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Smith W, Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP, Timbury MC. A Virus obtained from influenza patients. Rev Med Virol 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1980050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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102
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de Oña M, Melón S, de la Iglesia P, Hidalgo F, Verdugo AF. Isolation of influenza virus in human lung embryonated fibroblast cells (MRC-5) from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1948-9. [PMID: 7665680 PMCID: PMC228309 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.7.1948-1949.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety-four pharyngeal swab samples corresponding to 94 patients with suspected influenza virus infection were inoculated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the conventional cell system for the isolation of influenza virus, and in fibroblastic human embryo lung (MRC-5) cells, a cell system less commonly used for this purpose but one frequently used in clinical virology laboratories. Both cell preparations were treated with trypsin. Influenza virus was recovered from 15% of the samples inoculated in MDCK cells and from 18% of those inoculated in MRC-5 cells. The use of MRC-5 cells can simplify the search for respiratory viruses and would assist in the rapid detection of influenza virus during new epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Oña
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Central de Asturias (Hospital Covadonga), Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality with a worldwide social and economic impact. The past five years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of viral replication, evolution, and antigenic variation. Genetic analyses have clarified relationships between human and animal influenza virus strains, demonstrating the potential for the appearance of new pandemic reassortants as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes are exchanged in an intermediate host. Clinical trials of candidate live attenuated influenza virus vaccines have shown the cold-adapted reassortants to be a promising alternative to the currently available inactivated virus preparations. Modern molecular techniques have allowed serious consideration of new approaches to the development of antiviral agents and vaccines as the functions of the viral genes and proteins are further elucidated. The development of techniques whereby the genes of influenza viruses can be specifically altered to investigate those functions will undoubtedly accelerate the pace at which our knowledge expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Shaw
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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105
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Zhang WD, Evans DH. Detection and identification of human influenza viruses by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1991; 33:165-89. [PMID: 1939505 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90017-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of oligonucleotide primers are described which hybridize to conserved regions of influenza virus cDNA and prime DNA synthesis in Taq polymerase catalyzed amplification reactions (PCR). Primers were designed to hybridize as nested pairs and, following a two-step amplification, produce uniquely sized DNA fragments diagnostic for viral type and subtype. Influenza A and B matrix-protein genes and the influenza C haemagglutinin gene were targets for the type-specific primers. Subtype-specific primers targeted conserved sequences within the three haemagglutinin or two neuraminidase subtypes of different human influenza isolates. The utility of this method was demonstrated using computer search methods and by accurately amplifying DNA from a variety of influenza A, B, and C strains. Type-specific primer sets showed a broad type specificity and amplified DNA from viral strains of unknown sequence. Restriction mapping and DNA sequencing showed that fragments amplified in this manner derived from the input template, confirming the accuracy of the method and demonstrating how PCR can be used to quickly derive sufficient sequence information for analysis of viral relatedness. Subtyping primers were able to distinguish accurately between the three haemagglutinin (H1, H2, H3) and two neuraminidase (N1, N2) alleles of human influenza A isolates. Again DNA was amplified from viruses of unknown sequence confirming that most of these primer sets may prove useful as broad range subtyping reagents. In order to simplify the work associated with analysis of many samples, we have also devised a rapid method for the isolation of viral RNA and synthesis of cDNA. Using this 'mini-prep' technique, it is possible to detect, amplify, and identify picogram quantities of influenza virus in a single day, confirming that PCR provides a useful alternative to existing methods of influenza detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Drescher HJ. [Influenza]. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT = ARCHIV FUR OHREN-, NASEN- UND KEHLKOPFHEILKUNDE. SUPPLEMENT 1983; 1:113-87. [PMID: 6579922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82057-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is the last great uncontrolled plague of mankind. Pandemics and epidemics occur at regular time intervals. The influenza viruses are divided into the types A, B and C and show unique variability of their surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). Influenza viruses of type A show the largest degree of antigenic variation which, in turn, resulted in the definition of a number of subtypes, each comprising many strains. By comparison, influenza viruses of types B and C exhibit much less variation of their surface antigens. As a consequence, no subtypes but many different strains have been recognized. The degree of antigenic variation correlates with the epidemiologic significance of the virus types, type A being the most and type C the least important. Two different kinds of antigenic variation have been recognized: In the case of minor variation of one or both surface antigens, the term "antigenic drift" is employed. Antigenic drift occurs with all three types of virus, it is caused by point mutations which increase the chance of survival of mutants in the diseased host. In addition, influenza A viruses show sudden and complete changes of their surface antigens in regular time intervals, resulting in the appearance of new subtypes. This event is called "antigenic shift". The mechanisms responsible for antigenic shift are poorly understood, only. In addition to the recycling of preceding subtypes, reassortment resulting from double infection of cells with strains of human and animal origin are considered possible explanations. By use of modern DNA recombinant technology, the base sequences of a series of virus genes and, as a consequence, the amino acid sequence of the corresponding antigens have been determined. By means of monoclonal antibodies, the antigenic structure of many influenza antigens has been further elucidated. It can be expected that further research on the molecular basis of antigenic variation could finally result in an understanding of the causal mechanisms. It is an outstanding feature of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses that a family of related strains prevails for a certain period of time and disappears abruptly as a new subtype emerges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
Fifteen patients with recent influenza B infection were admitted to three Dallas hospitals in the first 11 weeks of 1977. The patients' ages ranged from five to 73 years, with a median of 18 years. Most had no significant underlying disease. The spectrum of clinical illness included postinfluenzal bacterial pneumonia (three cases), other severe chest disease (two cases), hyperpyrexia and possible rhabdomyolysis in the elderly (two cases), onset of toxemia of pregnancy, thyroid dysfunction, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, neurologic disorders (two cases), and Reye's syndrome (three cases). Two patients died. Two elderly men with high fever and weakness entered the hospital within three days of illness and two of three patients with Reye's syndrome were admitted four days after the onset of influenza, but the 11 other patients gave a history of seven to 31 days of symptoms before being hospitalized. Morbidity and mortality with influenza B are neither trivial nor restricted to debilitated hosts.
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109
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Curry RL, Brown JD, Baker FA, Hobson D. Serological studies with purified neuraminidase antigens of influenza B viruses. J Hyg (Lond) 1974; 72:197-204. [PMID: 4206835 PMCID: PMC2130504 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (N) can be extracted from virus particles of influenza B strains by treatment with trypsin, in a form which is free from the viral HA and has specific immunological activity. The N antigen of B/LEE/40 behaves differently from that of 1965-6 strains in gel diffusion and enzyme inhibition tests with animal antisera raised by infection or by artificial immunization with the homologous or heterologous strains. The frequency and titres of NI antibody detected in human sera by B/LEE antigen are different from those found with antigen from B/Eng/13/65. The latter antibody appears to contribute to the effect of serum HI antibody in protecting volunteers exposed to a deliberate intranasal challenge infection of the B/Eng/13/65 strain.
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Bibliography. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1970; 21:237-46. [PMID: 4926852 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1970.10667232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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112
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Ross CA, McMichael S, Martin K. Influenza and mumps diagnostic antigens from BHK-21 cell cultures. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 30:82-8. [PMID: 5463169 DOI: 10.1007/bf01262586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mizutani H, Nagase M. Plaque formation with influenza viruses in explants of chick fibroblasts from embryos of different ages. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1967; 20:278-82. [PMID: 5598016 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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ANDREWES CH, BANG FB, BURNET FM. A short description of the Myxovirus group (influenza and related viruses). Virology 1955; 1:176-84. [PMID: 13267985 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(55)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Simrock W, Haussmann HG, Siegert R. Komplementbindungsreaktion zur Influenza-Diagnostik. Med Microbiol Immunol 1953. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02149246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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FAZEKAS DE S GROTH S. Nasal mucus and influenza viruses. I. The haemagglutinin inhibitor in nasal secretions. Epidemiol Infect 1952; 50:471-90. [PMID: 13022963 PMCID: PMC2235188 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400019756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A technique is developed by which minimal changes in haemagglutinin inhibitors can be detected.It is shown that theinhibitor indexof normal human nasal secretions is 33·2 with a standard deviation of ±7·4. This value is independent of the donor, of the absolute amount of mucus collected, of the time of extraction, and of the period of storage.Minimal amounts of influenza viruses (less than one agglutinating dose) are capable of causing significant alteration in the inhibitor index upon interactionin vitrofor 60 min. at 37° C.
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Lennette EH. RECENT ADVANCES IN VIRUSES: A BRIEF SURVEY OF RECENT WORK ON VIRUSES AND VIRUS DISEASES. Science 1943; 98:415-23. [PMID: 17838839 DOI: 10.1126/science.98.2550.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sutherland JM. XLII Medical Research and War Problems. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1942. [DOI: 10.1177/000348944205100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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140
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Burnet FM. INFLUENZA VIRUS B: I. OBSERVATIONS ON GROWTH IN CHICK EMBRYOS AND ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBODIES IN AUSTRALIAN SERUM. Med J Aust 1942. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1942.tb108917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Burnet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Research in Pathology and Medicine Melbourne
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Picken RM. The viruses of influenza. Public Health 1940. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(40)80200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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