101
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Revealing electronic state-switching at conical intersections in alkyl iodides by ultrafast XUV transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4042. [PMID: 32788648 PMCID: PMC7423985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conical intersections between electronic states often dictate the chemistry of photoexcited molecules. Recently developed sources of ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses tuned to element-specific transitions in molecules allow for the unambiguous detection of electronic state-switching at a conical intersection. Here, the fragmentation of photoexcited iso-propyl iodide and tert-butyl iodide molecules (i-C3H7I and t-C4H9I) through a conical intersection between 3Q0/1Q1 spin–orbit states is revealed by ultrafast XUV transient absorption measuring iodine 4d core-to-valence transitions. The electronic state-sensitivity of the technique allows for a complete mapping of molecular dissociation from photoexcitation to photoproducts. In both molecules, the sub-100 fs transfer of a photoexcited wave packet from the 3Q0 state into the 1Q1 state at the conical intersection is captured. The results show how differences in the electronic state-switching of the wave packet in i-C3H7I and t-C4H9I directly lead to differences in the photoproduct branching ratio of the two systems. The reaction trajectories of photoexcited molecules may involve transitions through conical intersections, which are ubiquitous in nature but challenging to characterize. Here the authors provide a complete mapping of molecular dissociation of two model alkyl halides by ultrafast XUV transient absorption.
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102
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Filatov M, Lee S, Nakata H, Choi CH. Structural or population dynamics: what is revealed by the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of 1,3-cyclohexadiene? A study with an ensemble density functional theory method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17567-17573. [PMID: 32716454 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectra during the photochemical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) are modeled by an ensemble density functional theory (eDFT) method. The computational methodology employed in this work is capable of correctly describing the multi-reference effects arising in the ground and excited electronic states of molecules, which is important for the correct description of the ring-opening reaction of CHD. The geometries of molecular species along the non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) trajectories reported in a previous study of the CHD photochemical ring-opening were used in this work to calculate the ionization energies and the respective Dyson orbitals for all possible ionization channels. The obtained theoretical time-resolved spectra display decay characteristics in a reasonable agreement with the experimental observations; i.e., the decay (and rise) of the most mechanistically significant signals occurs on the timescale of 100-150 fs. This is very different from the excited state population decay characteristics (τS1 = 234 ± 8 fs) obtained in the previous NAMD study. The difference between the population decay and the decay of the photoelectron signal intensity is traced back to the geometric transformation that the molecule undergoes during the photoreaction. This demonstrates the importance of including the geometric information in interpretation of the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
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103
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Tracking the ultraviolet-induced photochemistry of thiophenone during and after ultrafast ring opening. Nat Chem 2020; 12:795-800. [PMID: 32690894 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced isomerization reactions lie at the heart of many chemical processes in nature. The mechanisms of such reactions are determined by a delicate interplay of coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics occurring on the femtosecond scale, followed by the slower redistribution of energy into different vibrational degrees of freedom. Here we apply time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a seeded extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser to trace the ultrafast ring opening of gas-phase thiophenone molecules following ultraviolet photoexcitation. When combined with ab initio electronic structure and molecular dynamics calculations of the excited- and ground-state molecules, the results provide insights into both the electronic and nuclear dynamics of this fundamental class of reactions. The initial ring opening and non-adiabatic coupling to the electronic ground state are shown to be driven by ballistic S-C bond extension and to be complete within 350 fs. Theory and experiment also enable visualization of the rich ground-state dynamics that involve the formation of, and interconversion between, ring-opened isomers and the cyclic structure, as well as fragmentation over much longer timescales.
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104
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Li J, Lu J, Chew A, Han S, Li J, Wu Y, Wang H, Ghimire S, Chang Z. Attosecond science based on high harmonic generation from gases and solids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2748. [PMID: 32488005 PMCID: PMC7265550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in high power ultrafast short-wave and mid-wave infrared lasers has enabled gas-phase high harmonic generation (HHG) in the water window and beyond, as well as the demonstration of HHG in condensed matter. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent advancements and future trends in generating and characterizing soft X-ray pulses from gas-phase HHG and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses from solid-state HHG. Then, we discuss their current and potential usage in time-resolved study of electron and nuclear dynamics in atomic, molecular and condensed matters. Different methods are demonstrated in recent years to produce attosecond pulses. Here, the authors discuss recent development and future prospects of the generation of such pulses from gases and solids and their potential applications in spectroscopy and ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and other complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Academy of Opto-Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.,Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Andrew Chew
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Seunghwoi Han
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jialin Li
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Shambhu Ghimire
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zenghu Chang
- Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology, CREOL and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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105
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Salazar E, Faraji S. Theoretical study of cyclohexadiene/hexatriene photochemical interconversion using spin-Flip time-Dependent density functional theory. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1764120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edison Salazar
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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106
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Ehlert C, Klamroth T. PSIXAS: A Psi4 plugin for efficient simulations of X-ray absorption spectra based on the transition-potential and Δ-Kohn-Sham method. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1781-1789. [PMID: 32394459 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra and their pump-probe extension (PP-NEXAFS) offer insights into valence- and core-excited states. We present PSIXAS, a recent implementation for simulating NEXAFS and PP-NEXAFS spectra by means of the transition-potential and the Δ-Kohn-Sham method. The approach is implemented in form of a software plugin for the Psi4 code, which provides access to a wide selection of basis sets as well as density functionals. We briefly outline the theoretical foundation and the key aspects of the plugin. Then, we use the plugin to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra of thymine, a system already investigated by others and us. It is found that larger, extended basis sets are needed to obtain more accurate absolute resonance positions. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to ordinary NEXAFS simulations, where the choice of the density functional plays a minor role for the shape of the spectrum, for PP-NEXAFS simulations the choice of the density functional is important. Especially hybrid functionals (which could not be used straightforwardly before to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra) and their amount of "Hartree-Fock like" exact exchange affects relative resonance positions in the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ehlert
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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107
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Observation of the molecular response to light upon photoexcitation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2157. [PMID: 32358535 PMCID: PMC7195484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When a molecule interacts with light, its electrons can absorb energy from the electromagnetic field by rapidly rearranging their positions. This constitutes the first step of photochemical and photophysical processes that include primary events in human vision and photosynthesis. Here, we report the direct measurement of the initial redistribution of electron density when the molecule 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) is optically excited. Our experiments exploit the intense, ultrashort hard x-ray pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) to map the change in electron density using ultrafast x-ray scattering. The nature of the excited electronic state is identified with excellent spatial resolution and in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The excited state electron density distributions are thus amenable to direct experimental observation. Photoabsorption is a fundamental process that leads to changes in the electron density in matter. Here, the authors show a direct measurement of the distribution of electron density when a cyclohexadine molecule is excited by pulsed UV radiation and probed by a time delayed X-ray pulse generated at LCLS.
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108
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Thurston R, Brister MM, Belkacem A, Weber T, Shivaram N, Slaughter DS. Time-resolved ultrafast transient polarization spectroscopy to investigate nonlinear processes and dynamics in electronically excited molecules on the femtosecond time scale. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053101. [PMID: 32486703 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel experimental technique to investigate ultrafast dynamics in photoexcited molecules by probing the 3rd-order nonlinear optical susceptibility. A non-collinear 3-pulse scheme is developed to probe the ultrafast dynamics of excited electronic states using the optical Kerr effect. Optical homodyne and optical heterodyne detections are demonstrated to measure the 3rd-order nonlinear optical response for the S1 excited state of liquid nitrobenzene, which is populated by 2-photon absorption of a 780 nm 40 fs excitation pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thurston
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew M Brister
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thorsten Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Niranjan Shivaram
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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109
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Zheng X, Liu J, Doumy G, Young L, Cheng L. Hetero-site Double Core Ionization Energies with Sub-electronvolt Accuracy from Delta-Coupled-Cluster Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4413-4426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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110
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Park JW, Al-Saadon R, MacLeod MK, Shiozaki T, Vlaisavljevich B. Multireference Electron Correlation Methods: Journeys along Potential Energy Surfaces. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5878-5909. [PMID: 32239929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multireference electron correlation methods describe static and dynamical electron correlation in a balanced way and, therefore, can yield accurate and predictive results even when single-reference methods or multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory fails. One of their most prominent applications in quantum chemistry is the exploration of potential energy surfaces. This includes the optimization of molecular geometries, such as equilibrium geometries and conical intersections and on-the-fly photodynamics simulations, both of which depend heavily on the ability of the method to properly explore the potential energy surface. Because such applications require nuclear gradients and derivative couplings, the availability of analytical nuclear gradients greatly enhances the scope of quantum chemical methods. This review focuses on the developments and advances made in the past two decades. A detailed account of the analytical nuclear gradient and derivative coupling theories is presented. Emphasis is given to the software infrastructure that allows one to make use of these methods. Notable applications of multireference electron correlation methods to chemistry, including geometry optimizations and on-the-fly dynamics, are summarized at the end followed by a discussion of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Rachael Al-Saadon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew K MacLeod
- Workday, 4900 Pearl Circle East, Suite 100, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Quantum Simulation Technologies, Inc., 625 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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111
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Barreau L, Ross AD, Garg S, Kraus PM, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Efficient table-top dual-wavelength beamline for ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy in the soft X-ray region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5773. [PMID: 32238820 PMCID: PMC7113301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a table-top beamline providing a soft X-ray supercontinuum extending up to 370 eV from high-order harmonic generation with sub-13 fs 1300 nm driving pulses and simultaneous production of sub-5 fs pulses centered at 800 nm. Optimization of high harmonic generation in a long and dense gas medium yields a photon flux of ~ 1.4 × 106 photons/s/1% bandwidth at 300 eV. The temporal resolution of X-ray transient absorption experiments with this beamline is measured to be 11 fs for 800 nm excitation. This dual-wavelength approach, combined with high flux and high spectral and temporal resolution soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, is a new route to the study of ultrafast electronic dynamics in carbon-containing molecules and materials at the carbon K-edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Barreau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew D Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samay Garg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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112
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Zhang YX, Rykovanov S, Shi M, Zhong CL, He XT, Qiao B, Zepf M. Giant Isolated Attosecond Pulses from Two-Color Laser-Plasma Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:114802. [PMID: 32242678 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new regime in the interaction of a two-color (ω,2ω) laser with a nanometer-scale foil is identified, resulting in the emission of extremely intense, isolated attosecond pulses-even in the case of multicycle lasers. For foils irradiated by lasers exceeding the blow-out field strength (i.e., capable of fully separating electrons from the ion background), the addition of a second harmonic field results in the stabilization of the foil up to the blow-out intensity. This is then followed by a sharp transition to transparency that essentially occurs in a single optical cycle. During the transition cycle, a dense, nanometer-scale electron bunch is accelerated to relativistic velocities and emits a single, strong attosecond pulse with a peak intensity approaching that of the laser field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Zhang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, SKLNPT, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - S Rykovanov
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - C L Zhong
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, SKLNPT, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - X T He
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, SKLNPT, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - B Qiao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, SKLNPT, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - M Zepf
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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113
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Smith AD, Balčiu̅nas T, Chang YP, Schmidt C, Zinchenko K, Nunes FB, Rossi E, Svoboda V, Yin Z, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Femtosecond Soft-X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Liquids with a Water-Window High-Harmonic Source. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1981-1988. [PMID: 32073862 PMCID: PMC7086398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful method to investigate the dynamical behavior of a system after photoabsorption in real time. So far, the application of this technique has remained limited to large-scale facilities, such as femtosliced synchrotrons and free-electron lasers (FEL). In this work, we demonstrate femtosecond time-resolved soft-X-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquid samples by combining a sub-micrometer-thin flat liquid jet with a high-harmonic tabletop source covering the entire water-window range (284-538 eV). Our work represents the first extension of tabletop XAS to the oxygen edge of a chemical sample in the liquid phase. In the time domain, our measurements resolve the gradual appearance of absorption features below the carbon K-edge of ethanol and methanol during strong-field ionization and trace the valence-shell ionization dynamics of the liquid alcohols with a temporal resolution of ∼30 fs. This technique opens unique opportunities to study molecular dynamics of chemical systems in the liquid phase with elemental, orbital, and site sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Smith
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tadas Balčiu̅nas
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ping Chang
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Schmidt
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fernanda B. Nunes
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Rossi
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vít Svoboda
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhong Yin
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Jean-Pierre Wolf
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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114
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Feng T, Heilmann A, Bock M, Ehrentraut L, Witting T, Yu H, Stiel H, Eisebitt S, Schnürer M. 27 W 2.1 µm OPCPA system for coherent soft X-ray generation operating at 10 kHz. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:8724-8733. [PMID: 32225491 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high power optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) system at 2.1 µm harnessing a 500 W Yb:YAG thin disk laser as the only pump and signal generation source. The OPCPA system operates at 10 kHz with a single pulse energy of up to 2.7 mJ and pulse duration of 30 fs. The maximum average output power of 27 W sets a new record for an OPCPA system in the 2 µm wavelength region. The soft X-ray continuum generated through high harmonic generation with this driver laser can extend to around 0.55 keV, thus covering the entire water window (284 eV - 543 eV). With a repetition rate still enabling pump-probe experiments on solid samples, the system can be used for many applications.
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115
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De Santis M, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Quiney HM, Tarantelli F. PyBERTHART: A Relativistic Real-Time Four-Component TDDFT Implementation Using Prototyping Techniques Based on Python. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2410-2429. [PMID: 32101419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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116
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Hait D, Head-Gordon M. Highly Accurate Prediction of Core Spectra of Molecules at Density Functional Theory Cost: Attaining Sub-electronvolt Error from a Restricted Open-Shell Kohn-Sham Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:775-786. [PMID: 31917579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of the recently developed square gradient minimization (SGM) algorithm for excited-state orbital optimization to obtain spin-pure restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (ROKS) energies for core excited states of molecules. The SGM algorithm is robust against variational collapse and offers a reliable route to converging orbitals for target excited states at only 2-3 times the cost of ground-state orbital optimization (per iteration). ROKS/SGM with the modern SCAN/ωB97X-V functionals is found to predict the K-edge of C, N, O, and F to a root mean squared error of ∼0.3 eV. ROKS/SGM is equally effective at predicting L-edge spectra of third period elements, provided a perturbative spin-orbit correction is employed. This high accuracy can be contrasted with traditional time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), which typically has greater than 10 eV error and requires translation of computed spectra to align with experiment. ROKS is computationally affordable (having the same scaling as ground-state DFT and a slightly larger prefactor) and can be applied to geometry optimizations/ab initio molecular dynamics of core excited states, as well as condensed phase simulations. ROKS can also model doubly excited/ionized states with one broken electron pair, which are beyond the ability of linear response based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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117
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Driver T, Li S, Champenois EG, Duris J, Ratner D, Lane TJ, Rosenberger P, Al-Haddad A, Averbukh V, Barnard T, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bucksbaum PH, Coffee R, DiMauro LF, Fang L, Garratt D, Gatton A, Guo Z, Hartmann G, Haxton D, Helml W, Huang Z, LaForge A, Kamalov A, Kling MF, Knurr J, Lin MF, Lutman AA, MacArthur JP, Marangos JP, Nantel M, Natan A, Obaid R, O'Neal JT, Shivaram NH, Schori A, Walter P, Li Wang A, Wolf TJA, Marinelli A, Cryan JP. Attosecond transient absorption spooktroscopy: a ghost imaging approach to ultrafast absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2704-2712. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently demonstrated isolated attosecond XFEL pulses should allow the probing of ultrafast electron dynamics at X-ray wavelengths. The authors use ghost imaging to enable high-resolution transient absorption spectroscopy at fluctuating XFEL sources.
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118
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Segatta F, Nenov A, Orlandi S, Arcioni A, Mukamel S, Garavelli M. Exploring the capabilities of optical pump X-ray probe NEXAFS spectroscopy to track photo-induced dynamics mediated by conical intersections. Faraday Discuss 2020; 221:245-264. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present contribution we introduce an accurate theoretical approach for the simulation of NEXAFS spectra of organic molecules, employing azobenzene as a test case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università degli studi di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università degli studi di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università degli studi di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Alberto Arcioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università degli studi di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università degli studi di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
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119
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Wei Z, Li J, Zhang H, Lu Y, Yang M, Loh ZH. Ultrafast dissociative ionization and large-amplitude vibrational wave packet dynamics of strong-field-ionized di-iodomethane. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:214308. [PMID: 31822095 DOI: 10.1063/1.5132967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ few-cycle pulses to strong-field-ionize di-iodomethane (CH2I2) and femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the subsequent ultrafast dissociative ionization and vibrational wave packet dynamics. Probing in the spectral region of the I 4d core-level transitions, the time-resolved XUV differential absorption spectra reveal the population of several electronic states of CH2I2 + by strong-field ionization. Global analysis reveals three distinct time scales for the observed dynamics: 20 ± 2 fs, 49 ± 6 fs, and 157 ± 9 fs, ascribed to relaxation of the CH2I2 + parent ion from the Franck-Condon region, dissociation of high-lying excited states of CH2I2 + to I+ (3P2), CH2I, and I2 + (2Π3/2,g), and dissociation of CH2I2 + to I (2P3/2) and CH2I+, respectively. Oscillatory features in the time-resolved XUV differential absorption spectra point to the generation of vibrational wave packets in both the residual CH2I2 and the CH2I2 + parent ion. Analysis of the oscillation frequencies and phases reveals, in the case of neutral CH2I2, C-I symmetric stretching induced by bond softening and I-C-I bending driven by a combination of bond softening and R-selective depletion. In the case of CH2I2 +, both the fundamental and first overtone frequencies of the I-C-I bending mode are observed, indicating large-amplitude I-C-I bending motion, in good agreement with results obtained from ab initio simulations of the XUV transition energy along the I-C-I bend coordinate. These results show that femtosecond XUV absorption spectroscopy is well-suited for studying ultrafast photodissociation and vibrational wave packet dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Wei
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jialin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yunpeng Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Minghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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120
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Maiuri M, Garavelli M, Cerullo G. Ultrafast Spectroscopy: State of the Art and Open Challenges. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:3-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Maiuri
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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121
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Symmetry of molecular Rydberg states revealed by XUV transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5269. [PMID: 31754226 PMCID: PMC6872753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient absorption spectroscopy is utilized extensively for measurements of bound- and quasibound-state dynamics of atoms and molecules. The extension of this technique into the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) region with attosecond pulses has the potential to attain unprecedented time resolution. Here we apply this technique to aligned-in-space molecules. The XUV pulses are much shorter than the time during which the molecules remain aligned, typically \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$<$$\end{document}<100 fs. However, transient absorption is not an instantaneous probe, because long-lived coherences re-emit for picoseconds to nanoseconds. Due to dephasing of the rotational wavepacket, it is not clear if these coherences will be evident in the absorption spectrum, and whether the properties of the initial excitations will be preserved. We studied Rydberg states of N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2 and O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2 from 12 to 23 eV. We were able to determine the polarization direction of the electronic transitions, and hence identify the symmetry of the final states. Transient absorption spectroscopy is used to identify the structural characteristics of the atoms and molecules. Here the authors used extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy to identify the Rydberg state symmetry of aligned molecules.
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122
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Hua W, Mukamel S, Luo Y. Transient X-ray Absorption Spectral Fingerprints of the S 1 Dark State in Uracil. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7172-7178. [PMID: 31625754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-lying dark nπ* states play an important role in many photophysical and photochemical processes of organic chromophores. Transient X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TXAS) provides a powerful technique for probing the dynamics of valence states by exciting the electrons into high-lying core excited states. We employ multiconfigurational self-consistent field calculations to investigate the TXAS of uracil along its nonradiative photodecay pathways. An open issue is whether dark nπ* state S1 (n is the lone pair localized on an oxygen atom) is accessible when bright ππ* state S2 is selectively excited. Vertical core excitations were calculated along the potential energy surfaces of the three lowest states, S0-S2, interpolated between two minima and two minimum-energy conical intersections. Computed TXAS data from the C, N, and O K edges show distinct spectral fingerprints of the dark state in all spectral regimes. At the O 1s edge, the nπ* state has a very strong absorption at 526-527 eV, while at the C (N) 1s edge, by contrast, there is almost zero (very weak) absorption at 279-282 eV (397-398 eV). All K-edge spectra can be used to sensitively detect the dark states. Our proposed O 1s feature has already been observed in a recent TXAS experiment with thymine. Natural transition orbital analysis is used to interpret all dominant features of the three lowest-valence states along the reaction coordinate and reveal some important valence fine-structure information from the core excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Hua
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 210094 Nanjing , China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei , China
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123
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Inhester L, Li Z, Zhu X, Medvedev N, Wolf TJA. Spectroscopic Signature of Chemical Bond Dissociation Revealed by Calculated Core-Electron Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6536-6544. [PMID: 31589459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The advent of ultrashort soft X-ray pulse sources permits the use of established gas-phase spectroscopy methods to investigate ultrafast photochemistry in isolated molecules with element and site specificity. In the present study, we simulate excited-state wavepacket dynamics of a prototypical process, the ultrafast photodissociation of methyl iodide. Using the simulation, we calculate time-dependent excited-state carbon edge photoelectron and Auger electron spectra. We observe distinct signatures in both types of spectra and show their direct connection to C-I bond dissociation and charge rearrangement processes in the molecule. We demonstrate at the CH3I molecule that the observed signatures allow us to map the time-dependent dynamics of ultrafast photoinduced bond breaking with unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY , Notkestrasse 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Physics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Institute of Physics Czech Academy of Science , Na Slovance 2 , 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics , Czech Academy of Science , Za Slovankou 4 , 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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124
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Tsuru S, Vidal ML, Pápai M, Krylov AI, Møller KB, Coriani S. Time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure of pyrazine from electronic structure and nuclear wave packet dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124114. [PMID: 31575192 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a demonstration of the analysis of the electronic structure and the nuclear dynamics from time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TR-NEXAFS), we present the TR-NEXAFS spectra of pyrazine following the excitation to the 1B2u(ππ*) state. The spectra are calculated combining the frozen-core/core-valence separated equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles approach for the spectral signatures and the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method for the wave packet propagation. The population decay from the 1B2u(ππ*) state to the 1B3u(nπ*) and 1Au(nπ*) states, followed by oscillatory flow of population between the 1B3u(nπ*) and 1Au(nπ*) states, is interpreted by means of visualization of the potential energy curves and the reduced nuclear densities. By examining the electronic structure of the three valence-excited states and the final core-excited states, we observe that the population dynamics is explicitly reflected in the TR-NEXAFS spectra, especially when the heteroatoms are selected as the X-ray absorption sites. This work illustrates the feasibility of extracting fine details of molecular photophysical processes from TR-NEXAFS spectra by using currently available theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tsuru
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta L Vidal
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Klaus B Møller
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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125
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Wang H, Odelius M, Prendergast D. A combined multi-reference pump-probe simulation method with application to XUV signatures of ultrafast methyl iodide photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124106. [PMID: 31575206 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UV pump-XUV/X-ray probe measurements have been successfully applied in the study of photo-induced chemical reactions. Although rich element-specific electronic structure information is accessible within XUV/X-ray (inner-shell) absorption spectra, it can be difficult to interpret the chemistry directly from the spectrum without supporting theoretical simulations. A multireference method to completely simulate UV pump-XUV/X-ray probe measurement has been developed and applied to study the methyl iodide photodissociation process. Multireference, fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) trajectories were used to explore the coupled electronic and ionic dynamics upon photoexcitation of methyl iodide. Interpretation of previous measurements is provided by associated multireference, restricted active space, inner-shell spectral simulations. This combination of multireference FSSH trajectories and XUV spectra provides an interpretation of transient features appearing in previous measurements within the first 100 fs after photoexcitation and validates the significant branching ratio in the final excited-state population. This methodology should prove useful for interpretation of the increasing number of inner-shell probe studies of molecular excited states or for directing new experiments toward interesting regions of the potential energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Prendergast
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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126
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Dai X, Sun Y. Reduction of carbon dioxide on photoexcited nanoparticles of VIII group metals. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16723-16732. [PMID: 31478541 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on nanoparticles of group VIII transition metals represents an emerging research area in recent years because of their promise in transforming carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into value-added chemicals and fuels with the energy input of light. This mini review summarizes the fundamentals of the reduction of carbon dioxide and addresses how the photoexcitation of the metal nanoparticles can influence the reactions. The important roles of non-thermal hot electrons and photothermal effect in the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide are highlighted, and the recent research reported in the literature are overviewed. There are still challenges in characterizing the photocatalytic reactions to distinguish the contributions of non-thermal and photothermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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127
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Story SM, Vila FD, Kas JJ, Raniga KB, Pemmaraju CD, Rehr JJ. Corvus: a framework for interfacing scientific software for spectroscopic and materials science applications. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1694-1704. [PMID: 31490161 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519007495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Corvus, a Python-based package designed for managing workflows of physical simulations that utilize multiple scientific software packages, is presented. Corvus can be run as an executable script with an input file and automatically generated or custom workflows, or interactively, in order to build custom workflows with a set of Corvus-specific tools. Several prototypical examples are presented that link density functional, vibrational and X-ray spectroscopy software packages and are of interest to the synchrotron community. These examples highlight the simplification of complex spectroscopy calculations that were previously limited to expert users, and demonstrate the flexibility of the Corvus infrastructure to tackle more general problems in other research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Story
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - F D Vila
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J J Kas
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - K B Raniga
- School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J J Rehr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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128
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Toulson BW, Borgwardt M, Wang H, Lackner F, Chatterley AS, Pemmaraju CD, Neumark DM, Leone SR, Prendergast D, Gessner O. Probing ultrafast C-Br bond fission in the UV photochemistry of bromoform with core-to-valence transient absorption spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054304. [PMID: 31649963 PMCID: PMC6800284 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV pump-extreme UV (XUV) probe femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to study the 268 nm induced photodissociation dynamics of bromoform (CHBr3). Core-to-valence transitions at the Br(3d) absorption edge (∼70 eV) provide an atomic scale perspective of the reaction, sensitive to changes in the local valence electronic structure, with ultrafast time resolution. The XUV spectra track how the singly occupied molecular orbitals of transient electronic states develop throughout the C-Br bond fission, eventually forming radical Br and CHBr2 products. Complementary ab initio calculations of XUV spectral fingerprints are performed for transient atomic arrangements obtained from sampling excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. C-Br fission along an approximately C S symmetrical reaction pathway leads to a continuous change of electronic orbital characters and atomic arrangements. Two timescales dominate changes in the transient absorption spectra, reflecting the different characteristic motions of the light C and H atoms and the heavy Br atoms. Within the first 40 fs, distortion from C 3 v symmetry to form a quasiplanar CHBr2 by the displacement of the (light) CH moiety causes significant changes to the valence electronic structure. Displacement of the (heavy) Br atoms is delayed and requires up to ∼300 fs to form separate Br + CHBr2 products. We demonstrate that transitions between the valence-excited (initial) and valence + core-excited (final) state electronic configurations produced by XUV absorption are sensitive to the localization of valence orbitals during bond fission. The change in valence electron-core hole interaction provides a physical explanation for spectral shifts during the process of bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Toulson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mario Borgwardt
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - C. D. Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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129
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Chang BY, Shin S, Malinovsky VS, Sola IR. Grid-Based Ehrenfest Model To Study Electron-Nuclear Processes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7171-7176. [PMID: 31314529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two-dimensional electron-nuclear Schrödinger equation using soft-core Coulomb potentials has been a cornerstone for modeling and predicting the behavior of one-active-electron diatomic molecules, particularly for processes where both bound and continuum states are important. The model, however, is computationally expensive to extend to more electron or nuclear coordinates. Here we propose use of the Ehrenfest approach to treat the nuclear motion, while the electronic motion is still solved by quantum propagation on a grid. In this work, we present results for a one-dimensional treatment of H2+, where the quantum and semiclassical dynamics can be directly compared, showing remarkably good agreement for a variety of situations. The advantage of the Ehrenfest approach is that it can be easily extended to treat as many nuclear degrees of freedom as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Y Chang
- School of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmin Shin
- School of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ignacio R Sola
- Departamento de Química Física , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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130
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Timmers H, Zhu X, Li Z, Kobayashi Y, Sabbar M, Hollstein M, Reduzzi M, Martínez TJ, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Disentangling conical intersection and coherent molecular dynamics in methyl bromide with attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3133. [PMID: 31311933 PMCID: PMC6635414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attosecond probing of core-level electronic transitions provides a sensitive tool for studying valence molecular dynamics with atomic, state, and charge specificity. In this report, we employ attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to follow the valence dynamics of strong-field initiated processes in methyl bromide. By probing the 3d core-to-valence transition, we resolve the strong field excitation and ensuing fragmentation of the neutral σ* excited states of methyl bromide. The results provide a clear signature of the non-adiabatic passage of the excited state wavepacket through a conical intersection. We additionally observe competing, strong field initiated processes arising in both the ground state and ionized molecule corresponding to vibrational and spin-orbit motion, respectively. The demonstrated ability to resolve simultaneous dynamics with few-femtosecond resolution presents a clear path forward in the implementation of attosecond XUV spectroscopy as a general tool for probing competing and complex molecular phenomena with unmatched temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Timmers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mazyar Sabbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Maurizio Reduzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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131
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Khalili K, Inhester L, Arnold C, Welsch R, Andreasen JW, Santra R. Hole dynamics in a photovoltaic donor-acceptor couple revealed by simulated time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:044102. [PMID: 31372369 PMCID: PMC6656576 DOI: 10.1063/1.5097653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and experimental methodologies that can characterize electronic and nuclear dynamics, and the coupling between the two, are needed to understand photoinduced charge transfer in molecular building blocks used in organic photovoltaics. Ongoing developments in ultrafast pump-probe techniques such as time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy, using an X-ray free electron laser in combination with an ultraviolet femtosecond laser, present desirable probes of coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. In this work, we investigate the charge transfer dynamics of a donor-acceptor pair, which is widely used as a building block in low bandgap block copolymers for organic photovoltaics. We simulate the dynamics of the benzothiadiazole-thiophene molecule upon photoionization with a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) pulse and study the potential of probing the subsequent charge dynamics using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The photoinduced dynamics are calculated using on-the-fly nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations based on Tully's Fewest Switches Surface Hopping approach. We calculate the X-ray absorption spectrum as a function of time after ionization at the Hartree-Fock level. The changes in the time-resolved X-ray absorption spectrum at the sulfur K-edge reveal the ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in the molecule occurring on a femtosecond time scale. These theoretical findings anticipate that ultrafast time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy using an X-ray probe in combination with a VUV pump offers a new approach to investigate the detailed dynamics of organic photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Khalili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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132
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Polyak I, Hutton L, Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M, Knowles PJ. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Using XMS-CASPT2 Surface Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3929-3940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iakov Polyak
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Hutton
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J. Knowles
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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133
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Wang CY, Elliott P, Sharma S, Dewhurst JK. Real time scissor correction in TD-DFT. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:214002. [PMID: 30721894 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the scissor correction to the optical band gap, common in linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), may be extended to the domain of real-time TD-DFT. This requires modifying both the eigenvalues and momentum matrix elements of the underlying basis set. It provides a simple and computationally economical approach for calculating accurate electron dynamics in solids. We demonstrate the importance of this correction for prototypical semiconductors, diamond and silicon, where the energy absorption in both the linear and non-linear regimes is examined. We also show that for a particular system, ZnSe, using the adiabatic local density approximation together with a scissor correction can be advantageous over other approximations, as the underlying quasi-particle band structure is more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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134
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Yost DC, Yao Y, Kanai Y. Propagation of maximally localized Wannier functions in real-time TDDFT. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:194113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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135
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Geneaux R, Marroux HJB, Guggenmos A, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Transient absorption spectroscopy using high harmonic generation: a review of ultrafast X-ray dynamics in molecules and solids. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170463. [PMID: 30929624 PMCID: PMC6452051 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond science opened the door to observing nuclear and electronic dynamics in real time and has begun to expand beyond its traditional grounds. Among several spectroscopic techniques, X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy has become key in understanding matter on ultrafast time scales. In this review, we illustrate the capabilities of this unique tool through a number of iconic experiments. We outline how coherent broadband X-ray radiation, emitted in high-harmonic generation, can be used to follow dynamics in increasingly complex systems. Experiments performed in both molecules and solids are discussed at length, on time scales ranging from attoseconds to picoseconds, and in perturbative or strong-field excitation regimes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Geneaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Hugo J. B. Marroux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Guggenmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
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136
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Johnson AS, Avni T, Larsen EW, Austin DR, Marangos JP. Attosecond soft X-ray high harmonic generation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170468. [PMID: 30929634 PMCID: PMC6452054 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation (HHG) of an intense laser pulse is a highly nonlinear optical phenomenon that provides the only proven source of tabletop attosecond pulses, and it is the key technology in attosecond science. Recent developments in high-intensity infrared lasers have extended HHG beyond its traditional domain of the XUV spectral range (10-150 eV) into the soft X-ray regime (150 eV to 3 keV), allowing the compactness, stability and sub-femtosecond duration of HHG to be combined with the atomic site specificity and electronic/structural sensitivity of X-ray spectroscopy. HHG in the soft X-ray spectral region has significant differences from HHG in the XUV, which necessitate new approaches to generating and characterizing attosecond pulses. Here, we examine the challenges and opportunities of soft X-ray HHG, and we use simulations to examine the optimal generating conditions for the development of high-flux, attosecond-duration pulses in the soft X-ray spectral range. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan S. Johnson
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
- e-mail:
| | - Timur Avni
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Esben W. Larsen
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dane R. Austin
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jon P. Marangos
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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137
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Marangos JP. The measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170481. [PMID: 30929630 PMCID: PMC6452056 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this theme issue, leading researchers discuss recent work on the measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in matter using a new generation of short duration X-ray photon sources. These photon sources, based upon high harmonic generation from lasers and X-ray free-electron lasers, look set to have a high impact on ultrafast science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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138
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Wolf TJA, Gühr M. Photochemical pathways in nucleobases measured with an X-ray FEL. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170473. [PMID: 30929626 PMCID: PMC6452046 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of light energy into other molecular energetic degrees of freedom is often dominated by ultrafast, non-adiabatic processes. Femtosecond spectroscopy with optical pulses has helped in shaping our understanding of crucial processes in molecular energy-conversion. The advent of new, ultrashort and bright X-ray free electron laser sources opens the possibility to use X-ray-typical element and site sensitivity for ultrafast molecular research. We present two types of spectroscopy, ultrafast Auger and ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and discuss their sensitivity to molecular processes. While Auger spectroscopy is able to monitor bond distance changes in the vicinity of an X-ray created core hole, near-edge absorption spectroscopy can deliver high-fidelity information on non-adiabatic transitions involving lone-pair orbitals. We demonstrate these features on the example of the UV-excited nucleobase thymine, investigated at the oxygen K-edge. We find a C-O bond elongation in the Auger data in addition to ππ*/ nπ* non-adiabatic transition in X-ray near-edge absorption. We compare the results from both methods and draw a conclusive scenario of non-adiabatic molecular relaxation after UV excitation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. A. Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PULSE, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park 94025, CA, USA
| | - Markus Gühr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PULSE, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park 94025, CA, USA
- Physics and Astronomy Institute, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- e-mail:
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139
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Rohringer N. X-ray Raman scattering: a building block for nonlinear spectroscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170471. [PMID: 30929628 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraintense X-ray free-electron laser pulses of attosecond duration can enable new nonlinear X-ray spectroscopic techniques to observe coherent electronic motion. The simplest nonlinear X-ray spectroscopic concept is based on stimulated electronic X-ray Raman scattering. We present a snapshot of recent experimental achievements, paving the way towards the goal of realizing nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy. In particular, we review the first proof-of-principle experiments, demonstrating stimulated X-ray emission and scattering in atomic gases in the soft X-ray regime and first results of stimulated hard X-ray emission spectroscopy on transition metal complexes. We critically asses the challenges that have to be overcome for future successful implementation of nonlinear coherent X-ray Raman spectroscopy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rohringer
- 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- 2 Department of Physics , Universität Hamburg , 20355 Hamburg , Germany
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140
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The photochemical ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene imaged by ultrafast electron diffraction. Nat Chem 2019; 11:504-509. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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141
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Imaging the Renner-Teller effect using laser-induced electron diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8173-8177. [PMID: 30952783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817465116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural information on electronically excited neutral molecules can be indirectly retrieved, largely through pump-probe and rotational spectroscopy measurements with the aid of calculations. Here, we demonstrate the direct structural retrieval of neutral carbonyl disulfide (CS2) in the [Formula: see text] excited electronic state using laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED). We unambiguously identify the ultrafast symmetric stretching and bending of the field-dressed neutral CS2 molecule with combined picometer and attosecond resolution using intrapulse pump-probe excitation and measurement. We invoke the Renner-Teller effect to populate the [Formula: see text] excited state in neutral CS2, leading to bending and stretching of the molecule. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of LIED in retrieving the geometric structure of CS2, which is known to appear as a two-center scatterer.
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142
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Abstract
A proposal for building a Free Electron Laser, EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB, at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, is at present under consideration. This FEL facility will provide a unique combination of a high brightness GeV-range electron beam generated in a X-band RF linac, a 0.5 PW-class laser system and the first FEL source driven by a plasma accelerator. The FEL will produce ultra-bright pulses, with up to 10 12 photons/pulse, femtosecond timescale and wavelength down to 3 nm, which lies in the so called “water window”. The experimental activity will be focused on the realization of a plasma driven short wavelength FEL able to provide high-quality photons for a user beamline. In this paper, we describe the main classes of experiments that will be performed at the facility, including coherent diffraction imaging, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering and photofragmentation measurements. These techniques will allow studying a variety of samples, both biological and inorganic, providing information about their structure and dynamical behavior. In this context, the possibility of inducing changes in samples via pump pulses leading to the stimulation of chemical reactions or the generation of coherent excitations would tremendously benefit from pulses in the soft X-ray region. High power synchronized optical lasers and a TeraHertz radiation source will indeed be made available for THz and pump–probe experiments and a split-and-delay station will allow performing XUV-XUV pump–probe experiments.
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143
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, FSB, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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144
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Kleine C, Ekimova M, Goldsztejn G, Raabe S, Strüber C, Ludwig J, Yarlagadda S, Eisebitt S, Vrakking MJJ, Elsaesser T, Nibbering ETJ, Rouzée A. Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solutions Using a Table-Top Femtosecond Soft X-ray Source. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:52-58. [PMID: 30547598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the water window using a table-top laser-based approach with organic molecules and inorganic salts in aqueous solution. A high-order harmonic source delivers femtosecond pulses of short wavelength radiation in the photon energy range from 220 to 450 eV. We report static soft X-ray absorption measurements in transmission on the solvated compounds O=C(NH2)2, CaCl2, and NaNO3 using flatjet technology. We monitor the absorption of the molecular samples between the carbon (∼280 eV) and nitrogen (∼400 eV) K-edges and compare our results with previous measurements performed at the BESSYII facility. We discuss the roles of pulse stability and photon flux in the outcome of our experiments. Our work paves the way toward table-top femtosecond, solution-phase soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the water window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kleine
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Raabe
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Strüber
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Suresh Yarlagadda
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Erik T J Nibbering
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , Max-Born-Strasse 2a , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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145
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Orr-Ewing AJ. Perspective: How can ultrafast laser spectroscopy inform the design of new organic photoredox catalysts for chemical and materials synthesis? STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:010901. [PMID: 30868082 PMCID: PMC6404927 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis of chemical reactions, using light-activated molecules which serve as electron donors or acceptors to initiate chemical transformations under mild conditions, is finding widespread use in the synthesis of organic compounds and materials. The transition-metal-centred complexes first developed for these photoredox-catalysed applications are steadily being superseded by more sustainable and lower toxicity organic photocatalysts. While the diversity of possible structures for photoredox-active organic molecules brings benefits of design flexibility, it also presents considerable challenges for optimization of the photocatalyst molecular architecture. Transient absorption spectroscopy over timescales from the femtosecond to microsecond domains can explore the detailed mechanisms of activation and reaction of these organic photocatalysts in solution and, by linking their dynamical properties to their structures, has the potential to establish reliable design principles for future development of improved photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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146
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Bellshaw D, Minns RS, Kirrander A. Correspondence between electronic structure calculations and simulations: nonadiabatic dynamics in CS2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14226-14237. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The choice of ab initio electronic structure method is an important factor in determining the fidelity of nonadiabatic dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Bellshaw
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
- EH9 3FJ Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Russell S. Minns
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
- EH9 3FJ Edinburgh
- UK
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147
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Kobayashi Y, Zeng T, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Ab initio investigation of Br-3 d core-excited states in HBr and HBr + toward XUV probing of photochemical dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:014101. [PMID: 30868084 PMCID: PMC6404917 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast X-ray/XUV transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool for real-time probing of chemical dynamics. Interpretation of the transient absorption spectra requires knowledge of core-excited potentials, which necessitates assistance from high-level electronic-structure computations. In this study, we investigate Br-3d core-excited electronic structures of hydrogen bromide (HBr) using spin-orbit general multiconfigurational quasidegenerate perturbation theory (SO-GMC-QDPT). Potential energy curves and transition dipole moments are calculated from the Franck-Condon region to the asymptotic limit and used to construct core-to-valence absorption strengths for five electronic states of HBr (Σ 1 0 + , 3 Π 1 , 1 Π 1 , 3 Π 0 + , 3 Σ 1 ) and two electronic states of HBr+ (2Π3∕2, 2Σ1∕2). The results illustrate the capabilities of Br-3d edge probing to capture transitions of the electronic-state symmetry as well as nonadiabatic dissociation processes that evolve across avoided crossings. Furthermore, core-to-valence absorption spectra are simulated from the neutralΣ 1 0 + state and the ionicΠ 2 1 / 2 , 3 / 2 states by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum. The comprehensive and quantitative picture of the core-excited states obtained in this work allows for transparent analysis of the core-to-valence absorption signals, filling gaps in the theoretical understanding of the Br-3d transient absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
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148
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Wolf TJA, Yang J, Sanchez DM, Nunes JPF, Parrish RM, Shen X, Centurion M, Coffee R, Gyan JP, Gühr M, Kareem H, Kirrander A, Li R, Ruddock J, Veccione T, Weathersby SP, Weber PM, Wilkin K, Yong HW, Zheng Q, Martinez TJ, Wang X, Minitti MP. Imaging the ring opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with MeV ultrafast electron diffraction. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920507006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We resolve the structural dynamics of the ultrafast photoinduced ring opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene in space and time employing megaelectronvolt gas phase ultrafast electron diffraction. We, furthermore, observe coherent large amplitude motions of the photoproduct.
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149
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Ashfold MNR, Ingle RA, Karsili TNV, Zhang J. Photoinduced C–H bond fission in prototypical organic molecules and radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13880-13901. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We survey and assess current knowledge regarding the primary photochemistry of hydrocarbon molecules and radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
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Belianinov A, Ievlev AV, Lorenz M, Borodinov N, Doughty B, Kalinin SV, Fernández FM, Ovchinnikova OS. Correlated Materials Characterization via Multimodal Chemical and Functional Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11798-11818. [PMID: 30422627 PMCID: PMC9850281 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal chemical imaging simultaneously offers high-resolution chemical and physical information with nanoscale and, in select cases, atomic resolution. By coupling modalities that collect physical and chemical information, we can address scientific problems in biological systems, battery and fuel cell research, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, photovoltaics, medicine, and many others. The combined systems enable the local correlation of material properties with chemical makeup, making fundamental questions of how chemistry and structure drive functionality approachable. In this Review, we present recent progress and offer a perspective for chemical imaging used to characterize a variety of samples by a number of platforms. Specifically, we present cases of infrared and Raman spectroscopies combined with scanning probe microscopy; optical microscopy and mass spectrometry; nonlinear optical microscopy; and, finally, ion, electron, and probe microscopies with mass spectrometry. We also discuss the challenges associated with the use of data originated by the combinatorial hardware, analysis, and machine learning as well as processing tools necessary for the interpretation of multidimensional data acquired from multimodal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthias Lorenz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nikolay Borodinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology and Petit Institute for Biochemistry and Bioscience, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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