101
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Benskey MJ, Perez RG, Manfredsson FP. The contribution of alpha synuclein to neuronal survival and function - Implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:331-59. [PMID: 26852372 PMCID: PMC5021132 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha synuclein (α-syn) is a neuropathological feature that defines a spectrum of disorders collectively termed synucleinopathies, and of these, Parkinson's disease (PD) is arguably the best characterized. Aggregated α-syn is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the defining pathological feature of PD, while mutations or multiplications in the α-syn gene result in familial PD. The high correlation between α-syn burden and PD has led to the hypothesis that α-syn aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, α-syn has been implicated to function in a diverse range of essential cellular processes such as the regulation of neurotransmission and response to cellular stress. As such, an alternative hypothesis with equal explanatory power is that the aggregation of α-syn results in toxicity because of a toxic loss of necessary α-syn function, following sequestration of functional forms α-syn into insoluble protein aggregates. Within this review, we will provide an overview of the literature linking α-syn to PD and the knowledge gained from current α-syn-based animal models of PD. We will then interpret these data from the viewpoint of the α-syn loss-of-function hypothesis and provide a potential mechanistic model by which loss of α-syn function could result in at least some of the neurodegeneration observed in PD. By providing an alternative perspective on the etiopathogenesis of PD and synucleinopathies, this may reveal alternative avenues of research in order to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for disease modifying strategies. The correlation between α-synuclein burden and Parkinson's disease pathology has led to the hypothesis that α-synuclein aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, in this review, we discuss data supporting the alternative hypothesis that the aggregation of α-synuclein results in toxicity because of loss of necessary α-synuclein function at the presynaptic terminal, following sequestration of functional forms of α-synuclein into aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University of the Health Sciences El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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102
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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103
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Bai J, Cheng K, Liu M, Li C. Impact of the α-Synuclein Initial Ensemble Structure on Fibrillation Pathways and Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3140-7. [PMID: 26950519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intracellular filamentous α-synuclein (αS) aggregates is a common feature in Parkinson's disease. Recombinant expressed and purified human αS is also capable of forming fibrils in vitro. Many studies have shown that solution conditions heavily influence αS fibrillation kinetics, fibril structure, and morphology that exhibit differential biological effects. Nevertheless, the αS ensemble structure in various solution conditions is not well characterized; furthermore, how the initial solution ensemble structures impact αS assembly kinetics and pathways that result in diverse fibril structure and morphology remains elusive. Here, we mainly employed NMR spectroscopy to characterize the initial ensemble structure of αS in the presence or absence of a 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, where two polymorphs of αS were demonstrated in previous studies. Our data show that αS exhibits distinct conformations and fibrillation kinetics in these two solutions. αS adopts a more compact and rigid ensemble structure that has faster fibrillation kinetics in the absence of NaCl. On the basis of the ensemble structure and dynamics, we proposed a possible molecular mechanism in which αS forms different polymorphs under these two conditions. Our results provide novel insights into how the initial conformation impacts fibrillation pathways and kinetics, suggesting that a microenvironment can be used to regulate the intrinsically disordered proteins assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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104
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Functionally different α-synuclein inclusions yield insight into Parkinson's disease pathology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23116. [PMID: 26984067 PMCID: PMC4794800 DOI: 10.1038/srep23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of α-synuclein (α-S) amyloid aggregates, called Lewy bodies (LBs), is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of LBs in the disease process is however still unclear; they have been associated with both neuroprotection and toxicity. To obtain insight into this contradiction, we induced the formation of α-S inclusions, using three different induction methods in SH-SY5Y cells and rat-derived primary neuronal cells. Using confocal and STED microscopy we observed induction-dependent differences in α-S inclusion morphology, location and function. The aggregation of α-S in functionally different compartments correlates with the toxicity of the induction method measured in viability assays. The most cytotoxic treatment largely correlates with the formation of proteasome-associated, juxta-nuclear inclusions. With less toxic methods cytosolic deposits that are not associated with the proteasome are more prevalent. The distribution of α-S over at least two different types of inclusions is not limited to cell models, but is also observed in primary neuronal cells and in human mesencephalon. The existence of functionally different LBs, in vivo and in vitro, gives important insights in the impact of Lewy Body formation on neuronal functioning and may thereby provide a platform for discovering therapeutics.
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105
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Ilie IM, den Otter WK, Briels WJ. A coarse grained protein model with internal degrees of freedom. Application to α-synuclein aggregation. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:085103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4942115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M. Ilie
- Computational Chemical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K. den Otter
- Computational Chemical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Multi Scale Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Briels
- Computational Chemical Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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106
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Bai J, Zhang Z, Liu M, Li C. α-synuclein-lanthanide metal ions interaction: binding sites, conformation and fibrillation. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2016; 9:1. [PMID: 26843956 PMCID: PMC4739322 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-016-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the deposition of cytoplasmic neuronal inclusions termed Lewy bodies. The major component of Lewy bodies is amyloid fibrils of α-synuclein. To investigate what causes α-synuclein aggregation is essential to understand its pathological roles in Parkinson's disease. Various metal ions, including iron and copper, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Divalent metal ions can regulate α-synuclein fibrillation rate, however, few studies have been performed to investigate how trivalent metal ions interact with α-synuclein and their effect on α-synuclein fibrillation. The study of the interaction between divalent and trivalent metal ions with α-synuclein is of vital importance to realize the mechanism of α-synuclein fibrillation. RESULTS Here we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the trivalent metal ions (lanthanides) binding sites in α-synuclein. We found that lanthanide metal ions not only bind non-specifically to the C-terminal domain of α-synuclein, but also transiently interact with residues contain carboxyl groups in the N-terminal and NAC regions, the latter binding sites were not found for divalent cations. In addition, lanthanide ions bound α-synuclein exhibits slower conformational exchange rate. Compare to divalent cations, lanthanide ions accelerate α-synuclein fibrillation much faster. CONCLUSIONS We identified the lanthanide metal ions binding sites in α-synuclein and found a hierarchal effect for lanthanide ions binding to α-synuclein, driven by the interaction with aspartic acids and glutamic acids residues. Lanthanide ions binding also induced conformational dynamics change of α-synuclein. Compared to divalent cations, lanthanide metal ions significantly accelerated α-synuclein fibrillation, possibly due to the different inherent properties such as charge, binding sites and coordination modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 P.R. China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zeting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 P.R. China
| | - Maili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 P.R. China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center of Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 P.R. China
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107
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Sarto-Jackson I, Tomaska L. How to bake a brain: yeast as a model neuron. Curr Genet 2016; 62:347-70. [PMID: 26782173 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 years ago Dan Koshland published an inspirational essay presenting the bacterium as a model neuron (Koshland, Trends Neurosci 6:133-137, 1983). In the article he argued that there are several similarities between neurons and bacterial cells in "how signals are processed within a cell or how this processing machinery can be modified to produce plasticity". He then explored the bacterial chemosensory system to emphasize its attributes that are analogous to information processing in neurons. In this review, we wish to expand Koshland's original idea by adding the yeast cell to the list of useful models of a neuron. The fact that yeasts and neurons are specialized versions of the eukaryotic cell sharing all principal components sets the stage for a grand evolutionary tinkering where these components are employed in qualitatively different tasks, but following analogous molecular logic. By way of example, we argue that evolutionarily conserved key components involved in polarization processes (from budding or mating in Saccharomyces cervisiae to neurite outgrowth or spinogenesis in neurons) are shared between yeast and neurons. This orthologous conservation of modules makes S. cervisiae an excellent model organism to investigate neurobiological questions. We substantiate this claim by providing examples of yeast models used for studying neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Sarto-Jackson
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Martinstraße 12, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-1, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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108
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Single injection of small-molecule amyloid accelerator results in cell death of nigral dopamine neurons in mice. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 1:15024. [PMID: 28725689 PMCID: PMC5516562 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The assembly process of α-synuclein toward amyloid fibers is linked to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, we capitalized on the in vitro discovery of a small-molecule accelerator of α-synuclein amyloid formation and assessed its effects when injected in brains of normal mice. An accelerator and an inhibitor of α-synuclein amyloid formation, as well as vehicle only, were injected into the striatum of normal mice and followed by behavioral evaluation, immunohistochemistry, and metabolomics up to six months later. The effects of molecules injected into the substantia nigra of normal and α-synuclein knock-out mice were also analyzed. When accelerator or inhibitor was injected into the brain of normal mice no acute compound toxicity was found. However, 6 months after single striatal injection of accelerator, mice sensorimotor functions were impaired, whereas mice injected with inhibitor had no dysfunctions. Injection of accelerator (but not inhibitor or vehicle) into the substantia nigra revealed significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons after 3 months. No loss of TH-positive neurons was found in α-synuclein knock-out mice injected with accelerator into the substantia nigra. Metabolic serum profiles from accelerator-injected normal mice matched those of newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease patients, whereas the profiles from inhibitor-injected normal mice matched controls. Single inoculation of a small-molecule amyloid accelerator may be a new approach for studies of early events during dopamine neurodegeneration in mice.
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109
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The C-terminal α-helices of mammalian Hsc70 play a critical role in the stabilization of α-synuclein binding and inhibition of aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 83:433-41. [PMID: 26601760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, followed by aggregation and amyloid formation is an underlying pathological hallmark in a number of prevalent diseases, including Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the case of PD, the aggregation of α-synuclein protein (α-syn) has been shown to be highly cytotoxic and to play a key role in the death of dopaminergic cells. Thus, inhibition of the aggregation process may be considered as an attractive avenue for therapeutic intervention. In this respect, molecular chaperones, known to promote proper folding of proteins, are able to inhibit protein aggregation thus preventing amyloid formation. In this work, the effect of the constitutively expressed chaperone Hsc70 and its various domains on α-syn aggregation have been investigated using different approaches. The results show that the C-terminal domain alone (residues 386-646) is as efficient in inhibiting α-syn aggregation as the entire Hsc70 protein, by increasing the lag phase for α-syn oligomeric nucleus formation, suggesting that the chaperone interacts with and stabilizes α-syn monomers and/or small aggregates. Deletion of the C-terminal helices (residues 510-646), which are known to play the role of a lid locking target peptide ligands in the peptide-binding site of the chaperone, strongly reduced the efficiency of inhibition of α-syn aggregation indicating that these helices play an essential in stabilizing the interaction between Hsc70 and α-syn. Furthermore, the effects of Hsc70 and its structural domains on aggregation appear to correlate with those on cytotoxicity, by reducing the fraction of α-syn toxic species to various degrees. Together these results suggest a mechanism in which inhibition of synuclein aggregation is the result of monomeric synuclein binding to the chaperone as any monomeric target unfolded protein or peptide binding to the chaperone.
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110
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Ninkina N, Connor-Robson N, Ustyugov AA, Tarasova TV, Shelkovnikova TA, Buchman VL. A novel resource for studying function and dysfunction of α-synuclein: mouse lines for modulation of endogenous Snca gene expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16615. [PMID: 26564109 PMCID: PMC4643252 DOI: 10.1038/srep16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological modification of α-synuclein is believed to be an important event in pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In normal cells this protein has been linked to many intracellular processes and pathways. However, neither normal function of α-synuclein in neuronal and certain other types of cells nor its exact role in the disease pathogenesis is well understood, which is largely due to limitations of animal models used for studying this protein. We produced and validated several novel mouse lines for manipulating expression of the endogenous Snca gene coding for α-synuclein. These include a line for conditional Cre-recombinase-driven inactivation of the gene; a line for conditional Flp-driven restoration of a neo-cassete-blocked α-synuclein expression; a new line with a “clean” constituent knockout of the gene as well as a line carrying this knockout locus and Rosa26-stop-lacZ reporter locus linked at the same mouse chromosome 6. Altogether these lines represent a set of new useful tools for studies of α-synuclein normal function and the role of this protein in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey A Ustyugov
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Tarasova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana A Shelkovnikova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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111
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Majd S, Power JH, Grantham HJM. Neuronal response in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: the effect of toxic proteins on intracellular pathways. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:69. [PMID: 26499115 PMCID: PMC4619058 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of protein aggregates is the leading cause of cellular dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, Prion disease and motor disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, present with a similar pattern of progressive neuronal death, nervous system deterioration and cognitive impairment. The common characteristic is an unusual misfolding of proteins which is believed to cause protein deposition and trigger degenerative signals in the neurons. A similar clinical presentation seen in many neurodegenerative disorders suggests the possibility of shared neuronal responses in different disorders. Despite the difference in core elements of deposits in each neurodegenerative disorder, the cascade of neuronal reactions such as activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell cycle re-entry and oxidative stress leading to a progressive neurodegeneration are surprisingly similar. This review focuses on protein toxicity in two neurodegenerative diseases, AD and PD. We reviewed the activated mechanisms of neurotoxicity in response to misfolded beta-amyloid and α-synuclein, two major toxic proteins in AD and PD, leading to neuronal apoptosis. The interaction between the proteins in producing an overlapping pathological pattern will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Majd
- Centre for Neuroscience and Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - John H Power
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Hugh J M Grantham
- Centre for Neuroscience and Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
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112
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Fröhlich C, Zschiebsch K, Gröger V, Paarmann K, Steffen J, Thurm C, Schropp EM, Brüning T, Gellerich F, Radloff M, Schwabe R, Lachmann I, Krohn M, Ibrahim S, Pahnke J. Activation of Mitochondrial Complex II-Dependent Respiration Is Beneficial for α-Synucleinopathies. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4728-44. [PMID: 26319560 PMCID: PMC4965489 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are major challenges in research and clinical medicine world-wide and contribute to the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, specific mitochondrial polymorphisms have been found to enhance clearance of amyloid-β from the brain of APP-transgenic mice leading to beneficial clinical outcome. It has been discussed whether specific mitochondrial alterations contribute to disease progression or even prevent toxic peptide deposition, as seen in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated α-synuclein-transgenic C57BL/6J mice with the A30P mutation, and a novel A30P C57BL/6J mouse model with three mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in the ND3, COX3 and mtRNAArg genes, as found in the inbred NOD/LtJ mouse strain. We were able to detect that the new model has increased mitochondrial complex II-respiration which occurs in parallel to neuronal loss and improved motor performance, although it exhibits higher amounts of high molecular weight species of α-synuclein. High molecular weight aggregates of different peptides are controversially discussed in the light of neurodegeneration. A favourable hypothesis states that high molecular weight species are protective and of minor importance for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders as compared to the extreme neurotoxic monomers and oligomers. Summarising, our results point to a potentially protective and beneficial effect of specific mitochondrial polymorphisms which cause improved mitochondrial complex II-respiration in α-synucleinopathies, an effect that could be exploited further for pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Fröhlich
- Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Zschiebsch
- Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,University of Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Victoria Gröger
- Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Halle, Germany
| | - Kristin Paarmann
- Department of Pathology (PAT), Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,LIED, University of Lübeck (UzL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johannes Steffen
- Department of Pathology (PAT), Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,LIED, University of Lübeck (UzL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Thurm
- Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schropp
- Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Department of Pathology (PAT), Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg/Leibniz Institut for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Radloff
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwabe
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Krohn
- Department of Pathology (PAT), Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Pathology (PAT), Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Neurology, Neurodegeneration Research Lab (NRL), University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,LIED, University of Lübeck (UzL), Lübeck, Germany. .,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle, Germany.
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113
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Lanzillotta A, Porrini V, Bellucci A, Benarese M, Branca C, Parrella E, Spano PF, Pizzi M. NF-κB in Innate Neuroprotection and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 26042083 PMCID: PMC4438602 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB factors are cardinal transcriptional regulators of inflammation and apoptosis, involved in the brain programing of systemic aging and in brain damage. The composition of NF-κB active dimers and epigenetic mechanisms modulating histone acetylation, finely condition neuronal resilience to brain insults. In stroke models, the activation of NF-κB/c-Rel promotes neuroprotective effects by transcription of specific anti-apoptotic genes. Conversely, aberrant activation of NF-κB/RelA showing reduced level of total acetylation, but site-specific acetylation on lysine 310, triggers the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Constitutive knockout of c-Rel shatters the resilience of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons to aging and induces a parkinsonian like pathology in mice. c-rel(-/-) mice show increased level of aberrantly acetylated RelA in the basal ganglia, neuroinflammation, accumulation of alpha-synuclein, and iron. Moreover, they develop motor deficits responsive to l-DOPA treatment and associated with loss of DA neurons in the SN. Here, we discuss the effect of unbalanced activation of RelA and c-Rel during aging and propose novel challenges for the development of therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Benarese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pier Franco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS, San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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114
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Breydo L, Morgan D, Uversky VN. Pseudocatalytic Antiaggregation Activity of Antibodies: Immunoglobulins can Influence α-Synuclein Aggregation at Substoichiometric Concentrations. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1949-1958. [PMID: 25833100 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is involved in a variety of diseases. Alteration of the aggregation pathway, either to produce less toxic structures or to increase aggregate clearance, is a promising therapeutic route. Both active and passive immunization has been used for this purpose. However, the mechanism of action of antibodies on protein aggregates is not completely clear especially given poor ability of antibodies to cross blood-brain barrier. Here, we have shown that antibodies can interfere with protein aggregation at substoichiometric concentrations (as low as 1:1000 antibody to protein ratio). This is an indication that antibodies interact with aggregation intermediates in chaperone-like manner altering the aggregation pathways at very low antibody levels. This observation supports earlier suggestions that antibodies can inhibit aggregation by interaction with low abundance aggregation intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Breydo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation, 142290.
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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115
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Burré J, Sharma M, Südhof TC. Definition of a molecular pathway mediating α-synuclein neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5221-32. [PMID: 25834048 PMCID: PMC4380997 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4650-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein physiologically chaperones SNARE-complex assembly at the synapse but pathologically misfolds into neurotoxic aggregates that are characteristic for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and that may spread from one neuron to the next throughout the brain during Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. In normal nerve terminals, α-synuclein is present in an equilibrium between a cytosolic form that is natively unfolded and monomeric and a membrane-bound form that is composed of an α-helical multimeric species that chaperones SNARE-complex assembly. Although the neurotoxicity of α-synuclein is well established, the relationship between the native conformations of α-synuclein and its pathological aggregation remain incompletely understood; most importantly, it is unclear whether α-synuclein aggregation originates from its monomeric cytosolic or oligomeric membrane-bound form. Here, we address this question by introducing into α-synuclein point mutations that block membrane binding and by then assessing the effect of blocking membrane binding on α-synuclein aggregation and neurotoxicity. We show that membrane binding inhibits α-synuclein aggregation; conversely, blocking membrane binding enhances α-synuclein aggregation. Stereotactic viral expression of wild-type and mutant α-synuclein in the substantia nigra of mice demonstrated that blocking α-synuclein membrane binding significantly enhanced its neurotoxicity in vivo. Our data delineate a folding pathway for α-synuclein that ranges from a physiological multimeric, α-helical, and membrane-bound species that acts as a SNARE-complex chaperone over a monomeric, natively unfolded form to an amyloid-like aggregate that is neurotoxic in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Manu Sharma
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, and
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Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e147. [PMID: 25766616 PMCID: PMC4351408 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells remove misfolded proteins using various proteolytic systems, including the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA) and macroautophagy. The majority of misfolded proteins are degraded by the UPS, in which Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded and cleaved into small peptides when passing through the narrow chamber of the proteasome. The substrates that expose a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and degraded in lysosomes via the CMA. Aggregation-prone substrates resistant to both the UPS and the CMA can be degraded by macroautophagy, in which cargoes are segregated into autophagosomes before degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. Although most misfolded and aggregated proteins in the human proteome can be degraded by cellular protein quality control, some native and mutant proteins prone to aggregation into β-sheet-enriched oligomers are resistant to all known proteolytic pathways and can thus grow into inclusion bodies or extracellular plaques. The accumulation of protease-resistant misfolded and aggregated proteins is a common mechanism underlying protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prion diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we provide an overview of the proteolytic pathways in neurons, with an emphasis on the UPS, CMA and macroautophagy, and discuss the role of protein quality control in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine existing putative therapeutic strategies to efficiently remove cytotoxic proteins from degenerating neurons.
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117
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Braun RJ. Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in yeast cells expressing neurotoxic proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:8. [PMID: 25814926 PMCID: PMC4357299 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically impaired protein degradation is discussed to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and motor neuron diseases. Misfolded, aggregated, or surplus proteins are efficiently degraded via distinct protein degradation pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. These pathways are regulated by covalent modification of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin and are evolutionary highly conserved from humans to yeast. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established model for deciphering mechanisms of protein degradation, and for the elucidation of pathways underlying programmed cell death. The expression of human neurotoxic proteins triggers cell death in yeast, with neurotoxic protein-specific differences. Therefore, yeast cell death models are suitable for analyzing the role of protein degradation pathways in modulating cell death upon expression of disease-causing proteins. This review summarizes which protein degradation pathways are affected in these yeast models, and how they are involved in the execution of cell death. I will discuss to which extent this mimics the situation in other neurotoxic models, and how this may contribute to a better understanding of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany
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Narkiewicz J, Giachin G, Legname G. In vitro aggregation assays for the characterization of α-synuclein prion-like properties. Prion 2015; 8:19-32. [PMID: 24552879 PMCID: PMC4116381 DOI: 10.4161/pri.28125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The common feature of these diseases is a pathological deposition of protein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies (LBs) in the central nervous system. The major component of these aggregates is α-synuclein, a natively unfolded protein, which may undergo dramatic structural changes resulting in the formation of β-sheet rich assemblies. In vitro studies have shown that recombinant α-synuclein protein may polymerize into amyloidogenic fibrils resembling those found in LBs. These aggregates may be uptaken and propagated between cells in a prion-like manner. Here we present the mechanisms and kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation in vitro, as well as crucial factors affecting this process. We also describe how PD-linked α-synuclein mutations and some exogenous factors modulate in vitro aggregation. Furthermore, we present a current knowledge on the mechanisms by which extracellular aggregates may be internalized and propagated between cells, as well as the mechanisms of their toxicity.
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119
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RTCB-1 mediates neuroprotection via XBP-1 mRNA splicing in the unfolded protein response pathway. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16076-85. [PMID: 25429148 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1945-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons and age-dependent formation of protein inclusions that contain the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein. RNA interference (RNAi) screening using Caenorhabditis elegans identified RTCB-1, an uncharacterized gene product, as one of several significant modifiers of α-syn protein misfolding. RTCB-1 is the worm ortholog of the human HSPC117 protein, a component of RNA trafficking granules in mammalian neurons. Here we show that RTCB-1 protects C. elegans DA neurons from age-dependent degeneration induced by human α-syn. Moreover, neuronal-specific RNAi depletion of rtcb-1 enhanced α-syn-induced degeneration. Similar results were obtained when worms were exposed to the DA neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. HSPC117 has been characterized recently as an essential subunit of the human tRNA splicing ligase complex. tRNA ligases have alternative functions in RNA repair and nonconventional mRNA splicing events. For example, in yeast, unconventional splicing of HAC1, a transcription factor that controls the unfolded protein response (UPR), is mediated by a tRNA ligase. In C. elegans, we demonstrate that RTCB-1 is necessary for xbp-1 (worm homolog of HAC1) mRNA splicing. Moreover, using a RNA ligase-dead mutant, we determine that the ligase activity of worm RTCB-1 is required for its neuroprotective role, which, in turn, is mediated through XBP-1 in the UPR pathway. Collectively, these studies highlight the mechanistic intersection of RNA processing and proteostasis in mediating neuroprotection.
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120
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Lehri-Boufala S, Ouidja MO, Barbier-Chassefière V, Hénault E, Raisman-Vozari R, Garrigue-Antar L, Papy-Garcia D, Morin C. New roles of glycosaminoglycans in α-synuclein aggregation in a cellular model of Parkinson disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116641. [PMID: 25617759 PMCID: PMC4305359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson disease (PD) remain mysterious, although some evidence supports mitochondrial dysfunctions and α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies as major events. The abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein has been associated with a deficiency in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Cathepsin D (cathD), the major lysosomal protease responsible of α-synuclein degradation was described to be up-regulated in PD model. As glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) regulate cathD activity, and have been recently suggested to participate in PD physiopathology, we investigated their role in α-synuclein accumulation by their intracellular regulation of cathD activity. In a classical neuroblastoma cell model of PD induced by MPP+, the genetic expression of GAGs-biosynthetic enzymes was modified, leading to an increase of GAGs amounts whereas intracellular level of α-synuclein increased. The absence of sulfated GAGs increased intracellular cathD activity and limited α-synuclein accumulation. GAGs effects on cathD further suggested that specific sequences or sulfation patterns could be responsible for this regulation. The present study identifies, for the first time, GAGs as new regulators of the lysosome degradation pathway, regulating cathD activity and affecting two main biological processes, α-synuclein aggregation and apoptosis. Finally, this opens new insights into intracellular GAGs functions and new fields of investigation for glycobiological approaches in PD and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lehri-Boufala
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Mohand-Ouidir Ouidja
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Barbier-Chassefière
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Emilie Hénault
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière-Bâtiment, ICM (Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière), CRICM, Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, 75651, Paris, France
| | - Laure Garrigue-Antar
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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121
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Savolainen MH, Yan X, Myöhänen TT, Huttunen HJ. Prolyl oligopeptidase enhances α-synuclein dimerization via direct protein-protein interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5117-5126. [PMID: 25555914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) accelerates the aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn), a key protein involved in development of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. PREP inhibitors reduce aSyn aggregation, but the mechanism has remained unknown. We have now used protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA) and microscale thermophoresis in parallel to show that PREP interacts directly with aSyn in both intact cells and in a cell-free system. Using split luciferase-based PCA, we first showed that PREP enhances the formation of soluble aSyn dimers in live Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells. A PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, reduced aSyn dimerization in PREP-expressing cells but not in cells lacking PREP expression. aSyn dimerization was also enhanced by PREP(S554A), an enzymatically inactive PREP mutant, but this was not affected by KYP-2047. PCA and microscale thermophoresis studies showed that aSyn interacts with both PREP and PREP(S554A) with low micromolar affinity. Neither the proline-rich, C-terminal domain of aSyn nor the hydrolytic activity of PREP was required for the interaction with PREP. Our results show that PREP binds directly to aSyn to enhance its dimerization and may thus serve as a nucleation point for aSyn aggregation. Native gel analysis showed that KYP-2047 shifts PREP to a compact monomeric form with reduced ability to promote aSyn nucleation. As PREP inhibition also enhances autophagic clearance of aSyn, PREP inhibitors may reduce accumulation of aSyn inclusions via a dual mechanism and are thus a novel therapeutic candidate for synucleinopathies. Our results also suggest that PREP has other cellular functions in addition to its peptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Xu Yan
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Povilonienė S, Časaitė V, Bukauskas V, Šetkus A, Staniulis J, Meškys R. Functionalization of α-synuclein fibrils. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:124-33. [PMID: 25671157 PMCID: PMC4311755 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The propensity of peptides and proteins to form self-assembled structures has very promising applications in the development of novel nanomaterials. Under certain conditions, amyloid protein α-synuclein forms well-ordered structures - fibrils, which have proven to be valuable building blocks for bionanotechnological approaches. Herein we demonstrate the functionalization of fibrils formed by a mutant α-synuclein that contains an additional cysteine residue. The fibrils have been biotinylated via thiol groups and subsequently joined with neutravidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the expected structure - nanoladders. The ability of fibrils (and of the additional components) to assemble into such complex structures offers new opportunities for fabricating novel hybrid materials or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Povilonienė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Mokslininku 12, Vilnius LT-08662, Lithuania
| | - Vida Časaitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Mokslininku 12, Vilnius LT-08662, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Bukauskas
- Semiconductor Physics Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, A. Gostauto 11, Vilnius LT-01108, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Šetkus
- Semiconductor Physics Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, A. Gostauto 11, Vilnius LT-01108, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Staniulis
- Institute of Botany of Nature Research Center, Zaliuju Ezeru 49, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Mokslininku 12, Vilnius LT-08662, Lithuania
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein which localizes predominantly to presynaptic terminals, and is strongly linked genetically and pathologically to Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. While the accumulation of α-synuclein in the form of misfolded oligomers and large aggregates defines multiple neurodegenerative diseases called "synucleinopathies", its cellular function has remained largely unclear, and is the subject of intense investigation. In this review, I focus on the structural characteristics of α-synuclein, its cellular and subcellular localization, and discuss how this relates to its function in neurons, in particular at the neuronal synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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124
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Allen Reish HE, Standaert DG. Role of α-synuclein in inducing innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 5:1-19. [PMID: 25588354 PMCID: PMC4405142 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Gene duplications, triplications and point mutations in SNCA1, the gene encoding α-syn, cause autosomal dominant forms of PD. Aggregated and post-translationally modified forms of α-syn are present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in both sporadic and familial PD, and recent work has emphasized the prion-like ability of aggregated α-syn to produce spreading pathology. Accumulation of abnormal forms of α-syn is a trigger for PD, but recent evidence suggests that much of the downstream neurodegeneration may result from inflammatory responses. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are activated in PD, and influencing interactions between innate and adaptive immune components has been shown to modify the pathological process in animal models of PD. Understanding the relationship between α-syn and subsequent inflammation may reveal novel targets for neuroprotective interventions. In this review, we examine the role of α-syn and modified forms of this protein in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Allen Reish
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Kim D, Paik JH, Shin DW, Kim HS, Park CS, Kang JH. What is the Clinical Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease? Is the Significance Diagnostic or Prognostic? Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:352-64. [PMID: 25548535 PMCID: PMC4276806 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical diagnostic criteria of Parkinson's disease (PD) have limitations in detecting the disease at early stage and in differentiating heterogeneous clinical progression. The lack of reliable biomarker(s) for early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis is a major hurdle to achieve optimal clinical care of patients and efficient design of clinical trials for disease-modifying therapeutics. Numerous efforts to discover PD biomarkers in CSF were conducted. In this review, we describe the molecular pathogenesis of PD and discuss its implication to develop PD biomarkers in CSF. Next, we summarize the clinical utility of CSF biomarkers including alpha-synuclein for early and differential diagnosis, and prediction of PD progression. Given the heterogeneity in the clinical features of PD and none of the CSF biomarkers for an early diagnosis have been developed, research efforts to develop biomarkers to predict heterogeneous disease progression is on-going. Notably, a rapid cognitive decline followed by the development of dementia is a risk factor of poor prognosis in PD. In connection to this, CSF levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers have received considerable attention. However, we still need long-term longitudinal observational studies employing large cohorts to evaluate the clinical utility of CSF biomarkers reflecting Lewy body pathology and AD pathology in the brain. We believe that current research efforts including the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative will resolve the current needs of early diagnosis and/or prediction of disease progression using CSF biomarkers, and which will further accelerate the development of disease-modifying therapeutics and optimize the clinical management of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jin Hui Paik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Dong-Woon Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Ilsan 411-706, Korea
| | - Hak-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Chang-Shin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Korea. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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What macromolecular crowding can do to a protein. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23090-140. [PMID: 25514413 PMCID: PMC4284756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular environment represents an extremely crowded milieu, with a limited amount of free water and an almost complete lack of unoccupied space. Obviously, slightly salted aqueous solutions containing low concentrations of a biomolecule of interest are too simplistic to mimic the “real life” situation, where the biomolecule of interest scrambles and wades through the tightly packed crowd. In laboratory practice, such macromolecular crowding is typically mimicked by concentrated solutions of various polymers that serve as model “crowding agents”. Studies under these conditions revealed that macromolecular crowding might affect protein structure, folding, shape, conformational stability, binding of small molecules, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acid interactions, and pathological aggregation. The goal of this review is to systematically analyze currently available experimental data on the variety of effects of macromolecular crowding on a protein molecule. The review covers more than 320 papers and therefore represents one of the most comprehensive compendia of the current knowledge in this exciting area.
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127
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Grey M, Dunning CJ, Gaspar R, Grey C, Brundin P, Sparr E, Linse S. Acceleration of α-synuclein aggregation by exosomes. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2969-82. [PMID: 25425650 PMCID: PMC4317028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles released from cells into extracellular space. We have isolated exosomes from neuroblastoma cells and investigated their influence on the aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson disease pathology. Using cryo-transmission electron microscopy of exosomes, we found spherical unilamellar vesicles with a significant protein content, and Western blot analysis revealed that they contain, as expected, the proteins Flotillin-1 and Alix. Using thioflavin T fluorescence to monitor aggregation kinetics, we found that exosomes catalyze the process in a similar manner as a low concentration of preformed α-synuclein fibrils. The exosomes reduce the lag time indicating that they provide catalytic environments for nucleation. The catalytic effects of exosomes derived from naive cells and cells that overexpress α-synuclein do not differ. Vesicles prepared from extracted exosome lipids accelerate aggregation, suggesting that the lipids in exosomes are sufficient for the catalytic effect to arise. Using mass spectrometry, we found several phospholipid classes in the exosomes, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and the gangliosides GM2 and GM3. Within each class, several species with different acyl chains were identified. We then prepared vesicles from corresponding pure lipids or defined mixtures, most of which were found to retard α-synuclein aggregation. As a striking exception, vesicles containing ganglioside lipids GM1 or GM3 accelerate the process. Understanding how α-synuclein interacts with biological membranes to promote neurological disease might lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Grey
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry
| | - Christopher J Dunning
- the Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden and the Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
| | - Ricardo Gaspar
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- the Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden and the Center for Neurodegenerative Science, The Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Emma Sparr
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
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128
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Feng Y, De Franceschi G, Kahraman A, Soste M, Melnik A, Boersema PJ, de Laureto PP, Nikolaev Y, Oliveira AP, Picotti P. Global analysis of protein structural changes in complex proteomes. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1036-44. [PMID: 25218519 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Changes in protein conformation can affect protein function, but methods to probe these structural changes on a global scale in cells have been lacking. To enable large-scale analyses of protein conformational changes directly in their biological matrices, we present a method that couples limited proteolysis with a targeted proteomics workflow. Using our method, we assessed the structural features of more than 1,000 yeast proteins simultaneously and detected altered conformations for ~300 proteins upon a change of nutrients. We find that some branches of carbon metabolism are transcriptionally regulated whereas others are regulated by enzyme conformational changes. We detect structural changes in aggregation-prone proteins and show the functional relevance of one of these proteins to the metabolic switch. This approach enables probing of both subtle and pronounced structural changes of proteins on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Feng
- 1] Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [2]
| | - Giorgia De Franceschi
- 1] Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [2] CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. [3]
| | - Abdullah Kahraman
- 1] Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [2]
| | - Martin Soste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andre Melnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Boersema
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yaroslav Nikolaev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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129
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Pastukhov YF, Plaksina DV, Lapshina KV, Guzhova IV, Ekimova IV. Exogenous protein HSP70 blocks neurodegeneration in the rat model of the clinical stage of Parkinson's disease. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 457:225-7. [PMID: 25172587 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu F Pastukhov
- Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia,
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130
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Uversky VN. Wrecked regulation of intrinsically disordered proteins in diseases: pathogenicity of deregulated regulators. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 25988147 PMCID: PMC4428494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins without stable tertiary structure are common in all known proteomes. Functions of these intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are typically related to regulation, signaling, and control. Cellular levels of these important regulators are tightly regulated by a variety mechanisms ranging from firmly controlled expression to precisely targeted degradation. Functions of IDPs are controlled by binding to specific partners, alternative splicing, and posttranslational modifications among other means. In the norm, right amounts of precisely activated IDPs have to be present in right time at right places. Wrecked regulation brings havoc to the ordered world of disordered proteins, leading to protein misfolding, misidentification, and missignaling that give rise to numerous human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Among factors inducing pathogenic transformations of IDPs are various cellular mechanisms, such as chromosomal translocations, damaged splicing, altered expression, frustrated posttranslational modifications, aberrant proteolytic degradation, and defective trafficking. This review presents some of the aspects of deregulated regulation of IDPs leading to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA ; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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131
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Region specific mitochondrial impairment in mice with widespread overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:204-13. [PMID: 25016198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons leading to motor deficits. The mechanisms underlying the preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in PD remain poorly understood. Recent evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis. Genetic and pathological studies also point to alpha-synuclein as a critical factor in both familial and sporadic forms of the disease; alpha-synuclein pathology affects mitochondrial function but is widespread in PD brain, raising the question of its role in the greater vulnerability of nigrostriatal neurons in PD. We have examined mitochondrial function and oxidative damage in mice overexpressing human wild type alpha-synuclein broadly throughout the nervous system under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) between 4 and 8months of age. Similar levels of alpha-synuclein accumulation in mitochondria were detected in the ventral midbrain, striatum and cortex of Thy1-aSyn mice. However, analysis of mitochondrial respiration using Seahorse XF analyzer showed defects in mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, II, IV and V specifically in the midbrain, and IV and V in the striatum, of Thy1-aSyn mice compared to wild type littermates; mitochondrial complex I activity assay by ELISA confirmed a 40% inhibition specifically in the ventral midbrain. Mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to oxidative stress and we observed a 40% increase in 4-hydroxynenal and 2-fold increase in malondialdehyde levels, indicative of a high level of lipid peroxidation, specifically in the ventral midbrain of Thy1-aSyn mice. The levels of peroxiredoxin 2, a neuronal antioxidant enzyme that is involved in removal of H2O2 and other toxic peroxides were decreased in the midbrain whereas its oxidized form increased 4-fold, suggesting that antioxidant defenses were compromised in this region. In contrast, peroxiredoxin 2 increased in the striatum and cortex, which may contribute to their protection in the presence of high levels of alpha-synuclein. Thus, in mice over-expressing alpha-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction occurred preferentially in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons many months before striatal dopamine loss occurs at 14months of age. This may contribute to a higher level of oxidative stress that overwhelms antioxidant defense in these neurons, leading to their increased vulnerability in PD.
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132
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Jakob U, Kriwacki R, Uversky VN. Conditionally and transiently disordered proteins: awakening cryptic disorder to regulate protein function. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6779-805. [PMID: 24502763 PMCID: PMC4090257 DOI: 10.1021/cr400459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, United States
| | - Richard Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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133
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Kanaan NM, Manfredsson FP. Loss of functional alpha-synuclein: a toxic event in Parkinson's disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 2:249-67. [PMID: 23938255 PMCID: PMC4736738 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the primary component of the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the identification of α-syn mutations in numerous inherited forms of PD has positioned α-syn at the top of the list of important factors in the pathogenesis of PD. Based on the pathological accumulation of α-syn in the brains of patients, the field is currently focused on therapeutic strategies that aim to reduce or eliminate α-syn. However, recent evidence suggests α-syn is a critical protein in neuron (i.e. dopamine neurons) survival and that maintaining a certain level of biologically functional α-syn is an important consideration in targeting α-syn for therapies. Despite the widespread interest in α-syn, the normal biological functions remain elusive, but a large body of work is focused on addressing this issue. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence related to α-syn function, α-syn folding and aggregation, and α-syn's role in disease. Finally, we will propose a relatively novel hypothesis on the pathogenesis of PD that hinges upon the premises that functional α-syn is critical to cell survival and that a reduction in biologically functional α-syn, whether through aggregation or reduced expression, may lead to the neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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134
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Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Jeong JE, Baek JY, Jeong J, Kim S, Kim YM, Kim Y, Nam JH, Huh SH, Seo J, Jin BK, Lee KJ. N-terminal truncated UCH-L1 prevents Parkinson's disease associated damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99654. [PMID: 24959670 PMCID: PMC4069018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) has been proposed as one of the Parkinson's disease (PD) related genes, but the possible molecular connection between UCH-L1 and PD is not well understood. In this study, we discovered an N-terminal 11 amino acid truncated variant UCH-L1 that we called NT-UCH-L1, in mouse brain tissue as well as in NCI-H157 lung cancer and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. In vivo experiments and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) studies showed that NT-UCH-L1 is readily aggregated and degraded, and has more flexible structure than UCH-L1. Post-translational modifications including monoubiquitination and disulfide crosslinking regulate the stability and cellular localization of NT-UCH-L1, as confirmed by mutational and proteomic studies. Stable expression of NT-UCH-L1 decreases cellular ROS levels and protects cells from H2O2, rotenone and CCCP-induced cell death. NT-UCH-L1-expressing transgenic mice are less susceptible to degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons seen in the MPTP mouse model of PD, in comparison to control animals. These results suggest that NT-UCH-L1 may have the potential to prevent neural damage in diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeob Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Mee Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youhwa Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Han Nam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Hee Huh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jawon Seo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KJL); (BKJ)
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KJL); (BKJ)
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135
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Manda KM, Yedlapudi D, Korukonda S, Bojja S, Kalivendi SV. The chaperone-like activity of α-synuclein attenuates aggregation of its alternatively spliced isoform, 112-synuclein in vitro: plausible cross-talk between isoforms in protein aggregation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98657. [PMID: 24892822 PMCID: PMC4043908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal oligomerization and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn/WT-syn) has been shown to be a precipitating factor in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Earlier observations on the induced-alternative splicing of α-syn by Parkinsonism mimetics as well as identification of region specific abnormalities in the transcript levels of 112-synclein (112-syn) in diseased subjects underscores the role of 112-syn in the pathophysiology of PD. In the present study, we sought to identify the aggregation potential of 112-syn in the presence or absence of WT-syn to predict its plausible role in protein aggregation events. Results demonstrate that unlike WT-syn, lack of 28 aa in the C-terminus results in the loss of chaperone-like activity with a concomitant gain in vulnerability to heat-induced aggregation and time-dependent fibrillation. The effects were dose and time-dependent and a significant aggregation of 112-syn was evident at as low as 45°C following 10 min of incubation. The heat-induced aggregates were found to be ill-defined structures and weakly positive towards Thioflavin-T (ThT) staining as compared to clearly distinguishable ThT positive extended fibrils resulting upon 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Further, the chaperone-like activity of WT-syn significantly attenuated heat-induced aggregation of 112-syn in a dose and time-dependent manner. On contrary, WT-syn synergistically enhanced fibrillation of 112-syn. Overall, the present findings highlight a plausible cross-talk between isoforms of α-syn and the relative abundance of these isoforms may dictate the nature and fate of protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Madhuri Manda
- Centre for Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepthi Yedlapudi
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanth Korukonda
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreedhar Bojja
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shasi V. Kalivendi
- Centre for Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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136
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Reddy KD, DeForte S, Uversky VN. Digested disorder: Quarterly intrinsic disorder digest (July-August-September, 2013). INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2014; 2:e27833. [PMID: 28232877 PMCID: PMC5314876 DOI: 10.4161/idp.27833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current literature on intrinsically disordered proteins grows fast. To keep interested readers up to speed with this literature, we continue a "Digested Disorder" project and represent a new issue of reader's digest of the research papers and reviews on intrinsically disordered proteins. The only 2 criteria for inclusion in this digest are the publication date (a paper should be published within the covered time frame) and topic (a paper should be dedicated to any aspect of protein intrinsic disorder). The current digest issue covers papers published during the third quarter of 2013; i.e., during the period of June, July, and September of 2013. Similar to previous issues, the papers are grouped hierarchically by topics they cover, and for each of the included paper a short description is given on its major findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna D Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Shelly DeForte
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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137
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Savolainen MH, Richie CT, Harvey BK, Männistö PT, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Myöhänen TT. The beneficial effect of a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047, on alpha-synuclein clearance and autophagy in A30P transgenic mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:1-15. [PMID: 24746855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) eventually lead to an accumulation of toxic forms that disturb normal neuronal function and result in cell death. aSyn rich inclusions are seen in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and other synucleinopathies. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aggregation process of aSyn and the inhibition of PREP leads to a decreased amount of aggregated aSyn in cell models and in aSyn transgenic mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of 5- and 28-day PREP inhibitor (KYP-2047) treatments on a mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the aSyn coding gene. Following PREP inhibition, we found a decrease in high molecular-weight oligomeric aSyn and a concomitant increase in the amount of the autophagosome marker, LC3BII, suggesting enhanced macroautophagy (autophagy) and aSyn clearance by KYP-2047. Moreover, 28-day treatment with KYP-2047 caused significant increases in striatal dopamine levels. In cell culture, overexpression of PREP reduced the autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibition of PREP normalized the changes on autophagy markers (LC3BII and p62) caused by an autophagy inhibition or aSyn overexpression, and induced the expression of beclin 1, a positive regulator of autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest that PREP inhibition accelerates the clearance of protein aggregates via increased autophagy and thus normalizes the cell functions in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, PREP inhibition may have future potential in the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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138
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Hetz C, Mollereau B. Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:233-49. [PMID: 24619348 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic mechanism by which cells regulate levels of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although it is well characterized in non-neuronal cells, a proliferation of papers over the past few years has revealed a key role for the UPR in normal neuronal function and as an important driver of neurodegenerative diseases. A complex scenario is emerging in which distinct UPR signalling modules have specific and even opposite effects on neurodegeneration depending on the disease context. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent findings addressing the biological relevance of ER stress in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- 1] Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [2] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [3] Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile. [4] Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMS3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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139
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Jain A, Migdalska- A, Jain A. Endothelin-1-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2014.84.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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140
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Fecchio C, De Franceschi G, Relini A, Greggio E, Dalla Serra M, Bubacco L, Polverino de Laureto P. α-Synuclein oligomers induced by docosahexaenoic acid affect membrane integrity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82732. [PMID: 24312431 PMCID: PMC3843715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of Parkinson disease is the aggregation of α-synuclein and its intracellular deposition in fibrillar form. Increasing evidence suggests that the pathogenicity of α-synuclein is correlated with the activity of oligomers formed in the early stages of its aggregation process. Oligomers toxicity seems to be associated with both their ability to bind and affect the integrity of lipid membranes. Previously, we demonstrated that α-synuclein forms oligomeric species in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid and that these species are toxic to cells. Here we studied how interaction of these oligomers with membranes results in cell toxicity, using cellular membrane-mimetic and cell model systems. We found that α-synuclein oligomers are able to interact with large and small unilamellar negatively charged vesicles acquiring an increased amount of α-helical structure, which induces small molecules release. We explored the possibility that oligomers effects on membranes could be due to pore formation, to a detergent-like effect or to fibril growth on the membrane. Our biophysical and cellular findings are consistent with a model where α-synuclein oligomers are embedded into the lipid bilayer causing transient alteration of membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fecchio
- CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia De Franceschi
- CRIBI, Biotechnology Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Dalla Serra
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy and Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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141
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Bodhicharla R, Nagarajan A, Winter J, Adenle A, Nazir A, Brady D, Vere K, Richens J, O'Shea P, Bell DR, de Pomerai D. Effects of α-synuclein overexpression in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 11:965-75. [PMID: 23244416 PMCID: PMC3744922 DOI: 10.2174/1871527311211080005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The neural protein α-synuclein aggregates both in vivo and in vitro to form insoluble fibrils that are involved in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. We have generated α-synuclein/fluorescent-protein fusion constructs overexpressed in muscle cells of the nematode, Caenorhabdtis elegans. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) variants, Cerulean (C) or Venus (V), were fused to the C-terminus of human α-synuclein (S); the resultant fusion genes were designated SV and SC, plus a CV fusion as well as S, C and V singly. The aggregation behavior of the purified fusion proteins (expressed in E. coli) will be described elsewhere. These constructs were fused to a C. elegans unc-54 myosin promoter, and integrated transgenic lines generated by microinjection, γ-irradiation, and outcrossing of fluorescent progeny. All transgenic lines expressing α-synuclein showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in lifespan, motility and pharyngeal pumping, as compared to wild-type worms or lines expressing CFP and/or YFP only. We showed that CFP and YFP labels colocalised in granular inclusions throughout the body wall in transgenic lines expressing both SC and SV fusions (SC+SV), whereas SV+C worms displayed YFP-labelled inclusions on a diffuse CFP background. These findings implied that the α-synuclein moieties of these fusion proteins still aggregated together in vivo, whereas CFP or YFP moieties alone did not. This in turn suggested that Foerster Resonanace Energy Transfer (FRET) between CFP and YFP labels in α-synuclein aggregates could allow the extent of aggregation to be quantified. Accordingly, we also showed that net FRET signals increased 2-fold between L4 and adult SC+SV worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bodhicharla
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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142
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143
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Kim H, Strange K. Changes in translation rate modulate stress-induced damage of diverse proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1257-64. [PMID: 24153430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis is the maintenance of the proper function of cellular proteins. Hypertonic stress disrupts proteostasis and causes rapid and widespread protein aggregation and misfolding in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Optimal survival in hypertonic environments requires degradation of damaged proteins. Inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in response to diverse environmental stressors and may function in part to minimize stress-induced protein damage. We recently tested this idea directly and demonstrated that translation inhibition by acute exposure to cycloheximide suppresses hypertonicity-induced aggregation of polyglutamine::YFP (Q35::YFP) in body wall muscle cells. In this article, we further characterized the relationship between protein synthesis and hypertonic stress-induced protein damage. We demonstrate that inhibition of translation reduces hypertonic stress-induced formation and growth of Q35::YFP, Q44::YFP, and α-synuclein aggregates; misfolding of paramyosin and ras GTPase; and aggregation of multiple endogenous proteins expressed in diverse cell types. Activation of general control nonderepressible-2 (GCN-2) kinase signaling during hypertonic stress inhibits protein synthesis via phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF-2α). Inhibition of GCN-2 activation prevents the reduction in translation rate and greatly exacerbates the formation and growth of Q35::YFP aggregates and the aggregation of endogenous proteins. The current studies together with our previous work provide the first direct demonstration that hypertonic stress-induced reduction in protein synthesis minimizes protein aggregation and misfolding. Reduction in translation rate also serves as a signal that activates osmoprotective gene expression. The cellular proteostasis network thus plays a critical role in minimizing hypertonic stress-induced protein damage, in degrading stress-damaged proteins, and in cellular osmosensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
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144
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Gendreau KL, Hall GF. Tangles, Toxicity, and Tau Secretion in AD - New Approaches to a Vexing Problem. Front Neurol 2013; 4:160. [PMID: 24151487 PMCID: PMC3801151 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When the microtubule (MT)-associated protein tau is not bound to axonal MTs, it becomes hyperphosphorylated and vulnerable to proteolytic cleavage and other changes typically seen in the hallmark tau deposits (neurofibrillary tangles) of tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases (tauopathies). Neurofibrillary tangle formation is preceded by tau oligomerization and accompanied by covalent crosslinking and cytotoxicity, making tangle cytopathogenesis a natural central focus of studies directed at understanding the role of tau in neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies suggest that the formation of tau oligomers may be more closely related to tau neurotoxicity than the presence of the tangles themselves. It has also become increasingly clear that tau pathobiology involves a wide variety of other cellular abnormalities including a disruption of autophagy, vesicle trafficking mechanisms, axoplasmic transport, neuronal polarity, and even the secretion of tau, which is normally a cytosolic protein, to the extracellular space. In this review, we discuss tau misprocessing, toxicity and secretion in the context of normal tau functions in developing and mature neurons. We also compare tau cytopathology to that of other aggregation-prone proteins involved in neurodegeneration (alpha synuclein, prion protein, and APP). Finally, we consider potential mechanisms of intra- and interneuronal tau lesion spreading, an area of particular recent interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Gendreau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, MA , USA
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145
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Silva BA, Einarsdóttir Ó, Fink AL, Uversky VN. Biophysical Characterization of α-Synuclein and Rotenone Interaction. Biomolecules 2013; 3:703-32. [PMID: 24970188 PMCID: PMC4030960 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that pesticides interact with α-synuclein and accelerate the rate of fibrillation. These results are consistent with the prevailing hypothesis that the direct interaction of α-synuclein with pesticides is one of many suspected factors leading to α-synuclein fibrillation and ultimately to Parkinson's disease. In this study, the biophysical properties and fibrillation kinetics of α-synuclein in the presence of rotenone were investigated and, more specifically, the effects of rotenone on the early-stage misfolded forms of α-synuclein were considered. The thioflavine T (ThT) fluorescence assay studies provide evidence that early-phase misfolded α-synuclein forms are affected by rotenone and that the fibrillation process is accelerated. Further characterization by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) shows that rotenone increases the amount of ordered secondary structure in this intrinsically disordered protein. Morphological characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide visualization of the differences in the aggregated α-synuclein species developing during the early kinetics of the fibrillation process in the absence and presence of rotenone. We believe that these data provide useful information for a better understanding of the molecular basis of rotenone-induced misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca A. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Ólöf Einarsdóttir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Anthony L. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; E-Mails: (B.A.S.); (Ó.E.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia
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146
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Eschbach J, Danzer KM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: pathogenic function and translation into animal models. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 14:1-17. [PMID: 24080741 DOI: 10.1159/000354615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of α-synuclein aggregates found in Lewy bodies throughout the brain. Several α-synuclein transgenic mouse models have been generated, as well as viral-mediated overexpression of wild-type and mutated α-synuclein to mimic the disease and to delineate the pathogenic pathway of α-synuclein-mediated toxicity and neurodegeneration. In this review, we will recapitulate what we have learned about the function of α-synuclein and α-synuclein-mediated toxicity through studies of transgenic animal models, inducible animal models and viral-based models.
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147
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Poliquin PO, Chen J, Cloutier M, Trudeau LÉ, Jolicoeur M. Metabolomics and in-silico analysis reveal critical energy deregulations in animal models of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69146. [PMID: 23935941 PMCID: PMC3720533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease known to result from a variety of factors. Although age is the principal risk factor, other etiological mechanisms have been identified, including gene mutations and exposure to toxins. Deregulation of energy metabolism, mostly through the loss of complex I efficiency, is involved in disease progression in both the genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. In this study, we investigated energy deregulation in the cerebral tissue of animal models (genetic and toxin induced) of PD using an approach that combines metabolomics and mathematical modelling. In a first step, quantitative measurements of energy-related metabolites in mouse brain slices revealed most affected pathways. A genetic model of PD, the Park2 knockout, was compared to the effect of CCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler [corrected]. Model simulated and experimental results revealed a significant and sustained decrease in ATP after CCCP exposure, but not in the genetic mice model. In support to data analysis, a mathematical model of the relevant metabolic pathways was developed and calibrated onto experimental data. In this work, we show that a short-term stress response in nucleotide scavenging is most probably induced by the toxin exposure. In turn, the robustness of energy-related pathways in the model explains how genetic perturbations, at least in young animals, are not sufficient to induce significant changes at the metabolite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O. Poliquin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jingkui Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Cloutier
- GERAD and Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Éric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mario Jolicoeur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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148
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Kilpatrick K, Novoa JA, Hancock T, Guerriero CJ, Wipf P, Brodsky JL, Segatori L. Chemical induction of Hsp70 reduces α-synuclein aggregation in neuroglioma cells. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1460-8. [PMID: 23594135 DOI: 10.1021/cb400017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is associated with the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Analyses of post mortem tissues revealed the presence of molecular chaperones within α-syn aggregates, suggesting that chaperones play a role in α-syn misfolding and aggregation. In fact, inhibition of chaperone activity aggravates α-syn toxicity, and the overexpression of chaperones, particularly 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70), protects against α-syn-induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of carbenoxolone (CBX), a glycyrrhizic acid derivative previously reported to upregulate Hsp70, in human neuroglioma cells overexpressing α-syn. We report that CBX treatment lowers α-syn aggregation and prevents α-syn-induced cytotoxicity. We demonstrate further that Hsp70 induction by CBX arises from activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). The Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101 and the Hsp70 enhancer 115-7c led to an increase or decrease in α-syn aggregation, respectively, in agreement with these findings. In summary, this study provides a proof-of-principle demonstration that chemical modulation of the Hsp70 machine is a promising strategy to prevent α-syn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Kilpatrick
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Jose Andres Novoa
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Tommy Hancock
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Christopher J. Guerriero
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Brodsky
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Laura Segatori
- Departments of †Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥Bioengineering, and ⊥Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005,
United States
- Departments of §Chemistry and ‡Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
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149
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Coskuner O, Wise-Scira O. Structures and free energy landscapes of the A53T mutant-type α-synuclein protein and impact of A53T mutation on the structures of the wild-type α-synuclein protein with dynamics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1101-13. [PMID: 23607785 DOI: 10.1021/cn400041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The A53T genetic missense mutation of the wild-type α-synuclein (αS) protein was initially identified in Greek and Italian families with familial Parkinson's disease. Detailed understanding of the structures and the changes induced in the wild-type αS structure by the A53T mutation, as well as establishing the direct relationships between the rapid conformational changes and free energy landscapes of these intrinsically disordered fibrillogenic proteins, helps to enhance our fundamental knowledge and to gain insights into the pathogenic mechanism of Parkinson's disease. We employed extensive parallel tempering molecular dynamics simulations along with thermodynamic calculations to determine the secondary and tertiary structural properties as well as the conformational free energy surfaces of the wild-type and A53T mutant-type αS proteins in an aqueous solution medium using both implicit and explicit water models. The confined aqueous volume effect in the simulations of disordered proteins using an explicit model for water is addressed for a model disordered protein. We also assessed the stabilities of the residual secondary structure component interconversions in αS based on free energy calculations at the atomic level with dynamics using our recently developed theoretical strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first detailed comparison of the structural properties linked directly to the conformational free energy landscapes of the monomeric wild-type and A53T mutant-type α-synuclein proteins in an aqueous solution environment. Results demonstrate that the β-sheet structure is significantly more altered than the helical structure upon A53T mutation of the monomeric wild-type αS protein in aqueous solution. The β-sheet content close to the mutation site in the N-terminal region is more abundant while the non-amyloid-β component (NAC) and C-terminal regions show a decrease in β-sheet abundance upon A53T mutation. Obtained results utilizing our new theoretical strategy show that the residual secondary structure conversion stabilities resulting in α-helix formation are not significantly affected by the mutation. Interestingly, the residual secondary structure conversion stabilities show that secondary structure conversions resulting in β-sheet formation are influenced by the A53T mutation and the most stable residual transition yielding β-sheet occurs directly from the coil structure. Long-range interactions detected between the NAC region and the N- or C-terminal regions of the wild-type αS disappear upon A53T mutation. The A53T mutant-type αS structures are thermodynamically more stable than those of the wild-type αS protein structures in aqueous solution. Overall, the higher propensity of the A53T mutant-type αS protein to aggregate in comparison to the wild-type αS protein is related to the increased β-sheet formation and lack of strong intramolecular long-range interactions in the N-terminal region in comparison to its wild-type form. The specific residual secondary structure component stabilities reported herein provide information helpful for designing and synthesizing small organic molecules that can block the β-sheet forming residues, which are reactive toward aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkid Coskuner
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Olivia Wise-Scira
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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150
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Subramaniam SR, Chesselet MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:17-32. [PMID: 23643800 PMCID: PMC3742021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum. Although majority of the PD cases are sporadic several genetic mutations have also been linked to the disease thus providing new opportunities to study the pathology of the illness. Studies in humans and various animal models of PD reveal that mitochondrial dysfunction might be a defect that occurs early in PD pathogenesis and appears to be a widespread feature in both sporadic and monogenic forms of PD. The general mitochondrial abnormalities linked with the disease include mitochondrial electron transport chain impairment, alterations in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics, mitochondrial DNA mutations and anomaly in calcium homeostasis. Mitochondria are vital organelles with multiple functions and their dysfunction can lead to a decline in energy production, generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of stress-induced apoptosis. In this review, we give an outline of mitochondrial functions that are affected in the pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD, and hence provide insights that might be valuable for focused future research to exploit possible mitochondrial targets for neuroprotective interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Raja Subramaniam
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
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