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Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a pivotal feature of many neurodegenerative conditions and substantially accounts for neurological morbidity. A widely used experimental model to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is Wallerian degeneration (WD), which occurs after acute axonal injury. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), WD is characterized by swift dismantling and clearance of injured axons with their myelin sheaths. This is a prerequisite for successful axonal regeneration. In the central nervous system (CNS), WD is much slower, which significantly contributes to failed axonal regeneration. Although it is well-documented that Schwann cells (SCs) have a critical role in the regenerative potential of the PNS, to date we have only scarce knowledge as to how SCs ‘sense’ axonal injury and immediately respond to it. In this regard, it remains unknown as to whether SCs play the role of a passive bystander or an active director during the execution of the highly orchestrated disintegration program of axons. Older reports, together with more recent studies, suggest that SCs mount dynamic injury responses minutes after axonal injury, long before axonal breakdown occurs. The swift SC response to axonal injury could play either a pro-degenerative role, or alternatively a supportive role, to the integrity of distressed axons that have not yet committed to degenerate. Indeed, supporting the latter concept, recent findings in a chronic PNS neurodegeneration model indicate that deactivation of a key molecule promoting SC injury responses exacerbates axonal loss. If this holds true in a broader spectrum of conditions, it may provide the grounds for the development of new glia-centric therapeutic approaches to counteract axonal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keit Men Wong
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elisabetta Babetto
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bogdan Beirowski
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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102
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Creze M, Zaitouna M, Krystel NT, Diallo D, Lebacle C, Bellin MF, Ducreux D, Benoit G, Bessede T. Functional and structural microanatomy of the fetal sciatic nerve. Muscle Nerve 2016; 56:787-796. [PMID: 28006841 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ultrastructure of a nerve has implications for surgical nerve repair. The aim of our study was to characterize the fascicular versus fibrillar anatomy and the autonomic versus somatic nature of the fetal sciatic nerve (SN). METHODS Immunohistochemistry for vesicular acetylcholine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and peripheral myelin protein 22 was performed to identify cholinergic, adrenergic, and somatic axons, respectively, in the human fetal SN. Two-dimensional (2D) analysis and 3D reconstructions were performed. RESULTS The fetal SN is composed of one-third stromal tissue and two-thirds neural tissue. Autonomic fibers are predominant over somatic fibers within the neural tissue. The distribution of somatic fibers is initially random, but then become topographically organized after intra- and interfascicular rearrangements have occurred within the nerve. CONCLUSIONS The fetal model presents limitations but enables illustration of the nature of the nerve fibers and the 3D fascicular anatomy of the SN. Muscle Nerve 56: 787-796, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Creze
- U1195, INSERM, University of Paris Sud, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie-France Bellin
- Department of Radiology, University of Paris Sud, University Hospital Bicêtre, AP-HP, France
| | - Denis Ducreux
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Paris Sud, University Hospital Bicêtre, AP-HP, France
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103
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Quintiliano K, Crestani T, Silveira D, Helfer VE, Rosa A, Balbueno E, Steffens D, Jotz GP, Pilger DA, Pranke P. Neural Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Scaffolds for Nerve Tissue Engineering Applications. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:369-381. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kerlin Quintiliano
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thayane Crestani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Davi Silveira
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Annelise Rosa
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Material Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balbueno
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela Steffens
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Biological Science: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis—UniRitter
| | - Geraldo Pereira Jotz
- Post-graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo André Pilger
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Material Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Biological Science: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute. Porto Alegre, Brazil
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104
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Hellenbrand DJ, Kaeppler KE, Ehlers ME, Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Buchholz MM, Springer AR, Thompson DL, Ibrahim RK, Hanna A. Immunohistochemical assessment of rat nerve isografts and immunosuppressed allografts. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1094-1101. [PMID: 27809726 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1248626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous peripheral nerve grafts are commonly used clinically as a treatment for peripheral nerve injuries. However, in research using an autologous graft is not always feasible due to loss of function, which in many cases is assessed to determine the efficacy of the peripheral nerve graft. In addition, using allografts for research require the use of an immunosuppressant, which creates unwanted side effects and another variable within the experiment that can affect regeneration. The objective of this study was to analyze graft rejection in peripheral nerve grafts and the effects of cyclosporine A (CSA) on axonal regeneration. METHODS Peripheral nerve grafts in inbred Lewis rats were compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to assess graft rejection, CSA side effects, immune responses, and regenerative capability. Macrophages and CD8+ cells were labeled to determine graft rejection, and neurofilaments were labeled to determine axonal regeneration. RESULTS SD rats without CSA had significantly more macrophages and CD8+ cells compared to Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD allografts treated with CSA. Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD autografts had significantly more regenerated axons than SD rat allografts. Moreover, allografts in immunosuppressed SD rats had significantly less axons than Lewis rat autograft and isografts. DISCUSSION Autografts have long been the gold standard for treating major nerve injuries and these data suggest that even though CSA is effective at reducing graft rejection, axon regeneration is still superior in autografts versus immunosuppressed allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Katie E Kaeppler
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mark E Ehlers
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Colton D Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Joanna C Zurko
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Morgan M Buchholz
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Alexandra R Springer
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Daniel L Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rami K Ibrahim
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Amgad Hanna
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
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105
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Sroka IC, Chopra H, Das L, Gard JMC, Nagle RB, Cress AE. Schwann Cells Increase Prostate and Pancreatic Tumor Cell Invasion Using Laminin Binding A6 Integrin. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:491-9. [PMID: 26239765 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic and prostate cancers metastasize along nerve axons during perineural invasion. The extracellular matrix laminin class of proteins is an abundant component of both myelinated and non-myelinated nerves. Analysis of human pancreatic and prostate tissue revealed both perineural and endoneural invasion with Schwann cells surrounded or disrupted by tumor, respectively. Tumor and nerve cell co-culture conditions were used to determine if myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cell (S16 and S16Y, respectively) phenotype was equally likely to promote integrin-dependent cancer cell invasion and migration on laminin. Conditioned medium from S16 cells increased tumor cell (DU145, PC3, and CFPAC1) invasion into laminin approximately 1.3-2.0 fold compared to fetal bovine serum (FBS) treated cells. Integrin function (e.g., ITGA6p formation) increased up to 1.5 fold in prostate (DU145, PC3, RWPE-1) and pancreatic (CFPAC1) cells, and invasion was dependent on ITGA6p formation and ITGB1 as determined by function-blocking antibodies. In contrast, conditioned medium isolated from S16Y cells (non-myelinating phenotype) decreased constitutive levels of ITGA6p in the tumor cells by 50% compared to untreated cells and decreased ITGA6p formation 3.0 fold compared to S16 treated cells. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed loss of ITGA6p formation as reversible and independent of overall loss of ITGA6 expression. These results suggest that the myelinating phenotype of Schwann cells within the tumor microenvironment increased integrin-dependent tumor invasion on laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis C Sroka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Harsharon Chopra
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Lipsa Das
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
| | - Anne E Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona, 85724.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, 85724
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106
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Monitoring peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS by label-free stimulated Raman scattering imaging. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13283. [PMID: 27796305 PMCID: PMC5095598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and potential interventions would be facilitated if motor axon degeneration could be more readily visualized. Here we demonstrate that stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy could be used to sensitively monitor peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS mouse models and ALS autopsy materials. Three-dimensional imaging of pre-symptomatic SOD1 mouse models and data processing by a correlation-based algorithm revealed that significant degeneration of peripheral nerves could be detected coincidentally with the earliest detectable signs of muscle denervation and preceded physiologically measurable motor function decline. We also found that peripheral degeneration was an early event in FUS as well as C9ORF72 repeat expansion models of ALS, and that serial imaging allowed long-term observation of disease progression and drug effects in living animals. Our study demonstrates that SRS imaging is a sensitive and quantitative means of measuring disease progression, greatly facilitating future studies of disease mechanisms and candidate therapeutics.
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107
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Wang XP, Wu M, Guan JZ, Wang ZD, Gao XB, Liu YY. Pre-degenerated peripheral nerves co-cultured with bone marrow-derived cells: a new technique for harvesting high-purity Schwann cells. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1653-1659. [PMID: 27904498 PMCID: PMC5116846 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.193246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells play an important role in the peripheral nervous system, especially in nerve repair following injury, so artificial nerve regeneration requires an effective technique for obtaining purified Schwann cells. In vivo and in vitro pre-degeneration of peripheral nerves have been shown to obtain high-purity Schwann cells. We believed that in vitro pre-degeneration was simple and controllable, and available for the clinic. Thus, we co-cultured the crushed sciatic nerves with bone marrow-derived cells in vitro. Results demonstrated that, 3 hours after injury, a large number of mononuclear cells moved to the crushed nerves and a large number of bone marrow-derived cells infiltrated the nerve segments. These changes promoted the degradation of the nerve segments, and the dedifferentiation and proliferation of Schwann cells. Neural cell adhesion molecule and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression were detected in the crushed nerves. Schwann cell yield was 9.08 ± 2.01 × 104/mg. The purity of primary cultured Schwann cells was 88.4 ± 5.79%. These indicate a successful new method for obtaining Schwann cells of high purity and yield from adult crushed sciatic nerve using bone marrow-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-pan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian-zhong Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhao-dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xu-bin Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yang-yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical University Affiliated to First Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
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108
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Hendry JM, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Snyder-Warwick A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Side-To-Side Nerve Bridges Support Donor Axon Regeneration Into Chronically Denervated Nerves and Are Associated With Characteristic Changes in Schwann Cell Phenotype. Neurosurgery 2016; 77:803-13. [PMID: 26171579 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic denervation resulting from long nerve regeneration times and distances contributes greatly to suboptimal outcomes following nerve injuries. Recent studies showed that multiple nerve grafts inserted between an intact donor nerve and a denervated distal recipient nerve stump (termed "side-to-side nerve bridges") enhanced regeneration after delayed nerve repair. OBJECTIVE To examine the cellular aspects of axon growth across these bridges to explore the "protective" mechanism of donor axons on chronically denervated Schwann cells. METHODS In Sprague Dawley rats, 3 side-to-side nerve bridges were placed over a 10-mm distance between an intact donor tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated common peroneal (CP) distal nerve stump. Green fluorescent protein-expressing TIB axons grew across the bridges and were counted in cross section after 4 weeks. Immunofluorescent axons and Schwann cells were imaged over a 4-month period. RESULTS Denervated Schwann cells dedifferentiated to a proliferative, nonmyelinating phenotype within the bridges and the recipient denervated CP nerve stump. As donor TIB axons grew across the 3 side-to-side nerve bridges and into the denervated CP nerve, the Schwann cells redifferentiated to the myelinating phenotype. Bridge placement led to an increased mass of hind limb anterior compartment muscles after 4 months of denervation compared with muscles whose CP nerve was not "protected" by bridges. CONCLUSION This study describes patterns of donor axon regeneration and myelination in the denervated recipient nerve stump and supports a mechanism where these donor axons sustain a proregenerative state to prevent deterioration in the face of chronic denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Hendry
- *Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‡Department of Surgery, §Institute of Medical Science, and ¶Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‖SickKids Research Institute Program in Neuroscience, Toronto, ON, Canada
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109
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Hendry JM, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Placheta E, Zhang JJ, Gordon T, Borschel GH. ErbB2 blockade with Herceptin (trastuzumab) enhances peripheral nerve regeneration after repair of acute or chronic peripheral nerve injury. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:112-26. [PMID: 27159537 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attenuation of the growth supportive environment within the distal nerve stump after delayed peripheral nerve repair profoundly limits nerve regeneration. Levels of the potent Schwann cell mitogen neuregulin and its receptor ErbB2 decline during this period, but the regenerative impact of this change is not completely understood. Herein, the ErbB2 receptor pathway is inhibited with the selective monoclonal antibody Herceptin (trastuzumab) to determine its significance in regulating acute and chronic regeneration in a rat hindlimb. METHODS The common peroneal nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats was transected and repaired immediately or after 4 months of chronic denervation, followed by administration of Herceptin or saline solution. Regenerated motor and sensory neurons were counted using a retrograde tracer 1, 2, or 4, weeks after repair. Distal myelinated axon outgrowth after 4 weeks was quantified using histomorphometry. Immunofluorescent imaging was used to evaluate Schwann cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation in the regenerating nerves. RESULTS Herceptin administration increased the rate of motor and sensory neuron regeneration and the number of proliferating Schwann cells in the distal stump after the first week. Herceptin also increased the number of myelinated axons that regenerated 4 weeks after immediate and delayed repair. Reduced EGFR activation was observed using immunofluorescent imaging. INTERPRETATION Inhibition of the ErbB2 receptor with Herceptin unexpectedly enhances nerve regeneration after acute and delayed nerve repair. This finding raises the possibility of using targeted molecular therapies to improve outcomes of peripheral nerve injuries. The mechanism may involve a novel inhibitory association between ErbB2 and EGFR. Ann Neurol 2016;80:112-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Cecilia Alvarez-Veronesi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Placheta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer J Zhang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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110
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Sciatic Nerve Intrafascicular Lidocaine Injection-induced Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Clin J Pain 2016; 32:513-21. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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111
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Aghanasir F, Aghaei H, Imani Fooladi AA, Ebrahimi M, Bagherpour G, Nourani MR. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in peripheral nerve repair. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:429-34. [PMID: 27087673 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma is one of the causes of peripheral nerve injuries. Free radicals increase after tissue damage. Free radicals are usually scavenged and detoxified by antioxidants. In this study, we assessed the antioxidative role of the NGAL molecule in sciatic nerve repair in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sciatic nerves of 40 rats were crushed and the total mRNA of samples from day 1 and 3 and week 1, 3, 5 post injury was extracted. The expression of the NGAL gene was confirmed by RT-PCR. For immunohistochemistry analysis, the samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde and cut in 20 micrometer slices by cryostat. RESULTS The expression of NGAL significantly upregulated in day 1, 3 and week 1 following the crushing of sciatic nerves in comparison with the intact nerves. Immunohistochemistry results also confirmed the protein expression of this gene. DISCUSSION The NGAL molecule showed upregulation in the degeneration process after nerve injury, so it may play an important role in nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aghanasir
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Aghaei
- b Department of Physiology , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- c Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- d Organ Anatomy Department, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Ghasem Bagherpour
- e Department of Medical Biotechnology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nourani
- f Tissue Engineering Division, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and.,g Genomics Division, Systems Biology Institute, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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112
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Balakrishnan A, Stykel MG, Touahri Y, Stratton JA, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Temporal Analysis of Gene Expression in the Murine Schwann Cell Lineage and the Acutely Injured Postnatal Nerve. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153256. [PMID: 27058953 PMCID: PMC4826002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) arise from neural crest cells (NCCs) that first give rise to SC precursors (SCPs), followed by immature SCs, pro-myelinating SCs, and finally, non-myelinating or myelinating SCs. After nerve injury, mature SCs ‘de-differentiate’, downregulating their myelination program while transiently re-activating early glial lineage genes. To better understand molecular parallels between developing and de-differentiated SCs, we characterized the expression profiles of a panel of 12 transcription factors from the onset of NCC migration through postnatal stages, as well as after acute nerve injury. Using Sox10 as a pan-glial marker in co-expression studies, the earliest transcription factors expressed in E9.0 Sox10+ NCCs were Sox9, Pax3, AP2α and Nfatc4. E10.5 Sox10+ NCCs coalescing in the dorsal root ganglia differed slightly, expressing Sox9, Pax3, AP2α and Etv5. E12.5 SCPs continued to express Sox10, Sox9, AP2α and Pax3, as well as initiating Sox2 and Egr1 expression. E14.5 immature SCs were similar to SCPs, except that they lost Pax3 expression. By E18.5, AP2α, Sox2 and Egr1 expression was turned off in the nerve, while Jun, Oct6 and Yy1 expression was initiated in pro-myelinating Sox9+/Sox10+ SCs. Early postnatal and adult SCs continued to express Sox9, Jun, Oct6 and Yy1 and initiated Nfatc4 and Egr2 expression. Notably, at all stages, expression of each marker was observed only in a subset of Sox10+ SCs, highlighting the heterogeneity of the SC pool. Following acute nerve injury, Egr1, Jun, Oct6, and Sox2 expression was upregulated, Egr2 expression was downregulated, while Sox9, Yy1, and Nfatc4 expression was maintained at similar frequencies. Notably, de-differentiated SCs in the injured nerve did not display a transcription factor profile corresponding to a specific stage in the SC lineage. Taken together, we demonstrate that uninjured and injured SCs are heterogeneous and distinct from one another, and de-differentiation recapitulates transcriptional aspects of several different embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morgan G. Stykel
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yacine Touahri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- * E-mail: (CS); (JB)
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- * E-mail: (CS); (JB)
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113
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Gordon T. Electrical Stimulation to Enhance Axon Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Animal Models and Humans. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:295-310. [PMID: 26754579 PMCID: PMC4824030 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their lost axons but functional recovery in humans is frequently disappointing. This is so particularly when injuries require regeneration over long distances and/or over long time periods. Fat replacement of chronically denervated muscles, a commonly accepted explanation, does not account for poor functional recovery. Rather, the basis for the poor nerve regeneration is the transient expression of growth-associated genes that accounts for declining regenerative capacity of neurons and the regenerative support of Schwann cells over time. Brief low-frequency electrical stimulation accelerates motor and sensory axon outgrowth across injury sites that, even after delayed surgical repair of injured nerves in animal models and patients, enhances nerve regeneration and target reinnervation. The stimulation elevates neuronal cyclic adenosine monophosphate and, in turn, the expression of neurotrophic factors and other growth-associated genes, including cytoskeletal proteins. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscles immediately after nerve transection and surgical repair also accelerates muscle reinnervation but, at this time, how the daily requirement of long-duration electrical pulses can be delivered to muscles remains a practical issue prior to translation to patients. Finally, the technique of inserting autologous nerve grafts that bridge between a donor nerve and an adjacent recipient denervated nerve stump significantly improves nerve regeneration after delayed nerve repair, the donor nerves sustaining the capacity of the denervated Schwann cells to support nerve regeneration. These reviewed methods to promote nerve regeneration and, in turn, to enhance functional recovery after nerve injury and surgical repair are sufficiently promising for early translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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114
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J Physiol 2016; 594:3521-31. [PMID: 26864683 PMCID: PMC4929314 DOI: 10.1113/jp270874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury triggers the conversion of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to a cell phenotype specialized to promote repair. Distal to damage, these repair Schwann cells provide the necessary signals and spatial cues for the survival of injured neurons, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation. The conversion to repair Schwann cells involves de‐differentiation together with alternative differentiation, or activation, a combination that is typical of cell type conversions often referred to as (direct or lineage) reprogramming. Thus, injury‐induced Schwann cell reprogramming involves down‐regulation of myelin genes combined with activation of a set of repair‐supportive features, including up‐regulation of trophic factors, elevation of cytokines as part of the innate immune response, myelin clearance by activation of myelin autophagy in Schwann cells and macrophage recruitment, and the formation of regeneration tracks, Bungner's bands, for directing axons to their targets. This repair programme is controlled transcriptionally by mechanisms involving the transcription factor c‐Jun, which is rapidly up‐regulated in Schwann cells after injury. In the absence of c‐Jun, damage results in the formation of a dysfunctional repair cell, neuronal death and failure of functional recovery. c‐Jun, although not required for Schwann cell development, is therefore central to the reprogramming of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to repair cells after injury. In future, the signalling that specifies this cell requires further analysis so that pharmacological tools that boost and maintain the repair Schwann cell phenotype can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Korkmaz MF, Parlakpınar H, Ceylan MF, Ediz L, Şamdancı E, Kekilli E, Sağır M. The Effect of Sildenafil on Recuperation from Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. Balkan Med J 2016; 33:204-11. [PMID: 27403391 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe functional and anatomical defects can be detected after the peripheral nerve injury. Pharmacological approaches are preferred rather than surgical treatment in the treatment of nerve injuries. AIMS The aim of this study is to perform histopathological, functional and bone densitometry examinations of the effects of sildenafil on nerve regeneration in a rat model of peripheral nerve crush injury. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS The study included a total of thirty adult Sprague-Dawley rats that were divided into three groups of ten rats each. In all rats, a crush injury was created by clamping the right sciatic nerve for one minute. One day before the procedure, rats in group 1 were started on a 28-day treatment consisting of a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight sildenafil citrate given orally via a nasogastric tube, while the rats in group 2 were started on an every-other-day dose of 10 mg/kg body weight sildenafil citrate. Rats from group 3 were not administered any drugs. Forty-two days after the nerve damage was created, functional and histopathological examination of both sciatic nerves and bone densitometric evaluation of the extremities were conducted. RESULTS During the rotarod test, rats from group 3 spent the least amount of time on the rod compared to the drug treatment groups at speeds of 20 rpm, 30 rpm and 40 rpm. In addition, the duration for which each animal could stay on the rod throughout the accelerod test significantly reduced in rats from group 3 compared to rats from groups 1 and 2 in the 4-min test. For the hot-plate latency time, there were no differences among the groups in either the basal level or after sciatic nerve injury. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the static sciatic index (SSI) on the 42(nd) day (p=0.147). The amplitude was better evaluated in group 1 compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). Under microscopic evaluation, we observed the greatest amount of nerve regeneration in group 1 and the lowest in group 3. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the bone mineral density (BMD) levels among the groups. CONCLUSION We believe that a daily single dose of sildenafil plays an important role in the treatment of sciatic nerve damage and bone healing and thus can be used as supportive clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Korkmaz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpınar
- Department of Pharmacology, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fethi Ceylan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Levent Ediz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Emine Şamdancı
- Department of Pathology, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ersoy Kekilli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sağır
- Department of Pharmacology, İnönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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116
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Taşkınlar H, Naycı A, Çömelekoğlu Ü, Polat G, Zorludemir S, Avlan D. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion induced diaphragm contractility dysfunction: Electrophysiological and ultrastructural study in a neonatal rat model. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:354-9. [PMID: 26411723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the remote effect of intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on diaphragm contractility functions and whether administration of NAC may counteract the possible detrimental effects in an experimental neonatal rat model. METHODS 40 Wistar rat pups were randomized into four groups; ten animals in each. Intestinal ischemia was conducted by obstructing mesentery of intestines by a silk loop. In the control group; only laparotomy was performed. After 1h ischemia, reperfusion was conducted for 1h in 1h group, 24h for 24h group and 24h for 24h+NAC group but administration of NAC (150mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally twice a day was performed. Inflammatory response was evaluated by tissue TNF-α level and contractility functions by mechanic activity studies of the diaphragm. Electrophysiology of the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve was conducted to determine neuropathy or myopathy and transmission electron microscopy was performed to evaluate ultrastructural changes in the phrenic nerve. RESULTS Diaphragm tissue TNF-α level significantly increased in 1h and 24h groups (P=0.004, P=0.0001; respectively). Diaphragm mechanic activation force and duration significantly decreased at 1h and 24h (P=0.004, P=0.02 and P=0.0001, P=0.0001; respectively). NAC administration significantly prevented decrease in the maximal contraction and the duration (P<0.001). Phrenic nerve compound action potential (CMAP) amplitude significantly decreased in 1h group (P<0.0001) and NAC administration significantly prevented this decrease when compared with 24h group (P<0.001). In diaphragmatic needle electromyography, the duration of motor unit potentials (MUP) was prolonged significantly when compared with control group. Contractility and electrophysiological studies were indicating primarily neuropathy in diaphragm dysfunction. Histopathology revealed axonal and myelin degeneration in the 1h and 24h group, but less injury in the NAC administered group. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal IR induced elevation of TNF-α level in the diaphragm. Impairment in the diaphragm contractility and neuropathic changes in the phrenic nerve occurred even in the first hour of reperfusion. NAC administration prevented these detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Taşkınlar
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ali Naycı
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Çömelekoğlu
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gürbüz Polat
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Suzan Zorludemir
- Çukurova University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dinçer Avlan
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mersin, Turkey
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117
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Fenrich K, Gordon T. Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 31:142-56. [PMID: 15198438 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInjured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fenrich
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Liu Y, Chen J, Liu W, Lu X, Liu Z, Zhao X, Li G, Chen Z. A Modified Approach to Inducing Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Differentiate into Cells with Mature Schwann Cell Phenotypes. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:347-59. [PMID: 26670188 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) can be induced to differentiate into Schwann-like cells under classical induction conditions. However, cells derived from this method are unstable, exhibiting a low neurotrophin expression level after the induction conditions are removed. In Schwann cell (SC) culture, progesterone (PROG) enhances neurotrophic synthesis and myelination, specifically regulating the expression of the myelin protein zero (P0)- and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)-encoding genes by acting in concert or in synergy with insulin and glucocorticoids (GLUCs). In the present study, we investigated whether combined PROG, GLUC, and insulin therapy induced MSCs to differentiate into modified SC-like cells with phenotypes similar to those of mature SCs. After being cultured for 2 weeks in modified differentiation medium, the modified SC-like cells showed increased expression of P0 and PMP22. In addition, morphological and phenotypic characterizations were conducted over a period of over 2 weeks, and functional characteristics persisted for more than 3 weeks after the induction reagents were withdrawn. The transplantation of green fluorescent protein-labeled, modified SC-like cells into transected sciatic nerves with a 10-mm gap significantly increased the proliferation of the original SCs and improved axon regeneration and myelination compared with original BM-SCs. Immunostaining for P0 revealed that more of the transplanted modified SC-like cells retained the phenotypic characteristics of SCs. Taken together, these results reveal that the combined application of PROG, GLUC, and insulin induces MSCs to differentiate into cells with phenotypic, molecular, and functional properties of mature SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Liu
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghai Chen
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lu
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhao
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Gongchi Li
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- 1 Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding why adult CNS neurons fail to regenerate their axons following injury remains a central challenge of neuroscience research. A more complete appreciation of the biological mechanisms shaping the injured nervous system is a crucial prerequisite for the development of robust therapies to promote neural repair. Historically, the identification of regeneration associated signaling pathways has been impeded by the limitations of available genetic and molecular tools. As we progress into an era in which the high-throughput interrogation of gene expression is commonplace and our knowledge base of interactome data is rapidly expanding, we can now begin to assemble a more comprehensive view of the complex biology governing axon regeneration. Here, we highlight current and ongoing work featuring transcriptomic approaches toward the discovery of novel molecular mechanisms that can be manipulated to promote neural repair. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Transcriptional profiling is a powerful technique with broad applications in the field of neuroscience. Recent advances such as single-cell transcriptomics, CNS cell type-specific and developmental stage-specific expression libraries are rapidly enhancing the power of transcriptomics for neuroscience applications. However, extracting biologically meaningful information from large transcriptomic datasets remains a formidable challenge. This mini-symposium will highlight current work using transcriptomic approaches to identify regulatory networks in the injured nervous system. We will discuss analytical strategies for transcriptomics data, the significance of noncoding RNA networks, and the utility of multiomic data integration. Though the studies featured here specifically focus on neural repair, the approaches highlighted in this mini-symposium will be of broad interest and utility to neuroscientists working in diverse areas of the field.
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Efficient bridging of 20 mm rat sciatic nerve lesions with a longitudinally micro-structured collagen scaffold. Biomaterials 2016; 75:112-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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121
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Neuroprotective Effect of Natural Products on Peripheral Nerve Degeneration: A Systematic Review. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:647-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Klein D, Martini R. Myelin and macrophages in the PNS: An intimate relationship in trauma and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1641:130-138. [PMID: 26631844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages of the peripheral nervous system belong to the so-called tissue macrophages, with multiple functions during injury and disease. Their origin during ontogeny has not yet been completely resolved, but it is clear that upon injury and disease conditions, they are supplemented by hematopoietic derivatives. In the peripheral nervous system, the most abundantly investigated scenario in which resident and infiltrating macrophages are involved is the so-called "Wallerian degeneration", a complex degenerative process where macrophages exhibit mostly beneficial functions by phagocytosing myelin and axonal remnants. Of special interest is the implication of macrophages in inflammatory nerve diseases, like acute Guillain-Barré syndromes and its permanent variant, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, where macrophages are supposed to be substantial (co-)mediators of the diseases. In inherited peripheral neuropathies nerve macrophages possess a clear disease-amplifying function. In the corresponding animal models, a coordinated interplay between mutant Schwann cells, macrophages, endoneurial fibroblasts and the target structure, myelin, emerged. Along this process, a newly discovered disease mechanism mediated by macrophages is the dedifferentiation of myelinating Schwann cells. As macrophages are amplifiers of the genetically-mediated, non-curable diseases, targeting the mechanisms of their activation might be a promising strategy to treat these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Klein
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Gerevini S, Agosta F, Riva N, Spinelli EG, Pagani E, Caliendo G, Chaabane L, Copetti M, Quattrini A, Comi G, Falini A, Filippi M. MR Imaging of Brachial Plexus and Limb-Girdle Muscles in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Radiology 2015; 279:553-61. [PMID: 26583760 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015150559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess brachial plexus magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features and limb-girdle muscle abnormalities as signs of muscle denervation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the local ethical committees on human studies, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before enrollment. By using an optimized protocol of brachial plexus MR imaging, brachial plexus and limb-girdle muscle abnormalities were evaluated in 23 patients with ALS and clinical and neurophysiologically active involvement of the upper limbs and were compared with MR images in 12 age-matched healthy individuals. Nerve root and limb-girdle muscle abnormalities were visually evaluated by two experienced observers. A region of interest-based analysis was performed to measure nerve root volume and T2 signal intensity. Measures obtained at visual inspection were analyzed by using the Wald χ(2) test. Mean T2 signal intensity and volume values of the regions of interest were compared between groups by using a hierarchical linear model, accounting for the repeated measurement design. RESULTS The level of interrater agreement was very strong (κ = 0.77-1). T2 hyperintensity and volume alterations of C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots were observed in patients with ALS (P < .001 to .03). Increased T2 signal intensity of nerve roots was associated with faster disease progression (upper-limb Medical Research Council scale progression rate, r = 0.40; 95% confidence interval: 0.001, 0.73). Limb-girdle muscle alterations (ie, T2 signal intensity alteration, edema, atrophy) and fat infiltration also were found, in particular, in the supraspinatus muscle, showing more frequent T2 signal intensity alterations and edema (P = .01) relative to the subscapularis and infraspinatus muscles. CONCLUSION Increased T2 signal intensity and volume of brachial nerve roots do not exclude a diagnosis of ALS and suggest involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the ALS pathogenetic cascade. MR imaging of the peripheral nervous system and the limb-girdle muscle may be useful for monitoring the evolution of ALS and distinguishing patients with ALS from those with inflammatory neuropathy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Gerevini
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Federica Agosta
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Nilo Riva
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Edoardo G Spinelli
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Giandomenico Caliendo
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Linda Chaabane
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Falini
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (S.G., G.Caliendo, A.F.), Neuroimaging Research Unit (F.A., E.G.S., E.P., M.F.), Department of Neurology (N.R., E.G.S., G.Comi, M.F.), and Neuropathology Unit (N.R., L.C., A.Q.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy (M.C.)
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Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:605-18. [PMID: 26419777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has remarkable regenerative abilities after injury. Successful PNS regeneration relies on both injured axons and non-neuronal cells, including Schwann cells and immune cells. Macrophages are the most notable immune cells that play key roles in PNS injury and repair. Upon peripheral nerve injury, a large number of macrophages are accumulated at the injury sites, where they not only contribute to Wallerian degeneration, but also are educated by the local microenvironment and polarized to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2), thus contributing to axonal regeneration. Significant progress has been made in understanding how macrophages are educated and polarized in the injured microenvironment as well as how they contribute to axonal regeneration. Following the discussion on the main properties of macrophages and their phenotypes, in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of macrophage infiltration after PNS injury. Moreover, we will discuss the recent findings elucidating how macrophages are polarized to M2 phenotype in the injured PNS microenvironment, as well as the role and underlying mechanisms of macrophages in peripheral nerve injury, Wallerian degeneration and regeneration. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential application by targeting macrophages in treating peripheral nerve injury and peripheral neuropathies.
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125
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Dienes L, Kiss HJ, Perényi K, Nagy ZZ, Acosta MC, Gallar J, Kovács I. Corneal Sensitivity and Dry Eye Symptoms in Patients with Keratoconus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141621. [PMID: 26495846 PMCID: PMC4619831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate corneal sensitivity to selective mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation and to evaluate their relation to dry eye symptoms in patients with keratoconus. METHODS Corneal sensitivity to mechanical, chemical, and thermal thresholds were determined using a gas esthesiometer in 19 patients with keratoconus (KC group) and in 20 age-matched healthy subjects (control group). Tear film dynamics was assessed by Schirmer I test and by the non-invasive tear film breakup time (NI-BUT). All eyes were examined with a rotating Scheimpflug camera to assess keratoconus severity. RESULTS KC patients had significatly decreased tear secretion and significantly higher ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores compared to controls (5.3±2.2 vs. 13.2±2.0 mm and 26.8±15.8 vs. 8.1±2.3; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in NI-BUT between the two groups (KC: 9.8±4.8 vs. control: 10.7±3.8; p>0.05). The mean threshold for selective mechanical (KC: 139.2±25.8 vs. control: 109.1±24.0 ml/min), chemical (KC: 39.4±3.9 vs. control: 35.2±1.9%CO2), heat (KC: 0.91±0.32 vs. control: 0.54±0.26 Δ°C) and cold (KC: 1.28±0.27 vs. control: 0.98±0.25 Δ°C) stimulation in the KC patients were significantly higher than in the control subjects (p<0.001, for all parameters). No correlation was found between age and mechanical, chemical, heat or cold thresholds in the patients with KC (p>0.05), whereas in the control subjects both mechanical (r = 0.52, p = 0.02), chemical (r = 0.47, p = 0.04), heat (r = 0.26, p = 0.04) and cold threshold (r = 0.40, p = 0.03) increased with age. In the KC group, neither corneal thickness nor tear flow, NI-BUT or OSDI correlated significantly with mechanical, chemical, heat or cold thresholds (p>0.05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS Corneal sensitivity to different types of stimuli is decreased in patients with keratoconus independently of age and disease severity. The reduction of the sensory input from corneal nerves may contribute to the onset of unpleasant sensations in these patients and might lead to the impaired tear film dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Dienes
- Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba J. Kiss
- Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Perényi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Z. Nagy
- Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Illés Kovács
- Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Budapest, Hungary
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Suarez-Mier GB, Buckwalter MS. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Expressing Glia in the Mouse Lung. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415601636. [PMID: 26442852 PMCID: PMC4601129 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415601636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerves regulate important functions in visceral organs, including the lung. The postganglionic portion of these nerves is ensheathed by glial cells known as non-myelinating Schwann cells. In the brain, glia play important functional roles in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and maintenance of the blood brain barrier. Similarly, enteric glia are now known to have analogous roles in gastrointestinal neurotransmission, inflammatory response, and barrier formation. In contrast to this, very little is known about the function of glia in other visceral organs. Like the gut, the lung forms a barrier between airborne pathogens and the bloodstream, and autonomic lung innervation is known to affect pulmonary inflammation and lung function. Lung glia are described as non-myelinating Schwann cells but their function is not known, and indeed no transgenic tools have been validated to study them in vivo. The primary goal of this research was, therefore, to investigate the relationship between non-myelinating Schwann cells and pulmonary nerves in the airways and vasculature and to validate existing transgenic mouse tools that would be useful for studying their function. We focused on the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, which is a cognate marker of astrocytes that is expressed by enteric glia and non-myelinating Schwann cells. We describe the morphology of non-myelinating Schwann cells in the lung and verify that they express glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100, a classic glial marker. Furthermore, we characterize the relationship of non-myelinating Schwann cells to pulmonary nerves. Finally, we report tools for studying their function, including a commercially available transgenic mouse line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Suarez-Mier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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Tanyeri G, Celik O, Erbas O, Oltulu F, Yilmaz Dilsiz O. The effectiveness of different neuroprotective agents in facial nerve injury: An experimental study. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:E356-64. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokce Tanyeri
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine; Manisa Turkey
| | - Onur Celik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine; Manisa Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology; Ege University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Ege University Faculty of Medicine; Izmir Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yilmaz Dilsiz
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Ege University Faculty of Medicine; Izmir Turkey
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128
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Gresset A, Coulpier F, Gerschenfeld G, Jourdon A, Matesic G, Richard L, Vallat JM, Charnay P, Topilko P. Boundary Caps Give Rise to Neurogenic Stem Cells and Terminal Glia in the Skin. Stem Cell Reports 2015. [PMID: 26212662 PMCID: PMC4618659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While neurogenic stem cells have been identified in rodent and human skin, their manipulation and further characterization are hampered by a lack of specific markers. Here, we perform genetic tracing of the progeny of boundary cap (BC) cells, a neural-crest-derived cell population localized at peripheral nerve entry/exit points. We show that BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the skin, where they give rise to terminal glia associated with dermal nerve endings. Dermal BC derivatives also include cells that self-renew in sphere culture and have broad in vitro differentiation potential. Upon transplantation into adult mouse dorsal root ganglia, skin BC derivatives efficiently differentiate into various types of mature sensory neurons. Together, this work establishes the embryonic origin, pathway of migration, and in vivo neurogenic potential of a major component of skin stem-like cells. It provides genetic tools to study and manipulate this population of high interest for medical applications. Boundary cap cells give rise to all types of sensory neurons in the developing DRG BC derivatives migrate along peripheral nerves to reach the trunk skin BC cell progeny include glia associated with nerve endings Dermal BC-derived stem cells possess powerful in vivo neurogenic potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gresset
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexandre Jourdon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Graziella Matesic
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- National Reference Centre "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies" Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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Suzuki K, Lovera M, Schmachtenberg O, Couve E. Axonal Degeneration in Dental Pulp Precedes Human Primary Teeth Exfoliation. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1446-53. [PMID: 26149320 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515593055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental pulp in human primary teeth is densely innervated by a plethora of nerve endings at the coronal pulp-dentin interface. This study analyzed how the physiological root resorption (PRR) process affects dental pulp innervation before exfoliation of primary teeth. Forty-four primary canine teeth, classified into 3 defined PRR stages (early, middle, and advanced) were fixed and demineralized. Longitudinal cryosections of each tooth were stained for immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis of dental pulp nerve fibers and associated components with confocal and electron microscopy. During PRR, axonal degeneration was prominent and progressive in a Wallerian-like scheme, comprising nerve fiber bundles and nerve endings within the coronal and root pulp. Neurofilament fragmentation increased significantly during PRR progression and was accompanied by myelin degradation and a progressive loss of myelinated axons. Myelin sheath degradation involved activation of autophagic activity by Schwann cells to remove myelin debris. These cells expressed a sequence of responses comprising dedifferentiation, proliferative activity, GAP-43 overexpression, and Büngner band formation. During the advanced PRR stage, increased immune cell recruitment within the dental pulp and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II upregulation by Schwann cells characterized an inflammatory condition associated with the denervation process in preexfoliative primary teeth. The ensuing loss of dental pulp axons is likely to be responsible for the progressive reduction of sensory function of the dental pulp during preexfoliative stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Clínica de Odontología Pediátrica y del Adolescente, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Lovera
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - O Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - E Couve
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Instituto de Biología, Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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130
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Wang X, Krebbers J, Charalambous P, Machado V, Schober A, Bosse F, Müller HW, Unsicker K. Growth/differentiation factor-15 and its role in peripheral nervous system lesion and regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:317-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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131
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Ahmad I, Fernando A, Gurgel R, Jason Clark J, Xu L, Hansen MR. Merlin status regulates p75(NTR) expression and apoptotic signaling in Schwann cells following nerve injury. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:114-122. [PMID: 26057084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) dedifferentiate, proliferate, and support axon regrowth. If axons fail to regenerate, denervated SCs eventually undergo apoptosis due, in part, to increased expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR). Merlin is the protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene implicated in SC tumorigenesis. Here we explore the contribution of merlin to SC responses to nerve injury. We find that merlin becomes phosphorylated (growth permissive) in SCs following acute axotomy and following gradual neural degeneration in a deafness model, temporally correlated with increased p75(NTR) expression. p75(NTR) levels are elevated in P0SchΔ39-121 transgenic mice that harbor an Nf2 mutation in SCs relative to wild-type mice before axotomy and remain elevated for a longer period of time following injury. Replacement of wild-type, but not phospho-mimetic (S518D), merlin isoforms suppresses p75(NTR) expression in primary human schwannoma cultures which otherwise lack functional merlin. Despite elevated levels of p75(NTR), SC apoptosis following axotomy is blunted in P0SchΔ39-121 mice relative to wild-type mice suggesting that loss of functional merlin contributes to SC resistance to apoptosis. Further, cultured SCs from mice with a tamoxifen-inducible knock-out of Nf2 confirm that SCs lacking functional merlin are less sensitive to p75(NTR)-mediated cell death. Taken together these results point to a model whereby loss of axonal contact following nerve injury results in merlin phosphorylation leading to increased p75(NTR) expression. Further, they demonstrate that merlin facilitates p75(NTR)-mediated apoptosis in SCs helping to explain how neoplastic SCs that lack functional merlin survive long-term in the absence of axonal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Ahmad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Richard Gurgel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - J Jason Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Linjing Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marlan R Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Nerve cross-bridging to enhance nerve regeneration in a rat model of delayed nerve repair. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127397. [PMID: 26016986 PMCID: PMC4446033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no available options to promote nerve regeneration through chronically denervated distal nerve stumps. Here we used a rat model of delayed nerve repair asking of prior insertion of side-to-side cross-bridges between a donor tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated common peroneal (CP) nerve stump ameliorates poor nerve regeneration. First, numbers of retrogradely-labelled TIB neurons that grew axons into the nerve stump within three months, increased with the size of the perineurial windows opened in the TIB and CP nerves. Equal numbers of donor TIB axons regenerated into CP stumps either side of the cross-bridges, not being affected by target neurotrophic effects, or by removing the perineurium to insert 5-9 cross-bridges. Second, CP nerve stumps were coapted three months after inserting 0-9 cross-bridges and the number of 1) CP neurons that regenerated their axons within three months or 2) CP motor nerves that reinnervated the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle within five months was determined by counting and motor unit number estimation (MUNE), respectively. We found that three but not more cross-bridges promoted the regeneration of axons and reinnervation of EDL muscle by all the CP motoneurons as compared to only 33% regenerating their axons when no cross-bridges were inserted. The same 3-fold increase in sensory nerve regeneration was found. In conclusion, side-to-side cross-bridges ameliorate poor regeneration after delayed nerve repair possibly by sustaining the growth-permissive state of denervated nerve stumps. Such autografts may be used in human repair surgery to improve outcomes after unavoidable delays.
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133
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Hoyng SA, De Winter F, Gnavi S, van Egmond L, Attwell CL, Tannemaat MR, Verhaagen J, Malessy MJA. Gene delivery to rat and human Schwann cells and nerve segments: a comparison of AAV 1–9 and lentiviral vectors. Gene Ther 2015; 22:767-80. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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134
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Kraus D, Boyle V, Leibig N, Stark GB, Penna V. The Neuro-spheroid—A novel 3D in vitro model for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 246:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gause Ii TM, Sivak WN, Marra KG. The role of chondroitinase as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve repair. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:59-68. [PMID: 25766067 DOI: 10.1159/000369449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of neural regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Following nerve injury, inhibitory CSPGs accumulate within the endoneurium and Schwann cell basal lamina of the distal nerve stump. The utilization of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) has led to a marked increase in the ability of injured axons to regenerate across gaps through the CSPG-laden extracellular matrix. Experimental models have repeatedly shown chABC to be capable of degrading the CSPGs that hinder neurite outgrowth. In this article, the characterization of CSPGs, their upregulation following peripheral nerve injury, and potential mechanisms behind their growth and inhibition are described. To date, the literature supports that the adjunct use of chABC may be beneficial to peripheral nerve repair in digesting inhibitory CSPGs. chABC has also shown some indication of synergism with other therapies, such as stem cell transplantation. Evidence supporting the use of chondroitinase as a treatment modality in nerve repair, either alone or in combination with other agents, is reviewed within. Finally, several shortcomings of chABC are addressed, notably its thermal stability and physiologic longevity - both hindering its widespread clinical adoption. Future studies are warranted in order to optimize the therapeutic benefits of the chondroitinase enzyme.
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Razavi S, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Morshed M, Vaezifar S, Karbasi S, Golozar MA. Nanobiocomposite of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/chitosan electrospun scaffold can promote proliferation and transdifferentiation of Schwann-like cells from human adipose-derived stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2628-34. [PMID: 25614290 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into Schwann-like cells on biocomposite scaffolds may be a critical issue in nerve regeneration medicine. In this study, tissue-engineered scaffold with chitosan (CS) nanopowders and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was investigated for its potential Schwann cells (SCs) transdifferentiation. The differentiation of human ADSCs into S-like cells was induced with different CS content and direction of nanofibers on PLGA/CS scaffolds. Cell morphology and proliferation of differentiated cells were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay respectively. For assessment efficiency of transdifferentiation, the expression of SC markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100), and myelinogenic marker (myelin basic protein) was investigated in different nanochitosan content and direction of nanofibers scaffolds, using immunocytochemistry technique. The nanochitosan can significantly promote cell proliferation of differentiated cells (p < 0.05). The mean percentage of S-like cells on greater CS content nanofibers scaffold was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). In addition, the align orientation of nanofibers in scaffolds guided the differentiation of ADSCs toward myelinating S-like cells on the constructs. Overall, we found that high CS content and aligned-orientation of nanofibers in biocomposite scaffold (70/30A) can promote differentiation and myelinogenic capacity of S-like cells induced from human ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81744-176, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Morshed
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Vaezifar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81744-176, Iran.,Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Saeed Karbasi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Golozar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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137
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The mechanisms of neurotoxicity and the selective vulnerability of nervous system sites. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:61-70. [PMID: 26563783 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The spatial heterogeneity of the structure, function, and cellular composition of the nervous system confers extraordinary complexity and a multiplicity of mechanisms of chemical neurotoxicity. Because of its relatively high metabolic demands and functional dependence on postmitotic neurons, the nervous system is vulnerable to a variety of xenobiotics that affect essential homeostatic mechanisms that support function. Despite protection from the neuroglia and blood-brain barrier, the central nervous system is prone to attack from lipophilic toxicants and those that hijack endogenous transport, receptor, metabolic, and other biochemical systems. The inherent predilection of chemicals for highly conserved biochemical systems confers selective vulnerability of the nervous system to neurotoxicants. This chapter discusses selective vulnerability of the nervous system in the context of neuron-specific decrements (axonopathy, myelinopathy, disruption of neurotransmission), and the degree to which neuronal damage is facilitated or ameliorated by surrounding nonneural cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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138
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Bobkiewicz A. Neuroma Model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6335-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McCormick AM, Maddipatla MVSN, Shi S, Chamsaz EA, Yokoyama H, Joy A, Leipzig ND. Micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films direct neurite orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19655-19667. [PMID: 25347606 DOI: 10.1021/am5044328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guidance and migration of cells in the nervous system is imperative for proper development, maturation, and regeneration. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it is challenging for axons to bridge critical-sized injury defects to achieve repair and the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited ability to regenerate after injury because of its innate injury response. The photoreactivity of the coumarin polyester used in this study enables efficient micropatterning using a custom digital micromirror device (DMD) and has been previously shown to be biodegradable, making these thin films ideal for cell guidance substrates with potential for future in vivo applications. With DMD, we fabricated coumarin polyester thin films into 10×20 μm and 15×50 μm micropatterns with depths ranging from 15 to 20 nm to enhance nervous system cell alignment. Adult primary neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes were isolated from rat brain tissue and seeded onto the polymer surfaces. After 24 h, cell type and neurite alignment were analyzed using phase contrast and fluorescence imaging. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in cell process distribution for both emergence angle (from the body of the cell) and orientation angle (at the tip of the growth cone) confirming alignment on patterned surfaces compared to control substrates (unpatterned polymer and glass surfaces). The expected frequency distribution for parallel alignment (≤15°) is 14% and the two micropatterned groups ranged from 42 to 49% alignment for emergence and orientation angle measurements, where the control groups range from 12 to 22% for parallel alignment. Despite depths being 15 to 20 nm, cell processes could sense these topographical changes and preferred to align to certain features of the micropatterns like the plateau/channel interface. As a result this initial study in utilizing these new DMD micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films has proven beneficial as an axon guidance platform for future nervous system regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleesha M McCormick
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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140
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Zhou X, He X, Ren Y. Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1787-95. [PMID: 25422640 PMCID: PMC4239768 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological trauma with limited therapeutic opportunities. The pathophysiology of SCI involves primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. Among all the secondary injury mechanisms, the inflammatory response is the major contributor and results in expansion of the lesion and further loss of neurologic function. Meanwhile, the inflammation directly and indirectly dominates the outcomes of SCI, including not only pain and motor dysfunction, but also preventingneuronal regeneration. Microglia and macrophages play very important roles in secondary injury. Microglia reside in spinal parenchyma and survey the microenvironment through the signals of injury or infection. Macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to injured sites from the peripheral circulation. Activated resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages induce and magnify immune and inflammatory responses not only by means of their secretory moleculesand phagocytosis, but also through their influence on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and demyelination. In this review, we focus on the roles of microglia and macrophages in secondary injury and how they contribute to the sequelae of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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141
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Zhang P, Lu X, Chen J, Chen Z. Schwann cells originating from skin-derived precursors promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1696-702. [PMID: 25374591 PMCID: PMC4211190 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial guidance channels containing Schwann cells can promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve over long distances. However, primary Schwann cells are not suitable for autotransplantation. Under specific conditions, skin-derived progenitors can be induced to differentiate into Schwann cells. Therefore, adult rat dorsal skin (dermis)-derived progenitors were isolated and induced to differentiate with DMEM/F12 containing B27, neuregulin 1, and forskolin. Immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that the resultant cells were indeed Schwann cells. Artificial guidance channels containing skin-derived progenitors, Schwann cells originating from skin-derived progenitors, or primary Schwann cells were used to bridge 5 mm sciatic nerve defects. Schwann cells originating from skin-derived progenitors significantly promoted sciatic nerve axonal regeneration. The significant recovery of injured rat sciatic nerve function after the transplantation of Schwann cells originating from skin-derived progenitors was confirmed by electromyogram. The therapeutic effect of Schwann cells originating from skin-derived progenitors was better than that of skin-derived progenitors. These findings indicate that Schwann cells originating from skin-derived precursors can promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Women and Children Health Care Center, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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142
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Ceci ML, Mardones-Krsulovic C, Sánchez M, Valdivia LE, Allende ML. Axon-Schwann cell interactions during peripheral nerve regeneration in zebrafish larvae. Neural Dev 2014; 9:22. [PMID: 25326036 PMCID: PMC4214607 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve injuries can severely affect the way that animals perceive signals from the surrounding environment. While damage to peripheral axons generally has a better outcome than injuries to central nervous system axons, it is currently unknown how neurons re-establish their target innervations to recover function after injury, and how accessory cells contribute to this task. Here we use a simple technique to create reproducible and localized injury in the posterior lateral line (pLL) nerve of zebrafish and follow the fate of both neurons and Schwann cells. Results Using pLL single axon labeling by transient transgene expression, as well as transplantation of glial precursor cells in zebrafish larvae, we individualize different components in this system and characterize their cellular behaviors during the regenerative process. Neurectomy is followed by loss of Schwann cell differentiation markers that is reverted after nerve regrowth. We show that reinnervation of lateral line hair cells in neuromasts during pLL nerve regeneration is a highly dynamic process with promiscuous yet non-random target recognition. Furthermore, Schwann cells are required for directional extension and fasciculation of the regenerating nerve. We provide evidence that these cells and regrowing axons are mutually dependant during early stages of nerve regeneration in the pLL. The role of ErbB signaling in this context is also explored. Conclusion The accessibility of the pLL nerve and the availability of transgenic lines that label this structure and their synaptic targets provides an outstanding in vivo model to study the different events associated with axonal extension, target reinnervation, and the complex cellular interactions between glial cells and injured axons during nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel L Allende
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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143
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Boada MD, Gutierrez S, Aschenbrenner CA, Houle TT, Hayashida KI, Ririe DG, Eisenach JC. Nerve injury induces a new profile of tactile and mechanical nociceptor input from undamaged peripheral afferents. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:100-9. [PMID: 25274350 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00506.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain after nerve injury is often accompanied by hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli, yet whether this reflects altered input, altered processing, or both remains unclear. Spinal nerve ligation or transection results in hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli in skin innervated by adjacent dorsal root ganglia, but no previous study has quantified the changes in receptive field properties of these neurons in vivo. To address this, we recorded intracellularly from L4 dorsal root ganglion neurons of anesthetized young adult rats, 1 wk after L5 partial spinal nerve ligation (pSNL) or sham surgery. One week after pSNL, hindpaw mechanical withdrawal threshold in awake, freely behaving animals was decreased in the L4 distribution on the nerve-injured side compared with sham controls. Electrophysiology revealed that high-threshold mechanoreceptive cells of A-fiber conduction velocity in L4 were sensitized, with a seven-fold reduction in mechanical threshold, a seven-fold increase in receptive field area, and doubling of maximum instantaneous frequency in response to peripheral stimuli, accompanied by reductions in after-hyperpolarization amplitude and duration. Only a reduction in mechanical threshold (minimum von Frey hair producing neuronal activity) was observed in C-fiber conduction velocity high-threshold mechanoreceptive cells. In contrast, low-threshold mechanoreceptive cells were desensitized, with a 13-fold increase in mechanical threshold, a 60% reduction in receptive field area, and a 40% reduction in instantaneous frequency to stimulation. No spontaneous activity was observed in L4 ganglia, and the likelihood of recording from neurons without a mechanical receptive field was increased after pSNL. These data suggest massively altered input from undamaged sensory afferents innervating areas of hypersensitivity after nerve injury, with reduced tactile and increased nociceptive afferent response. These findings differ importantly from previous preclinical studies, but are consistent with clinical findings in most patients with chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Danilo Boada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Silvia Gutierrez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carol A Aschenbrenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy T Houle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Douglas G Ririe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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144
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Placheta E, Hendry JM, Wood MD, Lafontaine CW, Liu EH, Cecilia Alvarez Veronesi M, Frey M, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The ErbB2 inhibitor Herceptin (Trastuzumab) promotes axonal outgrowth four weeks after acute nerve transection and repair. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:81-6. [PMID: 25220708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuregulin, a potent Schwann cell mitogen, and its receptor, ErbB2, have an important role in regulating peripheral nerve regeneration. We hypothesized that Herceptin (Trastuzumab), a monoclonal antibody that binds ErbB2, would disrupt ErbB2 signaling, allowing us to evaluate ErbB2's importance in peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, the extent of peripheral motor and sensory nerve regeneration and distal axonal outgrowth was analyzed two and four weeks after common peroneal (CP) nerve injury in rats. Outcomes analyzed included neuron counts after retrograde labeling, histomorphometry, and protein analysis. The data analysis revealed that there was no impact of Herceptin administration on either the numbers of motor or sensory neurons that regenerated their axons but histomorphometry revealed that Herceptin significantly increased the number of regenerated axons in the distal repaired nerve after 4 weeks. Protein analysis with Western blotting revealed no difference in either expression levels of ErbB2 or the amount of activated, phosphorylated ErbB2 in injured nerves. In conclusion, administration of the ErbB2 receptor inhibitor after nerve transection and surgical repair did not alter the number of regenerating neurons but markedly increased the number of regenerated axons per neuron in the distal nerve stump. Enhanced axon outgrowth in the presence of this ErbB2 inhibitor indicates that ErbB2 signaling may limit the numbers of axons that are emitted from each regenerating neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Placheta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christine W Lafontaine
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Edward H Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - M Cecilia Alvarez Veronesi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, RM 407 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Manfred Frey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, RM 407 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
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145
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Simões GF, Benitez SU, Oliveira ALR. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) positive effects on muscle fiber degeneration and gait recovery after nerve lesion in MDX mice. Brain Behav 2014; 4:738-53. [PMID: 25328849 PMCID: PMC4188366 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-CSF has been shown to decrease inflammatory processes and to act positively on the process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the course of muscular dystrophy. AIMS The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of treatment of G-CSF during sciatic nerve regeneration and histological analysis in the soleus muscle in MDX mice. METHODS Six-week-old male MDX mice underwent left sciatic nerve crush and were G-CSF treated at 7 days prior to and 21 days after crush. Ten and twenty-one days after surgery, the mice were euthanized, and the sciatic nerves were processed for immunohistochemistry (anti-p75(NTR) and anti-neurofilament) and transmission electron microscopy. The soleus muscles were dissected out and processed for H&E staining and subsequent morphologic analysis. Motor function analyses were performed at 7 days prior to and 21 days after sciatic crush using the CatWalk system and the sciatic nerve index. RESULTS Both groups treated with G-CSF showed increased p75(NTR) and neurofilament expression after sciatic crush. G-CSF treatment decreased the number of degenerated and regenerated muscle fibers, thereby increasing the number of normal muscle fibers. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in p75(NTR) and neurofilament indicates a decreased regenerative capacity in MDX mice following a lesion to a peripheral nerve. The reduction in motor function in the crushed group compared with the control groups may reflect the cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that occur postnatally. Thus, G-CSF treatment increases motor function in MDX mice. Nevertheless, the decrease in baseline motor function in these mice is not reversed completely by G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Simões
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzana U Benitez
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Departament of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) CP 6109, CEP 13083-907, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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146
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Nie X, Cao J, Zhu X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Mao X, Yan S, Ni Y, Wang Y. Up-regulation of HDAC4 is associated with Schwann cell proliferation after sciatic nerve crush. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2105-17. [PMID: 25103231 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a member of the class IIa HDACs subfamily, has emerged as a critical regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and migration in various cell types. It was reported that HDAC4 stimulated colon cell proliferation via repression of p21. Also, HDAC4 contributes to platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, HDAC4 may play an important role in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and survival. However, the role of HDAC4 in the process of peripheral nervous system regeneration after injury remains virtually unknown. Herein, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of HDAC4 in a rat sciatic nerve crush model. We found that sciatic nerve crush induced up-regulated expression of HDAC4 in Schwann cells. Moreover, the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 exhibited a similar tendency with that of HDAC4. In cell cultures, we observed increased expression of HDAC4 during the process of TNF-α-induced Schwann cell proliferation, whereas the protein level of p21 was down-regulated. Interference of HDAC4 led to enhanced expression of p21 and impaired proliferation of Schwan cells. Taken together, our findings implicated that HDAC4 was up-regulated in the sciatic nerve after crush, which was associated with proliferation of Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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147
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Li M, Zhang P, Guo W, Li H, Gu X, Yao D. Protein expression profiling during wallerian degeneration after rat sciatic nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:73-8. [PMID: 24123051 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wallerian degeneration (WD) is an important area of research in modern neuroscience. Many protein expressions are regulated by differentially expressed genes in WD, but the precise mechanisms are elusive. METHODS In this study, we profiled differentially expressed proteins in WD after rat sciatic nerve injury using an antibody array. RESULTS Functional analysis positively identified cell proliferation, regulation of cell proliferation, and immune system processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed molecular networks related mainly to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, apoptosis, the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and the Janus kinase (Jak) - signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. Interactions between these differential proteins were well established and regulated by the key factors transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Fas ligand (FasL), and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 (PRKAA1). CONCLUSIONS These results provide information related to functional analysis of differentially expressed genes during WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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148
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Defining Peripheral Nervous System Dysfunction in the SOD-1G93ATransgenic Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:658-70. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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149
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Xie J, MacEwan M, Liu W, Jesuraj N, Li X, Hunter D, Xia Y. Nerve guidance conduits based on double-layered scaffolds of electrospun nanofibers for repairing the peripheral nervous system. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:9472-80. [PMID: 24806389 PMCID: PMC4073935 DOI: 10.1021/am5018557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) constructed from a single layer of aligned nanofibers, bilayer NGCs with random and aligned nanofibers in the outer and inner layers are more robust and tear-resistant during surgical procedures thanks to an isotropic mechanical property provided by the random nanofibers. However, it remains unclear whether the random nanofibers will interfere with the aligned nanofibers to alter the extension pattern of the neurites and impede regeneration. To answer this question, we seeded dorsal root ganglia (DRG) on a double-layered scaffold, with aligned and random nanofibers on the top and bottom layers, respectively, and evaluated the outgrowth of neurites. The random nanofibers in the bottom layer exerted a negative impact on the extension of neurites projecting from the DRG, giving neurites a less ordered structure compared to those cultured on a single layer of aligned nanofibers. The negative impact of the random nanofibers could be effectively mitigated by preseeding the double-layered scaffold with Schwann cells. DRG cultured on top of such a scaffold exhibited a neurite outgrowth pattern similar to that for DRG cultured on a single layer of aligned nanofibers. We further fabricated bilayer NGCs from the double-layered scaffolds and tested their ability to facilitate nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Both histomorphometric analysis and functional characterization demonstrated that bilayer NGCs with an inner surface that was preseeded with Schwann cells could reach 54%, 64.2%, and 74.9% of the performance of isografts in terms of nerve fiber number, maximum isometric tetanic force, and mass of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, respectively. It can be concluded that the bilayer NGCs hold great potential in facilitating motor axon regeneration and functional motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United
States
| | - Matthew
R. MacEwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United
States
| | - Wenying Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nithya Jesuraj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United
States
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United
States
| | - Daniel Hunter
- Division
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology and Emory University; School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- E-mail:
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150
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Jang CH, Cho YB, Choi CH, Jang YS, Jung WK. Effect of topical dexamethasone in reducing dysfunction after facial nerve crush injury in the rat. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:960-3. [PMID: 24735605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, the effect of topical steroid after a crush injury to rat facial nerve has rarely been reported on. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of topical dexamethasone on recovery after a crush injury to the rat facial nerve, by functional, electrophysiological, and morphological evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of topical dexamethasone on recovery after a crush injury to rat facial nerve by functional, electrophysiological and morphological evaluation. RESULTS The functional recovery using vibrissae movement was significantly high scores in the experimental group than control group at two and three weeks post-crush. The recovery of the threshold of muscle action potential was significantly lowered in the experimental group compared to the control (p<0.05). However, there was no statistical significance in the nerve conduction velocity. The dexamethasone treatment groups showed a larger axon diameter and thicker myelin sheath than the control group. CONCLUSION From our results, topical dexamethasone accelerates recovery of the crush-injured facial nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Choi
- Department of Bio New Drug Development, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jang
- Department of Bio New Drug Development, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Enginnering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Pusan, South Korea
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