101
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Esagian SM, Ziogas IA, Giannis D, Hayat MH, Elias N, Tsoulfas G. Challenges in Abdominal Organ Transplantation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:287. [PMID: 32582741 PMCID: PMC7287204 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic, abdominal organ transplantation programs are currently facing multiple challenges. Transplant candidates and recipients are considered high-risk populations for severe disease and death due to COVID-19 as a result of their numerous underlying comorbidities, advanced age and impaired immune function. Emerging reports of atypical and delayed clinical presentations in these patients generate further concerns for widespread disease transmission to medical personnel and the community. The striking similarities between COVID-19 and other outbreaks that took place over the past two decades, like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, highlight the severity of the situation and dictate that extra measures should be taken by the transplant programs to avoid adverse outcomes. Transplant organizations are currently calling for strict screening and isolation protocols to be established in all transplant programs, for both organ donors and recipients. As the situation escalates, more radical measures might be necessary, including a temporary hold on non-urgent transplantations, resulting in serious ethical dilemmas between the survival of these patients and the safety of the community. Further data about these special populations could result in more individualized guidelines for abdominal organ transplantation in the era of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan M Esagian
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Ziogas
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece.,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Surgery Working Group, Society of Junior Doctors, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad H Hayat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nahel Elias
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Georgios Tsoulfas
- First Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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102
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Ju CR, Lian QY, Zhang JH, Qiu T, Cai ZT, Jiang WY, Zhang J, Cheng Q, Chen G, Li N, Wang CY, He JX. Recommended prophylactic and management strategies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in transplant recipients. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 6:87-97. [PMID: 32363045 PMCID: PMC7194659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, increasing attention has been paid to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 primarily invades the respiratory tract and lungs, leading to pneumonia and other systemic disorders. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 in transplant recipients has raised significant concerns, especially because there is a large population of transplant recipients in China. Based on the current epidemic situation, this study reviewed publications on this virus and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), analyzed common features of respiratory viral pneumonias, and presented the currently reported clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in transplant recipients to improve strategies regarding the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jian-Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Cai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wen-Yang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jian-Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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103
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Johnson KM, Belfer JJ, Peterson GR, Boelkins MR, Dumkow LE. Managing COVID-19 in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Review of Recent Literature and Case Supporting Corticosteroid-sparing Immunosuppression. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 40:517-524. [PMID: 32339304 PMCID: PMC7267490 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has become a global health care crisis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists immunocompromised patients, including those requiring immunosuppression following renal transplantation, as high risk for severe disease from SARS‐CoV‐2. Treatment for other viral infections in renal transplant recipients often includes a reduction in immunosuppression; however, no current guidelines are available recommending the optimal approach to managing immunosuppression in the patients who are infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. It is currently advised to avoid corticosteroids in the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 outside of critically ill patients. Recently published cases describing inpatient care of COVID‐19 in renal transplant recipients differ widely in disease severity, time from transplantation, baseline immunosuppressive therapy, and the modifications made to immunosuppression during COVID‐19 treatment. This review summarizes and compares inpatient immunosuppressant management strategies of recently published reports in the renal transplant population infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and discusses the limitations of corticosteroids in managing immunosuppression in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie J Belfer
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Gina R Peterson
- Kidney Transplant Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark R Boelkins
- Kidney Transplant Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa E Dumkow
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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104
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de St Maurice A, Halasa N. Preparing for the 2019-2020 influenza season. Pediatr Transplant 2020; 24:e13645. [PMID: 31885157 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the 2017-2018 influenza season had very high rates of influenza-associated illness, the 2018-2019 influenza season was comparable to previous seasons. Influenza A was the most commonly identified type worldwide, although variations in influenza A subtype prevalence existed. Influenza vaccination remains the single most effective way to prevent influenza-associated illness. A novel influenza antiviral, baloxavir, has demonstrated promising results; however, concerns about development of resistance exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle de St Maurice
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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105
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Mombelli M, Kampouri E, Manuel O. Influenza in solid organ transplant recipients: epidemiology, management, and outcomes. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:103-112. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1713098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mombelli
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleftheria Kampouri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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106
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Smith CJ, McCulloch MD, Shirley D, L'Ecuyer TJ. Pediatric heart transplant from an incompletely treated influenza A-positive donor. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13585. [PMID: 31515860 PMCID: PMC7167790 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a shortage of pediatric donor hearts for waitlisted children, and yet nearly 50% of organs offered are not transplanted. Donor quality is often cited as a reason for declining organs offered from donors infected with influenza, presumably due to concern about disease transmission at transplant leading to severe disease. We previously described an excellent outcome after heart transplant from a donor infected with influenza B that had been treated with a complete course of oseltamivir. In this report, we describe a similar outcome after transplantation of an organ from an influenza A-positive donor with symptomatic disease incompletely treated with oseltamivir. Due to the availability of effective antiviral treatment, we suggest that influenza A is also a manageable donor infection that need not preclude heart placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde J. Smith
- Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and CardiologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Michael D. McCulloch
- Division of CardiologyDepartments of Medicine and PediatricsVirginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Debbie‐Ann Shirley
- Division of Infectious DiseaseDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Thomas J. L'Ecuyer
- Division of CardiologyDepartments of Medicine and PediatricsVirginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
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107
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Ison MG, Hirsch HH. Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses in Transplant Patients: Diversity, Impact, Unmet Clinical Needs. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00042-19. [PMID: 31511250 PMCID: PMC7399564 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing solid-organ transplantation (SOT) or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are at increased risk for infectious complications. Community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARVs) pose a particular challenge due to the frequent exposure pre-, peri-, and posttransplantation. Although influenza A and B viruses have a top priority regarding prevention and treatment, recent molecular diagnostic tests detecting an array of other CARVs in real time have dramatically expanded our knowledge about the epidemiology, diversity, and impact of CARV infections in the general population and in allogeneic HCT and SOT patients. These data have demonstrated that non-influenza CARVs independently contribute to morbidity and mortality of transplant patients. However, effective vaccination and antiviral treatment is only emerging for non-influenza CARVs, placing emphasis on infection control and supportive measures. Here, we review the current knowledge about CARVs in SOT and allogeneic HCT patients to better define the magnitude of this unmet clinical need and to discuss some of the lessons learned from human influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzavirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus regarding diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ison
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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108
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Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the recently defined Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. It is a negative sense, single stranded RNA virus that results in epidemics of respiratory infections that typically peak in the winter in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical climates. Generally, one of the two genotypes (A and B) predominates in a single season, alternating annually, although regional variation occurs. RSV is a cause of disease and death in children, older people, and immunocompromised patients, and its clinical effect on adults admitted to hospital is clarified with expanded use of multiplex molecular assays. Among adults, RSV produces a wide range of clinical symptoms including upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infections, and exacerbations of underlying disease. Here we discuss the latest evidence on the burden of RSV related disease in adults, especially in those with immunocompromise or other comorbidities. We review current therapeutic and prevention options, as well as those in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Nam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael G Ison
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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109
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Respiratory viruses are common in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and recognized as a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. This review examines the literature on influenza and noninfluenza viruses in the SOT recipient. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in immunosuppression and antimicrobial prophylaxis have led to improved patient and graft survival, yet respiratory viruses continue to be a common cause of disease in this population. Influenza viruses have received top priority regarding prevention and treatment, whereas advances in molecular diagnostic tests detecting an array of other respiratory viruses have expanded our knowledge about the epidemiology and impact of these viruses in both the general population and SOT patients. Effective treatment and prevention for noninfluenza respiratory viruses are only emerging. SUMMARY Respiratory viruses can contribute to a wide array of symptoms in SOT, particularly in lung transplant recipients. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options for influenza and noninfluenza viruses in SOT patients are reviewed. PCR and related molecular techniques represent the most sensitive diagnostic modalities for detection of respiratory viruses. Early therapy is associated with improved outcomes. Newer classes of antivirals and antibodies are under continuous development for many of these community acquired respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Nam
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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110
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Manuel O, Estabrook M. RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13511. [PMID: 30817023 PMCID: PMC7162209 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of RNA respiratory viral infections in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. Viruses reviewed include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and coronavirus. Diagnosis is by nucleic acid testing due to improved sensitivity, specificity, broad range of detection of viral pathogens, automatization, and turnaround time. Respiratory viral infections may be associated with acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. The cornerstone of influenza prevention is annual vaccination and in some cases antiviral prophylaxis. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors and other antivirals is reviewed. Prevention of RSV is limited to prophylaxis with palivizumab in select children. Therapy of RSV upper or lower tract disease is controversial but may include oral or aerosolized ribavirin in some populations. There are no approved vaccines or licensed antivirals for parainfluenza, rhinovirus, hMPV, and coronavirus. Potential management strategies for these viruses are given. Future studies should include prospective trials using contemporary molecular diagnostics to understand the true epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and long‐term consequences of respiratory viruses as well as to define preventative and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Estabrook
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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