101
|
Das SS, Dubey AK, Verma PRP, Singh SK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulsion against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis: In Vitro/ Ex Vivo Studies and Mechanistic Insights. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3367-3384. [PMID: 35980291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most fatal and neglected tropical diseases caused by Leishmania donovani (L. donovani). The applications of currently available chemotherapy (amphotericin B, miltefosine, and others) in VL treatment have been limited due to their poor bioavailability, unfavorable toxicity profile, and prolonged parenteral dosing. Quercetin (QT), a potent natural antioxidant, is a prominent target when conducting investigations on alternative therapies against L. donovani infections. However, the therapeutic applications of QT have been restricted due to its low solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, we developed and evaluated the antileishmanial activity (ALA) of quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QTNE) against L. donovani clinical strains. In vitro anti-promastigote assay results demonstrated that QTNE (IC50 6.6 μM, 48 h) significantly inhibited the growth of parasites more efficiently than the pure QT suspension in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results of the anti-amastigote assay revealed that the infected macrophages (%) of QTNE were significantly more than those of the pure QT suspension at all concentrations (6.6, 26.4, and 52.8 μM; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 compared to the control). Moreover, the results of in vitro and ex vivo studies assisted in determining the mechanistic insights associated with the ALA of QTNE. The overall findings suggested that QTNE exhibited potential ALA by enhancing the intracellular ROS and nitric oxide levels, inducing distortion of membrane integrity and phosphatidylserine release (AV/PI), rupturing the parasite DNA (late apoptosis/necrosis process), and upregulating the immunomodulatory effects (IFN-γ and IL-10 levels). Additionally, QTNE showed superior biocompatibility against all of the treated healthy cells (PBMCs, PECs, and BMCs) as compared to the control. In conclusion, QTNE acts as a potential antileishmanial agent targeting both promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. donovani, which thus opens a new avenue for the use of QTNE in VL therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, Bihar, India.,Parasite Immunology Lab, Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- Parasite Immunology Lab, Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Nie Z, Wang C, Chen J, Ji Y, Zhang H, Zhao F, Zhou X, Guan MX. Abnormal morphology and function in retinal ganglion cells derived from patients-specific iPSCs generated from individuals with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 32:231-243. [PMID: 35947995 PMCID: PMC9840204 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited eye disease that results from degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Mitochondrial ND4 11778G > A mutation, which affects structural components of complex I, is the most prevalent LHON-associated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation worldwide. The m.11778G > A mutation is the primary contributor underlying the development of LHON and X-linked PRICKLE3 allele (c.157C > T, p.Arg53Trp) linked to biogenesis of ATPase interacts with m.11778G > A mutation to cause LHON. However, the lack of appropriate cell and animal models of LHON has been significant obstacles for deep elucidation of disease pathophysiology, specifically the tissue-specific effects. Using RGC-like cells differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from members of one Chinese family (asymptomatic subjects carrying only m.11778G > A mutation or PRICKLE3 p.Arg53Trp mutation, symptomatic individuals bearing both m.11778G > A and PRICKLE3 p.Arg53Trp mutations and control lacking these mutations), we demonstrated the deleterious effects of mitochondrial dysfunctions on the morphology and functions of RGCs. Notably, iPSCs bearing only m.11778G > A or p.Arg53Trp mutation exhibited mild defects in differentiation to RGC-like cells. The RGC-like cells carrying only m.11778G > A or p.Arg53Trp mutation displayed mild defects in RGC morphology, including the area of soma and numbers of neurites, electrophysiological properties, ATP contents and apoptosis. Strikingly, those RGC-like cells derived from symptomatic individuals harboring both m.11778G > A and p.Arg53Trp mutations displayed greater defects in the development, morphology and functions than those in cells bearing single mutation. These findings provide new insights into pathophysiology of LHON arising from RGC deficiencies caused by synergy between m.11778G > A and PRICKLE3 p.Arg53Trp mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanchun Ji
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. Tel: 86-571-88206916; Fax: 86-571-88982377;
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Zibold J, von Livonius B, Kolarova H, Rudolph G, Priglinger CS, Klopstock T, Catarino CB. Vitamin B12 in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mutation carriers: a prospective cohort study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:310. [PMID: 35945620 PMCID: PMC9361590 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most common mitochondrial disorder, frequently resulting in acute or subacute severe bilateral central vision loss. Vitamin B12 deficiency is also a known cause of optic neuropathy through mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we evaluated the prevalence and clinical significance of vitamin B12 deficiency in a large cohort of LHON patients and asymptomatic mutation carriers from a tertiary referral center. Methods From the Munich LHON prospective cohort study, participants included all LHON patients and asymptomatic LHON mutation carriers, who were recruited between February 2014 and March 2020 and consented to participate. Neurological, general, and ophthalmological examinations were regularly performed, as were laboratory tests. Vitamin B12 deficiency was diagnosed if serum vitamin B12 was below 201 pg/mL, or if 201–339 pg/mL plus low serum holotranscobalamin or elevated serum methylmalonic acid or elevated total plasma homocysteine. Results We analyzed 244 subjects, including 147 symptomatic LHON patients (74% males) and 97 asymptomatic mutation carriers (31% males). Median age at study baseline was 34 years (range 5–82 years). The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was higher for LHON mutation carriers than for the general population in all age categories. This was statistically significant for the LHON mutation carriers under 65 years (21% vs. 5–7%, p = 0.002). While vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence was not statistically different between LHON patients and asymptomatic mutation carriers, its clinical correlates, e.g., macrocytosis and polyneuropathy, were more frequent in the subgroup of LHON patients. Excessive alcohol consumption was a significant predictor of vitamin B12 deficiency (p < 0.05). Conclusions The high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in LHON mutation carriers, both asymptomatic mutation carriers and LHON patients, highlights the need for regular vitamin B12 screening in this population, in order to ensure early treatment, aiming for better outcomes. Our study is not conclusive regarding vitamin B12 deficiency as determinant for disease conversion in LHON, and further research is warranted to disentangle the role of vitamin B12 in the pathophysiology and prognosis of LHON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zibold
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina von Livonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Günter Rudolph
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S Priglinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia B Catarino
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Single-cell multiomics analyses of spindle-transferred human embryos suggest a mostly normal embryonic development. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001741. [PMID: 35972936 PMCID: PMC9380953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are often associated with incurable diseases and lead to detectable pathogenic variants in 1 out of 200 babies. Uncoupling of the inheritance of mtDNA and the nuclear genome by spindle transfer (ST) can potentially prevent the transmission of mtDNA mutations from mother to offspring. However, no well-established studies have critically assessed the safety of this technique. Here, using single-cell triple omics sequencing method, we systematically analyzed the genome (copy number variation), DNA methylome, and transcriptome of ST and control blastocysts. The results showed that, compared to that in control embryos, the percentage of aneuploid cells in ST embryos did not significantly change. The epiblast, primitive endoderm, and trophectoderm (TE) of ST blastocysts presented RNA expression profiles that were comparable to those of control blastocysts. However, the DNA demethylation process in TE cells of ST blastocysts was slightly slower than that in the control blastocysts. Collectively, our results suggest that ST seems generally safe for embryonic development, with a relatively minor delay in the DNA demethylation process at the blastocyst stage. Uncoupling of the inheritance of mtDNA and the nuclear genome by spindle transfer could prevent the transmission of mtDNA mutations. Systematic single-cell multiomic analyses of spindle transferred human embryos suggest this technique seems generally safe for human embryonic development and deserves further scientific evaluation and clinical testing.
Collapse
|
105
|
Buonvino S, Arciero I, Melino S. Thiosulfate-Cyanide Sulfurtransferase a Mitochondrial Essential Enzyme: From Cell Metabolism to the Biotechnological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158452. [PMID: 35955583 PMCID: PMC9369223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase (TST), also named rhodanese, is an enzyme widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, where it plays a relevant role in mitochondrial function. TST enzyme is involved in several biochemical processes such as: cyanide detoxification, the transport of sulfur and selenium in biologically available forms, the restoration of iron–sulfur clusters, redox system maintenance and the mitochondrial import of 5S rRNA. Recently, the relevance of TST in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, has been highlighted, opening the way for research on important aspects of sulfur metabolism in diabetes. This review underlines the structural and functional characteristics of TST, describing the physiological role and biomedical and biotechnological applications of this essential enzyme.
Collapse
|
106
|
Complex Physical Structure of Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae): A Significant Energy Plant. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081321. [PMID: 35893058 PMCID: PMC9331829 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus acutissima Carruth. is a Chinese important energy plant with high ecological and economic values. While the species chloroplast genome has been reported, its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is still unexplored. Here, we assembled and annotated the Q. acutissima mitogenome, and we compared its characteristic differences with several closely related species. The Q. acutissima mitogenome’s main structure is branched with three distinguished contigs (linear molecule 1, circular molecule 2, and circular molecule 3) with 448,982 bp total length and 45.72% GC content. The mitogenome contained 51 genes, including 32 protein-coding, 16 tRNA and 3 rRNA genes. We examined codon usage, repeated sequences, genome recombination, chloroplast to mitochondrion DNA transformation, RNA editing, and synteny in the Q. acutissima mitogenome. Phylogenetic trees based on 29 species mitogenomes clarified the species classification. Our results provided comprehensive information of Q. acutissima mitogenome, and they are expected to provide valuable information for Fagaceae evolutionary biology and to promote the species germplasm utilization.
Collapse
|
107
|
Chen BS, Yu-Wai-Man P. From Bench to Bedside-Delivering Gene Therapy for Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041282. [PMID: 35863905 PMCID: PMC9310952 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare, maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder that presents with severe bilateral sequential vision loss, due to the selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Since the mitochondrial genetic basis for LHON was uncovered in 1988, considerable progress has been made in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms driving RGC loss, which has enabled the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating the underlying mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we explore the genetics of LHON, from bench to bedside, focusing on the pathogenetic mechanisms and how these have informed the development of different gene therapy approaches, in particular the technique of allotopic expression with adeno-associated viral vectors. Finally, we provide an overview of the recent gene therapy clinical trials and consider the unanswered questions, challenges, and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benson S Chen
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Pathological mitophagy disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111124. [PMID: 35858578 PMCID: PMC9314546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a disease associated with a mitochondrial DNA mutation, is characterized by blindness due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, which form the optic nerve. We show that a sustained pathological autophagy and compartment-specific mitophagy activity affects LHON patient-derived cells and cybrids, as well as induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived neurons. This is variably counterbalanced by compensatory mitobiogenesis. The aberrant quality control disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis as reflected by defective bioenergetics and excessive reactive oxygen species production, a stress phenotype that ultimately challenges cell viability by increasing the rate of apoptosis. We counteract this pathological mechanism by using autophagy regulators (clozapine and chloroquine) and redox modulators (idebenone), as well as genetically activating mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1-α overexpression). This study substantially advances our understanding of LHON pathophysiology, providing an integrated paradigm for pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases and druggable targets for therapy. Autophagy and mitophagy are abnormally activated in samples carrying LHON mutations Autophagy and mitophagy affect LHON cells’ viability Therapeutic approaches targeting autophagy reverts LHON cells’ apoptotic death
Collapse
|
109
|
Yao S, Zhou Q, Yang M, Li Y, Jin X, Guo Q, Yang L, Qin F, Lei B. Multi-mtDNA Variants May Be a Factor Contributing to Mitochondrial Function Variety in the Skin-Derived Fibroblasts of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Patients. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:920221. [PMID: 35909448 PMCID: PMC9326446 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.920221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a major feature of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and has a significant impact on the manifestation and diagnosis of the disease. This study explored whether multiple variations in mitochondrial genes were associated with the heterogeneity, mainly phenotypic heterogeneity. Ophthalmic examinations were conducted in two probands with LHON with G11778A and multiple mitochondrial DNA gene (mtDNA) variants. Skin fibroblast cell lines were generated from patients and age- and sex-matched controls. ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell energy respiration, and metabolic functions were measured. Flow cytometry and cell viability tests were performed to evaluate the cell apoptosis levels and fate. We found that cells with more mtDNA variants had higher ROS levels, lower mitochondrial membrane potential, and weaker respiratory function. Flow cytometry and cell viability testing showed that multiple mtDNA variants are associated with different levels of cell viability and apoptosis. In conclusion, we found that skin-derived fibroblast cells from G11778A LHON patients could be used as models for LHON research. Multi-mtDNA variants contribute to mitochondrial function variety, which may be associated with heterogeneity in patients with LHON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingru Zhou
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Jin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingge Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Qin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Lei
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Singh P, Bahr T, Zhao X, Hu P, Daadi M, Huang T, Bai Y. Creating Cell Model 2.0 Using Patient Samples Carrying a Pathogenic Mitochondrial DNA Mutation: iPSC Approach for LHON. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2549:219-231. [PMID: 34669166 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is the most prevalent mitochondrial neurological disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA encoded respiratory complex I subunits. Although the genetic origin for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy was identified about 30 years ago, the underlying pathogenesis is still unclear primarily due to the lack of a relevant system or cell model. Current models are limited to lymphoblasts, fibroblasts, or cybrid cell lines. As the disease phenotype is limited to retinal ganglion cells, induced pluripotent stem cells will serve as an excellent model for studying this tissue-specific disease, elucidating its underlying molecular mechanisms, and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the generation of retinal ganglion cells, and also cardiomyocytes for proof of iPSC pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Singh
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Bahr
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peiqing Hu
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - TaoSheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Mandal AK. Mitochondrial targeting of potent nanoparticulated drugs in combating diseases. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:614-633. [PMID: 35790487 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by the electron transport chain (ETC) leakage and reduced adenosine tri-phosphate synthesis, occurs primarily due to free radicals -induced mutations in either the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) or nuclear (n) DNA caused by pathogenic infections, toxicant exposures, adverse drug-effects, or other environmental exposures, leading to secondary dysfunction affecting ischemic, diabetic, cancerous, and degenerative diseases. In these concerns, mitochondria-targeted remedies may include a significant role in the protection and treatment of mitochondrial function to enhance its activity. Coenzyme Q10 pyridinol and pyrimidinol antioxidant analogues and other potent drug-compounds for their multifunctional radical quencher and other anti-toxic activities may take a significant therapeutic effectivity for ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the encapsulation of these bioactive ligands-attached potent compounds in vesicular system may enable them a superb biological effective for the treatment of mitochondria-targeted dysfunction-related diseases with least side effects. This review depicts mainly on mitochondrial enzymatic dysfunction and their amelioration by potent drugs with the usages of nanoparticulated delivery system against mitochondria-affected diseases.
Collapse
|
112
|
Amor H, Hammadeh ME. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Mitochondrial Variations on Male Infertility. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071182. [PMID: 35885965 PMCID: PMC9325252 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
According to current estimates, infertility affects one in four couples trying to conceive. Primary or secondary infertility can be due either to both partners or only to the man or the woman. Up to 15% of infertility cases in men can be attributed to genetic factors that can lead to irreversible partial or complete spermatogenic arrest. The increased use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has provided not only insights into the causes of male infertility but also afforded a diagnostic tool to detect and manage this condition among couples. Genes control a variety of physiological attributes, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, development, and germ cell differentiation. In the era of ART, it is important to understand the genetic basis of infertility so as to provide the most tailored therapy and counseling to couples. Genetic factors involved in male infertility can be chromosome abnormalities or single-gene disorders, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, Y-chromosome deletions, multifactorial disorders, imprinting disorders, or endocrine disorders of genetic origin. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome as an indicator of sperm quality and fertility.
Collapse
|
113
|
Gene Therapy for Mitochondrial Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061287. [PMID: 35745859 PMCID: PMC9231068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a group of severe genetic disorders caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome encoding proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. MDs have a wide range of symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunctions, with different clinical outcomes. The lack of natural history information, the limits of currently available preclinical models, and the wide range of phenotypic presentations seen in MD patients have all hampered the development of effective therapies. The growing number of pre-clinical and clinical trials over the last decade has shown that gene therapy is a viable precision medicine option for treating MD. However, several obstacles must be overcome, including vector design, targeted tissue tropism and efficient delivery, transgene expression, and immunotoxicity. This manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of gene therapy in MD, addressing the main challenges, the most feasible solutions, and the future perspectives of the field.
Collapse
|
114
|
Novosel D, Brajković V, Simčič M, Zorc M, Svara T, Cakanic KB, Jungić A, Logar B, Cubric-Curik V, Dovc P, Curik I. The Consequences of Mitochondrial T10432C Mutation in Cika Cattle: A “Potential” Model for Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116335. [PMID: 35683014 PMCID: PMC9181260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While mitogenome mutations leading to pathological manifestations are rare, more than 200 such mutations have been described in humans. In contrast, pathogenic mitogenome mutations are rare in domestic animals and have not been described at all in cattle. In the small local Slovenian cattle breed Cika, we identified (next-generation sequencing) two cows with the T10432C mitogenome mutation in the ND4L gene, which corresponds to the human T10663C mutation known to cause Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Pedigree analysis revealed that the cows in which the mutation was identified belong to two different maternal lineages with 217 individual cows born between 1997 and 2020. The identified mutation and its maternal inheritance were confirmed by Sanger sequencing across multiple generations, whereas no single analysis revealed evidence of heteroplasmy. A closer clinical examination of one cow with the T10432C mutation revealed exophthalmos, whereas histopathological examination revealed retinal ablations, subretinal oedema, and haemorrhage. The results of these analyses confirm the presence of mitochondrial mutation T10432C with homoplasmic maternal inheritance as well as clinical and histopathological signs similar to LHON in humans. Live animals with the mutation could be used as a suitable animal model that can improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of LHON and other mitochondriopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Novosel
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.B.); (V.C.-C.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (I.C.); Tel.: +385-91-5179431 (D.N.); +385-98-474406 (I.C.)
| | - Vladimir Brajković
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.B.); (V.C.-C.)
| | - Mojca Simčič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (P.D.)
| | - Minja Zorc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (P.D.)
| | - Tanja Svara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | | - Andreja Jungić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Betka Logar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vlatka Cubric-Curik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.B.); (V.C.-C.)
| | - Peter Dovc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (P.D.)
| | - Ino Curik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.B.); (V.C.-C.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (I.C.); Tel.: +385-91-5179431 (D.N.); +385-98-474406 (I.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Emmanuele V, Ganesh J, Vladutiu G, Haas R, Kerr D, Saneto RP, Cohen BH, Van Hove JLK, Scaglia F, Hoppel C, Rosales XQ, Barca E, Buchsbaum R, Thompson JL, DiMauro S, Hirano M. Time to harmonize mitochondrial syndrome nomenclature and classification: A consensus from the North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC). Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:125-131. [PMID: 35606253 PMCID: PMC9341219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To harmonize terminology in mitochondrial medicine, we propose revised clinical criteria for primary mitochondrial syndromes. METHODS The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC) established a Diagnostic Criteria Committee comprised of members with diverse expertise. It included clinicians, researchers, diagnostic laboratory directors, statisticians, and data managers. The Committee conducted a comprehensive literature review, an evaluation of current clinical practices and diagnostic modalities, surveys, and teleconferences to reach consensus on syndrome definitions for mitochondrial diseases. The criteria were refined after manual application to patients enrolled in the NAMDC Registry. RESULTS By building upon published diagnostic criteria and integrating recent advances, NAMDC has generated updated consensus criteria for the clinical definition of classical mitochondrial syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial diseases are clinically, biochemically, and genetically heterogeneous and therefore challenging to classify and diagnose. To harmonize terminology, we propose revised criteria for the clinical definition of mitochondrial disorders. These criteria are expected to standardize the diagnosis and categorization of mitochondrial diseases, which will facilitate future natural history studies and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaya Ganesh
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgirene Vladutiu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard Haas
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Kerr
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce H Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron and Northeast Ohio Medical University, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Charles Hoppel
- Center for Mitochondrial Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Xiomara Q Rosales
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Buchsbaum
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John L Thompson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
In the course of its short history, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has made a long journey from obscurity to the forefront of research on major biological processes. mtDNA alterations have been found in all major disease groups, and their significance remains the subject of intense research. Despite remarkable progress, our understanding of the major aspects of mtDNA biology, such as its replication, damage, repair, transcription, maintenance, etc., is frustratingly limited. The path to better understanding mtDNA and its role in cells, however, remains torturous and not without errors, which sometimes leave a long trail of controversy behind them. This review aims to provide a brief summary of our current knowledge of mtDNA and highlight some of the controversies that require attention from the mitochondrial research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Shokolenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pat Capps Covey College of Allied Health Professions, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Mikhail Alexeyev
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Arterial sheathing in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 26:101431. [PMID: 35243167 PMCID: PMC8881369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Presentation of a case of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) with arterial sheathing eleven years after initial loss of vision. Observations A 46-year-old female was referred for re-evaluation of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. She first noticed rapid painless loss of vision eleven years prior. Fundus imaging performed at that time did not demonstrate arterial sheathing. Genetic testing revealed the presence of the LHON 11778 G-A mitochondrial mutation. Laboratory values were within normal limits save for angiotensin-converting enzyme elevated to 69 U/L. Eleven years later, visual acuity was count fingers at 12 feet with complete loss of color vision. Funduscopic examination of the optic nerve revealed bilateral pallor, sheathing of the retinal arteries, diffuse vessel narrowing, and tortuous retinal vessels. Conclusions and Importance We present a case of LHON that demonstrates retinal arterial sheathing and possibly broadens the spectrum of LHON fundus findings. Fundus examination of patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy may reveal arterial sheathing. Arterial sheathing may appear in the chronic phase of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. There are previous published cases of vascular sheathing in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.
Collapse
|
118
|
Ji Y, Zhang J, Liang M, Meng F, Zhang M, Mo JQ, Wang M, Guan MX. Mitochondrial tRNA variants in 811 Chinese probands with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:56-66. [PMID: 35623556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the maternal inheritance of eye disorder. LHON-linked mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations affect the ND1, ND4 or ND6 genes encoding essential subunits of complex I. However, the role of mitochondrial tRNA defects in the pathogenesis of LHON is poorly understood. In this report, Sanger sequence analysis of 22 mitochondrial tRNA genes identified 139 variants in a cohort of 811 Han Chinese probands and 485 control Chinese subjects. Among these, 32 (4 known and 28 novel/putative) tRNA variants in 69 probands may contribute to pathogenesis of LHON, as these exhibited (1) present in <1% of controls; (2) evolutionary conservation; (3) potential and significance of structural and functional modifications. Such variants may have potentially compromised structural and functional aspects in the processing of tRNAs, structure stability, tRNA charging, or codon-anticodon interactions during translation. These 32 variants presented either singly or with multiple mutations, with the primary LHON-linked ND1 3640G>A, ND4 11778G>A or ND6 14484T>C mutations in the probands. The thirty-eight pedigrees carrying only one of tRNA variants exhibited relatively low penetrances of LHON, ranging from 5.7% to 42.9%, with an average of 19%. Strikingly, the average penetrances of optic neuropathy among 33 Chinese families carrying both a known/putative tRNA variant and a primary LHON-associated mtDNA mutation were 40.1%. These findings suggested that mitochondrial tRNA variants represent a significant causative factor for LHON, accounting for 8.75% cases in this cohort. These new insights may lead to beneficial applications in the pathophysiology, disease management, and genetic counseling of LHON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Ji
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Min Liang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feilong Meng
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Minglian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 051730, China
| | - Jun Q Mo
- Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, Joint Institute of Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Liang M, Ji C, Zhang L, Wang X, Hu C, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Mo JQ, Guan MX. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)-associated ND6 14 484 T > C mutation caused pleiotropic effects on the complex I, RNA homeostasis, apoptosis and mitophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3299-3312. [PMID: 35567411 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited eye disease due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. LHON-linked ND6 14 484 T > C (p.M64V) mutation affected structural components of complex I but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. The structural analysis of complex I revealed that the M64 forms a nonpolar interaction Y59 in the ND6, Y59 in the ND6 interacts with E34 of ND4L, and L60 of ND6 interacts with the Y114 of ND1. These suggested that the m.14484 T > C mutation may perturb the structure and function of complex I. Mutant cybrids constructed by transferring mitochondria from lymphoblastoid cell lines of one Chinese LHON family into mtDNA-less (ρo) cells revealed decreases in the levels of ND6, ND1 and ND4L. The m.14484 T > C mutation may affect mitochondrial mRNA homeostasis, supported by reduced levels of SLIRP and SUPV3L1 involved in mRNA degradation and increasing expression of ND6, ND1 and ND4L genes. These alterations yielded decreased activity of complex I, respiratory deficiency, diminished mitochondrial ATP production and reduced membrane potential, and increased production of reactive oxygen species in the mutant cybrids. Furthermore, the m.14484 T > C mutation promoted apoptosis, evidenced by elevating Annexin V-positive cells, release of cytochrome c into cytosol, levels in apoptotic proteins BAX, caspases 3, 7, 9 and decreasing levels in anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in the mutant cybrids. Moreover, the cybrids bearing the m.14484 T > C mutation exhibited the reduced levels of autophagy protein LC3, increased levels of substrate P62 and impaired PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Our findings highlighted the critical role of m.14484 T > C mutation in the pathogenesis of LHON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.,Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chun Ji
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and National Clinic Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Liyao Zhang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Cuifang Hu
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Q Mo
- Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and National Clinic Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Bouzidi A, Charoute H, Charif M, Amalou G, Kandil M, Barakat A, Lenaers G. Clinical and genetic spectrums of 413 North African families with inherited retinal dystrophies and optic neuropathies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:197. [PMID: 35551639 PMCID: PMC9097391 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) and optic neuropathies (ION) are the two major causes world-wide of early visual impairment, frequently leading to legal blindness. These two groups of pathologies are highly heterogeneous and require combined clinical and molecular diagnoses to be securely identified. Exact epidemiological studies are lacking in North Africa, and genetic studies of IRD and ION individuals are often limited to case reports or to some families that migrated to the rest of the world. In order to improve the knowledge of their clinical and genetic spectrums in North Africa, we reviewed published data, to illustrate the most prevalent pathologies, genes and mutations encountered in this geographical region, extending from Morocco to Egypt, comprising 200 million inhabitants. Main body We compiled data from 413 families with IRD or ION together with their available molecular diagnosis. The proportion of IRD represents 82.8% of index cases, while ION accounted for 17.8%. Non-syndromic IRD were more frequent than syndromic ones, with photoreceptor alterations being the main cause of non-syndromic IRD, represented by retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, and cone-rod dystrophies, while ciliopathies constitute the major part of syndromic-IRD, in which the Usher and Bardet Biedl syndromes occupy 41.2% and 31.1%, respectively. We identified 71 ION families, 84.5% with a syndromic presentation, while surprisingly, non-syndromic ION are scarcely reported, with only 11 families with autosomal recessive optic atrophies related to OPA7 and OPA10 variants, or with the mitochondrial related Leber ION. Overall, consanguinity is a major cause of these diseases within North African countries, as 76.1% of IRD and 78.8% of ION investigated families were consanguineous, explaining the high rate of autosomal recessive inheritance pattern compared to the dominant one. In addition, we identified many founder mutations in small endogamous communities. Short conclusion As both IRD and ION diseases constitute a real public health burden, their under-diagnosis in North Africa due to the absence of physicians trained to the identification of inherited ophthalmologic presentations, together with the scarcity of tools for the molecular diagnosis represent major political, economic and health challenges for the future, to first establish accurate clinical diagnoses and then treat patients with the emergent therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02340-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Bouzidi
- Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, CHU d'Angers, CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, 49933, Angers, France.,Genomics and Human Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Team of Anthropogenetics and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, Eljadida, Morocco
| | - Hicham Charoute
- Research Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Majida Charif
- Genetics, and Immuno-Cell Therapy Team, Mohamed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ghita Amalou
- Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, CHU d'Angers, CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, 49933, Angers, France.,Genomics and Human Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Team of Anthropogenetics and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, Eljadida, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Kandil
- Team of Anthropogenetics and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, Eljadida, Morocco
| | - Abdelhamid Barakat
- Genomics and Human Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, CHU d'Angers, CNRS 6015, Université d'Angers, 49933, Angers, France. .,Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Yamada Y, Ishizuka S, Arai M, Maruyama M, Harashima H. Recent advances in delivering RNA-based therapeutics to mitochondria. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1209-1219. [PMID: 35543589 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the emergence of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) containing therapeutic mRNA as vaccines for use against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the clinical usefulness of nucleic acid-encapsulated LNPs is now a fact. In addition to the nucleus and cytoplasm, mitochondria, which have their own genome, are a site where nucleic acids function in the cell. Gene therapies targeting mitochondria are expected to pave the way for the next generation of therapies. AREAS COVERED Methods for delivering nucleic acids to mitochondria are needed in order to realize such innovative therapies. However, only a few reports on delivery systems targeting mitochondria have appeared. In this review, we summarize the current state of research on RNA-based therapeutics targeted to mitochondria, with emphasis on mitochondrial RNA delivery therapies and on therapies that involve the use of mitochondrial genome editing devices. EXPERT OPINION We hope that this review article will focus our attention to this area of research, stimulate more interest in this field of research, and lead to the development of mitochondria-targeted nucleic acid medicine. It has the potential to become a major weapon against urgent and unknown diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Fusion Oriented Research for Disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST) Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
| | - Sen Ishizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manae Arai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Minako Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Chang YH, Kang EYC, Liu PK, Levi SR, Wang HH, Tseng YJ, Seo GH, Lee H, Yeh LK, Chen KJ, Wu WC, Lai CC, Liu L, Wang NK. Photoreceptor Manifestations of Primary Mitochondrial Optic Nerve Disorders. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 35506936 PMCID: PMC9078049 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the manifestations of photoreceptors (PRs) in three hereditary optic neuropathies affected by primary mitochondrial dysfunction and discuss whether the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) or the PRs are preferentially affected. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with genetically confirmed diagnoses of optic neuropathies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction was performed. This cohort included Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), autosomal dominant optic atrophy type 1 (OPA1), and optic atrophy type 13 (OPA13). Patient chart evaluations included clinical characteristics, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), electroretinogram (ERG), and visual evoked potential data. Results This analysis included seven patients with LHON, six with OPA1, and one with OPA13 from a tertiary medical center. Thirteen of the 14 individuals were male. The average BCVA at diagnosis was 20/285 and 20/500 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Five of the seven patients with LHON, and three of the six patients with OPA1 also showed a mild amplitude reduction or delayed latency on light-adapted ERG and 30-Hz flicker responses; however, SD-OCT imaging did not show correlated PR abnormalities. Notably, a 7-year follow-up of a patient with OPA13 revealed degeneration of RGCs prior to the degeneration of PRs. Follow-up data also demonstrated continuous loss of cone outer segment tips on SD-OCT imaging. Conclusions RGCs are, in general, affected by mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas variable PR dysfunction exists in patients with LHON and OPA1, especially with respect to the cone responses. Involvement of PRs is particularly evident in OPA13 after RGC degenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hsi Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sarah R Levi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Hung-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Yun-Ju Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Go Hun Seo
- Division of Medical Genetics, 3billion, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hane Lee
- Division of Medical Genetics, 3billion, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Laura Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Yang Z, Slone J, Huang T. Next-Generation Sequencing to Characterize Mitochondrial Genomic DNA Heteroplasmy. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e412. [PMID: 35532282 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a very important role in many crucial cellular functions. Each eukaryotic cell contains hundreds of mitochondria with hundreds of mitochondrial genomes. Mutant and wild-type mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may co-exist as heteroplasmy and cause human disease. The purpose of the protocols in this article is to simultaneously determine the mtDNA sequence and quantify the heteroplasmy level using parallel sequencing. The protocols include mitochondrial genomic DNA PCR amplification of two full-length products using two distinct sets of PCR primers. The PCR products are mixed at an equimolar ratio, and the samples are then barcoded and sequenced with high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology. This technology is highly sensitive, specific, and accurate in determining mtDNA mutations and the degree/level of heteroplasmy. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA Basic Protocol 2: Analysis of next-generation sequencing of mitochondrial DNA Basic Protocol 3: Mutect2 pipeline for automated sample processing and large-scale data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jesse Slone
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Zhang F, Dang QCL, Vik SB. Human clinical mutations in mitochondrially encoded subunits of Complex I can be successfully modeled in E. coli. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:59-72. [PMID: 35306226 PMCID: PMC9035099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Complex I is the site of a large fraction of the mutations that appear to cause mitochondrial disease. Seven of its subunits are mitochondrially encoded, and therefore, such mutants are particularly difficult to construct in cell-culture model systems. We have selected 13 human clinical mutations found in ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5 and ND6 that are generally found at subunit interfaces, and not in critical residues. These mutations have been modeled in E. coli subunits of Complex I, nuoN, nuoA, nuoM, nuoK, nuoL, and nuoJ, respectively. All mutants were expressed from a plasmid encoding the entire nuo operon, and membrane vesicles were analyzed for deamino-NADH oxidase activity, and proton translocation activity. ND5 mutants were also analyzed using a time-delayed expression system, recently described by this lab. Other mutants were analyzed for the ability to associate in subcomplexes, after expression of subsets of the genes. For most mutants there was a positive correlation between those that were previously determined to be pathogenic, or likely to be pathogenic, and those that we found with compromised Complex I activity or subunit interactions in E. coli. In conclusion, this approach provides another way to explore the deleterious effects of human mitochondrial mutations, and it can contribute to molecular understanding of such mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, USA
| | - Quynh-Chi L Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, USA
| | - Steven B Vik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Carvalho G, Repolês BM, Mendes I, Wanrooij PH. Mitochondrial DNA Instability in Mammalian Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:885-905. [PMID: 34015960 PMCID: PMC9127837 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The small, multicopy mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) is essential for efficient energy production, as alterations in its coding information or a decrease in its copy number disrupt mitochondrial ATP synthesis. However, the mitochondrial replication machinery encounters numerous challenges that may limit its ability to duplicate this important genome and that jeopardize mtDNA stability, including various lesions in the DNA template, topological stress, and an insufficient nucleotide supply. Recent Advances: An ever-growing array of DNA repair or maintenance factors are being reported to localize to the mitochondria. We review current knowledge regarding the mitochondrial factors that may contribute to the tolerance or repair of various types of changes in the mitochondrial genome, such as base damage, incorporated ribonucleotides, and strand breaks. We also discuss the newly discovered link between mtDNA instability and activation of the innate immune response. Critical Issues: By which mechanisms do mitochondria respond to challenges that threaten mtDNA maintenance? What types of mtDNA damage are repaired, and when are the affected molecules degraded instead? And, finally, which forms of mtDNA instability trigger an immune response, and how? Future Directions: Further work is required to understand the contribution of the DNA repair and damage-tolerance factors present in the mitochondrial compartment, as well as the balance between mtDNA repair and degradation. Finally, efforts to understand the events underlying mtDNA release into the cytosol are warranted. Pursuing these and many related avenues can improve our understanding of what goes wrong in mitochondrial disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 885-905.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carvalho
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabela Mendes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paulina H. Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Gowri P, Sathish P, Mahesh Kumar S, Sundaresan P. Mutation profile of neurodegenerative mitochondriopathy - LHON in Southern India. Gene 2022; 819:146202. [PMID: 35104579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a rare mitochondriopathy causing retinal ganglion cell degeneration resulting in central vision loss. It is caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and thus follows maternal inheritance pattern. METHODS We analysed the whole mitochondrial genome in 100 South Indian LHON patients by utilizing Sanger and Next Generation Sequencing approaches. Haplogroup analysis was performed using HaploGrep2 to predict the risk group. Methylation changes in the mtDNA D-loop region were investigated by performing methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). RESULTS LHON associated mutations were detected in 55% of the patients of which 42% harboured the primary mutations and 13% harboured potentially pathogenic variants that were previously reported to cause LHON. The candidate mutations identified with confirmed pathogenicity are: m.11778G > A (38%), m.14484 T > C (3%), m.4171C > A (1%) and m.11696G > A (1%). MSP results demonstrated that the D-loop region was unmethylated in all the study subjects including mutation-positive patients, mutation-negative patients, asymptomatic carriers, and controls. Haplogroup-M was prevalent (69%) in the study cohort followed by R (14%), U (9%), N (3%), HV (2%), G (2%), and W (1%). The frequency of the predominant mutation m.11778G > A was found lower (̴ 11%) in haplogroup-U. CONCLUSIONS South Indian LHON cohort shows a unique profile of mtDNA mutations and haplogroup association presumably with no role of D-loop methylation. MT-ND4, MT-ND5, and MT-ND1 serve as the hotspot genes in this cohort. The presence of LHON associated mutations in patients lacking the common primary mutations insists on the necessity of mitochondrial genome sequencing in individuals suspected with LHON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poigaialwar Gowri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation - Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponraj Sathish
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Periasamy Sundaresan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation - Affiliated to Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Lipko NB. Photobiomodulation: Evolution and Adaptation. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:213-233. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B. Lipko
- Nancy B. Lipko, MD, MBA, Home Office, Beachwood, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Natural history of patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy-results from the REALITY study. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:818-826. [PMID: 33911213 PMCID: PMC8956580 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES REALITY is an international observational retrospective registry of LHON patients evaluating the visual course and outcome in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). SUBJECTS/METHODS Demographics and visual function data were collected from medical charts of LHON patients with visual loss. The study was conducted in 11 study centres in the United States of America and Europe. The collection period extended from the presymptomatic stage to at least more than one year after onset of vision loss (chronic stage). A Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) local regression model was used to analyse the evolution of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over time. RESULTS 44 LHON patients were included; 27 (61%) carried the m.11778G>A ND4 mutation, 8 (18%) carried the m.3460G>A ND1 mutation, and 9 (20%) carried the m.14484T>C ND6 mutation. Fourteen (32%) patients were under 18 years old at onset of vision loss and 5 (11%) were below the age of 12. The average duration of follow-up was 32.5 months after onset of symptoms. At the last observed measure, mean BCVA was 1.46 LogMAR in ND4 patients, 1.52 LogMAR in ND1 patients, and 0.97 LogMAR in ND6 patients. The worst visual outcomes were reported in ND4 patients aged at least 15 years old at onset, with a mean BCVA of 1.55 LogMAR and no tendency for spontaneous recovery. The LOESS modelling curve depicted a severe and permanent deterioration of BCVA. CONCLUSIONS Amongst LHON patients with the three primary mtDNA mutations, adult patients with the m.11778G>A ND4 mutation had the worst visual outcomes, consistent with prior reports.
Collapse
|
129
|
Subramaniam MD, Chirayath RB, Iyer M, Nair AP, Vellingiri B. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): a potential therapeutic approach for future. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2949-2964. [PMID: 35357640 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuropathy has become a new typical syndromic multi-system disease that leads to optic atrophy. This review discusses potential treatments and advances of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a sporadic genetic disorder. LHON is caused due to slight mutations in mitochondria leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing vision loss. There are no current significant treatments that have been proven to work for LHON. METHODS However, extensive review was carried out on capable studies that have shown potential treatment sensory systems and are being evaluated currently. Some of these studies are in clinical trials, whereas other ones are still being planned. Here, we focus more on treatment based on mesenchymal stem cells-mediated mitochondrial transfer via various techniques. We discuss different mitochondrial transfer modes and possible ways to understand the mitochondria transfer technique's phenotypic characteristics. CONCLUSION It is clearly understood that transfer of healthy mitochondria from MSC to target cell would regulate the range of reactive oxygen species and ATP'S, which are majorly responsible for mutation upon irregulating. Therefore, mitochondrial transfer is suggested and discussed in this review with various aspects. The graphical abstract represents different means of mitochondrial transport like (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, (b) Extracellular vesicles, (c) Cell fusion and (d) Gap junctions. In (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, the signalling pathways TNF- α/TNF αip2 and NFkB/TNF αep2 are responsible for forming tunnels. Also, Miro protein acts as cargo for the transport of mitochondria with myosin's help in the presence of RhoGTPases [35]. In (b) Extracellular vesicles, the RhoA ARF6 contributes to Actin/Cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to the shedding of microvesicles. Coming to (c) Cell fusion when there is a high amount of ATP, the cells tend to fuse when in close proximity leading to the transfer of mitochondria via EFF-1/HAP2 [48]. In (d) Gap Junctions, Connexin43 is responsible for the intracellular channel in the presence of more ATP [86].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India.
| | - Ruth Bright Chirayath
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Aswathy P Nair
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Miranda M, Bonekamp NA, Kühl I. Starting the engine of the powerhouse: mitochondrial transcription and beyond. Biol Chem 2022; 403:779-805. [PMID: 35355496 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central hubs for cellular metabolism, coordinating a variety of metabolic reactions crucial for human health. Mitochondria provide most of the cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). Transcription of mtDNA is not only essential for the biogenesis of the OXPHOS system, but also generates RNA primers necessary to initiate mtDNA replication. Like the prokaryotic system, mitochondria have no membrane-based compartmentalization to separate the different steps of mtDNA maintenance and expression and depend entirely on nDNA-encoded factors imported into the organelle. Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miranda
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, D-50931, Germany
| | - Nina A Bonekamp
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, D-68167, Germany
| | - Inge Kühl
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Guo J, Chen X, Liu Z, Sun H, Zhou Y, Dai Y, Ma Y, He L, Qian X, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Shen B, Zhou F. DdCBE mediates efficient and inheritable modifications in mouse mitochondrial genome. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:73-80. [PMID: 34938607 PMCID: PMC8646052 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Critical mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generally lead to maternally inheritable diseases that affect multiple organs and systems; however, it was difficult to alter mtDNA in mammalian cells to intervene in or cure mitochondrial disorders. Recently, the discovery of DddA-derived cytosine base editor (DdCBE) enabled the precise manipulation of mtDNA. To test its feasibility for in vivo use, we selected several sites in mouse mtDNA as DdCBE targets to resemble the human pathogenic mtDNA G-to-A mutations. The efficiency of DdCBE-mediated mtDNA editing was first screened in mouse Neuro-2A cells and DdCBE pairs with the best performance were chosen for in vivo targeting. Microinjection of the mRNAs of DdCBE halves in the mouse zygotes or 2-cell embryo successfully generated edited founder mice with a base conversion rate ranging from 2.48% to 28.51%. When backcrossed with wild-type male mice, female founders were able to transmit the mutations to their offspring with different mutation loads. Off-target analyses demonstrated a high fidelity for DdCBE-mediated base editing in mouse mtDNA both in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrated that the DdCBE is feasible for generation of mtDNA mutation models to facilitate disease study and for potential treatment of mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yichen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu'e Ma
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei He
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuezhen Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Porciatti V, Alba DE, Feuer WJ, Davis J, Guy J, Lam BL. The Relationship Between Stage of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Pattern Electroretinogram Latency. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:31. [PMID: 35344016 PMCID: PMC8976918 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the baseline steady-state pattern electroretinogram (SS-PERG) of patients with G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) with different stages of visual acuity (VA) loss before allotopic gene therapy (GT). Methods Patients (n = 28) were enrolled into groups (GT I: chronic bilateral VA ≤35 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]; GT II: acute bilateral VA ≤35 ETDRS; GT III: acute unilateral, VA ≤35 ETDRS, and better eye VA ≥70 ETDRS) and tested with SS-PERG together with 210 age-matched normal controls (NCs). SS-PERG amplitude (nV) and latency (ms) of each eye were averaged for groups GT I, GT II, and NC. Symptomatic eyes (GT III-S) and asymptomatic eyes (GT III-A) of group GT III were included separately and accounted for by using generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods. Results Compared to NC, SS-PERG amplitudes were reduced similarly by approximately 50% (P < 0.001) among all GT groups (NC > GT I, GT II, GT III-S, and GT III-A). SS-PERG latencies were shorter by ≥3.5 ms in all LHON groups and differed by disease stage (G III-A < NC, P = 0.002; GT III-S < GT III-A, P = 0.01; GT II < GT III-S, P = 0.03; GT I < NC, P < 0.001, but not different from other GT groups, all P > 0.1). Conclusions Although SS-PERG amplitude reduction did not distinguish between disease stages, SS-PERG latency shortening occurred in asymptomatic eyes and symptomatic eyes and distinguished between disease stages. Translational Relevance SS-PERG latency shortening is consistent with primary damage of smaller/slower axons and sparing of larger/faster axons and may provide an objective staging of LHON, which may be helpful to determine efficacy in LHON trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diego E Alba
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William J Feuer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janet Davis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John Guy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Byron L Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Kurata K, Hosono K, Takayama M, Katsuno M, Saitsu H, Ogata T, Hotta Y. Retinitis pigmentosa with optic neuropathy and COQ2 mutations: A case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 25:101298. [PMID: 35112026 PMCID: PMC8789597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
134
|
Human germline nuclear transfer to overcome mitochondrial disease and failed fertilization after ICSI. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:609-618. [PMID: 35064435 PMCID: PMC8995215 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Providing additional insights on the efficacy of human nuclear transfer (NT). Here, and earlier, NT has been applied to minimize transmission risk of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases. NT has also been proposed for treating infertility, but it is still unclear which infertility indications would benefit. In this work, we therefore additionally assess the applicability of NT to overcome failed fertilization. METHODS Patient 1 carries a homoplasmic mtDNA mutation (m.11778G > A). Seventeen metaphase II (MII) oocytes underwent pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT), while five MII oocytes were used for spindle transfer (ST), and one in vitro matured (IVM) metaphase I oocyte underwent early pronuclear transfer (ePNT). Patients 2-3 experienced multiple failed intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and ICSI-assisted oocyte activation (AOA) cycles. For these patients, the obtained MII oocytes underwent an additional ICSI-AOA cycle, while the IVM oocytes were subjected to ST. RESULTS For patient 1, PGT-M confirmed mutation loads close to 100%. All ST-reconstructed oocytes fertilized and cleaved, of which one progressed to the blastocyst stage. The reconstructed ePNT-zygote reached the morula stage. These samples showed an average mtDNA carry-over rate of 2.9% ± 0.8%, confirming the feasibility of NT to reduce mtDNA transmission. For patient 2-3 displaying fertilization failure, ST resulted in, respectively, 4/5 and 6/6 fertilized oocytes, providing evidence, for the first time, that NT can enable successful fertilization in this patient population. CONCLUSION Our study showcases the repertoire of disorders for which NT can be beneficial, to overcome either mitochondrial disease transmission or failed fertilization after ICSI-AOA.
Collapse
|
135
|
The Mitochondrial Genome in Aging and Disease and the Future of Mitochondrial Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020490. [PMID: 35203698 PMCID: PMC8962324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that utilize nutrients to generate energy in the form of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans is a 16,569 base pair double-stranded circular DNA that encodes for 13 vital proteins of the electron transport chain. Our understanding of the mitochondrial genome’s transcription, translation, and maintenance is still emerging, and human pathologies caused by mtDNA dysfunction are widely observed. Additionally, a correlation between declining mitochondrial DNA quality and copy number with organelle dysfunction in aging is well-documented in the literature. Despite tremendous advancements in nuclear gene-editing technologies and their value in translational avenues, our ability to edit mitochondrial DNA is still limited. In this review, we discuss the current therapeutic landscape in addressing the various pathologies that result from mtDNA mutations. We further evaluate existing gene therapy efforts, particularly allotopic expression and its potential to become an indispensable tool for restoring mitochondrial health in disease and aging.
Collapse
|
136
|
Pavez-Giani MG, Cyganek L. Recent Advances in Modeling Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800529. [PMID: 35083221 PMCID: PMC8784695 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Around one third of patients with mitochondrial disorders develop a kind of cardiomyopathy. In these cases, severity is quite variable ranging from asymptomatic status to severe manifestations including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. ATP is primarily generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain via oxidative phosphorylation by utilizing fatty acids and carbohydrates. Genes in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial DNA encode components of this metabolic route and, although mutations in these genes are extremely rare, the risk to develop cardiac symptoms is significantly higher in this patient cohort. Additionally, infants with cardiovascular compromise in mitochondrial deficiency display a worse late survival compared to patients without cardiac symptoms. At this point, the mechanisms behind cardiac disease progression related to mitochondrial gene mutations are poorly understood and current therapies are unable to substantially restore the cardiac performance and to reduce the disease burden. Therefore, new strategies are needed to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify new therapeutic options for mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. Here, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged to provide a suitable patient-specific model system by recapitulating major characteristics of the disease in vitro, as well as to offer a powerful platform for pre-clinical drug development and for the testing of novel therapeutic options. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in iPSC-based disease modeling of mitochondrial cardiomyopathies and explore the patho-mechanistic insights as well as new therapeutic approaches that were uncovered with this experimental platform. Further, we discuss the challenges and limitations of this technology and provide an overview of the latest techniques to promote metabolic and functional maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes that might be necessary for modeling of mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Pavez-Giani
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells", University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Künstner A, Schilf P, Busch H, Ibrahim SM, Hirose M. Changes of Gut Microbiota by Natural mtDNA Variant Differences Augment Susceptibility to Metabolic Disease and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031056. [PMID: 35162979 PMCID: PMC8835372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported on two mouse strains carrying different single nucleotide variations in the mitochondrial complex I gene, i.e., B6-mtBPL mice carrying m.11902T>C and B6-mtALR carrying m.4738C>A. B6-mtBPL mice exhibited a longer lifespan and a lower metabolic disease susceptibility despite mild mitochondrial functional differences in steady-state. As natural polymorphisms in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are known to be associated with distinct patterns of gut microbial composition, we further investigated the gut microbiota composition in these mice strains. In line with mouse phenotypes, we found a significantly lower abundance of Proteobacteria, which is positively associated with pathological conditions, in B6-mtBPL compared to B6-mtALR mice. A prediction of functional profile of significantly differential bacterial genera between these strains revealed an involvement of glucose metabolism pathways. Whole transcriptome analysis of liver samples from B6-mtBPL and B6-mtALR mice confirmed these findings. Thus, both host gene expression and gut microbial changes caused by the mtDNA variant differences may contribute to the ageing and metabolic phenotypes observed in these mice strains. Since gut microbiota are easier to modulate, compared with mtDNA variants, identification of such mtDNA variants, specific gut bacterial species and bacterial metabolites may be a potential intervention to modulate common diseases, which are differentially susceptible to individuals with different mtDNA variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Künstner
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (H.B.); (S.M.I.)
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Schilf
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (H.B.); (S.M.I.)
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (H.B.); (S.M.I.)
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh M. Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (H.B.); (S.M.I.)
- College of Medicine and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Misa Hirose
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.K.); (P.S.); (H.B.); (S.M.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Zeviani M, Carelli V. Mitochondrial Retinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:210. [PMID: 35008635 PMCID: PMC8745158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is an exquisite target for defects of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) associated with mitochondrial impairment. Retinal involvement occurs in two ways, retinal dystrophy (retinitis pigmentosa) and subacute or chronic optic atrophy, which are the most common clinical entities. Both can present as isolated or virtually exclusive conditions, or as part of more complex, frequently multisystem syndromes. In most cases, mutations of mtDNA have been found in association with mitochondrial retinopathy. The main genetic abnormalities of mtDNA include mutations associated with neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) sometimes with earlier onset and increased severity (maternally inherited Leigh syndrome, MILS), single large-scale deletions determining Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS, of which retinal dystrophy is a cardinal symptom), and mutations, particularly in mtDNA-encoded ND genes, associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). However, mutations in nuclear genes can also cause mitochondrial retinopathy, including autosomal recessive phenocopies of LHON, and slowly progressive optic atrophy caused by dominant or, more rarely, recessive, mutations in the fusion/mitochondrial shaping protein OPA1, encoded by a nuclear gene on chromosome 3q29.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, The Clinical School, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Programma di Neurogenetica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 6, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Kang EYC, Liu PK, Wen YT, Quinn PMJ, Levi SR, Wang NK, Tsai RK. Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1948. [PMID: 34943051 PMCID: PMC8750806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible blindness worldwide. It is characterized by visual field defects and progressive optic nerve atrophy. The underlying pathophysiology and mechanisms of RGC degeneration in several ocular diseases remain largely unknown. RGCs are a population of central nervous system neurons, with their soma located in the retina and long axons that extend through the optic nerve to form distal terminals and connections in the brain. Because of this unique cytoarchitecture and highly compartmentalized energy demand, RGCs are highly mitochondrial-dependent for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Recently, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been found to be the principal mechanisms in RGC degeneration as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the role of oxidative stress in several ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations, including glaucoma, hereditary optic atrophy, inflammatory optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and drug toxicity. We also review experimental approaches using cell and animal models for research on the underlying mechanisms of RGC degeneration. Lastly, we discuss the application of antioxidants as a potential future therapy for the ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97403, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Holt AG, Davies AM. The Effect of Mitochondrial DNA Half-Life on Deletion Mutation Proliferation in Long Lived Cells. Acta Biotheor 2021; 69:671-695. [PMID: 34131800 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-021-09417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with deletion mutations has been linked to aging and age related neurodegenerative conditions. In this study we model the effect of mtDNA half-life on mtDNA competition and selection. It has been proposed that mutation deletions ([Formula: see text]) have a replicative advantage over wild-type ([Formula: see text]) and that this is detrimental to the host cell, especially in post-mitotic cells. An individual cell can be viewed as forming a closed ecosystem containing a large population of independently replicating mtDNA. Within this enclosed environment a selfishly replicating [Formula: see text] would compete with the [Formula: see text] for space and resources to the detriment of the host cell. In this paper, we use a computer simulation to model cell survival in an environment where [Formula: see text] compete with [Formula: see text] such that the cell expires upon [Formula: see text] extinction. We focus on the survival time for long lived post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. We confirm previous observations that [Formula: see text] do have a replicative advantage over [Formula: see text]. As expected, cell survival times diminished with increased mutation probabilities, however, the relationship between survival time and mutation rate was non-linear, that is, a ten-fold increase in mutation probability only halved the survival time. The results of our model also showed that a modest increase in half-life had a profound affect on extending cell survival time, thereby, mitigating the replicative advantage of [Formula: see text]. Given the relevance of mitochondrial dysfunction to various neurodegenerative conditions, we propose that therapies to increase mtDNA half-life could significantly delay their onset.
Collapse
|
141
|
Establishing risk of vision loss in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2159-2170. [PMID: 34670133 PMCID: PMC8595929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an updated epidemiological study of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Australia by using registry data to establish the risk of vision loss among different LHON mutations, sex, age at onset, and mitochondrial haplogroup. We identified 96 genetically unrelated LHON pedigrees, including 56 unpublished pedigrees, and updated 40 previously known pedigrees, comprising 620 affected individuals and 4,948 asymptomatic carriers. The minimum prevalence of vision loss due to LHON in Australia in 2020 was one in 68,403 individuals. Although our data confirm some well-established features of LHON, the overall risk of vision loss among those with a LHON mutation was lower than reported previously-17.5% for males and 5.4% for females. Our findings confirm that women, older adults, and younger children are also at risk. Furthermore, we observed a higher incidence of vision loss in children of affected mothers as well as in children of unaffected women with at least one affected brother. Finally, we confirmed our previous report showing a generational fall in prevalence of vision loss among Australian men. Higher reported rates of vision loss in males with a LHON mutation are not supported by our work and other epidemiologic studies. Accurate knowledge of risk is essential for genetic counseling of individuals with LHON mutations. This knowledge could also inform the detection and validation of potential biomarkers and has implications for clinical trials of treatments aimed at preventing vision loss in LHON because an overestimated risk may lead to an underpowered study or a false claim of efficacy.
Collapse
|
142
|
|
143
|
Carelli V, Karanjia R, La Morgia C. Editorial: Hereditary Optic Neuropathies: A New Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:742484. [PMID: 34630313 PMCID: PMC8493875 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.742484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Carelli
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ottawa Eye Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Sahel JA, Newman NJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Vignal-Clermont C, Carelli V, Biousse V, Moster ML, Sergott R, Klopstock T, Sadun AA, Blouin L, Katz B, Taiel M. Gene Therapies for the Treatment of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:195-208. [PMID: 34584057 PMCID: PMC8478322 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
145
|
Wang Y, Hu LF, Cui PF, Qi LY, Xing L, Jiang HL. Pathologically Responsive Mitochondrial Gene Therapy in an Allotopic Expression-Independent Manner Cures Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103307. [PMID: 34431574 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare inherited blindness caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The disorder is untreatable and tricky, as the existing chemotherapeutic agent Idebenone alleviates symptoms rather than overcoming the underlying cause. Although some studies have made progress on allotopic expression for LHON, in situ mitochondrial gene therapy remains challenging, which may simplify delivery procedures to be a promising therapeutic for LHON. LHON becomes more difficult to manage in the changed mitochondrial microenvironment, including increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Herein, a pathologically responsive mitochondrial gene delivery vector named [triphenylphosphine-terminated poly(sulfur-containing thioketal undecafluorohexylamine histamine) and Ide-terminated poly(sulfur-containing thioketal undecafluorohexylamine histamine)] (TISUH) is reported to facilitate commendable in situ mitochondrial gene therapy for LHON. TISUH directly targets diseased mitochondria via triphenylphosphine and fluorination addressing the decreasing MMP. In addition, TISUH can be disassembled by high mitochondrial ROS levels to release functional genes for enhancing gene transfection efficiency and fundamentally correcting genetic abnormalities. In both traditional and gene-mutation-induced LHON mouse models, TISUH-mediated gene therapy shows satisfactory curative effect through the sustained therapeutic protein expression in vivo. This work proposes a novel pathologically responsive in situ mitochondrial delivery platform and provides a promising approach for refractory LHON as well as other mtDNA mutated diseases treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li-Fan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng-Fei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Lian-Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Shughoury A, Ciulla TA, Bakall B, Pennesi ME, Kiss S, Cunningham ET. Genes and Gene Therapy in Inherited Retinal Disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:3-45. [PMID: 34584043 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
147
|
Sanz-Morello B, Ahmadi H, Vohra R, Saruhanian S, Freude KK, Hamann S, Kolko M. Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1538. [PMID: 34679672 PMCID: PMC8532958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the redox system may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple optic neuropathies. Optic neuropathies are characterized by the neurodegeneration of the inner-most retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons, which form the optic nerve. Often, optic neuropathies are asymptomatic until advanced stages, when visual impairment or blindness is unavoidable despite existing treatments. In this review, we describe systemic and, whenever possible, ocular redox dysregulations observed in patients with glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, hereditary optic neuropathies (i.e., Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy), nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, and optic disc drusen. We discuss aspects related to anti/oxidative stress biomarkers that need further investigation and features related to study design that should be optimized to generate more valuable and comparable results. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in optic neuropathies can serve to develop therapeutic strategies directed at the redox system to arrest the neurodegenerative processes in the retina and RGCs and ultimately prevent vision loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Sanz-Morello
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadi
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Sarkis Saruhanian
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.S.); (K.K.F.)
| | - Steffen Hamann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.S.-M.); (H.A.); (R.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Bioflavonoid-Induced Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Amastigotes and Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani: Deciphering the Mode of Action. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195843. [PMID: 34641387 PMCID: PMC8512304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from plants contain many interesting biomolecules. Among them, quercetin (Q), gallic acid (GA), and rutin (R) all have well-reported antileishmanial activity; however, their exact mechanisms of action are still not known. The current study is a step forward towards unveil the possible modes of action of these compounds against Leishmania donovani (the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis). The selected compounds were checked for their mechanisms of action against L. donovani using different biological assays including apoptosis and necrosis evaluation, effects on genetic material (DNA), quantitative testing of nitric oxide production, ultrastructural modification via transmission electron microscopy, and real-time PCR analysis. The results confirmed that these compounds are active against L. donovani, with IC50 values of 84.65 µg/mL, 86 µg/mL, and 98 µg/mL for Q, GA, and R, respectively. These compounds increased nitric oxide production and caused apoptosis and DNA damage, which led to changes in the treated cells’ ultrastructural behavior and finally to the death of L. donovani. These compounds also suppressed essential enzymes like trypanothione reductase and trypanothione synthetase, which are critical for leishmanial survival. The selected compounds have high antileishmanial potentials, and thus in-vivo testing and further screening are highly recommended.
Collapse
|
149
|
Wang Y, Hu LF, Zhou TJ, Qi LY, Xing L, Lee J, Wang FZ, Oh YK, Jiang HL. Gene therapy strategies for rare monogenic disorders with nuclear or mitochondrial gene mutations. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121108. [PMID: 34478929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rare monogenic disorders are a group of single-gene-mutated diseases that have a low incidence rate (less than 0.5‰) and eventually lead to patient disability and even death. Due to the relatively low number of people affected, these diseases typically fail to attract a great deal of commercial investment and research interest, and the affected patients thus have unmet medical needs. Advances in genomics biology, gene editing, and gene delivery can now offer potentially effective options for treating rare monogenic diseases. Herein, we review the application of gene therapy strategies (traditional gene therapy and gene editing) against various rare monogenic diseases with nuclear or mitochondrial gene mutations, including eye, central nervous system, pulmonary, systemic, and blood cell diseases. We summarize their pathologic features, address the barriers to gene delivery for these diseases, discuss available therapies in the clinic and in clinical trials, and sum up in-development gene delivery systems for various rare monogenic disorders. Finally, we elaborate the possible directions and outlook of gene therapy for rare monogenic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li-Fan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lian-Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Jaiwoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng-Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China; Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Moster ML, Sergott RC, Newman NJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Carelli V, Bryan MS, Smits G, Biousse V, Vignal-Clermont C, Klopstock T, Sadun AA, DeBusk AA, Carbonelli M, Hage R, Priglinger S, Karanjia R, Blouin L, Taiel M, Katz B, Sahel JA. Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Visual Parameters in Subjects Recruited Into the RESCUE and REVERSE ND4-LHON Gene Therapy Studies. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:298-308. [PMID: 34310464 PMCID: PMC8366757 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report presents a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline characteristics of subjects with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy enrolled in the gene therapy trials RESCUE and REVERSE, to illustrate the evolution of visual parameters over the first year after vision loss. METHODS RESCUE and REVERSE were 2 phase III clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of rAAV2/2-ND4 gene therapy in ND4-LHON subjects. At enrollment, subjects had vision loss for ≤6 months in RESCUE, and between 6 and 12 months in REVERSE. Functional visual parameters (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], contrast sensitivity [CS], and Humphrey Visual Field [HVF]) and structural parameters assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were analyzed in both cohorts before treatment. The cross-sectional analysis of functional and anatomic parameters included the baseline values collected in all eyes at 2 different visits (Screening and Inclusion). RESULTS Seventy-six subjects were included in total, 39 in RESCUE and 37 in REVERSE. Mean BCVA was significantly worse in RESCUE subjects compared with REVERSE subjects (1.29 and 1.61 LogMAR respectively, P = 0.0029). Similarly, mean CS and HVF were significantly more impaired in REVERSE vs RESCUE subjects (P < 0.005). The cross-sectional analysis showed that the monthly decrease in BCVA, ganglion cell layer macular volume, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was much more pronounced in the first 6 months after onset (+0.24 LogMAR, -0.06 mm3, and -6.00 μm respectively) than between 6 and 12 months after onset (+0.02 LogMAR, -0.01 mm3, and -0.43 μm respectively). CONCLUSION LHON progresses rapidly in the first months following onset during the subacute phase, followed by relative stabilization during the dynamic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Moster
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Robert C. Sergott
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Nancy J. Newman
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Molly Scannell Bryan
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Gerard Smits
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Biousse
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Vignal-Clermont
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Adam A. DeBusk
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Rabih Hage
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Siegfried Priglinger
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Laure Blouin
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Magali Taiel
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - Barrett Katz
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (MLM, RCS, AAD), Wills Eye Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Ophthalmology (NJN, VB), Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (PY-W-M), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital (PY-W-M), London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (PY-W-M), University College London, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (VC, MC), UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology (VC), Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Health Research and Policy (MSB), University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Statistics Consultant (GS), GenSight Biologics, CaliforniaDepartment of Neuro Ophthalmology and Emergencies (CV-C, RH), Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National D'Ophtalmologie des Quinze Vingts (CV-C, RH), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (TK), Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (TK), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (TK), Munich, Germany; Doheny Eye Center UCLA (AAS, RK), Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDepartment of Ophthalmology (SP), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology (RK), University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa Canada; GenSight Biologics (LB, MT), Paris, France; Medical Consultant (BK), GenSight Biologics; Sorbonne Université (JAS), INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, 75012 Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (JAS), 25-29 Rue Manin, Paris; Department of Ophthalmology (JAS), the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghCHNO des Quinze-Vingts (JAS), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|