101
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Abstract
Together, malaria and the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) kill more than 800,000 people annually, while creating long-term disability in millions more. International support for mass drug administration, bed nets, and other preventive measures has resulted in huge public health gains, while support for translational research is leading to the development of some new neglected disease drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines. However, funding for basic science research has not kept up, such that we are missing opportunities to create a more innovative pipeline of control tools for parasitic and related diseases. There is an urgent need to expand basic science approaches for neglected diseases, especially in the areas of systems biology and immunology; ecology, evolution, and mathematical biology; functional and comparative OMICs; gene editing; expanded use of model organisms; and a new single-cell combinatorial indexing RNA sequencing approach. The world’s poor deserve access to innovation for neglected diseases. It should be considered a fundamental human right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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102
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Fountain-Jones NM, Pearse WD, Escobar LE, Alba-Casals A, Carver S, Davies TJ, Kraberger S, Papeş M, Vandegrift K, Worsley-Tonks K, Craft ME. Towards an eco-phylogenetic framework for infectious disease ecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:950-970. [PMID: 29114986 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns and drivers of infectious disease dynamics across multiple scales is a fundamental challenge for modern science. There is growing awareness that it is necessary to incorporate multi-host and/or multi-parasite interactions to understand and predict current and future disease threats better, and new tools are needed to help address this task. Eco-phylogenetics (phylogenetic community ecology) provides one avenue for exploring multi-host multi-parasite systems, yet the incorporation of eco-phylogenetic concepts and methods into studies of host pathogen dynamics has lagged behind. Eco-phylogenetics is a transformative approach that uses evolutionary history to infer present-day dynamics. Here, we present an eco-phylogenetic framework to reveal insights into parasite communities and infectious disease dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. We illustrate how eco-phylogenetic methods can help untangle the mechanisms of host-parasite dynamics from individual (e.g. co-infection) to landscape scales (e.g. parasite/host community structure). An improved ecological understanding of multi-host and multi-pathogen dynamics across scales will increase our ability to predict disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, U.S.A
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A.,Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Simona Kraberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, U.S.A
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Worsley-Tonks
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
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103
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Auld SKJR, Brand J. Environmental variation causes different (co) evolutionary routes to the same adaptive destination across parasite populations. Evol Lett 2017; 1:245-254. [PMID: 30283653 PMCID: PMC6121849 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics are engines for host-parasite coevolution, where parasite adaptation to hosts drives reciprocal adaptation in host populations. A key challenge is to understand whether parasite adaptation and any underlying evolution and coevolution is repeatable across ecologically realistic populations that experience different environmental conditions, or if each population follows a completely unique evolutionary path. We established twenty replicate pond populations comprising an identical suite of genotypes of crustacean host, Daphnia magna, and inoculum of their parasite, Pasteuria ramosa. Using a time-shift experiment, we compared parasite infection traits before and after epidemics and linked patterns of parasite evolution with shifts in host genotype frequencies. Parasite adaptation to the sympatric suite of host genotypes came at a cost of poorer performance on foreign genotypes across populations and environments. However, this consistent pattern of parasite adaptation was driven by different types of frequency-dependent selection that was contingent on an ecologically relevant environmental treatment (whether or not there was physical mixing of water within ponds). In unmixed ponds, large epidemics drove rapid and strong host-parasite coevolution. In mixed ponds, epidemics were smaller and host evolution was driven mainly by the mixing treatment itself; here, host evolution and parasite evolution were clear, but coevolution was absent. Population mixing breaks an otherwise robust coevolutionary cycle. These findings advance our understanding of the repeatability of (co)evolution across noisy, ecologically realistic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K. J. R. Auld
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUnited Kingdom
| | - June Brand
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUnited Kingdom
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104
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. Interactions among symbionts operate across scales to influence parasite epidemics. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
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105
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Abstract
Host resistance to parasites is a rapidly evolving trait that can influence how hosts modify ecosystems. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks may develop if the ecosystem effects of host resistance influence selection on subsequent host generations. In a mesocosm experiment, using a recently diverged (<100 generations) pair of lake and stream three-spined sticklebacks, we tested how experimental exposure to a common fish parasite (Gyrodactylus spp.) affects interactions between hosts and their ecosystems in two environmental conditions (low and high nutrients). In both environments, we found that stream sticklebacks were more resistant to Gyrodactylus and had different gene expression profiles than lake sticklebacks. This differential infection led to contrasting effects of sticklebacks on a broad range of ecosystem properties, including zooplankton community structure and nutrient cycling. These ecosystem modifications affected the survival, body condition, and gene expression profiles of a subsequent fish generation. In particular, lake juvenile fish suffered increased mortality in ecosystems previously modified by lake adults, whereas stream fish showed decreased body condition in stream fish-modified ecosystems. Parasites reinforced selection against lake juveniles in lake fish-modified ecosystems, but only under oligotrophic conditions. Overall, our results highlight the overlapping timescales and the interplay of host-parasite and host-ecosystem interactions. We provide experimental evidence that parasites influence host-mediated effects on ecosystems and, thereby, change the likelihood and strength of eco-evolutionary feedbacks.
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106
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Skoracka A, Lewandowski M, Rector BG, Szydło W, Kuczyński L. Spatial and Host-Related Variation in Prevalence and Population Density of Wheat Curl Mite (Aceria tosichella) Cryptic Genotypes in Agricultural Landscapes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169874. [PMID: 28099506 PMCID: PMC5242520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, is a major pest of cereals worldwide that also comprises a complex of at least 16 genetic lineages with divergent physiological traits, including host associations and specificity. The goal of this study was to test the extent to which host-plant species and landscape spatial variation influence WCM presence and population density across the entire area of Poland (>311,000 km2). Three important findings arose from the results of the study. (1) The majority of WCM lineages analyzed exhibited variation in patterns of prevalence and/or population density on both spatial and host-associated scales. (2) Areas of occurrence and local abundance were delineated for specific WCM lineages and it was determined that the most pestiferous lineages are much less widespread than was expected, suggesting relatively recent introductions into Poland and the potential for further spread. (3) The 16 WCM lineages under study assorted within four discrete host assemblages, within which similar host preferences and host infestation patterns were detected. Of these four groups, one consists of lineages associated with cereals. In addition to improving basic ecological knowledge of a widespread arthropod herbivore, the results of this research identify high-risk areas for the presence of the most pestiferous WCM lineages in the study area (viz. the entirety of Poland). They also provide insight into the evolution of pest species of domesticated crops and facilitate testing of fundamental hypotheses about the ecological factors that shape this pest community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences –SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brian G. Rector
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Wiktoria Szydło
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
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107
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Parratt SR, Numminen E, Laine AL. Infectious Disease Dynamics in Heterogeneous Landscapes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases dynamics are affected by both spatial and temporal heterogeneity in their environments. Our ability to quantify and predict how this heterogeneity impacts risks of infection and disease emergence is the key to successful disease prevention efforts. Here, we review the literature on infectious diseases from human, agricultural, and wildlife ecosystems to describe the rapid ecological and evolutionary responses in pathogens to environmental heterogeneity, with expected impacts on their epidemiology. To date, the underlying network structures through which disease transmission proceeds have been notoriously difficult to quantify because of this variation. We show that with recent advances in statistical methods and genomic approaches, it is now more feasible than ever to trace disease transmission networks, the molecular underpinning of infection, and the environmental variation relevant to disease dynamics. We end by identifying major new opportunities and challenges in understanding disease dynamics in an ever-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Parratt
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Elina Numminen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
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108
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Duncan AB, Dusi E, Jacob F, Ramsayer J, Hochberg ME, Kaltz O. Hot spots become cold spots: coevolution in variable temperature environments. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:55-65. [PMID: 27711983 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites is a key process in the genesis and maintenance of biological diversity. Whereas coevolutionary dynamics show distinct patterns under favourable environmental conditions, the effects of more realistic, variable conditions are largely unknown. We investigated the impact of a fluctuating environment on antagonistic coevolution in experimental microcosms of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and lytic phage SBWΦ2. High-frequency temperature fluctuations caused no deviations from typical coevolutionary arms race dynamics. However, coevolution was stalled during periods of high temperature under intermediate- and low-frequency fluctuations, generating temporary coevolutionary cold spots. Temperature variation affected population density, providing evidence that eco-evolutionary feedbacks act through variable bacteria-phage encounter rates. Our study shows that environmental fluctuations can drive antagonistic species interactions into and out of coevolutionary cold and hot spots. Whether coevolution persists or stalls depends on the frequency of change and the environmental optima of both interacting players.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Dusi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Jacob
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J Ramsayer
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INRA, UMR 0320 Quantitative Genetics and Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M E Hochberg
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - O Kaltz
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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109
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Ladin ZS, D'Amico V, Baetens JM, Roth RR, Shriver WG. Long‐term dynamics in local host–parasite interactions linked to regional population trends. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Ladin
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of Delaware 264 Townsend Hall Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Vincent D'Amico
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station 531 South College Avenue Townsend Hall Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Jan M. Baetens
- Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Roland R. Roth
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of Delaware 250 Townsend Hall Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - W. Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of Delaware 250 Townsend Hall Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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110
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González-Tortuero E, Rusek J, Turko P, Petrusek A, Maayan I, Piálek L, Tellenbach C, Gießler S, Spaak P, Wolinska J. Daphnia parasite dynamics across multiple Caullerya epidemics indicate selection against common parasite genotypes. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:314-21. [PMID: 27209316 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies of parasite population dynamics in natural systems are crucial for our understanding of host-parasite coevolutionary processes. Some field studies have reported that host genotype frequencies in natural populations change over time according to parasite-driven negative frequency-dependent selection. However, the temporal patterns of parasite genotypes have rarely been investigated. Moreover, parasite-driven negative frequency-dependent selection is contingent on the existence of genetic specificity between hosts and parasites. In the present study, the population dynamics and host-genotype specificity of the ichthyosporean Caullerya mesnili, a common endoparasite of Daphnia water fleas, were analysed based on the observed sequence variation in the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA. The Daphnia population of lake Greifensee (Switzerland) was sampled and subjected to parasite screening and host genotyping during C. mesnili epidemics of four consecutive years. The ITS1 of wild-caught C. mesnili-infected Daphnia was sequenced using the 454 pyrosequencing platform. The relative frequencies of C. mesnili ITS1 sequences differed significantly among years: the most abundant C. mesnili ITS1 sequence decreased and rare sequences increased over the course of the study, a pattern consistent with negative frequency-dependent selection. However, only a weak signal of host-genotype specificity between C. mesnili and Daphnia genotypes was detected. Use of cutting edge genomic techniques will allow further investigation of the underlying micro-evolutionary relationships within the Daphnia-C. mesnili system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Tortuero
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, D-12587 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Centre for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Straße 2, D-82512 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jakub Rusek
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Straße 2, D-82512 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick Turko
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Petrusek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Inbar Maayan
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Straße 2, D-82512 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lubomír Piálek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Tellenbach
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Gießler
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhaderner Straße 2, D-82512 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Piet Spaak
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, D-12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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111
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Wellenreuther M, Otto S. Women in evolution - highlighting the changing face of evolutionary biology. Evol Appl 2016; 9:3-16. [PMID: 27087836 PMCID: PMC4780375 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The face of science has changed. Women now feature alongside men at the forefront of many fields, and this is particularly true in evolutionary biology. This special issue celebrates the outstanding achievements and contributions of women in evolutionary biology, by highlighting a sample of their research and accomplishments. In addition to original research contributions, this collection of articles contains personal reflections to provide perspective and advice on succeeding as a woman in science. By showcasing the diversity and research excellence of women and drawing on their experiences, we wish to enhance the visibility of female scientists and provide inspiration as well as role models. These are exciting times for evolutionary biology, and the field is richer and stronger for the diversity of voices contributing to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wellenreuther
- Department of BiologyUniversity of LundLundSweden
- Institute for Plant and Food ResearchLundNew Zealand
| | - Sarah Otto
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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