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Khouri K, Xie DF, Crouzet C, Bahani AW, Cribbs DH, Fisher MJ, Choi B. Simple methodology to visualize whole-brain microvasculature in three dimensions. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025004. [PMID: 33884280 PMCID: PMC8056070 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: To explore brain architecture and pathology, a consistent and reliable methodology to visualize the three-dimensional cerebral microvasculature is beneficial. Perfusion-based vascular labeling is quick and easily deliverable. However, the quality of vascular labeling can vary with perfusion-based labels due to aggregate formation, leakage, rapid photobleaching, and incomplete perfusion. Aim: We describe a simple, two-day protocol combining perfusion-based labeling with a two-day clearing step that facilitates whole-brain, three-dimensional microvascular imaging and characterization. Approach: The combination of retro-orbital injection of Lectin-Dylight-649 to label the vasculature, the clearing process of a modified iDISCO+ protocol, and light-sheet imaging collectively enables a comprehensive view of the cerebrovasculature. Results: We observed ∼ threefold increase in contrast-to-background ratio of Lectin-Dylight-649 vascular labeling over endogenous green fluorescent protein fluorescence from a transgenic mouse model. With light-sheet microscopy, we demonstrate sharp visualization of cerebral microvasculature throughout the intact mouse brain. Conclusions: Our tissue preparation protocol requires fairly routine processing steps and is compatible with multiple types of optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiana Khouri
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Graduate Program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Danny F. Xie
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Christian Crouzet
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adrian W. Bahani
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - David H. Cribbs
- University of California, Irvine, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Mark J. Fisher
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Neurology, Orange, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Graduate Program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California, United States
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102
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Lee K, Lai HM, Soerensen MH, Hui ES, Ma VW, Cho WC, Ho Y, Chang RC. Optimised tissue clearing minimises distortion and destruction during tissue delipidation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:441-453. [PMID: 33107057 PMCID: PMC8048831 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A variety of tissue clearing techniques have been developed to render intact tissue transparent. For thicker samples, additional partial tissue delipidation is required before immersion into the final refractive index (RI)-matching solution, which alone is often inadequate to achieve full tissue transparency. However, it is difficult to determine a sufficient degree of tissue delipidation, excess of which can result in tissue distortion and protein loss. Here, we aim to develop a clearing strategy that allows better monitoring and more precise determination of delipidation progress. METHODS We combined the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) with OPTIClear, a RI-matching solution, to form a strategy termed Accurate delipidation with Optimal Clearing (Accu-OptiClearing). Accu-OptiClearing allows for a better preview of the final tissue transparency achieved when immersed in OPTIClear alone just before imaging. We assessed for the changes in clearing rate, protein loss, degree of tissue distortion, and preservation of antigens. RESULTS Partial delipidation using Accu-OptiClearing accelerated tissue clearing and better preserved tissue structure and antigens than delipidation with SDS alone. Despite achieving similar transparency in the final OPTIClear solution, more lipids were retained in samples cleared with Accu-OptiClearing compared to SDS. CONCLUSIONS Combining the RI-matching solution OPTIClear with detergents, Accu-OptiClearing, can avoid excessive delipidation, leading to accelerated tissue clearing, less tissue damage and better preserved antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krit Lee
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSchool of Biomedical SciencesLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- School of Biomedical SciencesLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Maja Hoejvang Soerensen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSchool of Biomedical SciencesLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Edward Sai‐Kam Hui
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Victor Wan‐San Ma
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalKowloon, Hong Kong SARChina
| | | | - Yuen‐Shan Ho
- School of NursingThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong SARChina
| | - Raymond Chuen‐Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSchool of Biomedical SciencesLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong SARChina
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103
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Zhan Y, Wu H, Liu L, Lin J, Zhang S. Organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques and their applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000413. [PMID: 33715302 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the true structure of tissues and organs with tissue slicing technology is difficult since images reconstructed in three dimensions are easily distorted. To address the limitations in tissue slicing technology, tissue clearing has been invented and has recently achieved significant progress in three-dimensional imaging. Currently, this technology can mainly be divided into two types: aqueous clearing methods and solvent-based clearing methods. As one of the important parts of this technology, organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques have been widely applied because of their efficient clearing speed and high clearing intensity. This review introduces the primary organic solvent-based tissue clearing techniques and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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104
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Roostalu U, Thisted L, Skytte JL, Salinas CG, Pedersen PJ, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Rolin B, Hansen HH, MacKrell JG, Christie RM, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Zois NE. Effect of captopril on post-infarction remodelling visualized by light sheet microscopy and echocardiography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5241. [PMID: 33664407 PMCID: PMC7933438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, among them captopril, improve survival following myocardial infarction (MI). The mechanisms of captopril action remain inadequately understood due to its diverse effects on multiple signalling pathways at different time periods following MI. Here we aimed to establish the role of captopril in late-stage post-MI remodelling. Left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation or sham surgery was carried out in male C57BL/6J mice. Seven days post-surgery LAD ligated mice were allocated to daily vehicle or captopril treatment continued over four weeks. To provide comprehensive characterization of the changes in mouse heart following MI a 3D light sheet imaging method was established together with automated image analysis workflow. The combination of echocardiography and light sheet imaging enabled to assess cardiac function and the underlying morphological changes. We show that delayed captopril treatment does not affect infarct size but prevents left ventricle dilation and hypertrophy, resulting in improved ejection fraction. Quantification of lectin perfused blood vessels showed improved vascular density in the infarct border zone in captopril treated mice in comparison to vehicle dosed control mice. These results validate the applicability of combined echocardiographic and light sheet assessment of drug mode of action in preclinical cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmas Roostalu
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bidda Rolin
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - James G MacKrell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert M Christie
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jacob Jelsing
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11, B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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105
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Kim MS, Ahn JH, Mo JE, Song HY, Cheon D, Yoo SH, Choi HJ. Optimizing tissue clearing and imaging methods for human brain tissue. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211001729. [PMID: 33771067 PMCID: PMC8166401 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify optimum sample conditions for human brains, we compared the clearing efficiency, antibody staining efficiency, and artifacts between fresh and cadaver samples. METHODS Fresh and cadaver samples were cleared using X-CLARITY™. Clearing efficiency and artifact levels were calculated using ImageJ, and antibody staining efficiency was evaluated after confocal microscopy imaging. Three staining methods were compared: 4-day staining (4DS), 11-day staining (11DS), and 4-day staining with a commercial kit (4DS-C). The optimum staining method was then selected by evaluating staining time, depth, method complexity, contamination, and cost. RESULTS Fresh samples outperformed cadaver samples in terms of the time and quality of clearing, artifacts, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining efficiency, but had a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining efficiency that was similar to that of cadaver samples. The penetration depth and DAPI staining improved in fresh samples as the incubation period lengthened. 4DS-C was the best method, with the deepest penetration. Human brain images containing blood vessels, cell nuclei, and astrocytes were visualized three-dimensionally. The chemical dye staining depth reached 800 µm and immunostaining depth exceeded 200 µm in 4 days. CONCLUSIONS We present optimized sample preparation and staining protocols for the visualization of three-dimensional macrostructure in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Ho Ahn
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Mo
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Song
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deokhyeon Cheon
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Yoo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project Team, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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106
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Molbay M, Kolabas ZI, Todorov MI, Ohn T, Ertürk A. A guidebook for DISCO tissue clearing. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9807. [PMID: 33769689 PMCID: PMC7995442 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological analysis of biological tissues by mechanical sectioning is significantly time-consuming and error-prone due to loss of important information during sample slicing. In the recent years, the development of tissue clearing methods overcame several of these limitations and allowed exploring intact biological specimens by rendering tissues transparent and subsequently imaging them by laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. In this review, we provide a guide for scientists who would like to perform a clearing protocol from scratch without any prior knowledge, with an emphasis on DISCO clearing protocols, which have been widely used not only due to their robustness, but also owing to their relatively straightforward application. We discuss diverse tissue-clearing options and propose solutions for several possible pitfalls. Moreover, after surveying more than 30 researchers that employ tissue clearing techniques in their laboratories, we compiled the most frequently encountered issues and propose solutions. Overall, this review offers an informative and detailed guide through the growing literature of tissue clearing and can help with finding the easiest way for hands-on implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Molbay
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM)Helmholtz CenterNeuherberg, MunichGermany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Medical Research School (MMRS)MunichGermany
| | - Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM)Helmholtz CenterNeuherberg, MunichGermany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Graduate School for Systemic Neurosciences (GSN)MunichGermany
| | - Mihail Ivilinov Todorov
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM)Helmholtz CenterNeuherberg, MunichGermany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Graduate School for Systemic Neurosciences (GSN)MunichGermany
| | - Tzu‐Lun Ohn
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM)Helmholtz CenterNeuherberg, MunichGermany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM)Helmholtz CenterNeuherberg, MunichGermany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchKlinikum der Universität MünchenLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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107
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Epigenetics and Communication Mechanisms in Microglia Activation with a View on Technological Approaches. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020306. [PMID: 33670563 PMCID: PMC7923060 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role for the proper brain development and function and in CNS homeostasis. While in physiological conditions, microglia continuously check the state of brain parenchyma, in pathological conditions, microglia can show different activated phenotypes: In the early phases, microglia acquire the M2 phenotype, increasing phagocytosis and releasing neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors. In advanced phases, they acquire the M1 phenotype, becoming neurotoxic and contributing to neurodegeneration. Underlying this phenotypic change, there is a switch in the expression of specific microglial genes, in turn modulated by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications and activity of miRNAs. New roles are attributed to microglial cells, including specific communication with neurons, both through direct cell–cell contact and by release of many different molecules, either directly or indirectly, through extracellular vesicles. In this review, recent findings on the bidirectional interaction between neurons and microglia, in both physiological and pathological conditions, are highlighted, with a focus on the complex field of microglia immunomodulation through epigenetic mechanisms and/or released factors. In addition, advanced technologies used to study these mechanisms, such as microfluidic, 3D culture and in vivo imaging, are presented.
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108
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Rybin MJ, Ivan ME, Ayad NG, Zeier Z. Organoid Models of Glioblastoma and Their Role in Drug Discovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:605255. [PMID: 33613198 PMCID: PMC7892608 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.605255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating adult brain cancer with high rates of recurrence and treatment resistance. Cellular heterogeneity and extensive invasion of surrounding brain tissues are characteristic features of GBM that contribute to its intractability. Current GBM model systems do not recapitulate some of the complex features of GBM and have not produced sufficiently-effective treatments. This has cast doubt on the effectiveness of current GBM models and drug discovery paradigms. In search of alternative pre-clinical GBM models, various 3D organoid-based GBM model systems have been developed using human cells. The scalability of these systems and potential to more accurately model characteristic features of GBM, provide promising new avenues for pre-clinical GBM research and drug discovery efforts. Here, we review the current suite of organoid-GBM models, their individual strengths and weaknesses, and discuss their future applications with an emphasis on compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rybin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael E. Ivan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nagi G. Ayad
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zane Zeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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109
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Tian T, Yang Z, Li X. Tissue clearing technique: Recent progress and biomedical applications. J Anat 2021; 238:489-507. [PMID: 32939792 PMCID: PMC7812135 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are inherently three dimensional, thus comprehensive understanding of the complicated biological system requires analysis of organs or even whole bodies in the context of three dimensions. However, this is a tremendous task since the biological specimens are naturally opaque, a major obstacle in whole-body and whole-organ imaging. Tissue clearing technique provides a prospective solution and has become a powerful tool for three-dimensional imaging and quantification of organisms. Tissue clearing technique aims to make tissue transparent by minimizing light scattering and light absorption, thus allowing deep imaging of large volume samples. When combined with diverse molecular labeling methods and high-throughput optical sectioning microscopes, tissue clearing technique enables whole-body and whole-organ imaging at cellular or subcellular resolution, providing detailed and comprehensive information about the intact biological systems. Here, we give an overview of recent progress and biomedical applications of tissue clearing technique. We introduce the mechanisms and basic principles of tissue clearing, and summarize the current tissue clearing methods. Moreover, the available imaging techniques and software packages for data processing are also presented. Finally, we introduce the recent advances in applications of tissue clearing in biomedical fields. Tissue clearing contributes to the investigation of structure-function relationships in intact mammalian organs, and opens new avenues for cellular and molecular mapping of intact human organs. We hope this review contributes to a better understanding of tissue clearing technique and can help researchers to select the best-suited clearing protocol for their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
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110
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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111
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Fang C, Yu T, Chu T, Feng W, Zhao F, Wang X, Huang Y, Li Y, Wan P, Mei W, Zhu D, Fei P. Minutes-timescale 3D isotropic imaging of entire organs at subcellular resolution by content-aware compressed-sensing light-sheet microscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:107. [PMID: 33398061 PMCID: PMC7782498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid 3D imaging of entire organs and organisms at cellular resolution is a recurring challenge in life science. Here we report on a computational light-sheet microscopy able to achieve minute-timescale high-resolution mapping of entire macro-scale organs. Through combining a dual-side confocally-scanned Bessel light-sheet illumination which provides thinner-and-wider optical sectioning of deep tissues, with a content-aware compressed sensing (CACS) computation pipeline which further improves the contrast and resolution based on a single acquisition, our approach yields 3D images with high, isotropic spatial resolution and rapid acquisition over two-order-of-magnitude faster than conventional 3D microscopy implementations. We demonstrate the imaging of whole brain (~400 mm3), entire gastrocnemius and tibialis muscles (~200 mm3) of mouse at ultra-high throughput of 5~10 min per sample and post-improved subcellular resolution of ~ 1.5 μm (0.5-μm iso-voxel size). Various system-level cellular analyses, such as mapping cell populations at different brain sub-regions, tracing long-distance projection neurons over the entire brain, and calculating neuromuscular junction occupancy across whole muscle, are also readily accomplished by our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Fang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Chu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyang Feng
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Britton Chance center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
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112
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Bragin D, Bragina O, Yang Y, Abdurashitov A, Esmat A, Khorovodov A, Terskov A, Klimova M, Agranovich I, Blokhina I, Shirokov A, Navolokin N, Tuchin V, Kurths J. Mechanisms of Sound-Induced Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:197-202. [PMID: 33966217 PMCID: PMC9131853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge for drug delivery to the brain. The limitations of our knowledge about the nature of BBB explain the slow progress in the therapy of brain diseases and absence of methods for drug delivery to the brain in clinical practice. Here, we show that the BBB opens for high-molecular-weight compounds after exposure to loud sound (100 dB 370 Hz) in rats. The role of stress induced by loud sound and the systemic and molecular mechanisms behind it are discussed in the framework of the BBB. This opens an informative platform for novel fundamental knowledge about the nature of BBB and for the development of a noninvasive brain drug delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology andNeurosurgery, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - O Bragina
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Y Yang
- University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - A Esmat
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | | | - A Terskov
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - M Klimova
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | | | - I Blokhina
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A Shirokov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
| | - N Navolokin
- Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - V Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - J Kurths
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Humboldt University, Physics Department, Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
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113
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Liang X, Luo H. Optical Tissue Clearing: Illuminating Brain Function and Dysfunction. Theranostics 2021; 11:3035-3051. [PMID: 33537072 PMCID: PMC7847687 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technology has been developing rapidly in the past decade due to advances in microscopy equipment and various labeling techniques. Consistent modification of primary methods for optical tissue transparency has allowed observation of the whole mouse body at single-cell resolution or thick tissue slices at the nanoscale level, with the final aim to make intact primate and human brains or thick human brain tissues optically transparent. Optical clearance combined with flexible large-volume tissue labeling technology can not only preserve the anatomical structure but also visualize multiple molecular information from intact samples in situ. It also provides a new strategy for studying complex tissues, which is of great significance for deciphering the functional structure of healthy brains and the mechanisms of neurological pathologies. In this review, we briefly introduce the existing optical clearing technology and discuss its application in deciphering connection and structure, brain development, and brain diseases. Besides, we discuss the standard computational analysis tools for large-scale imaging dataset processing and information extraction. In general, we hope that this review will provide a valuable reference for researchers who intend to use optical clearing technology in studying the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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114
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Esmat A, Bragin D, Bragina O, Shirokov AA, Navolokin N, Yang Y, Abdurashitov A, Khorovodov A, Terskov A, Klimova M, Mamedova A, Fedosov I, Tuchin V, Kurths J. Phenomenon of music-induced opening of the blood-brain barrier in healthy mice. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202337. [PMID: 33323086 PMCID: PMC7779516 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Music plays a more important role in our life than just being an entertainment. For example, it can be used as an anti-anxiety therapy of human and animals. However, the unsafe listening of loud music triggers hearing loss in millions of young people and professional musicians (rock, jazz and symphony orchestra) owing to exposure to damaging sound levels using personal audio devices or at noisy entertainment venues including nightclubs, discotheques, bars and concerts. Therefore, it is important to understand how loud music affects us. In this pioneering study on healthy mice, we discover that loud rock music below the safety threshold causes opening of the blood-brain barrier (OBBB), which plays a vital role in protecting the brain from viruses, bacteria and toxins. We clearly demonstrate that listening to loud music during 2 h in an intermittent adaptive regime is accompanied by delayed (1 h after music exposure) and short-lasting to (during 1-4 h) OBBB to low and high molecular weight compounds without cochlear and brain impairments. We present the systemic and molecular mechanisms responsible for music-induced OBBB. Finally, a revision of our traditional knowledge about the BBB nature and the novel strategies in optimizing of sound-mediated methods for brain drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - A. Esmat
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - D. Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - O. Bragina
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - A. A. Shirokov
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russian Federation
| | - N. Navolokin
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Saratov State Medical University, Bolshaya Kazachaya Strasse 112, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Y. Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - A. Abdurashitov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - A. Khorovodov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - A. Terskov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - M. Klimova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - A. Mamedova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - I. Fedosov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - V. Tuchin
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin's Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of RAS, Rabochaya Strasse 24, Saratov 410028, Russia
| | - J. Kurths
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Strasse 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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115
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Zhou C, Zheng T, Luo T, Yan C, Sun Q, Ren M, Zhao P, Chen W, Ji B, Wang Z, Li A, Gong H, Li X. Continuous imaging of large-volume tissues with a machinable optical clearing method at subcellular resolution. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:7132-7149. [PMID: 33408985 PMCID: PMC7747903 DOI: 10.1364/boe.405801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical clearing methods are widely used for three-dimensional biological information acquisition in the whole organ. However, the imaging quality of cleared tissues is often limited by ununiformed tissue clearing. By combining tissue clearing with mechanical sectioning based whole organ imaging system, we can reduce the influence of light scattering and absorption on the tissue to get isotropic and high resolution in both superficial and deep layers. However, it remains challenging for optical cleared biological tissue to maintain good sectioning property. Here, we developed a clearing method named M-CUBIC (machinable CUBIC), which combined a modified CUBIC method with PNAGA (poly-N-acryloyl glycinamide) hydrogel embedding to transparentize tissue while improving its sectioning property. With high-throughput light-sheet tomography platform (HLTP) and fluorescent micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST), we acquired continuous datasets with subcellular resolution from intact mouse brains for single neuron tracing, as well as the fine vascular structure of kidneys. This method can be used to acquire microstructures of multiple types of biological organs with subcellular resolutions, which can facilitate biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhou
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ting Zheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ting Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingtao Sun
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bingqing Ji
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou 215123, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou 215123, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou 215123, China
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116
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Tuchina DK, Meerovich IG, Sindeeva OA, Zherdeva VV, Savitsky AP, Bogdanov AA, Tuchin VV. Magnetic resonance contrast agents in optical clearing: Prospects for multimodal tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960249. [PMID: 32687263 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin optical clearing effect ex vivo and in vivo was achieved by topical application of low molecular weight paramagnetic magnetic resonance contrast agents. This novel feature has not been explored before. By using collimated transmittance the diffusion coefficients of three clinically used magnetic resonance contrast agents, that is Gadovist, Magnevist and Dotarem as well as X-ray contrast agent Visipaque in mouse skin were determined ex vivo as (4.29 ± 0.39) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (5.00 ± 0.72) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (3.72 ± 0.67) × 10-7 cm2 /s and (1.64 ± 0.18) × 10-7 cm2 /s, respectively. The application of gadobutrol (Gadovist) resulted in efficient optical clearing that in general, was superior to other contrast agents tested and allowed to achieve: (a) more than 12-fold increase of transmittance over 10 minutes after application ex vivo; (b) markedly improved images of skin architecture obtained with optical coherence tomography; (c) an increase of the fluorescence intensity/background ratio in TagRFP-red fluorescent marker protein expressing tumor by five times after 15 minutes application into the skin in vivo. The obtained results have immediate implications for multimodality imaging because many contrast agents are capable of simultaneously enhancing the contrast of multiple imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria K Tuchina
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina G Meerovich
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victoria V Zherdeva
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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117
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Sabdyusheva Litschauer I, Becker K, Saghafi S, Ballke S, Bollwein C, Foroughipour M, Gaugeler J, Foroughipour M, Schavelová V, László V, Döme B, Brostjan C, Weichert W, Dodt HU. 3D histopathology of human tumours by fast clearing and ultramicroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17619. [PMID: 33077794 PMCID: PMC7572501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel approach that allows pathologists to three-dimensionally analyse malignant tissues, including the tumour-host tissue interface. Our visualization technique utilizes a combination of ultrafast chemical tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy to obtain virtual slices and 3D reconstructions of up to multiple centimetre sized tumour resectates. For the clearing of tumours we propose a preparation technique comprising three steps: (a) Fixation and enhancement of tissue autofluorescence with formalin/5-sulfosalicylic acid. (b) Ultrafast active chemical dehydration with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and (c) refractive index matching with dibenzyl ether at up to 56 °C. After clearing, the tumour resectates are imaged. The images are computationally post-processed for contrast enhancement and artefact removal and then 3D reconstructed. Importantly, the sequence a–c is fully reversible, allowing the morphological correlation of one and the same histological structures, once visualized with our novel technique and once visualized by standard H&E- and IHC-staining. After reverting the clearing procedure followed by standard H&E processing, the hallmarks of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) found in the cleared samples could be successfully correlated with the corresponding structures present in H&E and IHC staining. Since the imaging of several thousands of optical sections is a fast process, it is possible to analyse a larger part of the tumour than by mechanical slicing. As this also adds further information about the 3D structure of malignancies, we expect that our technology will become a valuable addition for histological diagnosis in clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Sabdyusheva Litschauer
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaus Becker
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saiedeh Saghafi
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Ballke
- Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Bollwein
- Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meraaj Foroughipour
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Gaugeler
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massih Foroughipour
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktória Schavelová
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktória László
- Department of Surgery, Anna Spiegel Center of Translational Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Döme
- Department of Surgery, Anna Spiegel Center of Translational Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Anna Spiegel Center of Translational Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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118
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Sun Q, Picascia T, Khan AUM, Brenna C, Heuveline V, Schmaus A, Sleeman JP, Gretz N. Application of ethyl cinnamate based optical tissue clearing and expansion microscopy combined with retrograde perfusion for 3D lung imaging. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:393-408. [PMID: 33043719 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1829183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3 D imaging of the lung is not a trivial undertaking as during preparation the lung may collapse. Also serial sections and scans followed by 3 D reconstruction may lead to artifacts. The present study aims to figure out the best way to perform 3 D imaging in lung research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied an optical tissue clearing (OTC) method, which uses ethyl cinnamate (ECi) as a fast, nontoxic and cheap clearing solvent, for 3 D imaging of retrograde perfused lungs by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We also introduced expansion microscopy (ExM), a cutting-edge technique, in 3 D imaging of lungs. We examined and compared the usefulness of these techniques for 3 D lung imaging. The ExM protocol was further extended to paraffin-embedded lung metastases blocks. RESULTS The MHI148-PEI labeled lung vasculature was visualized by retrograde perfusion combined with trachea ligation and ECi based OTC. As compared with trans-cardiac perfusion, the retrograde perfusion results in a better maintenance of lung morphology. 3 D structure of alveoli, vascular branches and cilia in lung were revealed by immunofluorescence staining after ExM. 3 D distribution of microvasculature and neutrophil cells in 10 years old paraffin-embedded lung metastases were analyzed by ExM. CONCLUSIONS The retrograde perfusion combined with trachea ligation technique could be applied in the lung research in mice. 3 D structure of lung vasculature can be visualized by MHI148-PEI perfusion and ECi based OTC in an efficient way. ExM and immunofluorescence staining protocol is highly recommended to perform 3 D imaging of fresh fixed lung as well as paraffin-embedded lung blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Sun
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tiziana Picascia
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arif Ul Maula Khan
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Heuveline
- Director of the Computing Centre, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Schmaus
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, CBTM, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, CBTM, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg, and University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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119
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Wang P, Zhang D, Bai S, Tao B, Li S, Wang T, Shang A. Feasibility of commonly used fluorescent dyes and viral tracers in aqueous and solvent-based tissue clearing. Neurosci Lett 2020; 737:135301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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120
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Carrier M, Robert MÈ, González Ibáñez F, Desjardins M, Tremblay MÈ. Imaging the Neuroimmune Dynamics Across Space and Time. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:903. [PMID: 33071723 PMCID: PMC7539119 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential for maintaining homeostasis, as well as promoting growth and healing throughout the brain and body. Considering that immune cells respond rapidly to changes in their microenvironment, they are very difficult to study without affecting their structure and function. The advancement of non-invasive imaging methods greatly contributed to elucidating the physiological roles performed by immune cells in the brain across stages of the lifespan and contexts of health and disease. For instance, techniques like two-photon in vivo microscopy were pivotal for studying microglial functional dynamics in the healthy brain. Through these observations, their interactions with neurons, astrocytes, blood vessels and synapses were uncovered. High-resolution electron microscopy with immunostaining and 3D-reconstruction, as well as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, provided complementary insights by revealing microglial interventions at synapses (phagocytosis, trogocytosis, synaptic stripping, etc.). In addition, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy has provided the first 3D reconstruction of a microglial cell at nanoscale resolution. This review will discuss the technical toolbox that currently allows to study microglia and other immune cells in the brain, as well as introduce emerging methods that were developed and could be used to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of neuroimmune imaging. A special attention will also be placed on positron emission tomography and the development of selective functional radiotracers for microglia and peripheral macrophages, considering their strong potential for research translation between animals and humans, notably when paired with other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Robert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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121
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Tian T, Li X. Applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4019-4036. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing China
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122
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Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M. Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101432. [PMID: 32805648 PMCID: PMC7452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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123
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Konno A, Matsumoto N, Tomono Y, Okazaki S. Pathological application of carbocyanine dye-based multicolour imaging of vasculature and associated structures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12613. [PMID: 32724051 PMCID: PMC7387484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous visualisation of vasculature and surrounding tissue structures is essential for a better understanding of vascular pathologies. In this work, we describe a histochemical strategy for three-dimensional, multicolour imaging of vasculature and associated structures, using a carbocyanine dye-based technique, vessel painting. We developed a series of applications to allow the combination of vessel painting with other histochemical methods, including immunostaining and tissue clearing for confocal and two-photon microscopies. We also introduced a two-photon microscopy setup that incorporates an aberration correction system to correct aberrations caused by the mismatch of refractive indices between samples and immersion mediums, for higher-quality images of intact tissue structures. Finally, we demonstrate the practical utility of our approach by visualising fine pathological alterations to the renal glomeruli of IgA nephropathy model mice in unprecedented detail. The technical advancements should enhance the versatility of vessel painting, offering rapid and cost-effective methods for vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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124
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Klouda T, Condon D, Hao Y, Tian W, Lvova M, Chakraborty A, Nicolls MR, Zhou X, Raby BA, Yuan K. From 2D to 3D: Promising Advances in Imaging Lung Structure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:343. [PMID: 32766264 PMCID: PMC7381109 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate structure of murine lungs poses many challenges for acquiring high-quality images that truly represent the living lung. Here, we describe several optimized procedures for obtaining and imaging murine lung tissue. Compared to traditional paraffin cross-section and optimal cutting temperature (OCT), agarose-inflated vibratome sections (aka precision-cut lung slices), combines comparable structural preservation with experimental flexibility. In particular, we discuss an optimized procedure to precision-cut lung slices that can be used to visualize three-dimensional cell-cell interactions beyond the limitations of two-dimensional imaging. Super-resolution microscopy can then be used to reveal the fine structure of lung tissue's cellular bodies and processes that regular confocal cannot. Lastly, we evaluate the entire lung vasculature with clearing technology that allows imaging of the entire volume of the lung without sectioning. In this manuscript, we combine the above procedures to create a novel and evolutionary method to study cell behavior ex vivo, trace and reconstruct pulmonary vasculature, address fundamental questions relevant to a wide variety of vascular disorders, and perceive implications to better imaging clinical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Klouda
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Condon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allery and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yuan Hao
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wen Tian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allery and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Lvova
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ananya Chakraborty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allery and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary, Allery and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Raby
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ke Yuan
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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125
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Liu CY, Polk DB. Cellular maps of gastrointestinal organs: getting the most from tissue clearing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G1-G10. [PMID: 32421359 PMCID: PMC7468759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern methods to induce optical transparency ("clearing") in biological tissues has enabled the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of intact organs at cellular resolution. New capabilities in visualization of rare cellular events, long-range interactions, and irregular structures will facilitate novel studies in the alimentary tract and gastrointestinal systems. The tubular geometry of the alimentary tract facilitates large-scale cellular reconstruction of cleared tissue without specialized microscopy setups. However, with the rapid pace of development of clearing agents and current relative paucity of research groups in the gastrointestinal field using these techniques, it can be daunting to incorporate tissue clearing into experimental workflows. Here, we give some advice and describe our own experience bringing tissue clearing and whole mount reconstruction into our laboratory's investigations. We present a brief overview of the chemical concepts that underpin tissue clearing, what sorts of questions whole mount imaging can answer, how to choose a clearing agent, an example of how to clear and image alimentary tissue, and what to do after obtaining the image. This short review will encourage other gastrointestinal researchers to consider how utilizing tissue clearing and creating 3D "maps" of tissue might deepen the impact of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrian Y. Liu
- 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Saban Research Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - D. Brent Polk
- 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Saban Research Institute Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,2Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
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126
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Pavlov AN, Dubrovsky AI, Koronovskii AA, Pavlova ON, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Kurths J. Extended detrended fluctuation analysis of electroencephalograms signals during sleep and the opening of the blood-brain barrier. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:073138. [PMID: 32752608 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is widely used to characterize long-range power-law correlations in complex signals. However, it has restrictions when nonstationarity is not limited only to slow variations in the mean value. To improve the characterization of inhomogeneous datasets, we have proposed the extended DFA (EDFA), which is a modification of the conventional method that evaluates an additional scaling exponent to take into account the features of time-varying nonstationary behavior. Based on EDFA, here, we analyze rat electroencephalograms to identify specific changes in the slow-wave dynamics of brain electrical activity associated with two different conditions, such as the opening of the blood-brain barrier and sleep, which are both characterized by the activation of the brain drainage function. We show that these conditions cause a similar reduction in the scaling exponents of EDFA. Such a similarity may represent an informative marker of fluid homeostasis of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Pavlov
- Department of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - A I Dubrovsky
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Koronovskii
- Department of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - O N Pavlova
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | | | - J Kurths
- Deparatment of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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127
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Matryba P, Wolny A, Pawłowska M, Sosnowska A, Rydzyńska Z, Jasiński M, Stefaniuk M, Gołąb J. Tissue clearing-based method for unobstructed three-dimensional imaging of mouse penis with subcellular resolution. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000072. [PMID: 32352207 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although mice are widely used to elucidate factors contributing to penile disorders and develop treatment options, quantification of tissue changes upon intervention is either limited to minuscule tissue volume (histology) or acquired with limited spatial resolution (MRI/CT). Thus, imaging method suitable for expeditious acquisition of the entire mouse penis with subcellular resolution is described that relies on both aqueous- (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) and solvent-based (fluorescence-preserving capability imaging of solvent-cleared organs) tissue optical clearing (TOC). The combined TOC approach allows to image mouse penis innervation and vasculature with unprecedented detail and, for the first time, reveals the three-dimensional structure of murine penis fibrocartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wolny
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rydzyńska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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128
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Tan Y, Chiam CPL, Zhang Y, Tey HL, Ng LG. Research Techniques Made Simple: Optical Clearing and Three-Dimensional Volumetric Imaging of Skin Biopsies. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1305-1314.e1. [PMID: 32571496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin histology is traditionally carried out using two-dimensional tissue sections, which allows for rapid staining, but these sections cannot accurately represent three-dimensional structures in skin such as nerves, vasculature, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Although it may be ideal to image skin in a three-dimensional manner, it is technically challenging to image deep into tissue because of light scattering from collagen fibrils in the dermis and refractive index mismatch owing to the presence of differing biological materials such as cytoplasm, and lipids in the skin. Different optical clearing methods have been developed recently, making it possible to render tissues transparent using different approaches. Here, we discuss the steps involved in tissue preparation for three-dimensional volumetric imaging and provide a brief overview of the different optical clearing methods as well as different imaging modalities for three-dimensional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrou Tan
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Carolyn Pei Lyn Chiam
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.
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129
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Jacquemet G, Carisey AF, Hamidi H, Henriques R, Leterrier C. The cell biologist's guide to super-resolution microscopy. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/11/jcs240713. [PMID: 32527967 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has become a ubiquitous method to observe the location of specific molecular components within cells. However, the resolution of light microscopy is limited by the laws of diffraction to a few hundred nanometers, blurring most cellular details. Over the last two decades, several techniques - grouped under the 'super-resolution microscopy' moniker - have been designed to bypass this limitation, revealing the cellular organization down to the nanoscale. The number and variety of these techniques have steadily increased, to the point that it has become difficult for cell biologists and seasoned microscopists alike to identify the specific technique best suited to their needs. Available techniques include image processing strategies that generate super-resolved images, optical imaging schemes that overcome the diffraction limit and sample manipulations that expand the size of the biological sample. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide key pointers to help users navigate through the various super-resolution methods by briefly summarizing the principles behind each technique, highlighting both critical strengths and weaknesses, as well as providing example images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street, Houston 77030 TX, USA
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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130
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Zhu J, Yu T, Li Y, Xu J, Qi Y, Yao Y, Ma Y, Wan P, Chen Z, Li X, Gong H, Luo Q, Zhu D. MACS: Rapid Aqueous Clearing System for 3D Mapping of Intact Organs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903185. [PMID: 32328422 PMCID: PMC7175264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing techniques have provided important tools for large-volume imaging. Aqueous-based clearing methods are known for good fluorescence preservation and scalable size maintenance, but are limited by long incubation time, insufficient clearing performance, or requirements for specialized devices. Additionally, few clearing methods are compatible with widely used lipophilic dyes while maintaining high clearing performance. Here, to address these issues, m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) is firstly introduced into tissue clearing and used to develop a rapid, highly efficient aqueous clearing method with robust lipophilic dyes compatibility, termed MXDA-based Aqueous Clearing System (MACS). MACS can render whole adult brains highly transparent within 2.5 days and is also applicable for other intact organs. Meanwhile, MACS possesses ideal compatibility with multiple probes, especially for lipophilic dyes. MACS achieves 3D imaging of the intact neural structures labeled by various techniques. Combining MACS with DiI labeling, MACS allows reconstruction of the detailed vascular structures of various organs and generates 3D pathology of glomeruli tufts in healthy and diabetic kidneys. Therefore, MACS provides a useful method for 3D mapping of intact tissues and is expected to facilitate morphological, physiological, and pathological studies of various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yisong Qi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yingtao Yao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yilin Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Peng Wan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
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131
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Fluorescence microscopy tensor imaging representations for large-scale dataset analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5632. [PMID: 32221334 PMCID: PMC7101442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex biological systems requires the system-wide characterization of cellular and molecular features. Recent advances in optical imaging technologies and chemical tissue clearing have facilitated the acquisition of whole-organ imaging datasets, but automated tools for their quantitative analysis and visualization are still lacking. We have here developed a visualization technique capable of providing whole-organ tensor imaging representations of local regional descriptors based on fluorescence data acquisition. This method enables rapid, multiscale, analysis and virtualization of large-volume, high-resolution complex biological data while generating 3D tractographic representations. Using the murine heart as a model, our method allowed us to analyze and interrogate the cardiac microvasculature and the tissue resident macrophage distribution and better infer and delineate the underlying structural network in unprecedented detail.
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132
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Miyawaki T, Morikawa S, Susaki EA, Nakashima A, Takeuchi H, Yamaguchi S, Ueda HR, Ikegaya Y. Visualization and molecular characterization of whole-brain vascular networks with capillary resolution. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1104. [PMID: 32107377 PMCID: PMC7046771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural elucidation and molecular scrutiny of cerebral vasculature is crucial for understanding the functions and diseases of the brain. Here, we introduce SeeNet, a method for near-complete three-dimensional visualization of cerebral vascular networks with high signal-to-noise ratios compatible with molecular phenotyping. SeeNet employs perfusion of a multifunctional crosslinker, vascular casting by temperature-controlled polymerization of hybrid hydrogels, and a bile salt-based tissue-clearing technique optimized for observation of vascular connectivity. SeeNet is capable of whole-brain visualization of molecularly characterized cerebral vasculatures at the single-microvessel level. Moreover, SeeNet reveals a hitherto unidentified vascular pathway bridging cerebral and hippocampal vessels, thus serving as a potential tool to evaluate the connectivity of cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Miyawaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shota Morikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ai Nakashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Social Cooperation Program of Evolutional Chemical Safety Assessment System, LECSAS, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Yamaguchi
- Department of Morphological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
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133
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Nie J, Liu S, Yu T, Li Y, Ping J, Wan P, Zhao F, Huang Y, Mei W, Zeng S, Zhu D, Fei P. Fast, 3D Isotropic Imaging of Whole Mouse Brain Using Multiangle-Resolved Subvoxel SPIM. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901891. [PMID: 32042557 PMCID: PMC7001627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent integration of light-sheet microscopy and tissue-clearing has facilitated an important alternative to conventional histological imaging approaches. However, the in toto cellular mapping of neural circuits throughout an intact mouse brain remains highly challenging, requiring complicated mechanical stitching, and suffering from anisotropic resolution insufficient for high-quality reconstruction in 3D. Here, the use of a multiangle-resolved subvoxel selective plane illumination microscope (Mars-SPIM) is proposed to achieve high-throughput imaging of whole mouse brain at isotropic cellular resolution. This light-sheet imaging technique can computationally improve the spatial resolution over six times under a large field of view, eliminating the use of slow tile stitching. Furthermore, it can recover complete structural information of the sample from images subject to thick-tissue scattering/attenuation. With Mars-SPIM, a digital atlas of a cleared whole mouse brain (≈7 mm × 9.5 mm × 5 mm) can readily be obtained with an isotropic resolution of ≈2 µm (1 µm voxel) and a short acquisition time of 30 min. It provides an efficient way to implement system-level cellular analysis, such as the mapping of different neuron populations and tracing of long-distance neural projections over the entire brain. Mars-SPIM is thus well suited for high-throughput cell-profiling phenotyping of brain and other mammalian organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nie
- School of Optical and Electronic Information‐Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Sa Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information‐Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Junyu Ping
- School of Optical and Electronic Information‐Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Peng Wan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information‐Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of AnesthesiologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information‐Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
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134
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Matryba P, Sosnowska A, Wolny A, Bozycki L, Greig A, Grzybowski J, Stefaniuk M, Nowis D, Gołąb J. Systematic Evaluation of Chemically Distinct Tissue Optical Clearing Techniques in Murine Lymph Nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1395-1407. [PMID: 31953352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of adaptive immunity is a complex process coordinated at multiple levels in both time and the three-dimensional context of reactive lymph nodes (LNs). Although microscopy-based visualization of its spatiotemporal dynamics unravels complexities of developing immune response, such approach is highly limited by light-obstructing nature of tissue components. Recently, tissue optical clearing (TOC) techniques were established to bypass this obstacle and now allow to image and quantify the entire murine organs with cellular resolution. However, the spectrum of TOC is represented by wide variety of chemically distinct methods, each having certain advantages and disadvantages that were unsatisfactorily compared for suitability to LNs clearing. In this study, we have systematically tested 13 typical TOC techniques and assessed their impact on a number of critical factors such as LN transparency, imaging depth, change in size, compatibility with proteinaceous fluorophores, immunostaining, H&E staining, and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. Based on the detailed data specific to TOC process of murine LNs, we provide a reliable reference for most suitable methods in an application-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; .,Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wolny
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alan Greig
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1 6DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Grzybowski
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; and.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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135
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Porter DDL, Morton PD. Clearing techniques for visualizing the nervous system in development, injury, and disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 334:108594. [PMID: 31945400 PMCID: PMC10674098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern clearing techniques enable high resolution visualization and 3D reconstruction of cell populations and their structural details throughout large biological samples, including intact organs and even entire organisms. In the past decade, these methods have become more tractable and are now being utilized to provide unforeseen insights into the complexities of the nervous system. While several iterations of optical clearing techniques have been developed, some are more suitable for specific applications than others depending on the type of specimen under study. Here we review findings from select studies utilizing clearing methods to visualize the developing, injured, and diseased nervous system within numerous model systems and species. We note trends and imbalances in the types of research questions being addressed with clearing methods across these fields in neuroscience. In addition, we discuss restrictions in applying optical clearing methods for postmortem tissue from humans and large animals and emphasize the lack in continuity between studies of these species. We aim for this review to serve as a key outline of available tissue clearing methods used successfully to address issues across neuronal development, injury/repair, and aging/disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisha D L Porter
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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136
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Li Y, Xu J, Zhu J, Yu T, Zhu D. Three-dimensional visualization of intramuscular innervation in intact adult skeletal muscle by a modified iDISCO method. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015003. [PMID: 32016132 PMCID: PMC6977403 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional visualization of the innervation in skeletal muscles is helpful for understanding the morphological structure and function. iDISCO, a whole-mount immunolabeling and clearing technique, provides a valuable tool for volume imaging of intramuscular nerve fibers but suffers from the nonspecific staining caused by the anti-mouse secondary antibody when using the murine primary antibody. We developed a modified iDISCO method by introducing pretreatment of ScaleCUBIC-1 reagent, termed m-iDISCO. The m-iDISCO method could eliminate the nonspecific staining and achieve uniform and complete labeling of nerve fibers in various muscles with mouse anti-neurofilament primary antibody. Combining the m-iDISCO method with light-sheet microscopy enabled us to visualize the innervation of adult mouse tibialis anterior and trace the nerve fibers from extramuscular branches to intramuscular terminal branches. This method represents an effective alternative for studying the innervation of intact skeletal muscles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingtan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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137
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Chen Z, Fan G, Li A, Yuan J, Xu T. rAAV2-Retro Enables Extensive and High-Efficient Transduction of Lower Motor Neurons following Intramuscular Injection. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:21-33. [PMID: 31890738 PMCID: PMC6926343 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The motor system controls muscle movement through lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lower motor neurons are efferent neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by axonal projections that reach specific targets in the periphery. Lower motor neuron lesions result in the denervation and dysfunction of peripheral skeletal muscle. Great progress has been made to develop therapeutic strategies to transduce lower motor neurons with genes. However, the widespread distribution of lower motor neurons makes their specific, extensive, and efficient transduction a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated that, compared to the other tested recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes, rAAV2-retro mediated the most efficient retrograde transduction of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord following intramuscular injection in neonatal mice. A single injection of rAAV2-retro in a single muscle enabled the efficient and extensive transduction of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem rather than transducing only the lower motor neurons connected to the injected muscle. rAAV2-retro achieved the extensive transduction of lower motor neurons by the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. Our work suggests that gene delivery via the intramuscular injection of rAAV2-retro represents a promising tool in the development of gene therapy strategies for motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Fan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tonghui Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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138
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Undigested Food and Gut Microbiota May Cooperate in the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammatory Diseases: A Matter of Barriers and a Proposal on the Origin of Organ Specificity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112714. [PMID: 31717475 PMCID: PMC6893834 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As food is an active subject and may have anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effects, dietary habits may modulate the low-grade neuroinflammation associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Food is living matter different from us, but made of our own nature. Therefore, it is at the same time foreign to us (non-self), if not yet digested, and like us (self), after its complete digestion. To avoid the efflux of undigested food from the lumen, the intestinal barrier must remain intact. What and how much we eat shape the composition of gut microbiota. Gut dysbiosis, as a consequence of Western diets, leads to intestinal inflammation and a leaky intestinal barrier. The efflux of undigested food, microbes, endotoxins, as well as immune-competent cells and molecules, causes chronic systemic inflammation. Opening of the blood-brain barrier may trigger microglia and astrocytes and set up neuroinflammation. We suggest that what determines the organ specificity of the autoimmune-inflammatory process may depend on food antigens resembling proteins of the organ being attacked. This applies to the brain and neuroinflammatory diseases, as to other organs and other diseases, including cancer. Understanding the cooperation between microbiota and undigested food in inflammatory diseases may clarify organ specificity, allow the setting up of adequate experimental models of disease and develop targeted dietary interventions.
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139
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Costantini I, Cicchi R, Silvestri L, Vanzi F, Pavone FS. In-vivo and ex-vivo optical clearing methods for biological tissues: review. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5251-5267. [PMID: 31646045 PMCID: PMC6788593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Every optical imaging technique is limited in its penetration depth by scattering occurring in biological tissues. Possible solutions to overcome this problem consist of limiting the detrimental effects of scattering by reducing optical inhomogeneities within the sample. This can be achieved either by using physical methods (such as refractive index matching solutions) or by chemical methods (such as the removal of scatterers), based on tissue transformation protocols. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art methods used for both ex-vivo and in-vivo optical clearing of biological tissues. We start with a brief history of the development of the most widespread clearing methods across the new millennium, then we describe the working principles of both physical and chemical methods. Clearing methods are then reviewed, pointing the attention of the reader on both physical and chemical methods, classified based on the tissue size and type for each specific application. A small section is reserved for methods that have already found in-vivo applications at the research level. Finally, a detailed discussion highlighting both the most relevant results achieved and the new ongoing developments in this field is reported in the last part, together with future perspectives for the clearing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costantini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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140
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Abstract
When neuroscience’s focus moves from molecular and cellular level to systems level, information technology mixes in and cultivates a new branch neuroinformatics. Especially under the investments of brain initiatives all around the world, brain atlases and connectomics are identified as the substructure to understand the brain. We think it is time to call for a potential interdisciplinary subject, brainsmatics, referring to brain-wide spatial informatics science and emphasizing on precise positioning information affiliated to brain-wide connectome, genome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, etc. Brainsmatics methodology includes tracing, surveying, visualizing, and analyzing brain-wide spatial information. Among all imaging techniques, optical imaging is the most appropriate solution to achieve whole-brain connectome in consistent single-neuron resolution. This review aims to introduce contributions of optical imaging to brainsmatics studies, especially the major strategies applied in tracing and surveying processes. After discussions on the state-of-the-art technology, the development objectives of optical imaging in brainsmatics field are suggested. We call for a global contribution to the brainsmatics field from all related communities such as neuroscientists, biologists, engineers, programmers, chemists, mathematicians, physicists, clinicians, pharmacists, etc. As the leading approach, optical imaging will, in turn, benefit from the prosperous development of brainsmatics.
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141
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Optimisation and validation of hydrogel-based brain tissue clearing shows uniform expansion across anatomical regions and spatial scales. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12084. [PMID: 31427619 PMCID: PMC6700094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of fixed tissue is routine in experimental neuroscience, but is limited by the depth of tissue that can be imaged using conventional methods. Optical clearing of brain tissue using hydrogel-based methods (e.g. CLARITY) allows imaging of large volumes of tissue and is rapidly becoming commonplace in the field. However, these methods suffer from a lack of standardized protocols and validation of the effect they have upon tissue morphology. We present a simple and reliable protocol for tissue clearing along with a quantitative assessment of the effect of tissue clearing upon morphology. Tissue clearing caused tissue swelling (compared to conventional methods), but this swelling was shown to be similar across spatial scales and the variation was within limits acceptable to the field. The results of many studies rely upon an assumption of uniformity in tissue swelling, and by demonstrating this quantitatively, research using these methods can be interpreted more reliably.
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142
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Zheng T, Feng Z, Wang X, Jiang T, Jin R, Zhao P, Luo T, Gong H, Luo Q, Yuan J. Review of micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST): technology and applications for whole-brain optical imaging [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4075-4096. [PMID: 31452996 PMCID: PMC6701528 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating connectivity and functionality at the whole-brain level is one of the most challenging research goals in neuroscience. Various whole-brain optical imaging technologies with submicron lateral resolution have been developed to reveal the fine structures of brain-wide neural and vascular networks at the mesoscopic level. Among them, micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) is attracting increasing attention, as a variety of technological variations and solutions tailored toward different biological applications have been optimized. Here, we summarize the recent development of MOST technology in whole-brain imaging and anticipate future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Zhao Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Britton Chance Center and MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- HUST–Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
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143
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Hahn C, Becker K, Saghafi S, Pende M, Avdibašić A, Foroughipour M, Heinz DE, Wotjak CT, Dodt HU. High-resolution imaging of fluorescent whole mouse brains using stabilised organic media (sDISCO). JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800368. [PMID: 30932329 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical tissue clearing using dibenzyl ether (DBE) or BABB (1 part benzyl alcohol and 2 parts benzyl benzoate) is easy in application and allows deep-tissue imaging of a wide range of specimens. However, in both substances, optical clearing and storage times of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing specimens are limited due to the continuous formation of peroxides and aldehydes, which severely quench fluorescence. Stabilisation of purified DBE or BABB by addition of the antioxidant propyl gallate efficiently preserves fluorescence signals in EGFP-expressing samples for more than a year. This enables longer clearing times and improved tissue transparency with higher fluorescence signal intensity. The here introduced clearing protocol termed stabilised DISCO allows to image spines in a whole mouse brain and to detect faint changes in the activity-dependent expression pattern of tdTomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hahn
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Becker
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saiedeh Saghafi
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Pende
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alma Avdibašić
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massih Foroughipour
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Department of Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Department of Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Department of Bioelectronics, FKE, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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144
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Costa EC, Silva DN, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. Optical clearing methods: An overview of the techniques used for the imaging of 3D spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2742-2763. [PMID: 31282993 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids have emerged as in vitro models that reproduce in a great extent the architectural microenvironment found in human tissues. However, the imaging of 3D cell cultures is highly challenging due to its high thickness, which results in a light-scattering phenomenon that limits light penetration. Therefore, several optical clearing methods, widely used in the imaging of animal tissues, have been recently explored to render spheroids with enhanced transparency. These methods are aimed to homogenize the microtissue refractive index (RI) and can be grouped into four different categories, namely (a) simple immersion in an aqueous solution with high RI; (b) delipidation and dehydration followed by RI matching; (c) delipidation and hyperhydration followed by RI matching; and (d) hydrogel embedding followed by delipidation and RI matching. In this review, the main optical clearing methods, their mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages are described. Furthermore, the practical examples of the optical clearing methods application for the imaging of 3D spheroids are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Daniel N Silva
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal.,CIEPQF, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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145
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Zhu X, Huang L, Zheng Y, Song Y, Xu Q, Wang J, Si K, Duan S, Gong W. Ultrafast optical clearing method for three-dimensional imaging with cellular resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11480-11489. [PMID: 31101714 PMCID: PMC6561250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819583116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical clearing is a versatile approach to improve imaging quality and depth of optical microscopy by reducing scattered light. However, conventional optical clearing methods are restricted in the efficiency-first applications due to unsatisfied time consumption, irreversible tissue deformation, and fluorescence quenching. Here, we developed an ultrafast optical clearing method (FOCM) with simple protocols and common reagents to overcome these limitations. The results show that FOCM can rapidly clarify 300-µm-thick brain slices within 2 min. Besides, the tissue linear expansion can be well controlled by only a 2.12% increase, meanwhile the fluorescence signals of GFP can be preserved up to 86% even after 11 d. By using FOCM, we successfully built the detailed 3D nerve cells model and showed the connection between neuron, astrocyte, and blood vessel. When applied to 3D imaging analysis, we found that the foot shock and morphine stimulation induced distinct c-fos pattern in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Therefore, FOCM has the potential to be a widely used sample mounting media for biological optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Zhu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Limeng Huang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanchun Song
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaoqi Xu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ke Si
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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146
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Yin X, Yu T, Chen B, Xu J, Chen W, Qi Y, Zhang P, Li Y, Kou Y, Ma Y, Han N, Wan P, Luo Q, Zhu D, Jiang B. Spatial Distribution of Motor Endplates and its Adaptive Change in Skeletal Muscle. Theranostics 2019; 9:734-746. [PMID: 30809305 PMCID: PMC6376466 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor endplates (MEPs) are the important interfaces between peripheral nerves and muscle fibers. Investigation of the spatial distribution of MEPs could help us better understand neuromuscular functional activities and improve the diagnosis and therapy of related diseases. Methods: Fluorescent α-bungarotoxin was injected to label the motor endplates in whole-mount skeletal muscles, and tissue optical clearing combined with light-sheet microscopy was used to investigate the spatial distribution of MEPs and in-muscle nerve branches in different skeletal muscles in wild-type and transgenic fluorescent mice. Electrophysiology was used to determine the relationship between the spatial distribution of MEPs and muscle function. Results: The exact three-dimensional distribution of MEPs in whole skeletal muscles was first obtained. We found that the MEPs in the muscle were distributed in an organized pattern of lamella clusters, with no MEPs outside the lamella zone. Each MEP lamella was innervated by one independent in-muscle nerve branch and mediated an independent muscle subgroup contraction. Additionally, the MEPs changed along the lamella clusters after denervation and regained the initial pattern after reinnervation. The integrity and spatial distribution of MEPs could reflect the functional state of muscles. The signal absence of a certain MEP lamella could suggest a problem in certain part of the muscle. Conclusions: The MEP lamella clusters might be the basis of neuromuscular function, and the spatial distribution of MEPs could serve as a testbed for evaluating the functional status of muscle and the therapeutic targeting map related to MEPs.
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