101
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Lagha AB, Grenier D. Tea polyphenols protect gingival keratinocytes against TNF-α-induced tight junction barrier dysfunction and attenuate the inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages. Cytokine 2019; 115:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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102
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Groeger S, Meyle J. Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:208. [PMID: 30837987 PMCID: PMC6383680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for viability. To fulfill this task, oral epithelial cells follow a strongly regulated scheme of differentiation that results in the formation of structural proteins that manage the integrity of epithelial tissues and operate as a barrier. Oral epithelial cells are connected by various transmembrane proteins with specialized structures and functions. Keratin filaments adhere to the plasma membrane by desmosomes building a three-dimensional matrix. Cell-Cell Contacts and Bacterial Influence: It is known that pathogenic oral bacteria are able to affect the expression and configuration of cell-cell junctions. Human keratinocytes up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors upon stimulation with bacterial components. Periodontal pathogens including P. gingivalis are able to inhibit oral epithelial innate immune responses through various mechanisms and to escape from host immune reaction, which supports the persistence of periodontitis and furthermore is able to affect the epithelial barrier function by altering expression and distribution of cell-cell interactions including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). In the pathogenesis of periodontitis a highly organized biofilm community shifts from symbiosis to dysbiosis which results in destructive local inflammatory reactions. Cellular Receptors: Cell-surface located toll like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmatic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs recognize microbial parts that represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A multimeric complex of proteins known as inflammasome, which is a subset of NLRs, assembles after activation and proceeds to pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Cytokine Production and Release: Cytokines and bacterial products may lead to host cell mediated tissue destruction. Keratinocytes are able to produce diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Infection by pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) can induce a differentiated production of these cytokines. Immuno-modulation, Bacterial Infection, and Cancer Cells: There is a known association between bacterial infection and cancer. Bacterial components are able to up-regulate immune-modulatory receptors on cancer cells. Interactions of bacteria with tumor cells could support malignant transformation an environment with deficient immune regulation. The aim of this review is to present a set of molecular mechanisms of oral epithelial cells and their reactions to a number of toxic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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103
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Kowaliuk M, Schröder I, Kuess P, Dörr W. Heparin treatment mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice by interplaying with repopulation processes. Strahlenther Onkol 2019; 195:534-543. [PMID: 30689028 PMCID: PMC6531413 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-01423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the mechanistic background of the muco-protective effect of systemic heparin treatment on the development of radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractionated irradiation was given to the snouts of male C3H/Neu mice over 2 weeks (10 × 3 Gy), either alone or in combination with daily subcutaneous application of unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin (40 or 200 I.U./mouse, respectively). Over this course of 14 days, groups of mice (n = 3) were sacrificed every second day, their tongues excised and processed for histological analysis. The epithelial radiation response with and without heparin treatment was evaluated in terms of tissue morphology, proliferation and expression of cell contact molecules. RESULTS Systemic treatment with heparins significantly reduced the cellular effects of irradiation to the oral epithelium. Heparin treated animals showed significantly higher total epithelial cell numbers and thickness throughout the study course. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation analyses revealed that markedly more epithelial cells retained their proliferative capacity in the beginning of the first treatment week, but the proliferation of the mucosa was not stimulated during the rest of the study course. The expression of the adherens junction protein β‑catenin was slightly elevated in heparin treated animals, on day 2 the increase was statistically significant. The expression of e‑cadherin and occludin was mostly unaffected by the concomitant heparin treatment. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate an interplay of additional heparin treatment with the repopulation processes, leading to an earlier onset of this adaptive radiation response in oral mucosa. Importantly, we could demonstrate that the protective potential of heparin did not rely on stimulation of normal tissue proliferation. Since both heparin preparations are already approved for clinical use, they are considered as promising candidates for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kowaliuk
- Department of Radiation Oncology-ATRAB-Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - I Schröder
- Department of Radiation Oncology-ATRAB-Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- IMC FH Krems, University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - P Kuess
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W Dörr
- Department of Radiation Oncology-ATRAB-Applied and Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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104
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Kikuchi Y, Kimizuka R, Kato T, Okuda K, Kokubu E, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Polarized Epithelial Cells. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 59:265-275. [PMID: 30333370 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, an anaerobic spirochete found mainly in the oral cavity, is associated with periodontal disease and has a variety of virulence factors. Although in vitro studies have shown that T. denticola is able to penetrate epithelial cell monolayers, its effect on the epithelial barrier junction is not known. Human gingival epithelial cells are closely associated with adjacent membranes, forming barriers in the presence of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and occludin. Tight junction proteins are also expressed by Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture. In this study, the MDCK cell profile was investigated following infection with T. denticola (ATCC 35405) wild-type, as well as with its dentilisin-deficient mutant, K1. Basolateral exposure of MDCK cell monolayers to T. denticola at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 104 resulted in a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Transepithelial electrical resistance in MDCK cell monolayers also decreased following apical exposure to T. denticola (MOI=104), although this took longer with basolateral exposure. The effect on the TER was time-dependent and required the presence of live bacteria. Meanwhile, MDCK cell viability showed a decrease with either basolateral or apical exposure. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated decreases in the amounts of immunoreactive ZO-1 and claudin-1 in association with disruption of cell-cell junctions in MDCK cells exposed apically or basolaterally to T. denticola. Western blot analysis demonstrated degradation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in culture lysates derived from T. denticola-exposed MDCK cells, suggesting a bacteria-induced protease capable of cleaving these tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Tetsuo Kato
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
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105
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Tada H, Nishioka T, Takase A, Numazaki K, Bando K, Matsushita K. Porphyromonas gingivalisinduces the production of interleukin-31 by human mast cells, resulting in dysfunction of the gingival epithelial barrier. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12972. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tada
- Division of Oral Microbiology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
- Division of Oral Immunology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Takashi Nishioka
- Division of Oral Diagnosis; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Aya Takase
- Division of Oral Microbiology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Kento Numazaki
- Division of Oral Microbiology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
- Division of Oral Immunology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Kanan Bando
- Division of Oral Immunology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research; National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology; Obu Aichi Japan
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106
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Silva VDO, Pereira LJ, Pasetto S, da Silva MP, Meyers JC, Murata RM. Effects of Monolaurin on Oral Microbe-Host Transcriptome and Metabolome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2638. [PMID: 30467497 PMCID: PMC6237204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of monolaurin against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and determine their effects on the host transcriptome and metabolome, using an oral cell/bacteria co-culture dual-chamber model to mimic the human periodontium. For this, the Aa, was applied to cross the monolayer of epithelial keratinocytes (OBA-9) to reach the fibroblasts layer (HGF-1) in the basal chamber. The Monolaurin treatments (25 or 50 μM) were added immediately after the inoculation of the dual-chamber with Aa. After 24 h, the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers (insert and basal chamber) and in supernatant released from the cells. The genes IL-1α, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF analyzed in HGF-1 concentrations showed a decreased expression when treated with both concentration of Monolaurin. In keratinocytes, the genes IL-6, IL-18, and TNF presented a higher expression and the expression of IL-1α decreased when treated with the two cited concentrations. The production of glycerol and pyruvic acid increased, and the 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST, 4-aminobutyric acid, pinitol and glyceric acid, presented lower concentrations because of the treatment with 25 and/or 50 μM of Monolaurin. Use of monolaurin modulated the immune response and metabolite production when administered for 24 h in a dual-chamber model inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. In summary, this study indicates that monolaurin had antimicrobial activity and modulated the host immune response and metabolite production when administered for 24 h in a dual-chamber model inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.,Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Silvana Pasetto
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maike Paulino da Silva
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jered Cope Meyers
- Department Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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107
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Macrophage-mediated repair of intraepithelial damage in rat oral mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:185-190. [PMID: 30391795 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is important to protect the patient's oral mucosa from injury caused by inappropriate oral care. We established anin vivo model of intraepithelial injury of the oral mucosa and assessed the effects of inappropriate dental apparatus use on inflammatory response of macrophages in rats. DESIGN Using this model, swabbing was performed to the labial mucosa of rats with the interdental brush, and the tissue samples were processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS CD 68-positive macrophage-like cells appeared only in the subepithelial region after intraepithelial injury in the presence and absence of antibiotics. After intraepithelial injury, interleukin-1β levels did not increase beyond those observed in intact rats. The number of bacteria in the lip increased slightly and decreased promptly. In the ear, intraepithelial injury caused an inflammatory response with macrophages infiltrating into the intraepithelial region as well as the subepithelial region, increased interleukin-1β production, and high bacterial levels around tissues. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of protecting against the intraepithelial injury during oral care procedures, and these findings would contribute to oral care risk management in the future.
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108
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Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Nolte L, Winkel A, Meyer H, Koroleva A, Shpichka A, Ripken T, Heisterkamp A, Stiesch M. Time resolved 3D live-cell imaging on implants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205411. [PMID: 30304039 PMCID: PMC6179276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that two million new dental implants are inserted worldwide each year. Innovative implant materials are developed in order to minimize the risk of peri-implant inflammations. The broad range of material testing is conducted using standard 2D, terminal, and invasive methods. The methods that have been applied are not sufficient to monitor the whole implant surface and temporal progress. Therefore, we built a 3D peri-implant model using a cylindrical implant colonized by human gingival fibroblasts. In order to monitor the cell response over time, a non-toxic LIVE/DEAD staining was established and applied to the new 3D model. Our LIVE/DEAD staining method in combination with the time resolved 3D visualization using Scanning Laser Optical Tomography (SLOT), allowed us to monitor the cell death path along the implant in the 3D peri-implant model. The differentiation of living and dead gingival fibroblasts in response to toxicity was effectively supported by the LIVE/DEAD staining. Furthermore, it was possible to visualize the whole cell-colonized implant in 3D and up to 63 hours. This new methodology offers the opportunity to record the long-term cell response on external stress factors, along the dental implant and thus to evaluate the performance of novel materials/surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lena Nolte
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Anastasia Koroleva
- Nanotechnology Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tammo Ripken
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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109
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Kokubu E, Inoue T, Ishihara K. Response of epithelial cells infected by Treponema denticola. Oral Dis 2018; 24:14-18. [PMID: 29480639 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the gingival crevice, the interaction between epithelial cells and periodontopathic bacteria is important for the development of periodontitis. Treponema denticola is a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis and possesses several virulence factors, such as major surface protein (Msp) and prolyl-phenylalanine-specific protease (dentilisin). Here, we investigated the behaviours of epithelial cells infected with T. denticola by measuring the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, β defensin 2 (BD-2) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). METHODS Epithelial cells were infected with T. denticola wild-type strain, Msp-deficient mutant or dentilisin-deficient mutant, and the expression levels of the above targets were analysed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Infection with T. denticola wild-type strain and mutants induced the production of IL-6 and HSP70. The level of BD-2 induced by T. denticola wild-type strain at 24 hr was significantly higher than that of the dentilisin-deficient mutant. The level of IL-1β mRNA in the wild-type strain and dentilisin-deficient mutant was slightly lower than that in the uninfected control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the levels of BD-2 were affected by Msp and dentilisin. This effect may contribute to the disruption of the response of epithelial cells to eradicate T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Inoue
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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110
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Liukkonen J, Gürsoy UK, Könönen E, Gürsoy M, Metso J, Salminen A, Kopra E, Jauhiainen M, Mäntylä P, Buhlin K, Paju S, Sorsa T, Nieminen MS, Lokki ML, Sinisalo J, Pussinen PJ. Salivary biomarkers in association with periodontal parameters and the periodontitis risk haplotype. Innate Immun 2018; 24:439-447. [PMID: 30176756 PMCID: PMC6830876 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918796207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a role in periodontitis. Here we examined whether the risk
haplotype of MHC class III region BAT1-NFKBIL1-LTA and lymphotoxin-α
polymorphisms associate with salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. A total
of 455 individuals with detailed clinical and radiographic periodontal health
data were included in the study. A 610 K genotyping chip and a Sequenom platform
were used in genotyping analyses. Phospholipid transfer protein activity,
concentrations of lymphotoxin-α, IL-8 and myeloperoxidase, and a cumulative risk
score (combining Porphyromonas gingivalis, IL-1β and matrix
metalloproteinase-8) were examined in saliva samples. Elevated IL-8 and
myeloperoxidase concentrations and cumulative risk scores associated with
advanced tooth loss, deepened periodontal pockets and signs of periodontal
inflammation. In multiple logistic regression models adjusted for periodontal
parameters and risk factors, myeloperoxidase concentration (odds ratio (OR);
1.37, P = 0.007) associated with increased odds for having the
risk haplotype and lymphotoxin-α concentration with its genetic variants
rs2857708, rs2009658 and rs2844482. In conclusion, salivary levels of IL-8,
myeloperoxidase and cumulative risk scores associate with periodontal
inflammation and tissue destruction, while those of myeloperoxidase and
lymphotoxin-α associate with genetic factors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.,2 Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- 3 Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research and Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Elisa Kopra
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- 3 Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research and Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Päivi Mäntylä
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,5 Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.,6 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,7 Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,7 Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- 8 HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- 9 Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- 8 HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- 4 Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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111
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Kasnak G, Könönen E, Syrjänen S, Gürsoy M, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Firatli E, Gürsoy UK. NFE2L2/NRF2, OGG1, and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes against oxidative insults of various origin. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:63-70. [PMID: 30030777 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial or tobacco-related insults induce oxidative stress in gingival keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-oxidative and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes (HMK cells) against Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg LPS), nicotine, and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO). MATERIALS AND METHODS HMK cells were incubated with Pg LPS (1 µl/ml), nicotine (1.54 mM), and 4-NQO (1 µM) for 24 h. Intracellular and extracellular levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured with the Luminex® xMAP™ technique, and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) with Western blots. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS All tested oxidative stress inducers increased intracellular OGG1 levels, whereas only nicotine and 4-NQO induced NFE2L2/NRF2 levels. Nicotine, 4-NQO, and their combinational applications with Pg LPS induced the secretions of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, while that of IL-8 was inhibited by the presence of Pg LPS. MCP-1 secretion was suppressed by nicotine, alone and together with Pg LPS, while 4-NQO activated its secretion. Treatment of HMK cells with Pg LPS, nicotine, 4-NQO, or their combinations did not affect VEGF levels. CONCLUSION Pg LPS, nicotine, and 4-NQO induce oxidative stress and regulate anti-oxidative response and cytokine expressions in human gingival keratinocytes differently. These results may indicate that bacterial and tobacco-related insults regulate distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Kasnak
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Welfare Division, Oral Health, City of Turku, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erhan Firatli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
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112
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Radioprotective Effects of Dermatan Sulfate in a Preclinical Model of Oral Mucositis-Targeting Inflammation, Hypoxia and Junction Proteins without Stimulating Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061684. [PMID: 29882770 PMCID: PMC6032103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis is the most frequently occurring early side effect of head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. Systemic dermatan sulfate (DS) treatment revealed a significant radioprotective potential in a preclinical model of oral mucositis. This study was initiated to elucidate the mechanistic effects of DS in the same model. Irradiation comprised daily fractionated irradiation (5 × 3 Gy/week) over two weeks, either alone (IR) or in combination with daily dermatan sulfate treatment of 4 mg/kg (IR + DS). Groups of mice (n = 5) were sacrificed every second day over the course of 14 days in both experimental arms, their tongues excised and evaluated. The response to irradiation with and without DS was analyzed on a morphological (cell numbers, epithelial thickness) as well as on a functional (proliferation and expression of inflammation, hypoxia and epithelial junction markers) level. The mucoprotective activity of DS can be attributed to a combination of various effects, comprising increased expression of epithelial junctions, reduced inflammation and reduced hypoxia. No DS-mediated effect on proliferation was observed. DS demonstrated a significant mucositis-ameliorating activity and could provide a promising strategy for mucositis treatment, based on targeting specific, radiation-induced, mucositis-associated signaling without stimulating proliferation.
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Upregulated epithelial junction expression represents a novel parameter of the epithelial radiation response to fractionated irradiation in oral mucosa. Strahlenther Onkol 2018; 194:771-779. [PMID: 29675597 PMCID: PMC6061151 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose During head and neck cancer treatment, the radiation response of the oral mucosa represents a frequent early side effect. Besides radiation-induced inhibition of proliferation, various other cellular responses occur. The radiation response of adherens and tight junction proteins was so far mostly investigated with large single-dose irradiation protocols, in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the current study was initiated to investigate the impact of daily fractionated irradiation on the expression of adherens and tight junction proteins in vivo. Materials and methods Fractionation with 5 × 3 Gy/week (days 0–4, 7–11) was given to the snouts of mice. Groups of 5 animals per day were euthanized every second day between day 0 (unirradiated controls) and day 14, and their tongues subjected to histological processing. Adherens junction marker (β-catenin and E‑cadherin) and tight junction marker (claudin-1 and occludin) expression was analysed in the oral mucosa of unirradiated controls and during two weeks of fractionated irradiation. Results Adherens as well as tight junction marker proteins were rapidly and consistently upregulated in both the germinal as well as the functional layer of the oral mucosa. This represents a previously unknown parameter of the epithelial radiation response to clinically relevant fractionation protocols. Conclusion Fractionated irradiation significantly enhanced the expression of all proteins investigated. This study revealed a new parameter of the epithelial radiation response to fractionated irradiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-018-1302-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Veilleux MP, Moriyama S, Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Grenier D. A Review of Evidence for a Therapeutic Application of Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine for Oral Diseases/Disorders. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E35. [PMID: 29670027 PMCID: PMC6023475 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Kampo medicines prescribed by specialized medical practitioners and Japanese physicians have gradually reemerged in Japan as alternatives to Western medications. Kampo formulations are composed of several plant extracts and, as such, the broad variety of phytochemicals they contain likely act synergistically to provide their beneficial effects. Kampo medicines have traditionally been prescribed for a number of health conditions, including chronic hepatitis, bronchial asthma, anemia, etc. The aim of this article is to review the beneficial effects of Kampos with respect to oral health. Pertinent papers published between 1970 and 2017 were retrieved by searching in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus using key words followed by evaluation of the relevant articles. In vitro studies have identified a number of properties that give credence to the potential of Kampos for treating or preventing oral diseases/disorders. Given their anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties, they may be promising agents for controlling periodontal diseases, oral mucositis, xerostomia, and drug-induced gingival overgrowth. Since some oral diseases have a complex etiology that involves microbial pathogens and the host immune response, agents with dual functionality such as Kampo phytochemicals may offer a therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Veilleux
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 Rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Masami Yoshioka
- Department of Oral Health Science and Social Welfare, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hinode
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 Rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Lagha AB, Groeger S, Meyle J, Grenier D. Green tea polyphenols enhance gingival keratinocyte integrity and protect against invasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4961135. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Komori T, Ono M, Hara ES, Ueda J, Nguyen HTT, Nguyen HT, Yonezawa T, Maeba T, Kimura-Ono A, Takarada T, Momota R, Maekawa K, Kuboki T, Oohashi T. Type IV collagen α6 chain is a regulator of keratin 10 in keratinization of oral mucosal epithelium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2612. [PMID: 29422532 PMCID: PMC5805778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinized mucosa is of fundamental importance to maintain healthy gingival tissue, and understanding the mechanisms of oral mucosa keratinization is crucial to successfully manage healthy gingiva. Previous studies have shown a strong involvement of the basement membrane in the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Therefore, first, to identify the keratinized mucosa-specific basement membrane components, immunohistochemical analysis for the six alpha chains of type IV collagen was performed in 8-week-old mice. No difference in the expression pattern of type IV collagen α1(IV) and α2(IV) chains was observed in the keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa. Interestingly, however, type IV collagen α5(IV) and α6(IV) chains specifically were strongly detected in the keratinized mucosa. To analyze the functional roles of the type IV collagen isoform α6(IV) in oral mucosa keratinization, we analyzed Col4a6-knockout mice. Epithelial developmental delay and low levels of KRT10 were observed in new-born Col4a6-knockout mice. Additionally, in vitro experiments with loss-of function analysis using human gingival epithelial cells confirmed the important role of α6(IV) chain in epithelial keratinization. These findings indicate that α112:α556 (IV) network, which is the only network that includes the α6(IV) chain, is one regulator of KRT10 expression in keratinization of oral mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Komori
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Junji Ueda
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Ha Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Ha Thi Nguyen
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Aya Kimura-Ono
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Momota
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kenji Maekawa
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
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Ben Lagha A, LeBel G, Grenier D. Dual action of highbush blueberry proanthocyanidins on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the host inflammatory response. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:10. [PMID: 29321009 PMCID: PMC5763534 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) has a beneficial effect on several aspects of human health. The present study investigated the effects of highbush blueberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) on the virulence properties of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and macrophage-associated inflammatory responses. Methods PACs were isolated from frozen highbush blueberries using solid-phase chromatography. A microplate dilution assay was performed to determine the effect of highbush blueberry PACs on A. actinomycetemcomitans growth as well as biofilm formation stained with crystal violet. Tight junction integrity of oral keratinocytes was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), while macrophage viability was determined with a colorimetric MTT assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP secretion by A. actinomycetemcomitans-stimulated macrophages was quantified by ELISA. The U937-3xκB-LUC monocyte cell line transfected with a luciferase reporter gene was used to monitor NF-κB activation. Results Highbush blueberry PACs reduced the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and prevented biofilm formation at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The treatment of pre-formed biofilms with the PACs resulted in a loss of bacterial viability. The antibacterial activity of the PACs appeared to involve damage to the bacterial cell membrane. The PACs protected the oral keratinocytes barrier integrity from damage caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans. The PACs also protected macrophages from the deleterious effect of leukotoxin Ltx-A and dose-dependently inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8, TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-9), and sTREM-1 by A. actinomycetemcomitans-treated macrophages. The PACs also inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of highbush blueberry PACs as well as their ability to protect the oral keratinocyte barrier and neutralize leukotoxin activity suggest that they may be promising candidates as novel therapeutic agents.
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Rybakovsky E, Valenzano MC, Deis R, DiGuilio KM, Thomas S, Mullin JM. Improvement of Human-Oral-Epithelial-Barrier Function and of Tight Junctions by Micronutrients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10950-10958. [PMID: 29172516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The oral epithelium represents a major interface between an organism and its external environment. Improving this barrier at the molecular level can provide an organism added protection from microbial-based diseases. Barrier function of the Gie-3B11-human-gingival-epithelial-cell-culture model is enhanced by the micronutrients zinc, quercetin, retinoic acid, and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, as observed by a concentration-dependent increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and a decrease in transepithelial 14C-d-mannitol permeability. With this improvement of tight-junction (TJ)-barrier function (reduced leak) comes a pattern of micronutrient-induced changes in TJ claudin abundance that is specific to each individual micronutrient, along with changes in claudin subcellular localization. These micronutrients were effective not only when administered to both cell surfaces simultaneously but also when administered to the apical surface alone, the surface to which the micronutrients would be presented in routine clinical use. The biomedical implications of micronutrient enhancement of the oral-epithelial barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rybakovsky
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Mary Carmen Valenzano
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Rachael Deis
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Katherine M DiGuilio
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
| | - James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096 United States
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Ziauddin SM, Yoshimura A, Montenegro Raudales JL, Ozaki Y, Higuchi K, Ukai T, Kaneko T, Miyazaki T, Latz E, Hara Y. Crystalline structure of pulverized dental calculus induces cell death in oral epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:353-361. [PMID: 29159877 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dental calculus is a mineralized deposit attached to the tooth surface. We have shown that cellular uptake of dental calculus triggers nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, leading to the processing of the interleukin-1β precursor into its mature form in mouse and human phagocytes. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome also induced a lytic form of programmed cell death, pyroptosis, in these cells. However, the effects of dental calculus on other cell types in periodontal tissue have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether dental calculus can induce cell death in oral epithelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS HSC-2 human oral squamous carcinoma cells, HOMK107 human primary oral epithelial cells and immortalized mouse macrophages were exposed to dental calculus or 1 of its components, hydroxyapatite crystals. For inhibition assays, the cells were exposed to dental calculus in the presence or absence of cytochalasin D (endocytosis inhibitor), z-YVAD-fmk (caspase-1 inhibitor) or glyburide (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor). Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and staining with propidium iodide. Tumor necrosis factor-α production was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral epithelial barrier function was examined by permeability assay. RESULTS Dental calculus induced cell death in HSC-2 cells, as judged by LDH release and propidium iodide staining. Dental calculus also induced LDH release from HOMK107 cells. Following heat treatment, dental calculus lost its capacity to induce tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse macrophages, but could induce LDH release in HSC-2 cells, indicating a major role of inorganic components in cell death. Hydroxyapatite crystals also induced cell death in both HSC-2 and HOMK107 cells, as judged by LDH release, indicating the capacity of crystal particles to induce cell death. Cell death induced by dental calculus was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin D, z-YVAD-fmk and glyburide, indicating NLRP3 inflammasome involvement. In permeability assays, dental calculus attenuated the barrier function of HSC-2 cell monolayers. CONCLUSION Dental calculus induces pyroptotic cell death in human oral epithelial cells and the crystalline structure plays a major role in this process. Oral epithelial cell death induced by dental calculus might be important for the etiology of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ziauddin
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - J L Montenegro Raudales
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Y Ozaki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Higuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Ukai
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Kaneko
- Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - E Latz
- University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Y Hara
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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120
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Mechanical Barriers Restrict Invasion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 into Human Oral Mucosa. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01295-17. [PMID: 28878080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01295-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosa is one of the main target tissues of the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). How the virus overcomes the protective epithelial barriers and penetrates the tissue to reach its receptors and initiate infection is still unclear. Here, we established an ex vivo infection assay with human oral mucosa that allows viral entry studies in a natural target tissue. The focus was on the susceptibility of keratinocytes in the epithelium and the characterization of cellular receptors that mediate viral entry. Upon ex vivo infection of gingiva or vestibular mucosa, we observed that intact human mucosa samples were protected from viral invasion. In contrast, the basal layer of the oral epithelium was efficiently invaded once the connective tissue and the basement membrane were removed. Later during infection, HSV-1 spread from basal keratinocytes to upper layers, demonstrating the susceptibility of the stratified squamous epithelium to HSV-1. The analysis of potential receptors revealed nectin-1 on most mucosal keratinocytes, whereas herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) was found only on a subpopulation of cells, suggesting that nectin-1 acts as primary receptor for HSV-1 in human oral mucosa. To mimic the supposed entry route of HSV-1 via microlesions in vivo, we mechanically wounded the mucosa prior to infection. While we observed a limited number of infected keratinocytes in some wounded mucosa samples, other samples showed no infected cells. Thus, we conclude that mechanical wounding of mucosa is insufficient for the virus to efficiently overcome epithelial barriers and to make entry-mediating receptors accessible.IMPORTANCE To invade the target tissue of its human host during primary infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) must overcome the epithelial barriers of mucosa, skin, or cornea. For most viruses, the mechanisms underlying the invasion into the target tissues of their host organism are still open. Here, we established an ex vivo infection model of human oral mucosa to explore how HSV can enter its target tissue. Our results demonstrate that intact mucosa samples and even compromised tissue allow only very limited access of HSV to keratinocytes. Detailed understanding of barrier functions is an essential precondition to unravel how HSV bypasses the barriers and approaches its receptors in tissue and why it is beneficial for the virus to use a cell-cell adhesion molecule, such as nectin-1, as a receptor.
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Meyle J, Dommisch H, Groeger S, Giacaman RA, Costalonga M, Herzberg M. The innate host response in caries and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1215-1225. [PMID: 28727164 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity rapidly defends the host against infectious insults. These reactions are of limited specificity and exhaust without providing long-term protection. Functional fluids and effector molecules contribute to the defence against infectious agents, drive the immune response, and direct the cellular players. AIM To review the literature and present a summary of current knowledge about the function of tissues, cellular players and soluble mediators of innate immunity relevant to caries and periodontitis. METHODS Historical and recent literature was critically reviewed based on publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. RESULTS The innate immune response is vital to resistance against caries and periodontitis and rapidly attempts to protect against infectious agents in the dental hard and soft tissues. Soluble mediators include specialized proteins and lipids. They function to signal to immune and inflammatory cells, provide antimicrobial resistance, and also induce mechanisms for potential repair of damaged tissues. CONCLUSIONS Far less investigated than adaptive immunity, innate immune responses are an emerging scientific and therapeutic frontier. Soluble mediators of the innate response provide a network of signals to organize the near immediate molecular and cellular response to infection, including direct and immediate antimicrobial activity. Further studies in human disease and animal models are generally needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Giacaman
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEIES), University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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122
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Irani S. Orofacial Bacterial Infectious Diseases: An Update. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 7:S61-S67. [PMID: 29184830 PMCID: PMC5682706 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_290_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most of the oral infections with odontogenic origin are very common and can be treated by tooth extraction, endodontic therapy, or surgical treatment. Other infectious lesions are the manifestations of systemic diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis. Skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue, fascia, or muscle is also involved with infectious diseases which range from superficial epidermal infections to very serious necrotizing fasciitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus search was performed from 1980 to 2017. All related articles were analyzed. RESULTS Most oral infections have odontogenic origin. Skin and the underlying subcutaneous tissue, fascia, or muscles are also involved with infectious diseases which range from superficial epidermal infections to very serious necrotizing fasciitis. CONCLUSIONS These facts prove that the interaction between the oral cavity, face skin, and the other organs can risk the people's life. The establishment of a correct diagnosis and recognition of clinical findings are the crucial steps to support and improve professional orofacial health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soussan Irani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Research Center, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Buskermolen JK, Janus MM, Roffel S, Krom BP, Gibbs S. Saliva-Derived Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms in a Human Gingiva Model. J Dent Res 2017; 97:201-208. [PMID: 28892653 PMCID: PMC6429568 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models that closely mimic human host-microbiome interactions can be a
powerful screening tool for antimicrobials and will hold great potential for
drug validation and discovery. The aim of this study was to develop an
organotypic oral mucosa model that could be exposed to in vitro cultured
commensal and pathogenic biofilms in a standardized and scalable manner. The
oral mucosa model consisted of a tissue-engineered human gingiva equivalent
containing a multilayered differentiated gingiva epithelium (keratinocytes)
grown on a collagen hydrogel, containing gingiva fibroblasts, which represented
the lamina propria. Keratinocyte and fibroblast telomerase reverse
transcriptase–immortalized cell lines were used to overcome the limitations of
isolating cells from small biopsies when scalable culture experiments were
required. The oral biofilms were grown under defined conditions from human
saliva to represent 3 distinct phenotypes: commensal, gingivitis, and
cariogenic. The in vitro grown biofilms contained physiologic numbers of
bacterial species, averaging >70 operational taxonomic units, including 20
differentiating operational taxonomic units. When the biofilms were applied
topically to the gingiva equivalents for 24 h, the gingiva epithelium increased
its expression of elafin, a protease inhibitor and antimicrobial protein. This
increased elafin expression was observed as a response to all 3 biofilm types,
commensal as well as pathogenic (gingivitis and cariogenic). Biofilm exposure
also increased secretion of the antimicrobial cytokine CCL20 and inflammatory
cytokines IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2 from gingiva equivalents. This inflammatory
response was far greater after commensal biofilm exposure than after pathogenic
biofilm exposure. These results show that pathogenic oral biofilms have early
immune evasion properties as compared with commensal oral biofilms. The novel
host-microbiome model provides an ideal tool for future investigations of
gingiva responses to commensal and pathogenic biofilms and for testing novel
therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Buskermolen
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Janus
- 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Roffel
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B P Krom
- 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Gibbs
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Di Profio B, Villar CC, Saraiva L, Ortega KL, Pannuti CM. Is periodontitis a risk factor for infections in cirrhotic patients? Med Hypotheses 2017; 106:19-22. [PMID: 28818265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Di Profio
- Department of Estomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C C Villar
- Department of Estomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Saraiva
- Department of Estomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K L Ortega
- Department of Estomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Pannuti
- Department of Estomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in the structural and/or functional properties of the microbiome, is at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that affects a large proportion of the world's population and has been associated with a wide variety of systemic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Dysbiosis has been identified as a key element in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms and environmental signals that lead to the initiation of dysbiosis in the human microbiome are largely unknown. In a series of previous in vivo studies using metatranscriptomic analysis of periodontitis and its progression we identified several functional signatures that were highly associated with the disease. Among them, potassium ion transport appeared to be key in the process of pathogenesis. To confirm its importance we performed a series of in vitro experiments, in which we demonstrated that potassium levels a increased the virulence of the oral community as a whole and at the same time altering the immune response of gingival epithelium, increasing the production of TNF-α and reducing the expression of IL-6 and the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3). These results indicate that levels of potassium in the periodontal pocket could be an important element in of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. They are a starting point for the identification of key environmental signals that modify the behavior of the oral microbiome from a symbiotic community to a dysbiotic one. Homeostasis of the human microbiome plays a key role in maintaining the healthy status of the human body. Changes in composition and function of the human microbiome (dysbiosis) are at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. However, the environmental elements that trigger the development of dysbiotic diseases are largely unknown. In previous studies, using community-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified ion potassium transport as one of the most important functions in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and its progression. Here, we confirm with a series of in vitro experiments that potassium can act as an important signal in the dysbiotic process inducing pathogenesis in the oral microbiome and altering the host response in front of the microbial challenge that could lead to microbial immune subversion. Our study provides new insights into the important role that ion potassium plays a signal in oral dysbiosis during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yost
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Duran-Pinedo
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keerthana Krishnan
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meyle J, Chapple I. Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:7-17. [PMID: 26252398 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade of basic research in periodontology has driven radical changes in our understanding and perceptions of the pathogenic processes that drive periodontal tissue destruction. The core elements of the classical model of disease pathogenesis, developed by Page & Kornman in 1997, remain pertinent today; however, our understanding of the dynamic interactions between the various microbial and host factors has changed significantly. The molecular era has unraveled aspects of genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle and environmental factors that, in combination, influence biofilm composition and the host's inflammatory immune response, creating a heterogenic biological phenotype that we label as 'periodontitis'. In this volume of Periodontology 2000, experts in their respective fields discuss these emerging concepts, such as a health-promoting biofilm being essential for periodontal stability, involving a true symbiosis between resident microbial species and each other and also with the host response to that biofilm. Rather like the gut microbiome, changes in the local environment, which may include inflammatory response mediators or viruses, conspire to drive dysbiosis and create a biofilm that supports pathogenic species capable of propagating disease. The host response is now recognized as the major contributor to periodontal tissue damage in what becomes a dysfunctional, poorly targeted and nonresolving inflammation that only serves to nourish and sustain the dysbiosis. The role of epithelial cells in signaling to the immune system is becoming clearer, as is the role of dendritic cells as transporters of periodontal pathogens to distant sites within the body, namely metastatic infection. The involvement of nontraditional immune cells, such as natural killer cells, is being recognized, and the simple balance between T-helper 1- and T-helper 2-type T-cell populations has become less clear with the emergence of T-regulatory cells, T-helper 17 cells and follicular helper cells. The dominance of the neutrophil has emerged, not only as a potential destructor when poorly regulated but as an equally unpredictable effector cell for specific B-cell immunity. The latter has emerged, in part, from the realization that neutrophils live for 5.4 days in the circulation, rather than for 24 h, and are also schizophrenic in nature, being powerful synthesizers of proinflammatory cytokines but also responding to prostaglandin signals to trigger a switch to a pro-resolving phenotype that appears capable of regenerating the structure and function of healthy tissue. Key to these outcomes are the molecular signaling pathways that dominate at any one time, but even these are influenced by microRNAs capable of 'silencing' certain inflammatory genes. This volume of Periodontology 2000 tries to draw these complex new learnings into a contemporary model of disease pathogenesis, in which inflammation and dysbiosis impact upon whether the outcome is driven toward acute resolution and stability, chronic resolution and repair, or failed resolution and ongoing periodontal tissue destruction.
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Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. Black tea theaflavins attenuate Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence properties, modulate gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity and exert anti-inflammatory activity. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:458-470. [PMID: 27549582 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Over the last 10 years, bioactive plant food compounds have received considerable attention in regard to their beneficial effects against periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of black tea theaflavins (TFs) on the virulence properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity. In addition, the effects of black tea TFs on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and proinflammatory cytokine/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion by monocytes/macrophages were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Virulence factor gene expression in P. gingivalis was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. A fluorescence assay was used to determine P. gingivalis adherence to, and invasion of, a gingival keratinocyte monolayer. Tight junction integrity of gingival keratinocytes was assessed by determination of transepithelial electrical resistance. Proinflammatory cytokine and MMP secretion by P. gingivalis-stimulated macrophages was quantified by ELISA. The U937-3xκB-LUC monocyte cell line transfected with a luciferase reporter gene was used to monitor NF-κB activation. Gelatin degradation was monitored using a fluorogenic assay. RESULTS Black tea TFs dose-dependently inhibited the expression of genes encoding the major virulence factors of P. gingivalis and attenuated its adherence to gingival keratinocytes. A treatment of gingival keratinocytes with black tea TFs significantly enhanced tight junction integrity and prevented P. gingivalis-mediated tight junction damage as well as bacterial invasion. Black tea TFs reduced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 8, MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-9 by P. gingivalis-stimulated macrophages and attenuated the P. gingivalis-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Lastly, black tea TFs inhibited gelatin degradation by MMP-9. CONCLUSION This study provides clear evidence that black tea TFs represent promising multifunctional therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - D Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:387-398. [PMID: 27005450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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