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z, Karlowski WM, Jarmolowski A. A stable tRNA-like molecule is generated from the long noncoding RNA GUT15 in Arabidopsis. RNA Biol 2018; 15:726-738. [PMID: 29561243 PMCID: PMC6152437 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1445404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis GUT15 RNA belongs to a class of noncoding RNAs that are expressed from the intergenic regions of protein-coding genes. We show that the RNA polymerase II transcribed GUT15 transcript serves as a precursor for two stable RNA species, a tRNA-like molecule and GUT15-tRF-F5, which are both encoded by the final intron in the GUT15 gene. The GUT15-encoded tRNA-like molecule cannot be autonomously transcribed by RNA polymerase III. However, this molecule contains a CCA motif, suggesting that it may enter the tRNA maturation pathway. The GUT15-encoded tRNA-like sequence has an inhibiting effect on the splicing of its host intron. Moreover, we demonstrate that the canonical tRNA genes nested within introns do not affect the splicing patterns of their host protein-coding transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Plewka
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Thompson
- b Department of Computational Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Maciej Szymanski
- b Department of Computational Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Nuc
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Knop
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rasinska
- b Department of Computational Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bialkowska
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Wojciech M Karlowski
- b Department of Computational Biology , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- a Department of Gene Expression , Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Lim CS, Brown CM. Know Your Enemy: Successful Bioinformatic Approaches to Predict Functional RNA Structures in Viral RNAs. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2582. [PMID: 29354101 PMCID: PMC5758548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured RNA elements may control virus replication, transcription and translation, and their distinct features are being exploited by novel antiviral strategies. Viral RNA elements continue to be discovered using combinations of experimental and computational analyses. However, the wealth of sequence data, notably from deep viral RNA sequencing, viromes, and metagenomes, necessitates computational approaches being used as an essential discovery tool. In this review, we describe practical approaches being used to discover functional RNA elements in viral genomes. In addition to success stories in new and emerging viruses, these approaches have revealed some surprising new features of well-studied viruses e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza, and dengue viruses. Some notable discoveries were facilitated by new comparative analyses of diverse viral genome alignments. Importantly, comparative approaches for finding RNA elements embedded in coding and non-coding regions differ. With the exponential growth of computer power we have progressed from stem-loop prediction on single sequences to cutting edge 3D prediction, and from command line to user friendly web interfaces. Despite these advances, many powerful, user friendly prediction tools and resources are underutilized by the virology community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shen Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
The phloem plays a central role in transporting resources and signalling molecules from fully expanded leaves to provide precursors for, and to direct development of, heterotrophic organs located throughout the plant body. We review recent advances in understanding mechanisms regulating loading and unloading of resources into, and from, the phloem network; highlight unresolved questions regarding the physiological significance of the vast array of proteins and RNAs found in phloem saps; and evaluate proposed structure/function relationships considered to account for bulk flow of sap, sustained at high rates and over long distances, through the transport phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling , China
| | - John Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Ariza-Mateos A, Gómez J. Viral tRNA Mimicry from a Biocommunicative Perspective. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2395. [PMID: 29259593 PMCID: PMC5723415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have very small genomes which limits the functions they can encode. One of the strategies employed by these viruses is to mimic key factors of the host cell so they can take advantage of the interactions and activities these factors typically participate in. The viral RNA genome itself was first observed to mimic cellular tRNA over 40 years ago. Since then researchers have confirmed that distinct families of RNA viruses are accessible to a battery of cellular factors involved in tRNA-related activities. Recently, potential tRNA-like structures have been detected within the sequences of a 100 mRNAs taken from human cells, one of these being the host defense interferon-alpha mRNA; these are then additional to the examples found in bacterial and yeast mRNAs. The mimetic relationship between tRNA, cellular mRNA, and viral RNA is the central focus of two considerations described below. These are subsequently used as a preface for a final hypothesis drawing on concepts relating to mimicry from the social sciences and humanities, such as power relations and creativity. Firstly, the presence of tRNA-like structures in mRNAs indicates that the viral tRNA-like signal could be mimicking tRNA-like elements that are contextualized by the specific carrier mRNAs, rather than, or in addition to, the tRNA itself, which would significantly increase the number of potential semiotic relations mediated by the viral signals. Secondly, and in particular, mimicking a host defense mRNA could be considered a potential new viral strategy for survival. Finally, we propose that mRNA's mimicry of tRNA could be indicative of an ancestral intracellular conflict in which species of mRNAs invaded the cell, but from within. As the meaning of the mimetic signal depends on the context, in this case, the conflict that arises when the viral signal enters the cell can change the meaning of the mRNAs' internal tRNA-like signals, from their current significance to that they had in the distant past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Ariza-Mateos
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gómez
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Fukudome A, Sun D, Zhang X, Koiwa H. Salt Stress and CTD PHOSPHATASE-LIKE4 Mediate the Switch between Production of Small Nuclear RNAs and mRNAs. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:3214-3233. [PMID: 29093215 PMCID: PMC5757270 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) regulates transcription of protein-coding mRNAs and noncoding RNAs. CTD function in transcription of protein-coding RNAs has been studied extensively, but its role in plant noncoding RNA transcription remains obscure. Here, using Arabidopsis thaliana CTD PHOSPHATASE-LIKE4 knockdown lines (CPL4RNAi ), we showed that CPL4 functions in genome-wide, conditional production of 3'-extensions of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and biogenesis of novel transcripts from protein-coding genes downstream of the snRNAs (snRNA-downstream protein-coding genes [snR-DPGs]). Production of snR-DPGs required the Pol II snRNA promoter (PIIsnR), and CPL4RNAi plants showed increased read-through of the snRNA 3'-end processing signal, leading to continuation of transcription downstream of the snRNA gene. We also discovered an unstable, intermediate-length RNA from the SMALL SCP1-LIKE PHOSPHATASE14 locus (imRNASSP14 ), whose expression originated from the 5' region of a protein-coding gene. Expression of the imRNASSP14 was driven by a PIIsnR and was conditionally 3'-extended to produce an mRNA. In the wild type, salt stress induced the snRNA-to-snR-DPG switch, which was associated with alterations of Pol II-CTD phosphorylation at the target loci. The snR-DPG transcripts occur widely in plants, suggesting that the transcriptional snRNA-to-snR-DPG switch may be a ubiquitous mechanism to regulate plant gene expression in response to environmental stresses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Loci
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Mutation/genetics
- Nucleotide Motifs/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA Polymerase II/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nuclear/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Salt Stress/physiology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Fukudome
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Di Sun
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Puga MI, Rojas-Triana M, de Lorenzo L, Leyva A, Rubio V, Paz-Ares J. Novel signals in the regulation of Pi starvation responses in plants: facts and promises. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:40-49. [PMID: 28587933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous adaptive developmental and metabolic responses to cope with growth in conditions of limited phosphate (Pi). Regulation of these Pi starvation responses (PSR) at the organism level involves not only cellular Pi perception in different organs, but also inter-organ communication of Pi levels via systemic signaling. Here we summarize recent discoveries on Pi starvation sensing and signaling, with special emphasis on structure-function studies that showed a role for inositol polyphosphates (InsP) as intracellular Pi signals, and on genomic studies that identified a large number of mRNAs with inter-organ mobility, which provide an immense source of potential systemic signals in the control of PSR and other responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Puga
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Rojas-Triana
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Lorenzo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Antonio Leyva
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Chien PS, Chiang CB, Wang Z, Chiou TJ. MicroRNA-mediated signaling and regulation of nutrient transport and utilization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:73-79. [PMID: 28668626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small-RNA regulators, control diverse developmental processes and stress responses. Recent studies of nutrient-responsive miRNAs have offered novel insights into how plants regulate gene expression to coordinate endogenous demand and external availability of nutrients. Here, we review the mechanisms mediated by miRNAs to facilitate nutrient transport and utilization and show that miRNAs: first, control nutrient uptake and translocation by targeting nutrient transporters or their regulators; second, adjust nutrient metabolism by redistributing nutrients for biosynthesis of more essential compounds; and third, modulate root development and microbial symbiosis to exploit soil nutrients. We also highlight the long-distance movement of miRNAs in maintaining whole-plant nutrient homeostasis and propose several directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Chien
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Bin Chiang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhengrui Wang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Tsutsui H, Notaguchi M. The Use of Grafting to Study Systemic Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1291-1301. [PMID: 28961994 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has long been an important technique in agriculture. Nowadays, grafting is a widely used technique also to study systemic long-distance signaling in plants. Plants respond to their surrounding environment, and at that time many aspects of their physiology are regulated systemically; these start from local input signals and are followed by the transmission of information to the rest of the plant. For example, soil nutrient conditions, light/photoperiod, and biotic and abiotic stresses affect plants heterogeneously, and plants perceive such information in specific plant tissues or organs. Such environmental cues are crucial determinants of plant growth and development, and plants drastically change their morphology and physiology to adapt to various events in their life. Hitherto, intensive studies have been conducted to understand systemic signaling in plants, and grafting techniques have permitted advances in this field. The breakthrough technique of micrografting in Arabidopsis thaliana was established in 2002 and led to the development of molecular genetic tools in this field. Thereafter, various phenomena of systemic signaling have been identified at the molecular level, including nutrient fixation, flowering, circadian clock and defense against pathogens. The significance of grafting is that it can clarify the transmission of the stimulus and molecules. At present, many micro- and macromolecules have been identified as mobile signals, which are transported through plant vascular tissues to co-ordinate their physiology and development. In this review, we introduce the various grafting techniques that have been developed, we report on the recent advances in the field of plant systemic signaling where grafting techniques have been applied and provide insights for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Ikeuchi M, Rhodes J. Latest Advances in Plant Development and Environmental Response: The Inaugural Cold Spring Harbor Asia Plant Biology Meeting in Japan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1286-1290. [PMID: 28961991 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With stunning ocean views over Osaka Bay, Awaji Island played host to the first Cold Spring Harbor Asia Plant Biology meeting in Japan. The meeting, 'Latest Advances in Plant Development and Environmental Response' (CSHAPB), provided a platform to promote scientific communication and collaboration in the pan-pacific region. The event welcomed almost 200 scientists from around the world to showcase their cutting-edge research. Exemplary speakers from diverse research fields presented their latest discoveries, ranging from developmental mechanisms to host-pathogen interactions, environmental responses and stress memory. Here we seek to review the meeting and highlight some of the salient themes that emerged over the course of the 3 d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Ikeuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho, 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Kyriacou MC, Rouphael Y, Colla G, Zrenner R, Schwarz D. Vegetable Grafting: The Implications of a Growing Agronomic Imperative for Vegetable Fruit Quality and Nutritive Value. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:741. [PMID: 28553298 PMCID: PMC5427113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has become an imperative for intensive vegetable production since chlorofluorocarbon-based soil fumigants were banned from use on grounds of environmental protection. Compelled by this development, research into rootstock-scion interaction has broadened the potential applications of grafting in the vegetable industry beyond aspects of soil phytopathology. Grafting has been increasingly tapped for cultivation under adverse environs posing abiotic and biotic stresses to vegetable crops, thus enabling expansion of commercial production onto otherwise under-exploited land. Vigorous rootstocks have been employed not only in the open field but also under protected cultivation where increase in productivity improves distribution of infrastructural and energy costs. Applications of grafting have expanded mainly in two families: the Cucurbitaceae and the Solanaceae, both of which comprise major vegetable crops. As the main drives behind the expansion of vegetable grafting have been the resistance to soilborne pathogens, tolerance to abiotic stresses and increase in yields, rootstock selection and breeding have accordingly conformed to the prevailing demand for improving productivity, arguably at the expense of fruit quality. It is, however, compelling to assess the qualitative implications of this growing agronomic practice for human nutrition. Problems of impaired vegetable fruit quality have not infrequently been associated with the practice of grafting. Accordingly, the aim of the current review is to reassess how the practice of grafting and the prevalence of particular types of commercial rootstocks influence vegetable fruit quality and, partly, storability. Physical, sensorial and bioactive aspects of quality are examined with respect to grafting for watermelon, melon, cucumber, tomato, eggplant, and pepper. The physiological mechanisms at play which mediate rootstock effects on scion performance are discussed in interpreting the implications of grafting for the configuration of vegetable fruit physicochemical quality and nutritive value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios C. Kyriacou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research InstituteNicosia, Cyprus
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsGroßbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsGroßbeeren, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
The plant vascular system plays a central role in coordinating physiological and developmental events through delivery of both essential nutrients and long-distance signaling agents. The enucleate phloem sieve tube system of the angiosperms contains a broad spectrum of RNA species. Grafting and transcriptomics studies have indicated that several thousand mRNAs move long distances from source organs to meristematic sink tissues. Ribonucleoprotein complexes play a pivotal role as stable RNA-delivery systems for systemic translocation of cargo RNA. In this review, we assess recent progress in the characterization of phloem and plasmodesmal transport as an integrated local and systemic communication network. We discuss the roles of phloem-mobile small RNAs in epigenetic events, including meristem development and genome stability, and the delivery of mRNAs to specific tissues in response to environmental inputs. A large body of evidence now supports a model in which phloem-mobile RNAs act as critical components of gene regulatory networks involved in plant growth, defense, and crop yield at the whole-plant level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Ham
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Wang J, Jiang L, Wu R. Plant grafting: how genetic exchange promotes vascular reconnection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:56-65. [PMID: 27991666 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been widely used to improve horticultural traits. It has also served increasingly as a tool to investigate the long-distance transport of molecules that is an essential part for key biological processes. Many studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of graft-induced phenotypic variation in anatomy, morphology and production. Here, we review the phenomena and their underlying mechanisms by which macromolecules, including RNA, protein, and even DNA, are transported between scions and rootstocks via vascular tissues. We further propose a conceptual framework that characterizes and quantifies the driving mechanisms of scion-rootstock interactions toward vascular reconnection and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Schulz A. Long-Distance Trafficking: Lost in Transit or Stopped at the Gate? THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:426-430. [PMID: 28235846 PMCID: PMC5385959 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Abstract
The parasitic plant Cuscuta exchanges mRNAs with its hosts. Systemic mobility of mRNAs within plants is well documented, and has gained increasing attention as studies using grafted plant systems have revealed new aspects of mobile mRNA regulation and function. But parasitic plants take this phenomenon to a new level by forming seamless connections to a wide range of host species, and raising questions about how mRNAs might function after transfer to a different species. Cuscuta and other parasitic plant species also take siRNAs from their hosts, indicating that multiple types of RNA are capable of trans-specific movement. Parasitic plants are intriguing systems for studying RNA mobility, in part because such exchange opens new possibilities for control of parasitic weeds, but also because they provide a fresh perspective into understanding roles of RNAs in inter-organismal communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Westwood
- a Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Gunjune Kim
- a Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Brunkard JO, Zambryski PC. Plasmodesmata enable multicellularity: new insights into their evolution, biogenesis, and functions in development and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:76-83. [PMID: 27889635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata (PD), cytosolic bridges that allow molecules to freely move across the cell wall. Recently resolved relationships among land plants and their algal relatives reveal that land plants evolved PD independently from algae. Proteomic and genetic screens illuminate new dimensions of the structural and regulatory pathways that control PD biogenesis. Biochemical studies demonstrate that immunological signals induce systemic defenses by moving from diseased cells through PD; subsequently, PD transport is restricted to quarantine diseased cells. Here, we review our expanding knowledge of the roles of PD in plant development, physiology, and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Brunkard
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Patricia C Zambryski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Guan D, Yan B, Thieme C, Hua J, Zhu H, Boheler KR, Zhao Z, Kragler F, Xia Y, Zhang S. PlaMoM: a comprehensive database compiles plant mobile macromolecules. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:D1021-D1028. [PMID: 27924044 PMCID: PMC5210661 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, various phloem-mobile macromolecules including noncoding RNAs, mRNAs and proteins are suggested to act as important long-distance signals in regulating crucial physiological and morphological transition processes such as flowering, plant growth and stress responses. Given recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, numerous mobile macromolecules have been identified in diverse plant species from different plant families. However, most of the identified mobile macromolecules are not annotated in current versions of species-specific databases and are only available as non-searchable datasheets. To facilitate study of the mobile signaling macromolecules, we compiled the PlaMoM (Plant Mobile Macromolecules) database, a resource that provides convenient and interactive search tools allowing users to retrieve, to analyze and also to predict mobile RNAs/proteins. Each entry in the PlaMoM contains detailed information such as nucleotide/amino acid sequences, ortholog partners, related experiments, gene functions and literature. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, protein–protein interactions of mobile transcripts are presented as interactive molecular networks. Furthermore, PlaMoM provides a built-in tool to identify potential RNA mobility signals such as tRNA-like structures. The current version of PlaMoM compiles a total of 17 991 mobile macromolecules from 14 plant species/ecotypes from published data and literature. PlaMoM is available at http://www.systembioinfo.org/plamom/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daogang Guan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Yan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.,Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christoph Thieme
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Jingmin Hua
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hailong Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Mühlenberg 1,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shoudong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Mach J. Swept Away: Protein Mobility in the Phloem. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1990-1991. [PMID: 27634314 PMCID: PMC5059818 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
123
|
Paultre DSG, Gustin MP, Molnar A, Oparka KJ. Lost in Transit: Long-Distance Trafficking and Phloem Unloading of Protein Signals in Arabidopsis Homografts. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2016-2025. [PMID: 27600534 PMCID: PMC5059797 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to moving sugars and nutrients, the phloem transports many macromolecules. While grafting and aphid stylectomy experiments have identified many macromolecules that move in the phloem, the functional significance of phloem transport of these remains unclear. To gain insight into protein trafficking, we micrografted Arabidopsis thaliana scions expressing GFP-tagged chloroplast transit peptides under the 35S promoter onto nontransgenic rootstocks. We found that plastids in the root tip became fluorescent 10 d after grafting. We obtained identical results with the companion cell-specific promoter SUC2 and with signals that target proteins to peroxisomes, actin, and the nucleus. We were unable to detect the respective mRNAs in the rootstock, indicating extensive movement of proteins in the phloem. Outward movement from the root protophloem was restricted to the pericycle-endodermis boundary, identifying plasmodesmata at this interface as control points in the exchange of macromolecules between stele and cortex. Intriguingly, signals directing proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus from membrane-bound ribosomes were not translocated to the root. It appears that many organelle-targeting sequences are insufficient to prevent the loss of their proteins into the translocation stream. Thus, nonspecific loss of proteins from companion cells to sieve elements may explain the plethora of macromolecules identified in phloem sap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Paule Gustin
- Laboratoire des Pathogènes Emergents-Fondation Mérieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Attila Molnar
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Dall'Ara M, Ratti C, Bouzoubaa SE, Gilmer D. Ins and Outs of Multipartite Positive-Strand RNA Plant Viruses: Packaging versus Systemic Spread. Viruses 2016; 8:E228. [PMID: 27548199 PMCID: PMC4997590 DOI: 10.3390/v8080228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses possessing a non-segmented genome require a specific recognition of their nucleic acid to ensure its protection in a capsid. A similar feature exists for viruses having a segmented genome, usually consisting of viral genomic segments joined together into one viral entity. While this appears as a rule for animal viruses, the majority of segmented plant viruses package their genomic segments individually. To ensure a productive infection, all viral particles and thereby all segments have to be present in the same cell. Progression of the virus within the plant requires as well a concerted genome preservation to avoid loss of function. In this review, we will discuss the "life aspects" of chosen phytoviruses and argue for the existence of RNA-RNA interactions that drive the preservation of viral genome integrity while the virus progresses in the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Dall'Ara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Integrative Virology, CNRS UPR2367, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Area Patologia Vegetale, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ratti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Area Patologia Vegetale, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salah E Bouzoubaa
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Integrative Virology, CNRS UPR2367, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - David Gilmer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Integrative Virology, CNRS UPR2367, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Mach J. Ticket to Ride: tRNA-Related Sequences and Systemic Movement of mRNAs. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1231-1232. [PMID: 27317671 PMCID: PMC4944420 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
126
|
Saplaoura E, Kragler F. Mobile Transcripts and Intercellular Communication in Plants. DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2016; 40:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|