101
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Bouchelaghem S, Das S, Naorem RS, Czuni L, Papp G, Kocsis M. Evaluation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Hungarian Propolis Ethanolic Extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2022; 27:574. [PMID: 35056886 PMCID: PMC8782033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural bee product that is widely used in folk medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on methicillin-resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA). Propolis samples were collected from six regions in Hungary. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values and the interaction of EEP-antibiotics were evaluated by the broth microdilution and the chequerboard broth microdilution methods, respectively. The effect of EEP on biofilm formation and eradication was estimated by crystal violet assay. Resazurin/propidium iodide dyes were applied for simultaneous quantification of cellular metabolic activities and dead cells in mature biofilms. The EEP1 sample showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. The EEP1 successfully prevented the growth of planktonic cells of S. aureus (MIC value = 50 µg/mL). Synergistic interactions were shown after the co-exposition to EEP1 and vancomycin at 108 CFU/mL. The EEP1 effectively inhibited the biofilm formation and caused significant degradation of mature biofilms (50-200 µg/mL), as a consequence of the considerable decrement of metabolic activity. The EEP acts effectively as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent on S. aureus. Moreover, the simultaneous application of EEP and vancomycin could enhance their effect against MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bouchelaghem
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.B.); (R.S.N.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 13, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Romen Singh Naorem
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.B.); (R.S.N.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Lilla Czuni
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.B.); (R.S.N.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gábor Papp
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (S.B.); (R.S.N.); (L.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Marianna Kocsis
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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102
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Bisht D, Chaudhary B, Faujdar S. Detection of Heteroresistant Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ajprhc.ajprhc_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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103
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Bleul L, Francois P, Wolz C. Two-Component Systems of S. aureus: Signaling and Sensing Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:34. [PMID: 35052374 PMCID: PMC8774646 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus encodes 16 two-component systems (TCSs) that enable the bacteria to sense and respond to changing environmental conditions. Considering the function of these TCSs in bacterial survival and their potential role as drug targets, it is important to understand the exact mechanisms underlying signal perception. The differences between the sensing of appropriate signals and the transcriptional activation of the TCS system are often not well described, and the signaling mechanisms are only partially understood. Here, we review present insights into which signals are sensed by histidine kinases in S. aureus to promote appropriate gene expression in response to diverse environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bleul
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections”, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Patrice Francois
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospitals of Geneva University Medical Center, Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections”, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
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104
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Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Potenza MA, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:681-706. [PMID: 34874223 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human defense against microorganisms dates back to the ancient civilizations, with attempts to use substances from vegetal, animal, or inorganic origin to fight infections. Today, the emerging threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlights the consequences of antibiotics inappropriate use, and the urgent need for novel effective molecules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We extensively researched on more recent data within PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE, Cochrane Review for the modern pharmacology in between 1987 - 2021. The historical evolution included a detailed analysis of past studies on the significance of medical applications in the ancient therapeutic field. AREAS COVERED We examined the history of antibiotics development and discovery, the most relevant biochemical aspects of their mode of action, and the biomolecular mechanisms conferring bacterial resistance to antibiotics. EXPERT OPINION The list of pathogens showing low sensitivity or full resistance to most currently available antibiotics is growing worldwide. Long after the 'golden age' of antibiotic discovery, the most novel molecules should be carefully reserved to treat serious bacterial infections of susceptible bacteria. A correct diagnostic and therapeutic procedure can slow down the spreading of nosocomial and community infections sustained by multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bottalico
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine,University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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105
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Molecular Confirmation of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with vanA Gene from a Hospital in Kathmandu. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:3847347. [PMID: 34899917 PMCID: PMC8660244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3847347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a commensal on the skin and in the nasal cavity of humans, is one of the most serious cases of nosocomial infections. Moreover, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For the treatment of MRSA infections, vancomycin is considered as a drug of choice. However, the emergence of vancomycin resistance among MRSA isolates has been perceived as a formidable threat in therapeutic management. To estimate the rate of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and to detect the vancomycin-resistant genes, namely, vanA and vanB, among the isolates, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2018 in Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Science, Kathmandu, Nepal. S. aureus was isolated and identified from different clinical samples and processed for antibiotic susceptibility testing by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The screening of MRSA was performed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. VRSA was confirmed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method by employing E-test strips. All the phenotypically confirmed VRSA were further processed to detect the vanA and vanB gene by using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 74 (20.3%) S. aureus were isolated, and the highest percentage of S. aureus was from the wound samples (36.5%). Of 74 S. aureus isolates, the highest number (89.2%) was resistant to penicillin, and on the other hand, linezolid was found to be an effective drug. Likewise, 45 (60.81%) were found to be MRSA, five (11.11%) were VRSA, and 93.2% of S. aureus isolates showed an MAR index greater than 0.2. Two VRSA isolates (40%) were positive for the vanA gene. The higher prevalence of MRSA and significant rate of VRSA in this study recommend routine surveillance for the MRSA and VRSA in hospital settings before empirical therapy.
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106
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Atallah A, Elbaroody M, Hassan AAAN, Ali AM, Elhawary ME. Role of topical vancomycin in reduction of postoperative infections in head trauma patients: A developing country experience. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:600. [PMID: 34992917 PMCID: PMC8720444 DOI: 10.25259/sni_640_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative cranial wound infections are a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and financial burden, especially in developing countries. METHODS We prospectively studied 86 patients in a randomized trial; 39 patients received one gram of topical vancomycin powder in the subgaleal space while 47 matched control patients did not. Both groups received identical intraoperative and post-operative care. The primary outcome variable was the postoperative wound infections rate factored by cohort. Secondary outcomes were the timing of infection and the rate of adverse events. RESULTS Adding topical vancomycin was associated with a significantly lower rate of infection than the standard of care alone (2.6% [1/39] vs. 14.9% [7/47], P =.004). No adverse reactions occurred. CONCLUSION Topical vancomycin is safe, and effective in the prevention of surgical site infections following craniotomy. These findings have broad consequences for neurosurgery practice, especially in developing countries with high incidence of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Elbaroody
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M. Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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107
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Albloshi AMK, Alqumber MAA. Infective endocarditis: Role of molecular techniques in early diagnosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6844-6852. [PMID: 34866984 PMCID: PMC8626217 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE), a heart valve infection primarily caused by bacteria such as streptococci or staphylococci, causes significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, the infection is often difficult to manage. The latest diagnostic modalities for IE are discussed in this study. Blood culture use in pathogen identification can lead to loss of precious time as well as generation of false negative reports. The first steps in diagnosis are blood cultures and echocardiography, but molecular techniques can be extremely useful and may be used for an accurate and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed A A Alqumber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
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108
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Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Grunert T, Sekimizu K. YjbH regulates virulence genes expression and oxidative stress resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2021; 12:470-480. [PMID: 33487122 PMCID: PMC7849776 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1875683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that disruption of the yjbI gene reduced virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we found virulence in both silkworms and mice was restored by introducing the yjbH gene but not the yjbI gene to both yjbI and yjbH genes-disrupted mutants, suggesting that yjbH, the gene downstream to the yjbI gene in a two-gene operon-yjbIH, is responsible for this phenomenon. We further observed a decrease in various surface-associated proteins and changes in cell envelope glycostructures in the mutants. RNA-seq analysis revealed that disruption of the yjbI and the yjbH genes resulted in differential expression of a broad range of genes, notably, significant downregulation of genes involved in virulence and oxidative stress. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a free-radical scavenger, restored the virulence in both the mutants. Our findings suggested that YjbH plays a role in staphylococcal pathogenicity by regulating virulence gene expression, affecting the bacterial surface structure, and conferring resistance to oxidative stress in a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tom Grunert
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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109
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Sangboonruang S, Semakul N, Obeid MA, Ruano M, Kitidee K, Anukool U, Pringproa K, Chantawannakul P, Ferro VA, Tragoolpua Y, Tragoolpua K. Potentiality of Melittin-Loaded Niosomal Vesicles Against Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Skin Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7639-7661. [PMID: 34819727 PMCID: PMC8606986 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, especially causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Over the decades, the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains have often become life-threatening. Consequently, exploration and development of competent approaches to combat these serious circumstances are urgently required. Methods The antibacterial activity of melittin (Mel) on S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and clinical isolates of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-killing assays. The localization of Mel on the bacterial cell was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy and its effect on the membrane was indicated based on propidium iodide uptake. The non-ionic surfactant vesicle (NISV) or niosome nanocarrier was established for Mel loading (Mel-loaded NISV) by the thin-film hydration method. Physicochemical and in vitro biological properties of Mel-loaded NISVs were characterized. The cellular uptake of Mel-loaded NISVs was evaluated by holotomography analysis. In addition, an ex vivo study was conducted on a porcine ear skin model to assess the permeation ability of Mel-loaded NISVs and their potential to inhibit bacterial skin infection. Results The effective inhibitory activity of Mel on skin pathogens was demonstrated. Among the tested strains, VISA was most susceptible to Mel. Regarding to its function, Mel targeted the bacterial cell envelope and disrupted cell membrane integrity. Mel-loaded NISVs were successfully fabricated with a nano-size of 120-200 nm and entrapment efficiency of greater than 90%. Moreover, Mel-loaded NISVs were taken up and accumulated in the intracellular space. Meanwhile, Mel was released and distributed throughout the cytosol and nucleus. Mel-loaded NISVs efficiently inhibited the growth of bacteria, particularly MRSA and VISA. Importantly, they not only penetrated epidermal and dermal skin layers, but also reduced the bacterial growth in infected skin. Conclusion Mel-loaded NISVs have a great potential to exhibit antibacterial activity. Therapeutic application of Mel-loaded NISVs could be further developed as an alternative platform for the treatment of skin infection via dermal and transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Marta Ruano
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Usanee Anukool
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khajornsak Tragoolpua
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Infectious Diseases Research Unit (IDRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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110
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Eckmann C, Tulkens PM. Current and future options for treating complicated skin and soft tissue infections: focus on fluoroquinolones and long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:iv9-iv22. [PMID: 34849999 PMCID: PMC8632788 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections are among the most common bacterial infections and constitute a major burden for patients and healthcare systems. Care is complicated by the variety of potential pathogens, some with resistance to previously effective antimicrobial agents, the wide spectrum of clinical presentations and the risk of progression to life-threatening forms. More-efficient care pathways are needed that can reduce hospital admissions and length of stay, while maintaining a high quality of care and adhering to antimicrobial stewardship principles. Several agents approved recently for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections have characteristics that meet these requirements. We address the clinical and pharmacological characteristics of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone delafloxacin, and the long-acting lipoglycopeptide agents dalbavancin and oritavancin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eckmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Hannoversch-Muenden, Goettingen University, Germany
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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111
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Guo Y, Wang B, Rao L, Wang X, Zhao H, Li M, Yu F. Molecular Characteristics of Rifampin-Sensitive and -Resistant Isolates and Characteristics of rpoB Gene Mutations in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4591-4600. [PMID: 34764656 PMCID: PMC8576291 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have become a leading cause of severe infections in both healthcare and community settings. Mutations in the rpoB gene cause resistance to rifampin (RIFR), a critical antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to detect the molecular characteristics of RIFR MRSA and analyze the rpoB gene mutations involved in RIF resistance. Methods A total of 49 RIFR MRSA and 38 RIFS MRSA isolates collected from seven cities in China were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, spa typing, and rpoB gene mutations. Results ST239-III-t030 (35/49, 71.4%), the major clone in RIFR MRSA isolates; ST45-IV-t116 (16/38, 42.1%), the major clone in RIFS MRSA isolates with rpoB mutations. RIFR MRSA isolates were resistant to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and clindamycin. By contrast, RIFS MRSA isolates with rpoB mutation were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. Forty-three (87.8%) isolates present the mutational change H481N and L466S, conferring 128–512 μg/mL RIF resistance. The four isolates with RIF MIC ≥ 1024 μg/mL had additional amino acid substitution: H481N, L466S, A473T (n=2); H481Y (n=2), associated with a high-level RIF resistance. Of 38 RIFS MRSA isolates, two mutations were observed, including H481N (n=37) and A477D (n=1). Conclusion In conclusion, the predominant RIFR MRSA clones in China were ST239-III-t030. Molecular characteristics, antibiotic-resistant profiles, and rpoB mutations between RIFR MRSA and RIFS MRSA were diverse. Antibiotics for treating patients with MRSA infections can be selected based on molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulin Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Li
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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112
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Wongthong S, Taron W, Chanawong A, Tippayawat P, Pongdontri P, Srisrattakarn A, Panpru P, Lulitanond A. Effect of Vancomycin on Cellular Fatty Acid Profiles of Vancomycin-Susceptible and Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:267-273. [PMID: 34748415 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is widely used for treatment of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leading to an increasing appearance of low-level vancomycin-resistant isolates called heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA). The mechanism of vancomycin tolerance in hVISA is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid compositions of S. aureus isolates under the stress environment with vancomycin. The different responses of hVISA and vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) may lead to more understanding the mechanism. The bacterial lipid profiles were tested three times from three extractions of each isolate cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and TSA with vancomycin. Of the 30 MRSA isolates studied, 13, 12, and 5 isolates were VSSA, hVISA, and VISA, respectively. The analysis of bacterial lipid profiles showed that under vancomycin stress, there was a reduction of straight chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in VSSA isolates but an increase in branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs). In contrast, the hVISA group exhibited an increase only in the BCFAs but not in SCFAs. Of interest, vancomycin had no effect on either BCFAs or SCFAs of the VISA cells. This study provided information of bacterial adaptation during stress with vancomycin that may be helpful to overcome the resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujintana Wongthong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wichit Taron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aroonwadee Chanawong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paweena Pongdontri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arpasiri Srisrattakarn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pimchanok Panpru
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aroonlug Lulitanond
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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113
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Kaur B, Gupta J, Sharma S, Sharma D, Sharma S. Focused review on dual inhibition of quorum sensing and efflux pumps: A potential way to combat multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:33-43. [PMID: 34480904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin infections, food poisoning and severe life-threatening infections. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to cause chronic nosocomial infections by virtue of its multidrug resistance and biofilm formation mechanisms. The antimicrobial resistance owned by S. aureus is primarily due to efflux pumps and formation of microbial biofilms. These drug resistant, sessile and densely packed microbial communities possess various mechanisms including quorum sensing and drug efflux. Quorum sensing is a cooperative physiological process which is used by bacterial cells for social interaction and signal transduction in biofilm formation whereas efflux of drugs is derived by efflux pumps. Apart from their significant role in multidrug resistance, efflux pumps also contribute to transporting cell signalling molecules and due to their occurrence; we face the frightening possibility that we will enter the pre-antibiotic era soon. Compounds that modulate efflux pumps are also known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPI's) that act in a synergistic manner and potentiate the antibiotics efficacy which has been considered as a promising approach to encounter bacterial resistance. EPIs inhibit the mechanism of drug efflux s as well as transport of quorum sensing signalling molecules which are the supreme contributors of miscellaneous virulence factors. This review presents an accomplishments of the recent investigations allied to efflux pump inhibitors against S. aureus and also focus on related correspondence between quorum sensing system and efflux pump inhibitors in terms of S. aureus and MRSA biofilms that may open a new avenue for controlling MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawandeep Kaur
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Arni University, Indora, Kangra, H.P. 176402, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India.
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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114
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Miller CR, Monk JM, Szubin R, Berti AD. Rapid resistance development to three antistaphylococcal therapies in antibiotic-tolerant staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258592. [PMID: 34669727 PMCID: PMC8528304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understating how antibiotic tolerance impacts subsequent resistance development in the clinical setting is important to identifying effective therapeutic interventions and prevention measures. This study describes a patient case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia which rapidly developed resistance to three primary MRSA therapies and identifies genetic and metabolic changes selected in vivo that are associated with rapid resistance evolution. Index blood cultures displayed susceptibility to all (non-beta-lactam) antibiotics with the exception of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. One month after initial presentation, during the same encounter, blood cultures were again positive for MRSA, now displaying intermediate resistance to vancomycin and ceftaroline and resistance to daptomycin. Two weeks later, blood cultures were positive for a third time, still intermediate resistant to vancomycin and ceftaroline and resistant to daptomycin. Mutations in mprF and vraT were common to all multidrug resistant isolates whereas mutations in tagH, agrB and saeR and secondary mprF mutation emerged sequentially and transiently resulting in distinct in vitro phenotypes. The baseline mutation rate of the patient isolates was unremarkable ruling out the hypermutator phenotype as a contributor to the rapid emergence of resistance. However, the index isolate demonstrated pronounced tolerance to the antibiotic daptomycin, a phenotype that facilitates the subsequent development of resistance during antibiotic exposure. This study exemplifies the capacity of antibiotic-tolerant pathogens to rapidly develop both stable and transient genetic and phenotypic changes, over the course of a single patient encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Miller
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard Szubin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Berti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University College of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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115
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Zhang L, Wen B, Bao M, Cheng Y, Mahmood T, Yang W, Chen Q, Lv L, Li L, Yi J, Xie N, Lu C, Tan Y. Andrographolide Sulfonate Is a Promising Treatment to Combat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Its Biofilms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720685. [PMID: 34603031 PMCID: PMC8481920 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a drug-resistant pathogen threatening human health and safety. Biofilms are an important cause of its drug resistance and pathogenicity. Inhibition and elimination of biofilms is an important strategy for the treatment of MRSA infection. Andrographolide sulfonate (AS) is an active component of the traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata. This study aims to explore the inhibitory effect and corresponding mechanisms of AS on MRSA and its biofilms. Three doses of AS (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/ml) were introduced to MRSA with biofilms. In vitro antibacterial testing and morphological observation were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of AS on MRSA with biofilms. Real-time PCR and metabonomics were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of the effect by studying the expression of biofilm-related genes and endogenous metabolites. AS displayed significant anti-MRSA activity, and its minimum inhibitory concentration was 50 μg/ml. Also, AS inhibited biofilms and improved biofilm permeability. The mechanisms are mediated by the inhibition of the expression of genes, such as quorum sensing system regulatory genes (agrD and sarA), microbial surface components–recognizing adhesion matrix genes (clfA and fnbB), intercellular adhesion genes (icaA, icaD, and PIA), and a gene related to cellular eDNA release (cidA), and the downregulation of five biofilm-related metabolites, including anthranilic acid, D-lactic acid, kynurenine, L-homocitrulline, and sebacic acid. This study provided valuable evidence for the activity of AS against MRSA and its biofilms and extended the methods to combat MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Research on Active Ingredients in Natural Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Bao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Research on Active Ingredients in Natural Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Yungchi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Research on Active Ingredients in Natural Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Lang Lv
- Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ganzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Yi
- Key Laboratory for Research on Active Ingredients in Natural Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ganzhou, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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116
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Gomes RFA, Isca VMS, Andrade K, Rijo P, Afonso CAM. Functionalized Cyclopentenones and an Oxime Ether as Antimicrobial Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2781-2785. [PMID: 34115919 PMCID: PMC8518054 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several naturally occurring cyclopentenones, such as palmenones and nigrosporiones, exhibit antimicrobial activity. Herein we describe the antimicrobial activity of cyclopentenones and derivatives that can be easily accessed from biomass derivatives furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Upon screening a range of functionalized trans-diamino-cyclopentenones (DCPs) and δ-lactone-fused cyclopentenones (LCPs), an oxime ether derivative of DCP was identified that exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F. A. Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Vera M. S. Isca
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
- Universidade LusófonaCBIOS – Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health TechnologiesCampo Grande 3761749-024LisboaPortugal
| | - Késsia Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
- Universidade LusófonaCBIOS – Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health TechnologiesCampo Grande 3761749-024LisboaPortugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
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117
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Dhungel S, Rijal KR, Yadav B, Dhungel B, Adhikari N, Shrestha UT, Adhikari B, Banjara MR, Ghimire P. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Detection of mecA Gene among Cardiac Patients from a Tertiary Care Heart Center in Kathmandu, Nepal. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 14:11786337211037355. [PMID: 34483665 PMCID: PMC8414605 DOI: 10.1177/11786337211037355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a
significant human pathogen associated with nosocomial infections.
mecA in the S. aureus is a marker of
MRSA. The main objective of this study was to detect mecA
and vanA genes conferring resistance in S.
aureus among cardiac patients attending Sahid Gangalal National
Heart Centre (SGNHC), Kathmandu, Nepal between May and November 2019. Methods: A total of 524 clinical samples (blood, urine, sputum) were collected and
processed. Bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility
test (AST) and screening for MRSA was carried out by cefoxitin disc
diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for
MRSA was established by agar dilution method and chromosomal DNA was
extracted and used in polymerase chain reaction targeting the
mecA and vanA genes. Results: Out of 524 specimens, 27.5% (144/524) showed bacterial growth. Among 144
culture positive isolates, S. aureus (27.1%; 39/144) was
the predominant bacteria. Among 39 S. aureus isolates, all
isolates were found resistant to penicillin followed by erythromycin (94.9%;
37/39), gentamicin (94.9%; 37/39) and cefoxitin (87.2%; 34/39). Out of 39
S. aureus, 87.2% (34/39) were MRSA. Among 34 MRSA, 8.8%
(3/34) were vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA). None
of the MRSA was resistant to vancomycin. All of the 3 VISA isolates were
obtained from inpatients. Of 39 S. aureus, 82.1% (32/39)
harbored mecA gene. Similarly, the entire VISA isolates and
94.1% (32/34) of the MRSA isolates were tested positive for
mecA gene. Conclusions: High prevalence of MRSA among the cardiac patients indicates the increasing
burden of drug resistance among bacterial isolates. Since infection control
is the crucial step in coping with the burgeoning antimicrobial resistance
in the country, augmentation of diagnostic facilities with routine
monitoring of drug resistance is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajina Dhungel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Komal Raj Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Binod Dhungel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nabaraj Adhikari
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bipin Adhikari
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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118
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Inferring multilayer interactome networks shaping phenotypic plasticity and evolution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5304. [PMID: 34489412 PMCID: PMC8421358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity represents a capacity by which the organism changes its phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. Despite its pivotal role in adaptive evolution, how phenotypic plasticity is genetically controlled remains elusive. Here, we develop a unified framework for coalescing all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) into a quantitative graph. This framework integrates functional genetic mapping, evolutionary game theory, and predator-prey theory to decompose the net genetic effect of each SNP into its independent and dependent components. The independent effect arises from the intrinsic capacity of a SNP, only expressed when it is in isolation, whereas the dependent effect results from the extrinsic influence of other SNPs. The dependent effect is conceptually beyond the traditional definition of epistasis by not only characterizing the strength of epistasis but also capturing the bi-causality of epistasis and the sign of the causality. We implement functional clustering and variable selection to infer multilayer, sparse, and multiplex interactome networks from any dimension of genetic data. We design and conduct two GWAS experiments using Staphylococcus aureus, aimed to test the genetic mechanisms underlying the phenotypic plasticity of this species to vancomycin exposure and Escherichia coli coexistence. We reconstruct the two most comprehensive genetic networks for abiotic and biotic phenotypic plasticity. Pathway analysis shows that SNP-SNP epistasis for phenotypic plasticity can be annotated to protein-protein interactions through coding genes. Our model can unveil the regulatory mechanisms of significant loci and excavate missing heritability from some insignificant loci. Our multilayer genetic networks provide a systems tool for dissecting environment-induced evolution.
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119
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Subramaniyan SB, Megarajan S, Dharshini KS, Veerappan A. Artocarpus integrifolia seed lectin enhances membrane damage, oxidative stress and biofilm inhibition activity of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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120
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Hernández-Aristizábal I, Ocampo-Ibáñez ID. Antimicrobial Peptides with Antibacterial Activity against Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Classification, Structures, and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7927. [PMID: 34360692 PMCID: PMC8347216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics is of great concern in modern medicine because it renders ineffectiveness of the current empirical antibiotic therapies. Infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains represent a serious threat to global health due to their considerable morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need of research and development of new antimicrobial alternatives against these bacteria. In this context, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is considered a promising alternative therapeutic strategy to control resistant strains. Therefore, a wide number of natural, artificial, and synthetic AMPs have been evaluated against VRSA and VISA strains, with great potential for clinical application. In this regard, we aimed to present a comprehensive and systematic review of research findings on AMPs that have shown antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate resistant strains and clinical isolates of S. aureus, discussing their classification and origin, physicochemical and structural characteristics, and possible action mechanisms. This is the first review that includes all peptides that have shown antibacterial activity against VRSA and VISA strains exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Darío Ocampo-Ibáñez
- Research Group of Microbiology, Industry and Environment, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 760035, Colombia;
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121
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Liu P, Hao Z, Liu M, Niu M, Sun P, Yan S, Zhao L, Zhao X. Genetic mutations in adaptive evolution of growth-independent vancomycin-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2765-2773. [PMID: 34302174 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic tolerance allows bacteria to overcome antibiotic treatment transiently and potentially accelerates the emergence of resistance. However, our understanding of antibiotic tolerance at the genetic level during adaptive evolution of Staphylococcus aureus remains incomplete. We sought to identify the mutated genes and verify the role of these genes in the formation of vancomycin tolerance in S. aureus. METHODS Vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus strain Newman was used to induce vancomycin-tolerant isolates in vitro by cyclic exposure under a high concentration of vancomycin (20× MIC). WGS and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the genetic mutations. The function of mutated genes in vancomycin-tolerant isolates were verified by gene complementation. Other phenotypes of vancomycin-tolerant isolates were also determined, including mutation frequency, autolysis, lysostaphin susceptibility, cell wall thickness and cross-tolerance. RESULTS A series of vancomycin-tolerant S. aureus (VTSA) strains were isolated and 18 mutated genes were identified by WGS. Among these genes, pbp4, htrA, stp1, pth and NWMN_1068 were confirmed to play roles in VTSA formation. Mutation of mutL promoted the emergence of VTSA. All VTSA showed no changes in growth phenotype. Instead, they exhibited reduced autolysis, decreased lysostaphin susceptibility and thickened cell walls. In addition, all VTSA strains were cross-tolerant to antibiotics targeting cell wall synthesis but not to quinolones and lipopeptides. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that genetic mutations are responsible for emergence of phenotypic tolerance and formation of vancomycin tolerance may lie in cell wall changes in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhua Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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122
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Su M, Davis MH, Peterson J, Solis-Lemus C, Satola SW, Read TD. Effect of genetic background on the evolution of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11764. [PMID: 34306830 PMCID: PMC8284308 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) typically arises through accumulation of chromosomal mutations that alter cell-wall thickness and global regulatory pathways. Genome-based prediction of VISA requires understanding whether strain background influences patterns of mutation that lead to resistance. We used an iterative method to experimentally evolve three important methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain backgrounds-(CC1, CC5 and CC8 (USA300)) to generate a library of 120 laboratory selected VISA isolates. At the endpoint, isolates had vancomycin MICs ranging from 4 to 10 μg/mL. We detected mutations in more than 150 genes, but only six genes (already known to be associated with VISA from prior studies) were mutated in all three background strains (walK, prs, rpoB, rpoC, vraS, yvqF). We found evidence of interactions between loci (e.g., vraS and yvqF mutants were significantly negatively correlated) and rpoB, rpoC, vraS and yvqF were more frequently mutated in one of the backgrounds. Increasing vancomycin resistance was correlated with lower maximal growth rates (a proxy for fitness) regardless of background. However, CC5 VISA isolates had higher MICs with fewer rounds of selection and had lower fitness costs than the CC8 VISA isolates. Using multivariable regression, we found that genes differed in their contribution to overall MIC depending on the background. Overall, these results demonstrated that VISA evolved through mutations in a similar set of loci in all backgrounds, but the effect of mutation in common genes differed with regard to fitness and contribution to resistance in different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Su
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle H Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Solis-Lemus
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah W Satola
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy D Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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123
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Environmental conditions dictate differential evolution of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:793. [PMID: 34172889 PMCID: PMC8233327 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While microbiological resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus is rare, clinical vancomycin treatment failures are common, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from patients after prolonged vancomycin treatment failure remain susceptible. Adaptive laboratory evolution was utilized to uncover mutational mechanisms associated with MRSA vancomycin resistance in a physiological medium as well as a bacteriological medium used in clinical susceptibility testing. Sequencing of resistant clones revealed shared and media-specific mutational outcomes, with an overlap in cell wall regulons (walKRyycHI, vraSRT). Evolved strains displayed similar properties to resistant clinical isolates in their genetic and phenotypic traits. Importantly, resistant phenotypes that developed in physiological media did not translate into resistance in bacteriological media. Further, a bacteriological media-specific mechanism for vancomycin resistance associated with a mutated mprF was confirmed. This study bridges the gap between the understanding of clinical and microbiological vancomycin resistance in S. aureus and expands the number of allelic variants (18 ± 4 mutations for the top 5 mutated genes) that result in vancomycin resistance phenotypes.
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124
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Castro BE, Berrio M, Vargas ML, Carvajal LP, Millan LV, Rios R, Hernandez AK, Rincon S, Cubides P, Forero E, Dinh A, Seas C, Munita JM, Arias CA, Reyes J, Diaz L. Detection of heterogeneous vancomycin intermediate resistance in MRSA isolates from Latin America. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2424-2431. [PMID: 32562543 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin is a common first-line option for MRSA infections. The heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) phenotype is associated with therapeutic failure. However, hVISA isolates are usually reported as vancomycin susceptible by routine susceptibility testing procedures. OBJECTIVES To detect and characterize the hVISA phenotype in MRSA isolates causing infections in nine Latin American countries. METHODS We evaluated a total of 1189 vancomycin-susceptible MRSA isolates recovered during 2006-08 and 2011-14. After an initial screening of hVISA using glycopeptide-supplemented agar strategies, the detection of hVISA was performed by Etest (GRD) and Macro-method (MET). Isolates deemed to be hVISA were subjected to population analysis profile/AUC (PAP/AUC) and WGS for further characterization. Finally, we interrogated alterations in predicted proteins associated with the development of the VISA phenotype in both hVISA and vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) genomes. RESULTS A total of 39 MRSA isolates (3.3%) were classified as hVISA (1.4% and 5.6% in MRSA recovered from 2006-08 and 2011-14, respectively). Most of the hVISA strains (95%) belonged to clonal complex (CC) 5. Only 6/39 hVISA isolates were categorized as hVISA by PAP/AUC, with 6 other isolates close (0.87-0.89) to the cut-off (0.9). The majority of the 39 hVISA isolates exhibited the Leu-14→Ile (90%) and VraT Glu-156→Gly (90%) amino acid substitutions in WalK. Additionally, we identified 10 substitutions present only in hVISA isolates, involving WalK, VraS, RpoB and RpoC proteins. CONCLUSIONS The hVISA phenotype exhibits low frequency in Latin America. Amino acid substitutions in proteins involved in cell envelope homeostasis and RNA synthesis were commonly identified. Our results suggest that Etest-based methods are an important alternative for the detection of hVISA clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy E Castro
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Monica L Vargas
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina P Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina V Millan
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Rios
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angie K Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Rincon
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Cubides
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Erika Forero
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - An Dinh
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos Seas
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose M Munita
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Genomics and Resistant Microbes (GeRM) Group, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lorena Diaz
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
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Ma J, Liu W, Wang B, Yu S, Yu L, Song B, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Cui Y. Als3-Th-cell-epitopes plus the novel combined adjuvants of CpG, MDP, and FIA synergistically enhanced the immune response of recombinant TRAP derived from Staphylococcus aureus in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:971-983. [PMID: 34010502 PMCID: PMC8342198 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen, there are currently no high effective vaccine against S. aureus in humans and animals, the development of an efficient vaccine remains an important challenge to prevent S. aureus infection. Here, we prepared Als3-Th-cell-epitope-Target of RNAIII Activating Protein (TRAP) (ATT) proteins plus the novel combined adjuvants to develop a promising vaccine candidate against S. aureus. METHODS The recombinant pET-28a (+)-att plasmids were constructed, and the ATT proteins were expressed and obtained, then, ATT plus Freund's adjuvant or the novel combined adjuvants of cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), muramyl dipeptides (MDP), and FIA were immunized in mice. After booster immunization, the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and IL-17A cytokine were evaluated, the humoral immune responses against TRAP were detected in mice, and the survival rate of mice was confirmed by challenge assay. RESULTS The mice immunized with ATT plus Freund's adjuvant exhibited significantly higher level of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A, and displayed the stronger humoral immune response against TRAP than control groups, importantly, the survival rate of these mice was significantly higher than control groups. In addition, compared with the control groups, ATT + CpG + MDP + FIA group was elicited significantly higher level of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A and was triggered the stronger humoral immune responses against TRAP, moreover, generated the higher survival rate of mice. CONCLUSION Als3 epitopes significantly enhanced TRAP immunogenicity. ATT plus the novel combined adjuvants of CpG, MDP, and FIA induced the strong immune response and protection against S. aureus, revealing the combination of CpG, MDP, and FIA adjuvant acts the synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Beiyan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yongzhong Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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126
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Apt (Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase) Mutation in Laboratory-Selected Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050583. [PMID: 34069103 PMCID: PMC8170892 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic sequencing of laboratory-derived vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcusaureus (VISA) (MM66-3 and MM66-4) revealed unique mutations in both MM66-3 (in apt and ssaA6), and MM66-4 (in apt and walK), compared to hetero-VISA parent strain MM66. Transcriptional profiling revealed that both MM66 VISA shared 79 upregulated genes and eight downregulated genes. Of these, 30.4% of the upregulated genes were associated with the cell envelope, whereas 75% of the downregulated genes were associated with virulence. In concordance with mutations and transcriptome alterations, both VISA strains demonstrated reduced autolysis, reduced growth in the presence of salt and reduced virulence factor activity. In addition to mutations in genes linked to cell wall metabolism (ssaA6 and walK), the same mutation in apt which encodes adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, was confirmed in both MM66 VISA. Apt plays a role in both adenine metabolism and accumulation and both MM66 VISA grew better than MM66 in the presence of adenine or 2-fluoroadenine indicating a reduction in the accumulation of these growth inhibiting compounds in the VISA strains. MM66 apt mutants isolated via 2-fluoroadenine selection also demonstrated reduced susceptibility to the cell wall lytic dye Congo red and vancomycin. Finding that apt mutations contribute to reduced vancomycin susceptibility once again suggests a role for altered purine metabolism in a VISA mechanism.
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Mat Rani NNI, Mustafa Hussein Z, Mustapa F, Azhari H, Sekar M, Chen XY, Mohd Amin MCI. Exploring the possible targeting strategies of liposomes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:84-105. [PMID: 33974973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are on the rise due to the overuse of antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the pathogens listed under the category of serious threats where vancomycin remains the mainstay treatment despite the availability of various antibacterial agents. Recently, decreased susceptibility to vancomycin from clinical isolates of MRSA has been reported and has drawn worldwide attention as it is often difficult to overcome and leads to increased medical costs, mortality, and longer hospital stays. Development of antibiotic delivery systems is often necessary to improve bioavailability and biodistribution, in order to reduce antibiotic resistance and increase the lifespan of antibiotics. Liposome entrapment has been used as a method to allow higher drug dosing apart from reducing toxicity associated with drugs. The surface of the liposomes can also be designed and enhanced with drug-release properties, active targeting, and stealth effects to prevent recognition by the mononuclear phagocyte system, thus enhancing its circulation time. The present review aimed to highlight the possible targeting strategies of liposomes against MRSA bacteremia systemically while investigating the magnitude of this effect on the minimum inhibitory concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zahraa Mustafa Hussein
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fahimi Mustapa
- Hospital Batu Gajah Jalan Changkat, 31000 Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hanisah Azhari
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Xiang Yi Chen
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sharma N, Chhillar AK, Dahiya S, Punia A, Choudhary P, Gulia P, Behl A, Dangi M. Chemotherapeutic Strategies for Combating Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:26-42. [PMID: 33797362 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210402150325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent human pathogen that causes nosocomial and community acquired infections. The accelerating emergence and prevalence of staphylococcal infections have grotesque health consequences which are mostly due to its anomalous capability to acquire drug resistance and scarcity of novel classes of antibacterials. Many combating therapies are centered on primary targets of S. aureus which are cell envelope, ribosomes and nucleic acids. This review describes various chemotherapeutic strategies for combating S. aureus infections which includes monotherapy, combination drug therapy, phage endolysin therapy, lysostaphins and antibacterial drones. Monotherapy has dwindled in due course of time but combination therapy, endolysin therapy, lysostaphin and antibacterial drones are emerging alternatives which efficiently conquer the shortcomings of monotherapy. Combinations of more than one antibiotic agents or combination of adjuvant with antibiotics provide a synergistic approach to combat infections causing pathogenic strains. Phage endolysin therapy and lysostaphin are also presents as possible alternatives to conventional antibiotic therapies. Antibacterial Drones goes a step further by specifically targeting the virulence genes in bacteria giving them a certain advantage over existing antibacterial strategies. But the challenge remains on the better understanding of these strategies for executing and implementing them in health sector. In this day and age, most of the S. aureus strains are resistant to ample number of antibiotics, so there is an urgent need to overcome such multidrug resistant strains for the welfare of our community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aruna Punia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
| | | | - Prity Gulia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
| | | | - Mehak Dangi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
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Bitto NJ, Cheng L, Johnston EL, Pathirana R, Phan TK, Poon IKH, O'Brien‐Simpson NM, Hill AF, Stinear TP, Kaparakis‐Liaskos M. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12080. [PMID: 33815695 PMCID: PMC8015888 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and immunogenicity remains limited. Here we examine the morphology, contents and immunostimulatory functions of MVs produced by three Staphylococcus aureus strains; a methicillin resistant clinical isolate, a methicillin sensitive clinical isolate and a laboratory-adapted strain. We observed differences in the number and morphology of MVs produced by each strain and showed that they contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including protein, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan. Analysis of MV-derived RNA indicated the presence of small RNA (sRNA). Furthermore, we detected variability in the amount and composition of protein, nucleic acid and peptidoglycan cargo carried by MVs from each S. aureus strain. S. aureus MVs activated Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 7, 8, 9 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) signalling and promoted cytokine and chemokine release by epithelial cells, thus identifying that MV-associated MAMPs including DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Moreover, S. aureus MVs induced the formation of and colocalized with autophagosomes in epithelial cells, while inhibition of lysosomal acidification using bafilomycin A1 resulted in accumulation of autophagosomal puncta that colocalized with MVs, revealing the ability of the host to degrade MVs via autophagy. This study reveals the ability of DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan associated with MVs to activate PRRs in host epithelial cells, and their intracellular degradation via autophagy. These findings advance our understanding of the immunostimulatory roles of Gram-positive bacterial MVs in mediating pathogenesis, and their intracellular fate within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Bitto
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Ella L. Johnston
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Rishi Pathirana
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Ivan K. H. Poon
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Neil M. O'Brien‐Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health ResearchMelbourne Dental SchoolBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyDoherty InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis‐Liaskos
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular VesiclesSchool of Molecular SciencesLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
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Paudel A, Hamamoto H, Panthee S, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Large-Scale Screening and Identification of Novel Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Genes Using a Silkworm Infection Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1795-1804. [PMID: 31912866 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory network of virulence factors produced by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is unclear and the functions of many uncharacterized genes in its genome remain to be elucidated. In this study, we screened 380 genes whose function was unassigned, utilizing gene-disrupted transposon mutants of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300 for pathogenicity in silkworms. We identified 10 strains with reduced silkworm killing ability. Among them, 8 displayed reduced virulence in a mouse model as evidenced by reduced colony-forming units in organs of infected mice. The role of each gene in pathogenicity was further confirmed by complementation and pathogenicity tests in silkworms, where we found that the phenotype was not restored in 1 strain. Additionally, some of the mutants displayed reduced hemolysis, proteolysis, pigment production, and survival in murine RAW 264.7 monocyte-macrophage cells. These newly identified genes involved in virulence will enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmika Paudel
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Suresh Panthee
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Inhibitory properties of Chinese Herbal Formula SanHuang decoction on biofilm formation by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcal strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7134. [PMID: 33785834 PMCID: PMC8009868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Chinese herbal SanHuang decoction (SH) on biofilm formation of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci on titanium surface, and to explore its mechanism. Biofilm-forming ATCC 35984, ATCC 43300 and MRSE 287 were used in this study. The MICs of SH and vancomycin against Staphylococci were determined by the broth microdilution method. Six groups were designed, namely control group (bacteria cultured with medium), 1/8MIC SH group (1MIC SH was diluted by 1/8 using TSB or saline), 1/4MIC SH group, 1/2MIC SH group, 1MIC SH group and vancomycin group (bacteria cultured with 1MIC vancomycin). The inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation were observed by the spread plate method, CV staining, SEM, and CLSM. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the effect of SH on the expression levels of ica AD and ica R gene in ATCC 35984 during the biofilm formation. The strains were found to be susceptible to SH and vancomycin with MIC of 38.75 mg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively. SH with 1 MIC and 1/2 MIC could inhibit the bacteria adhesion, showing only scattered adhesion from SEM. CLSM showed that SH with 1 MIC and 1/2 MIC inhibited the biofilm formation. The quantitative results of the spread plate method and CV staining showed that there was significant differences between the SH groups (P < 0.05). Further, with an increase in SH concentration, the inhibitory effect became more obvious when compared with control group. Among the groups, vancomycin had the strongest inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation (P < 0.01). With an increase in SH concentration, the expression levels of ica AD decreased, and the expression of ica R increased correspondingly (P < 0.05). In conclusions, SH can inhibit the biofilm formation of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococci. Its probable mechanistic activity may be through the inhibition of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin synthesis by down-regulating the expression of ica AD gene.
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132
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Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Turner AM, Lee JYH, Gorrie CL, Howden BP, Carter GP. Genomic Insights Into Last-Line Antimicrobial Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:637656. [PMID: 33796088 PMCID: PMC8007764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.637656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are important human pathogens that are resistant to most clinical antibiotics. Treatment options are limited and often require the use of 'last-line' antimicrobials such as linezolid, daptomycin, and in the case of Staphylococcus, also vancomycin. The emergence of resistance to these last-line antimicrobial agents is therefore of considerable clinical concern. This mini-review provides an overview of resistance to last-line antimicrobial agents in Staphylococcus and VRE, with a particular focus on how genomics has provided critical insights into the emergence of resistant clones, the molecular mechanisms of resistance, and the importance of mobile genetic elements in the global spread of resistance to linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna M Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean Y H Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire L Gorrie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Antimicrobial Reference and Research Unit, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Antimicrobial Reference and Research Unit, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen P Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Antimicrobial Reference and Research Unit, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Jiang G, Liu S, Yu T, Wu R, Ren Y, van der Mei HC, Liu J, Busscher HJ. PAMAM dendrimers with dual-conjugated vancomycin and Ag-nanoparticles do not induce bacterial resistance and kill vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:230-243. [PMID: 33508504 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effective life-time of new antimicrobials until the appearance of the first resistant strains is steadily decreasing, which discourages incentives for commercialization required for clinical translation and application. Therefore, development of new antimicrobials should not only focus on better and better killing of antimicrobial-resistant strains, but as a paradigm shift on developing antimicrobials that prevent induction of resistance. Heterofunctionalized, poly-(amido-amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with amide-conjugated vancomycin (Van) and incorporated Ag nanoparticles (AgNP) showed a 6-7 log reduction in colony-forming-units of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain in vitro, while not inducing resistance in a vancomycin-susceptible strain. Healing of a superficial wound in mice infected with the vancomycin-resistant S. aureus was significantly faster and more effective by irrigation with low-dose, dual-conjugated Van-PAMAM-AgNP dendrimer suspension than by irrigation with vancomycin in solution or a PAMAM-AgNP dendrimer suspension. Herewith, dual-conjugation of vancomycin together with AgNPs in heterofunctionalized PAMAM dendrimers fulfills the need for new, prolonged life-time antimicrobials killing resistant pathogens without inducing resistance in susceptible strains. Important for clinical translation, this better use of antibiotics can be achieved with currently approved and clinically applied antibiotics, provided suitable for amide-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sidi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tianrong Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Renfei Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center of Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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Park C, Rho K, Shin J, Cho SY, Lee DG, Chung YJ. Genomic Analysis of Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Different Clonal Lineages in South Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1271-1281. [PMID: 33691494 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have revealed genetic diversity in the various clonal lineages. Along with clinical concerns of MRSA infection, infection with heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) is closely associated with treatment failure. In this study, we investigated the magnitude of genetic variation and features at the genomic level of hVISA strains isolated in South Korea. Four hVISA strains were analyzed by molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and whole-genome sequencing methods, and they were compared with the reference VISA and vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus strains in the same clonal lineage. The epidemiologic features of hVISA strains were closely related to the ST5 and ST239 clones. Comparative analysis of the whole genome showed genetic mutations, particularly in two-component systems (TCSs) and transcriptional regulators. Genetic mutations in walK were commonly found in both ST5- (F545L, E378K, T500K) and ST239-related (E424D, T492R) hVISA strains. hVISA strains in the ST5 clonal lineage contained mutations in TCS genes, including the walK, vraR, and agr loci, whereas ST239-related strains harbored different genetic variations in walK, lytR, and saeR. This study suggests that the diverse genetic variation of TCSs and transcriptional regulators are involved in reduced vancomycin susceptibility through different mechanisms in each clonal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulmin Park
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoohyoung Rho
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,NosVet, A315-4, 767, Sinsu-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoun Shin
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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136
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Hesketh A, Bucca G, Smith CP, Hong HJ. Chemotranscriptomic Profiling Defines Drug-Specific Signatures of the Glycopeptide Antibiotics Dalbavancin, Vancomycin and Chlorobiphenyl-Vancomycin in a VanB-Type-Resistant Streptomycete. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641756. [PMID: 33717038 PMCID: PMC7947799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalbavancin, vancomycin and chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin share a high degree of structural similarity and the same primary mode of drug action. All inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis through complexation with intermediates in peptidoglycan biosynthesis mediated via interaction with peptidyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala) residues present at the termini of the intermediates. VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in bacteria encodes an inducible reprogramming of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis that generates precursors terminating with d-alanyl-d-lactate (d-Ala-d-Lac). This system in Streptomyces coelicolor confers protection against the natural product vancomycin but not dalbavancin or chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin, which are semi-synthetic derivatives and fail to sufficiently activate the inducible VanB-type sensory response. We used transcriptome profiling by RNAseq to identify the gene expression signatures elucidated in S. coelicolor in response to the three different glycopeptide compounds. An integrated comparison of the results defines both the contribution of the VanB resistance system to the control of changes in gene transcription and the impact at the transcriptional level of the structural diversity present in the glycopeptide antibiotics used. Dalbavancin induces markedly more extensive changes in the expression of genes required for transport processes, RNA methylation, haem biosynthesis and the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and glutamine. Chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin exhibits specific effects on tryptophan and calcium-dependent antibiotic biosynthesis and has a stronger repressive effect on translation. Vancomycin predictably has a uniquely strong effect on the genes controlled by the VanB resistance system and also impacts metal ion homeostasis and leucine biosynthesis. Leaderless gene transcription is disfavoured in the core transcriptional up- and down-regulation taking place in response to all the glycopeptide antibiotics, while HrdB-dependent transcripts are favoured in the down-regulated group. This study illustrates the biological impact of peripheral changes to glycopeptide antibiotic structure and could inform the design of future semi-synthetic glycopeptide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hesketh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Giselda Bucca
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P. Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hee-Jeon Hong
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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137
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Genetic changes associated with tigecycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in vitro-selected mutants belonging to different lineages. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106304. [PMID: 33588015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tigecycline (TGC) resistance remains rare in Staphylococcus aureus worldwide. In this study, 12 TGC-resistant S. aureus mutants (TRSAm) were obtained displaying an increase in efflux activity. The isolates belonged to seven different genetic lineages, with a predominance of clonal complex 5 (CC5). Diverse genetic changes in mepA and mepR genes were found producing alterations in the amino acid sequences of the corresponding proteins (MepA and MepR, respectively). The most frequent amino acid change in MepA was Glu287Gly. All of the TRSAm exhibited different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertions/deletions (InDels) in mepR causing premature stop codons or amino acid changes in MepR. Expression of mepA was significantly increased in TRSAm with different mutations in mepA and mepR. Of the 12 TRSAm, 6 also harboured mutations in rpsJ that resulted in amino acid changes in the S10 ribosomal protein, with Lys57 being the most frequently mutated site. Our findings demonstrate that these acquired mechanisms of TGC resistance are not restricted to a single type of genotypic background and that different lineages might have the same plasticity to develop TGC resistance. The impact of TGC selective pressure assessed by whole-genome sequencing in four selected strain pairs revealed mutations in other singular genes and IS256 mobilisation.
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138
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Esteban P, Redrado S, Comas L, Domingo MP, Millán-Lou MI, Seral C, Algarate S, Lopez C, Rezusta A, Pardo J, Arias M, Galvez EM. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Gliotoxin Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020085. [PMID: 33498622 PMCID: PMC7911140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes of hospital-acquired and community infections and pose a challenge to the human health care system. Therefore, it is important to find new drugs that show activity against these bacteria, both in monotherapy and in combination with other antimicrobial drugs. Gliotoxin (GT) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi of the Aspergillus genus. Some evidence suggests that GT shows antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in vitro, albeit its efficacy against multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strainsis not known. This work aimed to evaluate the antibiotic efficacy of GT as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutics against MRSA in vitro and in vivo using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Esteban
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.E.); (J.P.)
| | - Sergio Redrado
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - M. Pilar Domingo
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
| | - M. Isabel Millán-Lou
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina Seral
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Algarate
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Concepción Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.I.M.-L.); (C.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.E.); (J.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Eva M. Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquımica ICB-CSIC, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.R.); (L.C.); (M.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (E.M.G.)
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139
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Huo J, Jia Q, Huang H, Zhang J, Li P, Dong X, Huang W. Emerging photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy in combating bacterial infections. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8762-8789. [PMID: 34159993 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emerging bacterial resistance and the protection of tenacious biofilms, it is hard for the single antibacterial modality to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects nowadays. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments have received wide attention and exhibited cooperatively enhanced bactericidal activity. PTT features spatiotemporally controllable generation of hyperthermia that could eradicate bacteria without inducing resistance. The synergy of it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, photo-dynamic/catalytic therapy (PDT/PCT), immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), could lower the introduced laser density in PTT and avoid undesired overheating injury of normal tissues. Simultaneously, by heat-induced improvement of the bacterial membrane permeability, PTT is conducive for accelerated intracellular permeation of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers/sonosensitizers, and could promote infiltration of immune cells. Thereby, it could solve the currently existing sterilization deficiencies of other combined therapeutic modes, for example, bacterial resistance for chemotherapy, low drug permeability for PDT/PCT/SDT, adverse immunoreactions for immunotherapy, etc. Admittedly, PTT-derived synergistic treatments are becoming essential in fighting bacterial infection, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. This review firstly presents the classical and newly reported photothermal agents (PTAs) in brief. Profoundly, through the introduction of delicately designed nanocomposite platforms, we systematically discuss the versatile photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy with the purpose of sterilization application. At the end, challenges to PTT-derived combinational therapy are presented and promising synergistic bactericidal prospects are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Han Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China. and State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
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140
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Pajares-Chamorro N, Wagley Y, Maduka CV, Youngstrom DW, Yeger A, Badylak SF, Hammer ND, Hankenson K, Chatzistavrou X. Silver-doped bioactive glass particles for in vivo bone tissue regeneration and enhanced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111693. [PMID: 33545854 PMCID: PMC8168684 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection is a significant risk factor for failed healing of bone and other tissues. We have developed a sol-gel (solution-gelation) derived bioactive glass doped with silver ions (Ag-BG), tailored to provide non-cytotoxic antibacterial activity while significantly enhancing osteoblast-lineage cell growth in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. Our objective was to engineer a biomaterial that combats bacterial infection while maintaining the capability to promote bone growth. We observed that Ag-BG inhibits bacterial growth and potentiates the efficacy of conventional antibiotic treatment. Ag-BG microparticles enhance cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC) in vitro. Moreover, in vivo tests using a calvarial defect model in mice demonstrated that Ag-BG microparticles induce bone regeneration. This novel system with dual biological and advanced antibacterial properties is a promising therapeutic for combating resistant bacteria while triggering new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pajares-Chamorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yadav Wagley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Chima V Maduka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA; Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Technology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Alyssa Yeger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kurt Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Xanthippi Chatzistavrou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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141
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Xing J, Wang F, Cong H, Wang S, Shen Y, Yu B. Analysis of proteins and chiral drugs based on vancomycin covalent capillary electrophoretic coating. Analyst 2020; 146:1320-1325. [PMID: 33367313 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin is an amphoteric glycopeptide molecule, and its group diversity and chiral active sites provide a potential basis for its application in chromatographic analysis. In this article, using photosensitive diazo resin (DR) as the coupling agent, vancomycin is modified on the inner wall of the capillary to construct a capillary coating separation system. The highlight of the coated capillary is that it has both anti-protein adsorption and chiral separation properties. Compared with the bare capillary or non-covalently bonded DR/vancomycin-coated capillary, it can not only achieve the separation of four mixed proteins of lysozyme (Lys), bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin (Mb), and ribonuclease A (RNase A), but also shows excellent performance in chiral drugs. The coated capillary effectively solves the problems of low efficiency of the separation column and high sample loss and provides ideas for the development of coated capillaries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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142
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De Novo Resistance to Arg 10-Teixobactin Occurs Slowly and Is Costly. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01152-20. [PMID: 33046494 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01152-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are rapidly evolving resistance to all clinically available antibiotics. One part of the solution to this complex issue is to better understand the resistance mechanisms to new and existing antibiotics. Here, we focus on two antibiotics. Teixobactin is a recently discovered promising antibiotic that is claimed to "kill pathogens without detectable resistance" (L. L. Ling, T. Schneider, A. J. Peoples, A. L. Spoering, et al., Nature 517:455-459, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14098). Moenomycin A has been extensively used in animal husbandry for over 50 years with no meaningful antibiotic resistance arising. However, the nature, mechanisms, and consequences of the evolution of resistance to these "resistance-proof" compounds have not been investigated. Through a fusion of experimental evolution, whole-genome sequencing, and structural biology, we show that Staphylococcus aureus can develop significant resistance to both antibiotics in clinically meaningful timescales. The magnitude of evolved resistance to Arg10-teixobactin is 300-fold less than to moenomycin A over 45 days, and these are 2,500-fold and 8-fold less than evolved resistance to rifampicin (control), respectively. We have identified a core suite of key mutations, which correlate with the evolution of resistance, that are in genes involved in cell wall modulation, lipid synthesis, and energy metabolism. We show the evolution of resistance to these antimicrobials translates into significant cross-resistance against other clinically relevant antibiotics for moenomycin A but not Arg10-teixobactin. Lastly, we show that resistance is rapidly lost in the absence of antibiotic selection, especially for Arg10-teixobactin. These findings indicate that teixobactin is worth pursuing for clinical applications and provide evidence to inform strategies for future compound development and clinical management.
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143
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Ahmed HA, Awad NFS, Abd El-Hamid MI, Shaker A, Mohamed RE, Elsohaby I. Pet birds as potential reservoirs of virulent and antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 75:101606. [PMID: 33373939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens carried by pet birds are considered a risk for birds, workers, and pet owners. This study investigated the potential of pet birds as reservoirs for virulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) zoonotic bacteria and assessed the genetic relatedness and diversity of bacterial isolates from pet birds and human contacts. Cloacal and tracheal swabs from 125 pet birds and 70 hand swabs from human contacts were collected. The results revealed that the pet birds were reservoirs for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6 %, each), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.2 %). These isolates were also identified in their human contacts, at percentages of 14.3 %, 12.9 %, and 24.3 %, respectively. Virulence associated genes were identified from E. coli (stx2, stx2f, eaeA, and hlyA), K. pneumoniae (fimH, TraT, and magA), and S. aureus (PVL, hly, sea, sed genes) isolates. Multidrug-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus were highly prevalent (81.3 %, 90.3 %, and 61.1 %, respectively). The genetic relationship between the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the pet birds and human contacts were determined by ERIC-PCR, while, RAPD-PCR was used for the S. aureus isolates. ERIC-PCR was found to have the highest discriminatory power. The clustering of the isolates from the pet birds and human contacts indicated potential transmission between the birds and workers. In conclusion, pet birds could act as potential reservoirs for zoonotic bacterial pathogens; thus, posing a risk to their human contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rehab E Mohamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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144
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Donkor ES, Kotey FCN. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Oral Cavity: Implications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Surveillance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 13:1178633720976581. [PMID: 33402829 PMCID: PMC7739134 DOI: 10.1177/1178633720976581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors a multitude of commensal flora, which may constitute a repository of antibiotic resistance determinants. In the oral cavity, bacteria form biofilms, and this facilitates the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. Recent reports indicate high methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rates in the oral cavity. Establishment of MRSA in the mouth could be enhanced by the wide usage of antibiotic prophylaxis among at-risk dental procedure candidates. These changes in MRSA epidemiology have important implications for MRSA preventive strategies, clinical practice, as well as the methodological approaches to carriage studies of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fleischer CN Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Teshie, Accra, Ghana
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145
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Vallavan V, Krishnasamy G, Zin NM, Abdul Latif M. A Review on Antistaphylococcal Secondary Metabolites from Basidiomycetes. Molecules 2020; 25:E5848. [PMID: 33322256 PMCID: PMC7764641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites with several pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer to name a few. Due to the large number of diverse structured chemical compounds they produce, fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Muccoromycota have been intensively studied for isolation of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes-derived secondary metabolites are known as a promising source of antibacterial compounds with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major challenge to patient health as it leads to higher morbidity and mortality, higher hospital-stay duration and substantial economic burden in global healthcare sector. One of the key culprits for AMR crisis is Staphylococcus aureus causing community-acquired infections as the pathogen develops resistance towards multiple antibiotics. The recent emergence of community strains of S. aureus harbouring methicillin-resistant (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) genes associated with increased virulence is challenging. Despite the few significant developments in antibiotic research, successful MRSA therapeutic options are still needed to reduce the use of scanty and expensive second-line treatments. This paper provides an overview of findings from various studies on antibacterial secondary metabolites from basidiomycetes, with a special focus on antistaphylococcal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalah Vallavan
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutics & Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (V.V.); (N.M.Z.)
| | - Getha Krishnasamy
- Bioactivity Program, Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutics & Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (V.V.); (N.M.Z.)
| | - Mazlyzam Abdul Latif
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
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146
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Baseri N, Najar-Peerayeh S, Bakhshi B. The effect of subinhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine on the evolution of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and the induction of mutations in walKR and vraTSR systems. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104628. [PMID: 33171303 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying the development of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) remains unclear. The abuses of antibacterial compounds lead to a change in the bacterial susceptibility patterns. Therefore, we examined the effect of Chlorhexidine (CHX) on in vitro development of VISA and reported CHX-selected VISA mutant Tm1 with phenotypic features similar to the clinical VISA isolates. WalKR, VraTSR, and GraSR are the most common regulatory systems involved in VISA evaluation. The expression of these systems, as well as walKR-regulated autolysins and VraTSR-regulated cell wall stimulon, were compared, by RT-qPCR, between the mutant and parental strains. The results revealed the downregulation of walKR, vraTSR, atlA, sle1, lytM, and pbpB genes in Tm1. The complete sequences of walKR and vraTSR genes was compared using the Sanger sequencing method. We detected Walk.R55C, WalR.A38T, and VraS·N340-D347del novel mutations in Tm1. These mutations were classified as deleterious mutations and predicted to affect protein function using the SIFT prediction algorithm. Novel mutations in Tm1 confirm the genetic diversity of VISA isolates. We suggest that WalKR and VraTSR may be involved in sense and response to CHX. In this regard, CHX may have a role in cell wall degradation of S. aureus and the emergence of VISA due to mutations in the CA domain of the Walk and VraS and the REC domain of WalR. Therefore, CHX should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Baseri
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Najar-Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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147
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Kaur H, Kalia M, Taneja N. Identification of novel non-homologous drug targets against Acinetobacter baumannii using subtractive genomics and comparative metabolic pathway analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104608. [PMID: 33166618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lack of effective antibiotics and the development of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumanni has necessitated the identification of novel drug targets. The study is divided into three phases, in phase I, four different sets of proteins were subjected to a chokepoint, plasmid, resistance genes, and virulence factors analysis. After phase 1 analysis we obtained two hundred twenty-two proteins which were analyzed further in the phase II for essentiality and homology. Fifty-eight proteins identified as target candidates were studied for qualitative characteristics. Among them, 32 were identified as cytoplasmic membrane, 17 as cytoplasmic, one as periplasmic, one as outer membrane, two as extracellular, and location of 5 was not known. Druggability analysis revealed that 18 proteins were druggable, and 40 were novel. Drug targets obtained in the present study can be utilized for the identification of novel antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. Predicted drug targets can be evaluated for their binding affinity by molecular docking studies and thus accelerating the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manmohit Kalia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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148
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Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Manne Mudhu S, Pasupuleti SK, Suthi S, Chaudhury A, Sarma PVGK. Staphylococcus aureus grown in anaerobic conditions exhibits elevated glutamine biosynthesis and biofilm units. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:323-331. [PMID: 33136443 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enormous spread of Staphylococcus aureus infections through biofilms is a major concern in hospital-acquired infections. Biofilm formation by S. aureus on any surface is facilitated by adjusting its redox status. This organism is a facultative anaerobe shift more towards reductive conditions by enhancing nitrogen metabolism where glutamine synthesis plays a key role. Glutamine is synthesized by glutamine synthetase (GS) encoded by the glnA gene. The gene was amplified by PCR from the chromosomal DNA of S. aureus, sequenced (HQ329146.1), and cloned. The pure recombinant GS exhibited Km of 11.06 ± 0.05 mmol·L-1 for glutamate and 2.4 ± 0.03 mmol·L-1 for ATP. The glnA gene sequence showed a high degree of variability with its human counterpart, while it was highly conserved in bacteria. Structural analysis revealed that the GS structure of S. aureus showed close homology with other Gram-positive bacteria and exhibited a high degree of variation with Escherichia coli GS. In the present study, we observed the increased presence of GS activity in multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus with elevated biofilm units, grown in brain heart infusion broth; among them methicillin-resistant strains S. aureus LMV 3, 4, and 5 showed higher biofilm units. All these results explain the important role of glutamine biosynthesis with elevated biofilm units in the pathogenesis of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugandhar Vudhya Gowrisankar
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Sunitha Manne Mudhu
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Pasupuleti
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Subbarayudu Suthi
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Chaudhury
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
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149
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Wan L, Ye C, Li B, Soteyome T, Bao X, Lu Z, Xu W, Mao Y, Li L, Chen D, Yang L, Xu Z, Harro J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic features of a heterogeneous vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104565. [PMID: 32971249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic features of a heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) strain Guangzhou-SauVS2 recovered from a female patient in Guangzhou, representative of southern China. The genome of Guangzhou-SauVS2 was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and assembled de novo using Velvet v1.2.08. Annotations and bioinformatics analysis were further performed. Results showed that Guangzhou-SauVS2 was susceptible and resistant to 7 and 11 antibiotic drugs, respectively, and exhibited hVISA with a minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin as 4 μg/mL. Its genome is 2,883,941 bp in length and contains 2934 predicted genes with an average G + C content of 32.9%. Besides, a total of 38 virulence factors and 4 antibiotic-resistant genes were identified. These results can be employed to further study the pathogenic and antimicrobial mechanisms of hVISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Congxiu Ye
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xuerui Bao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zerong Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenyi Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; Research Center of Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - Janette Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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150
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Hicks ND, Giffen SR, Culviner PH, Chao MC, Dulberger CL, Liu Q, Stanley S, Brown J, Sixsmith J, Wolf ID, Fortune SM. Mutations in dnaA and a cryptic interaction site increase drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009063. [PMID: 33253310 PMCID: PMC7738170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic dissection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens has largely focused on genetic changes conferring growth above a single critical concentration of drug. However, reduced susceptibility to antibiotics-even below this breakpoint-is associated with poor treatment outcomes in the clinic, including in tuberculosis. Clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit extensive quantitative variation in antibiotic susceptibility but the genetic basis behind this spectrum of drug susceptibility remains ill-defined. Through a genome wide association study, we show that non-synonymous mutations in dnaA, which encodes an essential and highly conserved regulator of DNA replication, are associated with drug resistance in clinical M. tuberculosis strains. We demonstrate that these dnaA mutations specifically enhance M. tuberculosis survival during isoniazid treatment via reduced expression of katG, the activator of isoniazid. To identify DnaA interactors relevant to this phenotype, we perform the first genome-wide biochemical mapping of DnaA binding sites in mycobacteria which reveals a DnaA interaction site that is the target of recurrent mutation in clinical strains. Reconstructing clinically prevalent mutations in this DnaA interaction site reproduces the phenotypes of dnaA mutants, suggesting that clinical strains of M. tuberculosis have evolved mutations in a previously uncharacterized DnaA pathway that quantitatively increases resistance to the key first-line antibiotic isoniazid. Discovering genetic mechanisms that reduce drug susceptibility and support the evolution of high-level drug resistance will guide development of biomarkers capable of prospectively identifying patients at risk of treatment failure in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha R. Giffen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter H. Culviner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Chao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Dulberger
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sydney Stanley
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaimie Sixsmith
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ian D. Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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