101
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Aderibigbe B, Sadiku E, Jayaramudu J, Sinha Ray S. Controlled dual release study of curcumin and a 4-aminoquinoline analog from gum acacia containing hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Sadiku
- Department of Chemical; Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Jarugala Jayaramudu
- Department of Chemical; Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology; Pretoria South Africa
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
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Sundriyal S, Malmquist NA, Caron J, Blundell S, Liu F, Chen X, Srimongkolpithak N, Jin J, Charman SA, Scherf A, Fuchter MJ. Development of diaminoquinazoline histone lysine methyltransferase inhibitors as potent blood-stage antimalarial compounds. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2360-2373. [PMID: 25044750 PMCID: PMC4177335 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Modulating epigenetic mechanisms in malarial parasites is an emerging avenue for the discovery of novel antimalarial drugs. Previously we demonstrated the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of (1-benzyl-4-piperidyl)[6,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-4-quinazolinyl]amine (BIX01294; 1), a known human G9a inhibitor, together with its dose-dependent effects on histone methylation in the malarial parasite. This work describes our initial medicinal chemistry efforts to optimise the diaminoquinazoline chemotype for antimalarial activity. A variety of analogues were designed by substituting the 2 and 4 positions of the quinazoline core, and these molecules were tested against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain). Several analogues with IC50 values as low as 18.5 nM and with low mammalian cell toxicity (HepG2) were identified. Certain pharmacophoric features required for antimalarial activity were found to be analogous to the previously published SAR of these analogues for G9a inhibition, thereby suggesting potential similarities between the malarial and human HKMT targets of this chemotype. Physiochemical, in vitro activity, and in vitro metabolism studies were also performed for a select set of potent analogues to evaluate their potential as antimalarial leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Malmquist
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 2581, F-75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Joachim Caron
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Blundell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Feng Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 26 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 26 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 26 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Artur Scherf
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 2581, F-75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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103
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Agarwal S, Sharma V, Kaul T, Abdin MZ, Singh S. Cytotoxic effect of carotenoid phytonutrient lycopene on P. falciparum infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 197:15-20. [PMID: 25261593 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to almost all class of antimalarial drugs has emerged as one of the greatest challenges to malaria control. Strategies to limit the advent and spread of drug-resistant malaria include development of new drugs and its combination with existing drugs. In this work we provide a strong evidence for phytonutrient lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, to be effective against Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Consistent with the previous findings in mammalian cells, lycopene's prooxidant activity promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. falciparum. Also a significant loss of mitochondrial functionality and thus, the loss of the membrane potential was observed in lycopene treated schizonts. Taken together, our results indicated that the generation of ROS and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential accounted for lycopene's cytotoxicity against P. falciparum growth in vitro. These insights will help in the design of new treatment strategies to combat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Agarwal
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Vijeta Sharma
- Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Tanushri Kaul
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - M Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budha Nagar, UP 201314, India.
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104
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Roy N, Bhattacharyya S, Chakrabarty S, Laskar S, Babu SM, Bhattacharyya MK. Dominant negative mutant of Plasmodium Rad51 causes reduced parasite burden in host by abrogating DNA double-strand break repair. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:353-66. [PMID: 25145341 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites survive through repairing a plethora of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) experienced during their asexual growth. In Plasmodium Rad51 mediated homologous recombination (HR) mechanism and homology-independent alternative end-joining mechanism have been identified. Here we address whether loss of HR activity can be compensated by other DSB repair mechanisms. Creating a transgenic Plasmodium line defective in HR function, we demonstrate that HR is the most important DSB repair pathway in malarial parasite. Using mouse malaria model we have characterized the dominant negative effect of PfRad51(K143R) mutant on Plasmodium DSB repair and host-parasite interaction. Our work illustrates that Plasmodium berghei harbouring the mutant protein (PfRad51(K143R)) failed to repair DSBs as evidenced by hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agent. Mice infected with mutant parasites lived significantly longer with markedly reduced parasite burden. To better understand the effect of mutant PfRad51(K143R) on HR, we used yeast as a surrogate model and established that the presence of PfRad51(K143R) completely inhibited DNA repair, gene conversion and gene targeting. Biochemical experiment confirmed that very low level of mutant protein was sufficient for complete disruption of wild-type PfRad51 activity. Hence our work provides evidence that HR pathway of Plasmodium could be efficiently targeted to curb malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabamita Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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105
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Kunwittaya S, Treeratanapiboon L, Srisarin A, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Prachayasittikul V. In vitro study of parasite elimination and endothelial protection by curcumin: adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:287-99. [PMID: 26417261 PMCID: PMC4464332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection can abruptly progress to severe malaria and cerebral malaria. Despite the current efficiency of antimalarial drugs in killing parasites, no specific effective treatment has been found for cerebral malaria. Thus, a new strategy targeting both parasite elimination and endothelial cell protection is urgently needed in this field. In this study, we determined whether curcumin, which has blood-brain permeability, antioxidative activity and/or immunomodulation property, provided a potential effect on both parasite elimination and endothelial protection. Murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3; ATCC) were cocultured with Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-IRBC), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and platelets. Apoptosis of endothelial cells was demonstrated by annexin V staining. Interestingly, curcumin exhibited high efficiency of antimalarial activity (IC50 ~10 µM) and decreased bEnd.3 apoptosis down to 60.0 % and 79.6 % upon pre-treatment and co-treatment, respectively, with Pf-IRBC, platelets and PBMC. Our findings open up a high feasibility of applying curcumin as a potential adjunctive compound for cerebral malaria treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarun Kunwittaya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Lertyot Treeratanapiboon
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand,Department of Parasitology and Community Health, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Apapan Srisarin
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chartchalerm Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Virapong Prachayasittikul, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Virapong Prachayasittikul, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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106
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Sato H, Chuang VTG, Yamasaki K, Yamaotsu N, Watanabe H, Nagumo K, Anraku M, Kadowaki D, Ishima Y, Hirono S, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Differential effects of methoxy group on the interaction of curcuminoids with two major ligand binding sites of human serum albumin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87919. [PMID: 24498401 PMCID: PMC3912132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuminoids are a group of compounds with a similar chemical backbone structure but containing different numbers of methoxy groups that have therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. They mainly bind to albumin in plasma. These findings influence their body disposition and biological activities. Spectroscopic analysis using site specific probes on human serum albumin (HSA) clearly indicated that curcumin (Cur), demethylcurcumin (Dmc) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (Bdmc) bind to both Site I (sub-site Ia and Ib) and Site II on HSA. At pH 7.4, the binding constants for Site I were relatively comparable between curcuminoids, while the binding constants for Site II at pH 7.4 were increased in order Cur < Dmc < Bdmc. Binding experiments using HSA mutants showed that Trp214 and Arg218 at Site I, and Tyr411 and Arg410 at Site II are involved in the binding of curcuminoids. The molecular docking of all curcuminoids to the Site I pocket showed that curcuminoids stacked with Phe211 and Trp214, and interacted with hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues. In contrast, each curcuminoid interacted with Site II in a different manner depending whether a methoxy group was present or absent. A detailed analysis of curcuminoids-albumin interactions would provide valuable information in terms of understanding the pharmacokinetics and the biological activities of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Victor Tuan Giam Chuang
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Keishi Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Nagumo
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Anraku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kadowaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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107
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Ali M, Afzal M, Abdul Nasim S, Ahmad I. Nanocurcumin: a novel antifilarial agent with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitory activity. J Drug Target 2014; 22:395-407. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.869823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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108
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Bairwa K, Grover J, Kania M, Jachak SM. Recent developments in chemistry and biology of curcumin analogues. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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109
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Siva Mohan Reddy G, Jayaramudu J, Sadiku E, Sinha Ray S, Varaprasad K, Aderibigbe B. Application of cross-linked soy protein isolate with resorcinol films for release studies of naturally occurring bioactive agent with antiproliferative activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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110
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Duffy MF, Selvarajah SA, Josling GA, Petter M. Epigenetic regulation of the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:203-16. [PMID: 24326119 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted some unique aspects of chromatin biology in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During its erythrocytic lifecycle P. falciparum maintains its genome primarily as unstructured euchromatin. Indeed there is no clear role for chromatin-mediated silencing of the majority of the developmentally expressed genes in P. falciparum. However discontinuous stretches of heterochromatin are critical for variegated expression of contingency genes that mediate key pathogenic processes in malaria. These range from invasion of erythrocytes and antigenic variation to solute transport and growth adaptation in response to environmental changes. Despite lack of structure within euchromatin the nucleus maintains functional compartments that regulate expression of many genes at the nuclear periphery, particularly genes with clonally variant expression. The typical components of the chromatin regulatory machinery are present in P. falciparum; however, some of these appear to have evolved novel species-specific functions, e.g. the dynamic regulation of histone variants at virulence gene promoters. The parasite also appears to have repeatedly acquired chromatin regulatory proteins through lateral transfer from endosymbionts and from the host. P. falciparum chromatin regulators have been successfully targeted with multiple drugs in laboratory studies; hopefully their functional divergence from human counterparts will allow the development of parasite-specific inhibitors.
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111
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Memvanga PB, Coco R, Préat V. An oral malaria therapy: Curcumin-loaded lipid-based drug delivery systems combined with β-arteether. J Control Release 2013; 172:904-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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112
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Kim DK, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Jang SI, Lillehoj EP, Bravo D. Dietary Curcuma longa enhances resistance against Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella infections in chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2635-43. [PMID: 24046410 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation with an organic extract of Curcuma longa on systemic and local immune responses to experimental Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella infections were evaluated in commercial broiler chickens. Dietary supplementation with C. longa enhanced coccidiosis resistance as demonstrated by increased BW gains, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and decreased gut lesions compared with infected birds fed a nonsupplemented control diet. The chickens fed C. longa-supplemented diet showed enhanced systemic humoral immunity, as assessed by greater levels of serum antibodies to an Eimeria microneme protein, MIC2, and enhanced cellular immunity, as measured by concanavalin A-induced spleen cell proliferation, compared with controls. At the intestinal level, genome-wide gene expression profiling by microarray hybridization identified 601 differentially expressed transcripts (287 upregulated, 314 downregulated) in gut lymphocytes of C. longa-fed chickens compared with nonsupplemented controls. Based on the known functions of the corresponding mammalian genes, the C. longa-induced intestinal transcriptome was mostly associated with genes mediating anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, these results suggest that dietary C. longa could be used to attenuate Eimeria-induced, inflammation-mediated gut damage in commercial poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Kyung Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
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113
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The effects of combiningArtemisia annuaandCurcuma longaethanolic extracts in broilers challenged with infective oocysts ofEimeria acervulinaandE. maxima. Parasitology 2013; 141:347-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYDue to an increasing demand for natural products to control coccidiosis in broilers, we investigated the effects of supplementing a combination of ethanolic extracts ofArtemisia annuaandCurcuma longain drinking water. Three different dosages of this herbal mixture were compared with a negative control (uninfected), a positive control (infected and untreated), chemical coccidiostats (nicarbazin+narazin and, later, salinomycin), vaccination, and a product based on oregano. Differences in performance (weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate), mortality, gross intestinal lesions and oocyst excretion were investigated. Broilers given chemical coccidiostats performed better than all other groups. Broilers given the two highest dosages of the herbal mixture had intermediate lesion scores caused byEimeria acervulina, which was higher than in broilers given coccidiostats, but less than in broilers given vaccination, oregano and in negative controls. There was a trend for lower mortality (P= 0·08) in the later stage of the growing period (23–43 days) in broilers given the highest dosage of herbal mixture compared with broilers given chemical coccidiostats. In conclusion, the delivery strategy of the herbal extracts is easy to implement at farm level, but further studies on dose levels and modes of action are needed.
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114
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Jain K, Sood S, Gowthamarajan K. Modulation of cerebral malaria by curcumin as an adjunctive therapy. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:579-91. [PMID: 23906771 PMCID: PMC9425129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the most severe and rapidly fatal neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection and responsible for more than two million deaths annually. The current therapy is inadequate in terms of reducing mortality or post-treatment symptoms such as neurological and cognitive deficits. The pathophysiology of cerebral malaria is quite complex and offers a variety of targets which remain to be exploited for better therapeutic outcome. The present review discusses on the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on scope and promises of curcumin as an adjunctive therapy to improve survival and overcome neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu 643001, India.
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115
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Lee WH, Loo CY, Bebawy M, Luk F, Mason RS, Rohanizadeh R. Curcumin and its derivatives: their application in neuropharmacology and neuroscience in the 21st century. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:338-78. [PMID: 24381528 PMCID: PMC3744901 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol extracted from the plant Curcuma longa, is widely used in Southeast Asia, China and India in food preparation and for medicinal purposes. Since the second half of the last century, this traditional medicine has attracted the attention of scientists from multiple disciplines to elucidate its pharmacological properties. Of significant interest is curcumin's role to treat neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) and malignancy. These diseases all share an inflammatory basis, involving increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. The therapeutic benefits of curcumin for these neurodegenerative diseases appear multifactorial via regulation of transcription factors, cytokines and enzymes associated with (Nuclear factor kappa beta) NFκB activity. This review describes the historical use of curcumin in medicine, its chemistry, stability and biological activities, including curcumin's anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The review further discusses the pharmacology of curcumin and provides new perspectives on its therapeutic potential and limitations. Especially, the review focuses in detail on the effectiveness of curcumin and its mechanism of actions in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Lee
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ching-Yee Loo
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Frederick Luk
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ramin Rohanizadeh
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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116
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Vanagas L, Jeffers V, Bogado SS, Dalmasso MC, Sullivan WJ, Angel SO. Toxoplasma histone acetylation remodelers as novel drug targets. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013. [PMID: 23199404 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a leading cause of neurological birth defects and a serious opportunistic pathogen. The authors and others have found that Toxoplasma uses a unique nucleosome composition supporting a fine gene regulation together with other factors. Post-translational modifications in histones facilitate the establishment of a global chromatin environment and orchestrate DNA-related biological processes. Histone acetylation is one of the most prominent post-translational modifications influencing gene expression. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases have been intensively studied as potential drug targets. In particular, histone deacetylase inhibitors have activity against apicomplexan parasites, underscoring their potential as a new class of antiparasitic compounds. In this review, we summarize what is known about Toxoplasma histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, and discuss the inhibitors studied to date. Finally, the authors discuss the distinct possibility that the unique nucleosome composition of Toxoplasma, which harbors a nonconserved H2Bv variant histone, might be targeted in novel therapeutics directed against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanagas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2, C.C 164, (B7130IIWA), Chascomús, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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117
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Biamonte MA, Wanner J, Le Roch KG. Recent advances in malaria drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2829-43. [PMID: 23587422 PMCID: PMC3762334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This digest covers some of the most relevant progress in malaria drug discovery published between 2010 and 2012. There is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Such drugs can target the blood stage of the disease to alleviate the symptoms, the liver stage to prevent relapses, and the transmission stage to protect other humans. The pipeline for the blood stage is becoming robust, but this should not be a source of complacency, as the current therapies set a high standard. Drug discovery efforts directed towards the liver and transmission stages are in their infancy but are receiving increasing attention as targeting these stages could be instrumental in eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Biamonte
- Drug Discovery for Tropical Diseases, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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118
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Treatment of Plasmodium chabaudi Parasites with Curcumin in Combination with Antimalarial Drugs: Drug Interactions and Implications on the Ubiquitin/Proteasome System. J Parasitol Res 2013; 2013:429736. [PMID: 23691276 PMCID: PMC3649349 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance remains a major obstacle in malaria control. Evidence from Southeast Asia shows that resistance to artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is inevitable. Ethnopharmacological studies have confirmed the efficacy of curcumin against Plasmodium spp. Drug interaction assays between curcumin/piperine/chloroquine and curcumin/piperine/artemisinin combinations and the potential of drug treatment to interfere with the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) were analyzed. In vivo efficacy of curcumin was studied in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi clones resistant to chloroquine and artemisinin, and drug interactions were analyzed by isobolograms. Subtherapeutic doses of curcumin, chloroquine, and artemisinin were administered to mice, and mRNA was collected following treatment for RT-PCR analysis of genes encoding deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs). Curcumin was found be nontoxic in BALB/c mice. The combination of curcumin/chloroquine/piperine reduced parasitemia to 37% seven days after treatment versus the control group's 65%, and an additive interaction was revealed. Curcumin/piperine/artemisinin combination did not show a favorable drug interaction in this murine model of malaria. Treatment of mice with subtherapeutic doses of the drugs resulted in a transient increase in genes encoding DUBs indicating UPS interference. If curcumin is to join the arsenal of available antimalarial drugs, future studies exploring suitable drug partners would be of interest.
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Chakrabarti R, Rawat PS, Cooke BM, Coppel RL, Patankar S. Cellular effects of curcumin on Plasmodium falciparum include disruption of microtubules. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57302. [PMID: 23505424 PMCID: PMC3591428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been widely investigated for its myriad cellular effects resulting in reduced proliferation of various eukaryotic cells including cancer cells and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Studies with human cancer cell lines HT-29, Caco-2, and MCF-7 suggest that curcumin can bind to tubulin and induce alterations in microtubule structure. Based on this finding, we investigated whether curcumin has any effect on P. falciparum microtubules, considering that mammalian and parasite tubulin are 83% identical. IC50 of curcumin was found to be 5 µM as compared to 20 µM reported before. Immunofluorescence images of parasites treated with 5 or 20 µM curcumin showed a concentration-dependent effect on parasite microtubules resulting in diffuse staining contrasting with the discrete hemispindles and subpellicular microtubules observed in untreated parasites. The effect on P. falciparum microtubules was evident only in the second cycle for both concentrations tested. This diffuse pattern of tubulin fluorescence in curcumin treated parasites was similar to the effect of a microtubule destabilizing drug vinblastine on P. falciparum. Molecular docking predicted the binding site of curcumin at the interface of alpha and beta tubulin, similar to another destabilizing drug colchicine. Data from predicted drug binding is supported by results from drug combination assays showing antagonistic interactions between curcumin and colchicine, sharing a similar binding site, and additive/synergistic interactions of curcumin with paclitaxel and vinblastine, having different binding sites. This evidence suggests that cellular effects of curcumin are at least, in part, due to its perturbing effect on P. falciparum microtubules. The action of curcumin, both direct and indirect, on P. falciparum microtubules is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, India
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Parkash S. Rawat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, India
| | - Brian M. Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, India
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De Novo transcriptome assembly (NGS) of Curcuma longa L. rhizome reveals novel transcripts related to anticancer and antimalarial terpenoids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56217. [PMID: 23468859 PMCID: PMC3585318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal remedies are increasingly being recognised in recent years as alternative medicine for a number of diseases including cancer. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric is used as a culinary spice in India and in many Asian countries has been attributed to lower incidences of gastrointestinal cancers. Curcumin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the rhizomes of this plant has been shown to have significant anticancer properties, in addition to antimalarial and antioxidant effects. We sequenced the transcriptome of the rhizome of the 3 varieties of Curcuma longa L. using Illumina reversible dye terminator sequencing followed by de novo transcriptome assembly. Multiple databases were used to obtain a comprehensive annotation and the transcripts were functionally classified using GO, KOG and PlantCyc. Special emphasis was given for annotating the secondary metabolite pathways and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. We report for the first time, the presence of transcripts related to biosynthetic pathways of several anti-cancer compounds like taxol, curcumin, and vinblastine in addition to anti-malarial compounds like artemisinin and acridone alkaloids, emphasizing turmeric's importance as a highly potent phytochemical. Our data not only provides molecular signatures for several terpenoids but also a comprehensive molecular resource for facilitating deeper insights into the transcriptome of C. longa.
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Dastidar EG, Dzeyk K, Krijgsveld J, Malmquist NA, Doerig C, Scherf A, Lopez-Rubio JJ. Comprehensive histone phosphorylation analysis and identification of Pf14-3-3 protein as a histone H3 phosphorylation reader in malaria parasites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53179. [PMID: 23308157 PMCID: PMC3538786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The important role of histone posttranslational modifications, particularly methylation and acetylation, in Plasmodium falciparum gene regulation has been established. However, the role of histone phosphorylation remains understudied. Here, we investigate histone phosphorylation utilizing liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to analyze histones extracted from asexual blood stages using two improved protocols to enhance preservation of PTMs. Enrichment for phosphopeptides lead to the detection of 14 histone phospho-modifications in P. falciparum. The majority of phosphorylation sites were observed at the N-terminal regions of various histones and were frequently observed adjacent to acetylated lysines. We also report the identification of one novel member of the P. falciparum histone phosphosite binding protein repertoire, Pf14-3-3I. Recombinant Pf14-3-3I protein bound to purified parasite histones. In silico structural analysis of Pf14-3-3 proteins revealed that residues responsible for binding to histone H3 S10ph and/or S28ph are conserved at the primary and the tertiary structure levels. Using a battery of H3 specific phosphopeptides, we demonstrate that Pf14-3-3I preferentially binds to H3S28ph over H3S10ph, independent of modification of neighbouring residues like H3S10phK14ac and H3S28phS32ph. Our data provide key insight into histone phosphorylation sites. The identification of a second member of the histone modification reading machinery suggests a widespread use of histone phosphorylation in the control of various nuclear processes in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeshita G. Dastidar
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associé 2581, Paris, France
| | - Kristina Dzeyk
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas A. Malmquist
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associé 2581, Paris, France
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Artur Scherf
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associé 2581, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (JJLR)
| | - Jose-Juan Lopez-Rubio
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associé 2581, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (JJLR)
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Manohar S, Khan SI, Kandi SK, Raj K, Sun G, Yang X, Calderon Molina AD, Ni N, Wang B, Rawat DS. Synthesis, antimalarial activity and cytotoxic potential of new monocarbonyl analogues of curcumin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:112-6. [PMID: 23218718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel monocarbonyl analogues of curcumin have been designed, synthesized and tested for their activity against Molt4, HeLa, PC3, DU145 and KB cancer cell lines. Six of the analogues showed potent cytotoxicity towards these cell lines with IC(50) values below 1 μM, which is better than doxorubicin, a US FDA approved drug. Several analogues were also found to be active against both CQ-resistant (W2 clone) and CQ-sensitive (D6) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in an in-vitro antimalarial screening. This level of activity warrants further investigation of the compounds for development as anticancer and antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel antimalarial drug targets: hope for new antimalarial drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:469-89. [PMID: 22112223 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global threat, that results in more than 2 million deaths each year. The treatment of malaria is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, the absence of an effective vaccine, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, malarial therapy needs new chemotherapeutic approaches leading to the search for new drug targets. Here, we discuss different approaches to identifying novel antimalarial drug targets. We have also given due attention to the existing validated targets with a view to develop novel, rationally designed lead molecules. Some of the important parasite proteins are claimed to be the targets; however, further in vitro or in vivo structure-function studies of such proteins are crucial to validate these proteins as suitable targets. The interactome analysis among apicoplast, mitochondrion and genomic DNA will also be useful in identifying vital pathways or proteins regulating critical pathways for parasite growth and survival, and could be attractive targets. Molecules responsible for parasite invasion to host erythrocytes and ion channels of infected erythrocytes, essential for intra-erythrocyte survival and stage progression of parasites are also becoming attractive targets. This review will discuss and highlight the current understanding regarding the potential antimalarial drug targets, which could be utilized to develop novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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Small-molecule histone methyltransferase inhibitors display rapid antimalarial activity against all blood stage forms in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16708-13. [PMID: 23011794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205414109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors such as histone methylation control the developmental progression of malaria parasites during the complex life cycle in the human host. We investigated Plasmodium falciparum histone lysine methyltransferases as a potential target class for the development of novel antimalarials. We synthesized a compound library based upon a known specific inhibitor (BIX-01294) of the human G9a histone methyltransferase. Two compounds, BIX-01294 and its derivative TM2-115, inhibited P. falciparum 3D7 parasites in culture with IC(50) values of ~100 nM, values at least 22-fold more potent than their apparent IC(50) toward two human cell lines and one mouse cell line. These compounds irreversibly arrested parasite growth at all stages of the intraerythrocytic life cycle. Decrease in parasite viability (>40%) was seen after a 3-h incubation with 1 µM BIX-01294 and resulted in complete parasite killing after a 12-h incubation. Additionally, mice with patent Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain infection treated with a single dose (40 mg/kg) of TM2-115 had 18-fold reduced parasitemia the following day. Importantly, treatment of P. falciparum parasites in culture with BIX-01294 or TM2-115 resulted in significant reductions in histone H3K4me3 levels in a concentration-dependent and exposure time-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that BIX-01294 and TM2-115 inhibit malaria parasite histone methyltransferases, resulting in rapid and irreversible parasite death. Our data position histone lysine methyltransferases as a previously unrecognized target class, and BIX-01294 as a promising lead compound, in a presently unexploited avenue for antimalarial drug discovery targeting multiple life-cycle stages.
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125
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Hoeijmakers WAM, Stunnenberg HG, Bártfai R. Placing the Plasmodium falciparum epigenome on the map. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:486-95. [PMID: 22999479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that epigenetic mechanisms that act on and regulate chromatin structure play a key role in the development, adaptation, and survival of the malaria parasite within its human host. The study of epigenetics in Plasmodium falciparum started to flourish in recent years due to improvement of genomic technologies. Here we summarize the knowledge gained from genome-wide localization profiling of different epigenetic features, and discuss hypotheses emerging from the analysis of these 'descriptive' epigenetic maps. Furthermore, we highlight key questions to be answered, and provide a glimpse of developments required to gain true mechanistic understanding and to lift this maturing field to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieteke A M Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represent major health problems. Treatment is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug resistance, the absence of effective vaccines, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, identification of affordable and readily available drugs against resistant parasites is of global demand. RECENT ADVANCES Susceptibility of many parasites to oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon. Therefore, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibition of endogenous antioxidant enzymes would be a novel therapeutic approach to develop antiparasitic drugs. This article highlights the unique metabolic pathways along with redox enzymes of unicellular (Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis) and multicellular parasites (Schistosoma mansoni), which could be utilized to promote ROS-mediated toxicity. CRITICAL ISSUES Enzymes involved in various vital redox reactions could be potential targets for drug development. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of redox-active antiparasitic drugs along with their mode of action will help researchers around the world in designing novel drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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127
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Differential modulation of intracellular survival of cytosolic and vacuolar pathogens by curcumin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5555-67. [PMID: 22890770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00496-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a principal component of turmeric, acts as an immunomodulator regulating the host defenses in response to a diseased condition. The role of curcumin in controlling certain infectious diseases is highly controversial. It is known to alleviate symptoms of Helicobacter pylori infection and exacerbate that of Leishmania infection. We have evaluated the role of curcumin in modulating the fate of various intracellular bacterial pathogens. We show that pretreatment of macrophages with curcumin attenuates the infections caused by Shigella flexneri (clinical isolates) and Listeria monocytogenes and aggravates those caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18 (a clinical isolate), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Thus, the antimicrobial nature of curcumin is not a general phenomenon. It modulated the intracellular survival of cytosolic (S. flexneri and L. monocytogenes) and vacuolar (Salmonella spp., Y. enterocolitica, and S. aureus) bacteria in distinct ways. Through colocalization experiments, we demonstrated that curcumin prevented the active phagosomal escape of cytosolic pathogens and enhanced the active inhibition of lysosomal fusion by vacuolar pathogens. A chloroquine resistance assay confirmed that curcumin retarded the escape of the cytosolic pathogens, thus reducing their inter- and intracellular spread. We have demonstrated that the membrane-stabilizing activity of curcumin is crucial for its differential effect on the virulence of the bacteria.
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128
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Cui L, Wang Z, Miao J, Miao M, Chandra R, Jiang H, Su XZ, Cui L. Mechanisms of in vitro resistance to dihydroartemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:111-28. [PMID: 22812578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent reports of artemisinin (ART) resistance in the Thai-Cambodian border area raise a serious concern on the long-term efficacy of ARTs. To elucidate the resistance mechanisms, we performed in vitro selection with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and obtained two parasite clones from Dd2 with more than 25-fold decrease in susceptibility to DHA. The DHA-resistant clones were more tolerant of stressful growth conditions and more resistant to several commonly used antimalarial drugs than Dd2. The result is worrisome as many of the drugs are currently used as ART partners in malaria control. This study showed that the DHA resistance is not limited to ring stage, but also occurred in trophozoites and schizonts. Microarray and biochemical analyses revealed pfmdr1 amplification, elevation of the antioxidant defence network, and increased expression of many chaperones in the DHA-resistant parasites. Without drug pressure, the DHA-resistant parasites reverted to sensitivity in approximately 8 weeks, accompanied by de-amplification of pfmdr1 and reduced antioxidant activities. The parallel decrease and increase in pfmdr1 copy number and antioxidant activity and the up and down of DHA sensitivity strongly suggest that pfmdr1 and antioxidant defence play a role in in vitro resistance to DHA, providing potential molecular markers for ART resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Mimche PN, Thompson E, Taramelli D, Vivas L. Curcumin enhances non-opsonic phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum through up-regulation of CD36 surface expression on monocytes/macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1895-904. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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130
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Duffy MF, Selvarajah SA, Josling GA, Petter M. The role of chromatin in Plasmodium gene expression. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:819-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the anti parasitic potential of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents. Non-treated infected control rats were inoculated with Giardia lamblia cysts in a dose of 2 × 10(5) cysts/rat. Experimental group was infected then treated with curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles as single or combined therapy. The number of Giardia cysts in stools and trophozoites in intestinal sections were detected. Toxicity of nanoparticles was evaluated by comparing hematological and histopathological parameters of the normal control group and treated non-infected control group. The amount of silver was also measured in the liver, kidney, small intestine, lung, and brain of rats treated with silver nanoparticles. The number of the parasites in stool and small intestinal sections decreased in treated infected rats compared with infected non-treated ones. The effect in the single therapy was better with nanoparticles, and the best effect was detected in nano-silver. The combined therapy gave better results than single. Combination between nanoparticles was better than the combination of nano-forms and native chitosan and curcumin. The best effect was detected in combinations of nano-silver and nano-chitosan but with no full eradication. In conclusion, the highest effect and complete cure was gained by combining the three nano-forms. The parasite was successfully eradicated from stool and intestine. None of the treatments exhibited any toxicity. Accumulated silver in different organs was within the safe limits.
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132
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Said DE, ElSamad LM, Gohar YM. Validity of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lack of association of the S769N mutation in Plasmodium falciparum SERCA (PfATP6) with resistance to artemisinins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2546-52. [PMID: 22354307 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05943-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in western Cambodia, manifested as delayed parasite clearance, is a big threat to the long-term efficacy of this family of antimalarial drugs. Among the multiple candidate genes associated with ART resistance in P. falciparum, the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase PfATP6 has been postulated as a specific target of ARTs. The PfATP6 gene harbors multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in field parasite populations, and S769N has been associated with decreased sensitivity to artemether in parasite populations from French Guiana. In this study, we used an allelic exchange strategy to engineer parasite lines carrying the S769N mutations in P. falciparum strain 3D7 and evaluated whether introduction of this mutation modulated parasite sensitivity to ART derivatives. Using three transgenic lines carrying the 769N mutation and two transgenic lines carrying the wild-type 769S as controls, we found that S769N did not affect PfATP6 gene expression. We compared the sensitivities of these parasite lines to three ART derivatives, artemether, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin, in 18 biological experiments and detected no significant effect of the S769N mutation on parasite response to these ART derivatives. This study provides further evidence for the lack of association of PfATP6 with ART resistance.
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Vathsala PG, Dende C, Nagaraj VA, Bhattacharya D, Das G, Rangarajan PN, Padmanaban G. Curcumin-arteether combination therapy of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice prevents recrudescence through immunomodulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29442. [PMID: 22276114 PMCID: PMC3262785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies in this laboratory have shown the potential of artemisinin-curcumin combination therapy in experimental malaria. In a parasite recrudescence model in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA), a single dose of alpha,beta-arteether (ART) with three oral doses of curcumin prevented recrudescence, providing almost 95% protection. The parasites were completely cleared in blood with ART-alone (AE) or ART+curcumin (AC) treatments in the short-term, although the clearance was faster in the latter case involving increased ROS generation. But, parasites in liver and spleen were not cleared in AE or AC treatments, perhaps, serving as a reservoir for recrudescence. Parasitemia in blood reached up to 60% in AE-treated mice during the recrudescence phase, leading to death of animals. A transient increase of up to 2-3% parasitemia was observed in AC-treatment, leading to protection and reversal of splenomegaly. A striking increase in spleen mRNA levels for TLR2, IL-10 and IgG-subclass antibodies but a decrease in those for INFγ and IL-12 was observed in AC-treatment. There was a striking increase in IL-10 and IgG subclass antibody levels but a decrease in INFγ levels in sera leading to protection against recrudescence. AC-treatment failed to protect against recrudescence in TLR2(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) animals. IL-10 injection to AE-treated wild type mice and AC-treated TLR2(-/-) mice was able to prolong survival. Blood from the recrudescence phase in AE-treatment, but not from AC-treatment, was able to reinfect and kill naïve animals. Sera from the recrudescence phase of AC-treated animals reacted with several parasite proteins compared to that from AE-treated animals. It is proposed that activation of TLR2-mediated innate immune response leading to enhanced IL-10 production and generation of anti-parasite antibodies contribute to protective immunity in AC-treated mice. These results indicate a potential for curcumin-based combination therapy to be tested for prevention of recrudescence in falciparum and relapse in vivax malaria.
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135
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Fritzler JM, Zhu G. Novel anti-Cryptosporidium activity of known drugs identified by high-throughput screening against parasite fatty acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:609-17. [PMID: 22167242 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium parvum causes an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, and no effective treatments are yet available. This parasite possesses a single fatty acyl-CoA binding protein (CpACBP1) that is localized to the unique parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The major goal of this study was to identify inhibitors from known drugs against CpACBP1 as potential new anti-Cryptosporidium agents. METHODS A fluorescence assay was developed to detect CpACBP1 activity and to identify inhibitors by screening known drugs. Efficacies of top CpACBP1 inhibitors against Cryptosporidium growth in vitro were evaluated using a quantitative RT-PCR assay. RESULTS Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labelled palmitoyl-CoA significantly increased the fluorescent emission upon binding to CpACBP1 (excitation/emission 460/538 nm), which was quantified to determine the CpACBP1 activity and binding kinetics. The fluorescence assay was used to screen a collection of 1040 compounds containing mostly known drugs, and identified the 28 most active compounds that could inhibit CpACBP1 activity with sub-micromolar IC(50) values. Among them, four compounds displayed efficacies against parasite growth in vitro with low micromolar IC(50) values. The effective compounds were broxyquinoline (IC(50) 64.9 μM), cloxyquin (IC(50) 25.1 μM), cloxacillin sodium (IC(50) 36.2 μM) and sodium dehydrocholate (IC(50) 53.2 μM). CONCLUSIONS The fluorescence ACBP assay can be effectively used to screen known drugs or other compound libraries. Novel anti-Cryptosporidium activity was observed in four top CpACBP1 inhibitors, which may be further investigated for their potential to be repurposed to treat cryptosporidiosis and to serve as leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Fritzler
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
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El-Sayed NM, Ismail KA, Ahmed SAEG, Hetta MH. In vitro amoebicidal activity of ethanol extracts of Arachis hypogaea L., Curcuma longa L. and Pancratium maritimum L. on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1985-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Marathe SA, Dasgupta I, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D. Multifaceted roles of curcumin: two sides of a coin! Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1485-99. [PMID: 21942554 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.623124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curcumin has been a front-line topic of mainstream scientific research for a variety of diseases from cancer to Alzheimer's to infectious diseases. Curcumin suppresses the type 1 immune response, which might lead to alleviation of type 1 immune response disorders. However, the inhibition of type 1 immune response might invite infections with opportunistic pathogens. Considering its low bioavailability, several curcumin derivatives have been designed to improve its functionality. AREAS COVERED This is a consolidated review which aims to compare and contrast diverse aspects of curcumin in variety of diseases. The intricate underlying mechanisms and the functional determinants of curcumin are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Curcumin being considered as a spicy panacea, is not a remedy for all diseases. However, its ability to act differentially as an anti-oxidant or pro-oxidant akin to that of a double-edged sword/friend turning foe can be either beneficial or harmful for the host. It exhibits anti-oxidant properties at concentrations achievable in the body, making the host vulnerable to infections due to the suppression of innate immune responses. With the increase in knowledge of its functional groups, production of analogues of curcumin is underway to enhance its bioavailability and hence its therapeutic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya A Marathe
- Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Bangalore 560012, India
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138
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Das J, Pany S, Panchal S, Majhi A, Rahman GM. Binding of isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives of curcumin with the activator binding domain of novel protein kinase C. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6196-202. [PMID: 21975067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases is an attractive drug target because of its involvement in the regulation of various cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. The endogenous PKC activator diacylglycerol contains two long carbon chains, which are attached to the glycerol moiety via ester linkage. Natural product curcumin (1), the active constituent of Curcuma L., contains two carbonyl and two hydroxyl groups. It modulates PKC activity and binds to the activator binding site (Majhi et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.2010, 18, 1591). To investigate the role of the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of curcumin in PKC binding and to develop curcumin derivatives as effective PKC modulators, we synthesized several isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives of curcumin (2-6), characterized their absorption and fluorescence properties, and studied their interaction with the activator-binding second cysteine-rich C1B subdomain of PKCδ, PKCε and PKCθ. The EC(50)s of the curcumin derivatives for protein fluorescence quenching varied in the range of 3-25 μM. All the derivatives showed higher binding with the PKCθC1B compared with PKCδC1B and PKCεC1B. Fluorescence emission maxima of 2-5 were blue shifted in the presence of the C1B domains, confirming their binding to the protein. Molecular docking revealed that hydroxyl, carbonyl and pyrazole ring of curcumin (1), pyrazole (2), and isoxazole (4) derivatives form hydrogen bonds with the protein residues. The present result shows that isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives bind to the activator binding site of novel PKCs and both carbonyl and hydroxy groups of curcumin play roles in the binding process, depending on the nature of curcumin derivative and the PKC isotype used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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139
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Andrographolide: A Novel Antimalarial Diterpene Lactone Compound from Andrographis paniculata and Its Interaction with Curcumin and Artesunate. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:579518. [PMID: 21760808 PMCID: PMC3134201 DOI: 10.1155/2011/579518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AND), the diterpene lactone compound, was purified by HPLC from the methanolic fraction of the plant Andrographis paniculata. The compound was found to have potent antiplasmodial activity when tested in isolation and in combination with curcumin and artesunate against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and Plasmodium berghei ANKA in vivo. IC(50)s for artesunate (AS), andrographolide (AND), and curcumin (CUR) were found to be 0.05, 9.1 and 17.4 μM, respectively. The compound (AND) was found synergistic with curcumin (CUR) and addictively interactive with artesunate (AS). In vivo, andrographolide-curcumin exhibited better antimalarial activity, not only by reducing parasitemia (29%), compared to the control (81%), but also by extending the life span by 2-3 folds. Being nontoxic to the in vivo system this agent can be used as template molecule for designing new derivatives with improved antimalarial properties.
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Mimche PN, Taramelli D, Vivas L. The plant-based immunomodulator curcumin as a potential candidate for the development of an adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria. Malar J 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S10. [PMID: 21411011 PMCID: PMC3059458 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-s1-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of cerebral malaria (CM) are well correlated with underlying major pathophysiological events occurring during an acute malaria infection, the most important of which, is the adherence of parasitized erythrocytes to endothelial cells ultimately leading to sequestration and obstruction of brain capillaries. The consequent reduction in blood flow, leads to cerebral hypoxia, localized inflammation and release of neurotoxic molecules and inflammatory cytokines by the endothelium. The pharmacological regulation of these immunopathological processes by immunomodulatory molecules may potentially benefit the management of this severe complication. Adjunctive therapy of CM patients with an appropriate immunomodulatory compound possessing even moderate anti-malarial activity with the capacity to down regulate excess production of proinflammatory cytokines and expression of adhesion molecules, could potentially reverse cytoadherence, improve survival and prevent neurological sequelae. Current major drug discovery programmes are mainly focused on novel parasite targets and mechanisms of action. However, the discovery of compounds targeting the host remains a largely unexplored but attractive area of drug discovery research for the treatment of CM. This review discusses the properties of the plant immune-modifier curcumin and its potential as an adjunctive therapy for the management of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice N Mimche
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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141
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Rasoanaivo P, Wright CW, Willcox ML, Gilbert B. Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: synergy and positive interactions. Malar J 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 21411015 PMCID: PMC3059462 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In traditional medicine whole plants or mixtures of plants are used rather than isolated compounds. There is evidence that crude plant extracts often have greater in vitro or/and in vivo antiplasmodial activity than isolated constituents at an equivalent dose. The aim of this paper is to review positive interactions between components of whole plant extracts, which may explain this. Methods Narrative review. Results There is evidence for several different types of positive interactions between different components of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria. Pharmacodynamic synergy has been demonstrated between the Cinchona alkaloids and between various plant extracts traditionally combined. Pharmacokinetic interactions occur, for example between constituents of Artemisia annua tea so that its artemisinin is more rapidly absorbed than the pure drug. Some plant extracts may have an immunomodulatory effect as well as a direct antiplasmodial effect. Several extracts contain multidrug resistance inhibitors, although none of these has been tested clinically in malaria. Some plant constituents are added mainly to attenuate the side-effects of others, for example ginger to prevent nausea. Conclusions More clinical research is needed on all types of interaction between plant constituents. This could include clinical trials of combinations of pure compounds (such as artemisinin + curcumin + piperine) and of combinations of herbal remedies (such as Artemisia annua leaves + Curcuma longa root + Piper nigum seeds). The former may enhance the activity of existing pharmaceutical preparations, and the latter may improve the effectiveness of existing herbal remedies for use in remote areas where modern drugs are unavailable.
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Dandekar PP, Jain R, Patil S, Dhumal R, Tiwari D, Sharma S, Vanage G, Patravale V. Curcumin-loaded hydrogel nanoparticles: application in anti-malarial therapy and toxicological evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2011; 99:4992-5010. [PMID: 20821383 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation involved preparation of hydrogel nanoparticles using a combination of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The objective was to exploit the size and hydrophilic nature of the formulated nanocarriers to enhance absorption and prolong the rapid clearance of curcumin due to possible evasion of the reticulo-endothelial system. Reproducible nanoparticles of size around 100 nm, a fairly narrow distribution and encapsulation efficiency of 72%, were produced by the solvent emulsion-evaporation technique. This optimized system was further subjected to freeze-drying. The freeze-dried product was readily reconstituted with distilled water. The reconstituted product exhibited a size and distribution similar to that before freeze-drying, drug content of greater than 99% and presence of amorphous drug when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which may result in possible improved absorption of curcumin. In vivo anti-malarial studies revealed significant superior action of nanoparticles over curcumin control suggesting the possibility of the formulation being employed as an adjunct anti-malarial therapy along with the standard therapy. Acute and subacute toxicity studies confirmed the oral safety of the formulation. A battery of genotoxicity studies was conducted to evaluate the nongenotoxic potential of the developed formulation thus indicating the possibility of the formulation being employed for prolonged duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
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Effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) on Eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:879-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The clinical benefits of curcumin as a single agent were demonstrated in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in a phase 2 study despite pharmacokinetic analysis showing a much lower plasma concentration of curcumin in humans than in vitro. The diverse and broad biological activities of curcumin are mediated through direct interaction of curcumin with target proteins as well as epigenetic modulation of target genes, supported by evidence that curcumin modulates gene expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in human cancer cells. This review delineates the novel mechanisms of curcumin as an epigenetic agent through its interaction with histone deacetylases, histone acetyltransferases, DNA methyltransferase I, and microRNAs. Accumulating data support curcumin's functionality in modulating multiple biological processes at low concentrations through its activity as an epigenetic agent. The development of curcumin as an epigenetic agent warrants further preclinical and clinical studies to explore its diversity and efficacy in cancer treatment and in combination with other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Dietary, metabolic, and potentially environmental modulation of the lysine acetylation machinery. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:632739. [PMID: 20976254 PMCID: PMC2952894 DOI: 10.1155/2010/632739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy lifestyles and environment produce a good state of health. A number of scientific studies support the notion that external stimuli regulate an individual's epigenomic profile. Epigenetic changes play a key role in defining gene expression patterns under both normal and pathological conditions. As a major posttranslational modification, lysine (K) acetylation has received much attention, owing largely to its significant effects on chromatin dynamics and other cellular processes across species. Lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases, two opposing families of enzymes governing K-acetylation, have been intimately linked to cancer and other diseases. These enzymes have been pursued by vigorous efforts for therapeutic development in the past 15 years or so. Interestingly, certain dietary components have been found to modulate acetylation levels in vivo. Here we review dietary, metabolic, and environmental modulators of the K-acetylation machinery and discuss how they may be of potential value in the context of disease prevention.
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Miao J, Fan Q, Cui L, Li X, Wang H, Ning G, Reese JC, Cui L. The MYST family histone acetyltransferase regulates gene expression and cell cycle in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:883-902. [PMID: 20807207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine acetylation, normally associated with euchromatin and active genes, is regulated by different families of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). A single Plasmodium falciparum MYST (PfMYST) HAT was expressed as a long and a short version in intraerythrocytic stages. Whereas the recombinant PfMYST expressed in prokaryotes and insect cells did not show HAT activity, recombinant PfMYST purified from the parasites exhibited a predilection to acetylate histone H4 in vitro at K5, K8, K12 and K16. Tagging PfMYST with the green fluorescent protein at the C-terminus showed that PfMYST protein was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Consistent with the importance of H4 acetylation in var gene expression, PfMYST was recruited to the active var promoter. Attempts to disrupt PfMYST were not successful, suggesting that PfMYST is essential for asexual intraerythrocytic growth. However, overexpression of the long, active or a truncated, non-active version of PfMYST by stable integration of the expression cassette in the parasite genome resulted in changes of H4 acetylation and cell cycle progression. Furthermore, parasites with PfMYST overexpression showed changes in sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Collectively, this study showed that PfMYST plays important roles in cellular processes such as gene activation, cell cycle control and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miao
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Link A, Balaguer F, Goel A. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary polyphenols: promising role for epigenetics. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1771-92. [PMID: 20599773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself, but play an important role in the control of gene expression. In mammals, epigenetic mechanisms include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Although epigenetic changes are heritable in somatic cells, these modifications are also potentially reversible, which makes them attractive and promising avenues for tailoring cancer preventive and therapeutic strategies. Burgeoning evidence in the last decade has provided unprecedented clues that diet and environmental factors directly influence epigenetic mechanisms in humans. Dietary polyphenols from green tea, turmeric, soybeans, broccoli and others have shown to possess multiple cell-regulatory activities within cancer cells. More recently, we have begun to understand that some of the dietary polyphenols may exert their chemopreventive effects in part by modulating various components of the epigenetic machinery in humans. In this article, we first discuss the contribution of diet and environmental factors on epigenetic alterations; subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of literature on the role of various dietary polyphenols. In particular, we summarize the current knowledge on a large number of dietary agents and their effects on DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of expression of the non-coding miRNAs in various in vitro and in vivo models. We emphasize how increased understanding of the chemopreventive effects of dietary polyphenols on specific epigenetic alterations may provide unique and yet unexplored novel and highly effective chemopreventive strategies for reducing the health burden of cancer and other diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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148
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Abstract
In the burgeoning field of Plasmodium gene expression, there are--to borrow some famous words from a former U.S. Secretary of Defense--"known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns." This is in itself an important achievement, since it is only in the past decade that facts have begun to move from the third category into the first. Nevertheless, much remains in the middle ground of known or suspected "unknowns." It is clear that the malaria parasite controls vital virulence processes such as host cell invasion and cytoadherence at least partly via epigenetic mechanisms, so a proper understanding of epigenetic transcriptional control in this organism should have great clinical relevance. Plasmodium, however, is an obligate intracellular parasite: it operates not in a vacuum but rather in the complicated context of its metazoan hosts. Therefore, as valuable data about the parasite's basic epigenetic machinery begin to emerge, it becomes increasingly important to relate in vitro studies to the situation in vivo. This review will focus upon the challenge of understanding Plasmodium epigenetics in an integrated manner, in the human and insect hosts as well as the petri dish.
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Waknine-Grinberg JH, McQuillan JA, Hunt N, Ginsburg H, Golenser J. Modulation of cerebral malaria by fasudil and other immune-modifying compounds. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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150
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Chromatin-mediated epigenetic regulation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1138-49. [PMID: 20453074 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00036-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in many developing countries, with the malignant tertian parasite Plasmodium falciparum causing the most malaria-associated mortality. Extensive research, especially with the advancement of genomics and transfection tools, has highlighted the fundamental importance of chromatin-mediated gene regulation in the developmental program of this early-branching eukaryote. The Plasmodium parasite genomes reveal the existence of both canonical and variant histones that make up the nucleosomes, as well as a full collection of conserved enzymes for chromatin remodeling and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Recent studies have identified a wide array of both conserved and novel histone PTMs in P. falciparum, indicating the presence of a complex and divergent "histone code." Genome-wide analysis has begun to decipher the nucleosome landscape and histone modifications associated with the dynamic organization of chromatin structures during the parasite's life cycle. Focused studies on malaria-specific phenomena such as antigenic variation and red cell invasion pathways shed further light on the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in these processes. Here we review our current understanding of chromatin-mediated gene regulation in malaria parasites, with specific reference to exemplar studies on antigenic variation and host cell invasion.
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