101
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Wu Y, Yang D, Xu B, Liang W, Sui J, Chen Y, Yang H, Chen H, Wei P, Qiao C. Immune efficacy of an adenoviral vector-based swine influenza vaccine against antigenically distinct H1N1 strains in mice. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:29-36. [PMID: 28941982 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses are prevalent in pigs and have occasionally crossed the species barrier and infected humans, which highlights the importance of preventing swine influenza. Human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been tested in human influenza vaccine clinical trials and has exhibited a reliable safety profile. Here, we generated a replication-defective, recombinant adenovirus (designated as rAd5-avH1HA) expressing the hemagglutinin gene of an avian-like H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/199/2013, ZJ/199/13). Using a BALB/c mouse model, we showed that a two-dose intramuscular administration of recombinant rAd5-avH1HA induced high levels of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and prevented homologous and heterologous H1N1 virus-induced weight loss, as well as viral replication in the nasal turbinates and lungs of mice. Furthermore, a prime-boost immunization strategy trial with a recombinant plasmid (designated as pCAGGS-HA) followed by rAd5-avH1HA vaccine provided effective protection against homologous and heterologous H1N1 virus infection in mice. These results indicate that rAd5-avH1HA is an efficacious genetically engineered vaccine candidate against H1N1 swine influenza. Future studies should examine its immune efficacy in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/standards
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Turbinates/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Virus Shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Bangfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jinyu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Huanliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chuanling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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102
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Seasonal H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Reassort Efficiently but Produce Attenuated Progeny. J Virol 2017. [PMID: 28637755 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00830-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment of gene segments between coinfecting influenza A viruses (IAVs) facilitates viral diversification and has a significant epidemiological impact on seasonal and pandemic influenza. Since 1977, human IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes have cocirculated with relatively few documented cases of reassortment. We evaluated the potential for viruses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H3N2 lineages to reassort under experimental conditions. Results of heterologous coinfections with pH1N1 and H3N2 viruses were compared to those obtained following coinfection with homologous, genetically tagged, pH1N1 viruses as a control. High genotype diversity was observed among progeny of both coinfections; however, diversity was more limited following heterologous coinfection. Pairwise analysis of genotype patterns revealed that homologous reassortment was random while heterologous reassortment was characterized by specific biases. pH1N1/H3N2 reassortant genotypes produced under single-cycle coinfection conditions showed a strong preference for homologous PB2-PA combinations and general preferences for the H3N2 NA, pH1N1 M, and H3N2 PB2 except when paired with the pH1N1 PA or NP. Multicycle coinfection results corroborated these findings and revealed an additional preference for the H3N2 HA. Segment compatibility was further investigated by measuring chimeric polymerase activity and growth of selected reassortants in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. In guinea pigs inoculated with a mixture of viruses, parental H3N2 viruses dominated but reassortants also infected and transmitted to cage mates. Taken together, our results indicate that strong intrinsic barriers to reassortment between seasonal H3N2 and pH1N1 viruses are few but that the reassortants formed are attenuated relative to parental strains.IMPORTANCE The genome of IAV is relatively simple, comprising eight RNA segments, each of which typically encodes one or two proteins. Each viral protein carries out multiple functions in coordination with other viral components and the machinery of the cell. When two IAVs coinfect a cell, they can exchange genes through reassortment. The resultant progeny viruses often suffer fitness defects due to suboptimal interactions among divergent viral components. The genetic diversity generated through reassortment can facilitate the emergence of novel outbreak strains. Thus, it is important to understand the efficiency of reassortment and the factors that limit its potential. The research described here offers new tools for studying reassortment between two strains of interest and applies those tools to viruses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 lineages, which currently cocirculate in humans and therefore have the potential to give rise to novel epidemic strains.
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103
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Chiapponi C, Ebranati E, Pariani E, Faccini S, Luppi A, Baioni L, Manfredi R, Carta V, Merenda M, Affanni P, Colucci ME, Veronesi L, Zehender G, Foni E. Genetic analysis of human and swine influenza A viruses isolated in Northern Italy during 2010-2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:114-123. [PMID: 28791803 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in swine plays an important role in the ecology of influenza viruses. The emergence of new IAVs comes through different mechanisms, with the genetic reassortment of genes between influenza viruses, also originating from different species, being common. We performed a genetic analysis on 179 IAV isolates from humans (n. 75) and pigs (n. 104) collected in Northern Italy between 2010 and 2015, to monitor the genetic exchange between human and swine IAVs. No cases of human infection with swine strains were noticed, but direct infections of swine with H1N1pdm09 strains were detected. Moreover, we pointed out a continuous circulation of H1N1pdm09 strains in swine populations evidenced by the introduction of internal genes of this subtype. These events contribute to generating new viral variants-possibly endowed with pandemic potential-and emphasize the importance of continuous surveillance at both animal and human level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chiapponi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Parma, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Ebranati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Pariani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Baioni
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Parma, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Manfredi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Parma, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - V Carta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Merenda
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Parma, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - P Affanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - M E Colucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - L Veronesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Zehender
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Foni
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Parma, Italy.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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104
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Gao S, Anderson TK, Walia RR, Dorman KS, Janas-Martindale A, Vincent AL. The genomic evolution of H1 influenza A viruses from swine detected in the United States between 2009 and 2016. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2001-2010. [PMID: 28758634 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from humans to swine occurs with relative frequency and is a critical contributor to swine IAV diversity. Subsequent to the introduction of these human seasonal lineages, there is often reassortment with endemic viruses and antigenic drift. To address whether particular genome constellations contributed to viral persistence following the introduction of the 2009 H1N1 human pandemic virus to swine in the USA, we collated and analysed 616 whole genomes of swine H1 isolates. For each gene, sequences were aligned, the best-known maximum likelihood phylogeny was inferred, and each virus was assigned a clade based upon its evolutionary history. A time-scaled Bayesian approach was implemented for the haemagglutinin (HA) gene to determine the patterns of genetic diversity over time. From these analyses, we observed an increase in genome diversity across all H1 lineages and clades, with the H1-γ and H1-δ1 genetic clades containing the greatest number of unique genome patterns. We documented 74 genome patterns from 2009 to 2016, of which 3 genome patterns were consistently detected at a significantly higher level than others across the entire time period. Eight genome patterns increased significantly, while five genome patterns were shown to decline in detection over time. Viruses with genome patterns identified as persisting in the US swine population may possess a greater capacity to infect and transmit in swine. This study highlights the emerging genetic diversity of US swine IAV from 2009 to 2016, with implications for swine and public health and vaccine control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Gao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rasna R Walia
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karin S Dorman
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
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105
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Vincent AL, Perez DR, Rajao D, Anderson TK, Abente EJ, Walia RR, Lewis NS. Influenza A virus vaccines for swine. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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106
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Saunders-Hastings P, Quinn Hayes B, Smith? R, Krewski D. Modelling community-control strategies to protect hospital resources during an influenza pandemic in Ottawa, Canada. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179315. [PMID: 28614365 PMCID: PMC5470707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel influenza virus has emerged to produce a global pandemic four times in the past one hundred years, resulting in millions of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. There is substantial uncertainty about when, where and how the next influenza pandemic will occur. METHODS We developed a novel mathematical model to chart the evolution of an influenza pandemic. We estimate the likely burden of future influenza pandemics through health and economic endpoints. An important component of this is the adequacy of existing hospital-resource capacity. Using a simulated population reflective of Ottawa, Canada, we model the potential impact of a future influenza pandemic under different combinations of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions. RESULTS There was substantial variation in projected pandemic impact and outcomes across intervention scenarios. In a population of 1.2 million, the illness attack rate ranged from 8.4% (all interventions) to 54.5% (no interventions); peak acute care hospital capacity ranged from 0.2% (all interventions) to 13.8% (no interventions); peak ICU capacity ranged from 1.1% (all interventions) to 90.2% (no interventions); and mortality ranged from 11 (all interventions) to 363 deaths (no interventions). Associated estimates of economic burden ranged from CAD $115 million to over $2 billion when extended mass school closure was implemented. DISCUSSION Children accounted for a disproportionate number of pandemic infections, particularly in household settings. Pharmaceutical interventions effectively reduced peak and total pandemic burden without affecting timing, while non-pharmaceutical measures delayed and attenuated pandemic wave progression. The timely implementation of a layered intervention bundle appeared likely to protect hospital resource adequacy in Ottawa. The adaptable nature of this model provides value in informing pandemic preparedness policy planning in situations of uncertainty, as scenarios can be updated in real time as more data become available. However-given the inherent uncertainties of model assumptions-results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Saunders-Hastings
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert Smith?
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Mathematics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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107
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Baratelli M, Pedersen LE, Trebbien R, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Blanco E, Nielsen J, Montoya M. Identification of cross-reacting T-cell epitopes in structural and non-structural proteins of swine and pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus strains in pigs. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:895-899. [PMID: 28555545 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous protection against swine influenza viruses (SwIVs) of different lineages is an important concern for the pig industry. Cross-protection between 'avian-like' H1N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 lineages has been observed previously, indicating the involvement of cross-reacting T-cells. Here, reverse vaccinology was applied to identify cross-reacting MHC class I T-cell epitopes from two different SwIV H1 lineages in pigs. In silico prediction followed by in vitro and in vivo testing was used to identify SLA-1*0702 T-cell epitopes in heterologous SwIV-infected pigs. Following viral infection, tetramer specific T-cell populations were identified. The majority of the identified T-cell epitopes were conserved between the examined lineages, suggesting that targeting cross-reactive T-cell epitopes could be used to improve vaccines against SwIV in SLA-1*0702-positive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Baratelli
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lasse Eggers Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), 1870 Frederiksberg C and 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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108
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Rovida F, Piralla A, Marzani FC, Moreno A, Campanini G, Mojoli F, Pozzi M, Girello A, Chiapponi C, Vezzoli F, Prati P, Percivalle E, Pavan A, Gramegna M, Iotti GA, Baldanti F. Swine influenza A (H1N1) virus (SIV) infection requiring extracorporeal life support in an immunocompetent adult patient with indirect exposure to pigs, Italy, October 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22. [PMID: 28183395 PMCID: PMC5388119 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.5.30456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of severe swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection in an immunocompetent middle-aged man in October 2016 in Italy who had only indirect exposure to pigs. The patient developed a severe acute distress respiratory syndrome which was successfully supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and treated with antiviral therapy. The sole risk factor for influenza was a body mass index > 30 kg/m2. After a month of hospitalisation, the patient was discharged in good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rovida
- These authors contributed equally to this work.,SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- These authors contributed equally to this work.,SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Capra Marzani
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Campanini
- SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Mojoli
- Unità di Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Antalgica, Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-Chirurgiche, Diagnostiche e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Girello
- SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Fausto Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Prati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Percivalle
- SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Pavan
- Agenzia di Tutela della Salute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Gramegna
- Direzione Generale Sanità, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Antonio Iotti
- Unità di Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Antalgica, Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-Chirurgiche, Diagnostiche e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Emergenza ed Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-Chirurgiche, Diagnostiche e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,SS Virologia Molecolare, SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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109
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Tchilian E, Holzer B. Harnessing Local Immunity for an Effective Universal Swine Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050098. [PMID: 28475122 PMCID: PMC5454411 DOI: 10.3390/v9050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections are a global health threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, contributing to decreased weight gain and suboptimal reproductive performance. Pigs are also a source of new viruses of mixed swine, avian, and human origin, potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Current inactivated vaccines induce neutralising antibody against the immunising strain but rapid escape occurs through antigenic drift of the surface glycoproteins. However, it is known that prior infection provides a degree of cross-protective immunity mediated by cellular immune mechanisms directed at the more conserved internal viral proteins. Here we review new data that emphasises the importance of local immunity in cross-protection and the role of the recently defined tissue-resident memory T cells, as well as locally-produced, and sometimes cross-reactive, antibody. Optimal induction of local immunity may require aerosol delivery of live vaccines, but it remains unclear how long protective local immunity persists. Nevertheless, a universal vaccine might be extremely useful for disease prevention in the face of a pandemic. As a natural host for influenza A viruses, pigs are both a target for a universal vaccine and an excellent model for developing human influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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110
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Abente EJ, Kitikoon P, Lager KM, Gauger PC, Anderson TK, Vincent AL. A highly pathogenic avian-derived influenza virus H5N1 with 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes demonstrates increased replication and transmission in pigs. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:18-30. [PMID: 28206909 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a reverse-genetics-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 lineage influenza A virus that was isolated from a human, A/Iraq/755/06. We also examined surface gene reassortant viruses composed of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/Iraq/755/06 and the internal genes of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, A/New York/18/2009 (2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1), and haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/New York/18/2009 with the internal genes of A/Iraq/755/06 (2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1). The parental A/Iraq/755/06 caused little to no lesions in swine, limited virus replication was observed in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in 3/5 direct-contact pigs based on seroconversion, detection of viral RNA or virus isolation. In contrast, the 2Iraq/06 : 6NY/09 H5N1 reassortant caused mild lung lesions, demonstrated sustained virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and transmitted to all contacts (5/5). The 2NY/09 : 6Iraq/06 H1N1 reassortant also caused mild lung lesions, there was evidence of virus replication in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts and transmission was detected in all contacts (5/5). These studies indicate that an HPAI-derived H5N1 reassortant with pandemic internal genes may be more successful in sustaining infection in swine and that HPAI-derived internal genes were marginally compatible with pandemic 2009 H1N1 surface genes. Comprehensive surveillance in swine is critical to identify a possible emerging HPAI reassortant in all regions with HPAI in wild birds and poultry and H1N1pdm09 in pigs or other susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio J Abente
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Present address: Merck Animal Health, De Soto, Kansas, USA.,Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
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111
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Van Reeth K, Gracia JCM, Trus I, Sys L, Claes G, Versnaeyen H, Cox E, Krammer F, Qiu Y. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with H3N2 influenza viruses of swine favors cross-clade antibody responses and protection. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2. [PMID: 29250437 PMCID: PMC5604745 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiple novel lineages of H1 and H3 influenza A viruses in swine has confounded control by inactivated vaccines. Because of substantial genetic and geographic heterogeneity among circulating swine influenza viruses, one vaccine strain per subtype cannot be efficacious against all of the current lineages. We have performed vaccination-challenge studies in pigs to examine whether priming and booster vaccinations with antigenically distinct H3N2 swine influenza viruses could broaden antibody responses and protection. We prepared monovalent whole inactivated, adjuvanted vaccines based on a European and a North American H3N2 swine influenza virus, which showed 81.5% aa homology in the HA1 region of the hemagglutinin and 83.4% in the neuraminidase. Our data show that (i) Priming with European and boosting with North American H3N2 swine influenza virus induces antibodies and protection against both vaccine strains, unlike prime-boost vaccination with a single virus or a single administration of bivalent vaccine. (ii) The heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances hemagglutination inhibiting, virus neutralizing and neuraminidase inhibiting antibody responses against H3N2 viruses that are antigenically distinct from both vaccine strains. Antibody titers to the most divergent viruses were higher than after two administrations of bivalent vaccine. (iii) However, it does not induce antibodies to the conserved hemagglutinin stalk or to other hemagglutinin subtypes. We conclude that heterologous prime-boost vaccination might broaden protection to H3N2 swine influenza viruses and reduce the total amount of vaccine needed. This strategy holds potential for vaccination against influenza viruses from both humans and swine and for a better control of (reverse) zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Sys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gerwin Claes
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Han Versnaeyen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
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112
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Mancera Gracia JC, Van den Hoecke S, Saelens X, Van Reeth K. Effect of serial pig passages on the adaptation of an avian H9N2 influenza virus to swine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175267. [PMID: 28384328 PMCID: PMC5383288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic in poultry in Asia and the Middle East. These viruses sporadically cause dead-end infections in pigs and humans raising concerns about their potential to adapt to mammals or reassort with human or swine influenza viruses. We performed ten serial passages with an avian H9N2 virus (A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997) in influenza naïve pigs to assess the potential of this virus to adapt to swine. Virus replication in the entire respiratory tract and nasal virus excretion were examined after each passage and we deep sequenced viral genomic RNA of the parental and passage four H9N2 virus isolated from the nasal mucosa and lung. The parental H9N2 virus caused a productive infection in pigs with a predominant tropism for the nasal mucosa, whereas only 50% lung samples were virus-positive. In contrast, inoculation of pigs with passage four virus resulted in viral replication in the entire respiratory tract. Subsequent passages were associated with reduced virus replication in the lungs and infectious virus was no longer detectable in the upper and lower respiratory tract of inoculated pigs at passage ten. The broader tissue tropism after four passages was associated with an amino acid residue substitution at position 225, within the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin. We also compared the parental H9N2, passage four H9N2 and the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in a direct contact transmission experiment. Whereas only one out of six contact pigs showed nasal virus excretion of the wild-type H9N2 for more than four days, all six contact animals shed the passage four H9N2 virus. Nevertheless, the amount of excreted virus was significantly lower when compared to that of the pH1N1, which readily transmitted and replicated in all six contact animals. Our data demonstrate that serial passaging of H9N2 virus in pigs enhances its replication and transmissibility. However, full adaptation of an avian H9N2 virus to pigs likely requires an extensive set of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Mancera Gracia
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Silvie Van den Hoecke
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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113
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Krog JS, Hjulsager CK, Larsen MA, Larsen LE. Triple-reassortant influenza A virus with H3 of human seasonal origin, NA of swine origin, and internal A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 genes is established in Danish pigs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:298-303. [PMID: 28245096 PMCID: PMC5410721 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a triple‐reassortant influenza A virus with a HA that resembles H3 of human seasonal influenza from 2004 to 2005, N2 from influenza A virus already established in swine, and the internal gene cassette from A(H1N1)pdm09 has spread in Danish pig herds. The virus has been detected in several Danish pig herds during the last 2‐3 years and may possess a challenge for human as well as animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Schak Krog
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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114
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Adlhoch C, Penttinen P. Letter to the editor: Just a coincidence? Two severe human cases due to swine influenza (SIV) A(H1N1)v in Europe, October 2016. Euro Surveill 2017; 22:30478. [PMID: 28300531 PMCID: PMC5356418 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.10.30478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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115
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Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of pathogens is becoming increasingly important not only for basic research but also for clinical science and practice. In virology, WGS is important for the development of novel treatments and vaccines, and for increasing the power of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genomics. In this Opinion article, we suggest that WGS of viruses in a clinical setting will become increasingly important for patient care. We give an overview of different WGS methods that are used in virology and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Although there are only partially addressed technical, financial and ethical issues in regard to the clinical application of viral WGS, this technique provides important insights into virus transmission, evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J. Houldcroft
- Department of Infection, UK; and the Division of Biological Anthropology, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK.,
- and the Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK.,
| | - Mathew A. Beale
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; and at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.,
- and at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.,
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116
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Rajão DS, Walia RR, Campbell B, Gauger PC, Janas-Martindale A, Killian ML, Vincent AL. Reassortment between Swine H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 in the United States Resulted in Influenza A Viruses with Diverse Genetic Constellations with Variable Virulence in Pigs. J Virol 2017; 91:e01763-16. [PMID: 27928015 PMCID: PMC5286888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01763-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated spillovers of the H1N1 pandemic virus (H1N1pdm09) from humans to pigs resulted in substantial evolution of influenza A viruses infecting swine, contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) currently circulating in swine. The reassortment with endemic swine viruses and maintenance of some of the H1N1pdm09 internal genes resulted in the circulation of different genomic constellations in pigs. Here, we performed a whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of 368 IAV circulating in swine from 2009 to 2016 in the United States. We identified 44 different genotypes, with the most common genotype (32.33%) containing a clade IV-A HA gene, a 2002-lineage NA gene, an M-pdm09 gene, and remaining gene segments of triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) origin. To understand how different genetic constellations may relate to viral fitness, we compared the pathogenesis and transmission in pigs of six representative genotypes. Although all six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, they resulted in different degrees of pathology and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast H3N2 genetic diversity circulating in U.S. swine after 2009. This diversity has important implications in the control of this disease by the swine industry, as well as a potential risk for public health if swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes have an increased risk to humans, as occurred in the 2011-2012 and 2016 human variant H3N2v cases associated with exhibition swine. IMPORTANCE People continue to spread the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) IAV to pigs, allowing H1N1pdm09 to reassort with endemic swine IAV. In this study, we determined the 8 gene combinations of swine H3N2 IAV detected from 2009 to 2016. We identified 44 different genotypes of H3N2, the majority of which contained at least one H1N1pdm09 gene segment. We compared six representative genotypes of H3N2 in pigs. All six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, but they resulted in different degrees of lung damage and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast genetic diversity of H3N2 circulating in U.S. swine after 2009, with important implications for the control of IAV for the swine industry. Because H1N1pdm09 is also highly adapted to humans, these swine viruses pose a potential risk to public health if swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes also have an increased risk for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajão
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rasna R Walia
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Brian Campbell
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Alicia Janas-Martindale
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Influenza A Viruses of Swine (IAV-S) in Vietnam from 2010 to 2015: Multiple Introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses into the Pig Population and Diversifying Genetic Constellations of Enzootic IAV-S. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01490-16. [PMID: 27795418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01490-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) involving 262 farms and 10 slaughterhouses in seven provinces in northern and southern Vietnam from 2010 to 2015 yielded 388 isolates from 32 farms; these viruses were classified into H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. Whole-genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates represented 15 genotypes, according to the genetic constellation of the eight segments. All of the H1N1 viruses were entirely A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, whereas all of the H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were reassortants among 5 distinct ancestral viruses: H1 and H3 triple-reassortant (TR) IAV-S that originated from North American pre-2009 human seasonal H1, human seasonal H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Notably, 93% of the reassortant IAV-S retained M genes that were derived from A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting some advantage in terms of their host adaptation. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis revealed that multiple introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 and TR IAV-S into the Vietnamese pig population have driven the genetic diversity of currently circulating Vietnamese IAV-S. In addition, our results indicate that a reassortant IAV-S with human-like H3 and N2 genes and an A(H1N1)pdm09 origin M gene likely caused a human case in Ho Chi Minh City in 2010. Our current findings indicate that human-to-pig transmission as well as cocirculation of different IAV-S have contributed to diversifying the gene constellations of IAV-S in Vietnam. IMPORTANCE This comprehensive genetic characterization of 388 influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) isolated through active surveillance of Vietnamese pig farms from 2010 through 2015 provides molecular epidemiological insight into the genetic diversification of IAV-S in Vietnam after the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Multiple reassortments among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and enzootic IAV-S yielded 14 genotypes, 9 of which carried novel gene combinations. The reassortants that carried M genes derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses became predominant, replacing those of the IAV-S that had been endemic in Vietnam since 2011. Notably, one of the novel reassortants likely caused a human case in Vietnam. Given that Vietnam is the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, continued monitoring of IAV-S is highly important from the viewpoints of both the swine industry and human public health.
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118
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Saunders-Hastings P, Reisman J, Krewski D. Assessing the State of Knowledge Regarding the Effectiveness of Interventions to Contain Pandemic Influenza Transmission: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168262. [PMID: 27977760 PMCID: PMC5158032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza pandemics occur when a novel influenza strain, to which humans are immunologically naïve, emerges to cause infection and illness on a global scale. Differences in the viral properties of pandemic strains, relative to seasonal ones, can alter the effectiveness of interventions typically implemented to control seasonal influenza burden. As a result, annual control activities may not be sufficient to contain an influenza pandemic. PURPOSE This study seeks to inform pandemic policy and planning initiatives by reviewing the effectiveness of previous interventions to reduce pandemic influenza transmission and infection. Results will inform the planning and design of more focused in-depth systematic reviews for specific types of interventions, thus providing the most comprehensive and current understanding of the potential for alternative interventions to mitigate the burden of pandemic influenza. METHODS A systematic review and narrative synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining intervention effectiveness in containing pandemic influenza transmission was conducted using information collected from five databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Cinahl/EBSCO). Two independent reviewers conducted study screening and quality assessment, extracting data related to intervention impact and effectiveness. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Most included reviews were of moderate to high quality. Although the degree of statistical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis, the present systematic review examines the wide variety of interventions that can impact influenza transmission in different ways. While it appears that pandemic influenza vaccination provides significant protection against infection, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that antiviral prophylaxis, seasonal influenza cross-protection, or a range of non-pharmaceutical strategies would provide appreciable protection when implemented in isolation. It is likely that an optimal intervention strategy will employ a combination of interventions in a layered approach, though more research is needed to substantiate this proposition. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO 42016039803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Saunders-Hastings
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Reisman
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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119
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Saunders-Hastings PR, Krewski D. Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission. Pathogens 2016; 5:E66. [PMID: 27929449 PMCID: PMC5198166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Saunders-Hastings
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada.
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada.
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120
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Fraaij PLA, Wildschut ED, Houmes RJ, Swaan CM, Hoebe CJ, de Jonge HCC, Tolsma P, de Kleer I, Pas SD, Oude Munnink BB, Phan MVT, Bestebroer TM, Roosenhoff RS, van Kampen JJA, Cotten M, Beerens N, Fouchier RAM, van den Kerkhof JH, Timen A, Koopmans MP. Severe acute respiratory infection caused by swine influenza virus in a child necessitating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the Netherlands, October 2016. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30416. [PMID: 27934581 PMCID: PMC5388114 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.48.30416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2016, a severe infection with swine influenza A(H1N1) virus of the Eurasian avian lineage occurred in a child with a previous history of eczema in the Netherlands, following contact to pigs. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly and required life support through extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. After start of oseltamivir treatment and removal of mucus plugs, the patient fully recovered. Monitoring of more than 80 close unprotected contacts revealed no secondary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter L A Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision Infectious diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC - Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno D Wildschut
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Houmes
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corien M Swaan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J Hoebe
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Public Health Service South Limburg, Geleen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht Infection Center (MINC),School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI),Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H C C de Jonge
- Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Tolsma
- Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst Brabant zuidoost, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Isme de Kleer
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of pulmonary medicine, Erasmus MC - Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan D Pas
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary reseach- Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H van den Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aura Timen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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121
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Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013. J Virol 2016; 90:10963-10971. [PMID: 27681134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01457-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The swine-human interface created at agricultural fairs, along with the generation of and maintenance of influenza A virus diversity in exhibition swine, presents an ongoing threat to public health. Nucleotide sequences of influenza A virus isolates collected from exhibition swine in Ohio (n = 262) and Indiana (n = 103) during 2009 to 2013 were used to investigate viral evolution and movement within this niche sector of the swine industry. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were employed to identify introductions of influenza A virus to exhibition swine and study viral population dynamics. In 2013 alone, we identified 10 independent introductions of influenza A virus into Ohio and/or Indiana exhibition swine. Frequently, viruses from the same introduction were identified at multiple fairs within the region, providing evidence of rapid and widespread viral movement within the exhibition swine populations of the two states. While pigs moving from fair to fair to fair is possible in some locations, the concurrent detection of nearly identical strains at several fairs indicates that a common viral source was more likely. Importantly, we detected an association between the high number of human variant H3N2 (H3N2v) virus infections in 2012 and the widespread circulation of influenza A viruses of the same genotype in exhibition swine in Ohio fairs sampled that year. The extent of viral diversity observed in exhibition swine and the rapidity with which it disseminated across long distances indicate that novel strains of influenza A virus will continue to emerge and spread within exhibition swine populations, presenting an ongoing threat to humans. IMPORTANCE Understanding the underlying population dynamics of influenza A viruses in commercial and exhibition swine is central to assessing the risk for human infections with variant viruses, including H3N2v. We used viral genomic sequences from isolates collected from exhibition swine during 2009 to 2013 to understand how the peak of H3N2v cases in 2012 relates to long-term trends in the population dynamics of pandemic viruses recently introduced into commercial and exhibition swine in the United States. The results of our spatial analysis underscore the key role of rapid viral dispersal in spreading multiple genetic lineages throughout a multistate network of agricultural fairs, providing opportunities for divergent lineages to coinfect, reassort, and generate new viral genotypes. The higher genetic diversity of genotypes cocirculating in exhibition swine since 2013 could facilitate the evolution of new reassortants, potentially with even greater ability to cause severe infections in humans or cause human-to-human transmission, highlighting the need for continued vigilance.
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122
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Anderson TK, Macken CA, Lewis NS, Scheuermann RH, Van Reeth K, Brown IH, Swenson SL, Simon G, Saito T, Berhane Y, Ciacci-Zanella J, Pereda A, Davis CT, Donis RO, Webby RJ, Vincent AL. A Phylogeny-Based Global Nomenclature System and Automated Annotation Tool for H1 Hemagglutinin Genes from Swine Influenza A Viruses. mSphere 2016; 1:e00275-16. [PMID: 27981236 PMCID: PMC5156671 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00275-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1 subtype of influenza A viruses (IAVs) has been circulating in swine since the 1918 human influenza pandemic. Over time, and aided by further introductions from nonswine hosts, swine H1 viruses have diversified into three genetic lineages. Due to limited global data, these H1 lineages were named based on colloquial context, leading to a proliferation of inconsistent regional naming conventions. In this study, we propose rigorous phylogenetic criteria to establish a globally consistent nomenclature of swine H1 virus hemagglutinin (HA) evolution. These criteria applied to a data set of 7,070 H1 HA sequences led to 28 distinct clades as the basis for the nomenclature. We developed and implemented a web-accessible annotation tool that can assign these biologically informative categories to new sequence data. The annotation tool assigned the combined data set of 7,070 H1 sequences to the correct clade more than 99% of the time. Our analyses indicated that 87% of the swine H1 viruses from 2010 to the present had HAs that belonged to 7 contemporary cocirculating clades. Our nomenclature and web-accessible classification tool provide an accurate method for researchers, diagnosticians, and health officials to assign clade designations to HA sequences. The tool can be updated readily to track evolving nomenclature as new clades emerge, ensuring continued relevance. A common global nomenclature facilitates comparisons of IAVs infecting humans and pigs, within and between regions, and can provide insight into the diversity of swine H1 influenza virus and its impact on vaccine strain selection, diagnostic reagents, and test performance, thereby simplifying communication of such data. IMPORTANCE A fundamental goal in the biological sciences is the definition of groups of organisms based on evolutionary history and the naming of those groups. For influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine, understanding the hemagglutinin (HA) genetic lineage of a circulating strain aids in vaccine antigen selection and allows for inferences about vaccine efficacy. Previous reporting of H1 virus HA in swine relied on colloquial names, frequently with incriminating and stigmatizing geographic toponyms, making comparisons between studies challenging. To overcome this, we developed an adaptable nomenclature using measurable criteria for historical and contemporary evolutionary patterns of H1 global swine IAVs. We also developed a web-accessible tool that classifies viruses according to this nomenclature. This classification system will aid agricultural production and pandemic preparedness through the identification of important changes in swine IAVs and provides terminology enabling discussion of swine IAVs in a common context among animal and human health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gaëlle Simon
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Janice Ciacci-Zanella
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Animal Health and Genetic Laboratory, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Ariel Pereda
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Hemmink JD, Morgan SB, Aramouni M, Everett H, Salguero FJ, Canini L, Porter E, Chase-Topping M, Beck K, Loughlin RM, Carr BV, Brown IH, Bailey M, Woolhouse M, Brookes SM, Charleston B, Tchilian E. Distinct immune responses and virus shedding in pigs following aerosol, intra-nasal and contact infection with pandemic swine influenza A virus, A(H1N1)09. Vet Res 2016; 47:103. [PMID: 27765064 PMCID: PMC5073419 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection in pigs is a major farming problem, causing considerable economic loss and posing a zoonotic threat. In addition the pig is an excellent model for understanding immunity to influenza viruses as this is a natural host pathogen system. Experimentally, influenza virus is delivered to pigs intra-nasally, by intra-tracheal instillation or by aerosol, but there is little data comparing the outcome of different methods. We evaluated the shedding pattern, cytokine responses in nasal swabs and immune responses following delivery of low or high dose swine influenza pdmH1N1 virus to the respiratory tract of pigs intra-nasally or by aerosol and compared them to those induced in naturally infected contact pigs. Our data shows that natural infection by contact induces remarkably high innate and adaptive immune response, although the animals were exposed to a very low virus dose. In contacts, the kinetics of virus shedding were slow and prolonged and more similar to the low dose directly infected animals. In contrast the cytokine profile in nasal swabs, antibody and cellular immune responses of contacts more closely resemble immune responses in high dose directly inoculated animals. Consideration of these differences is important for studies of disease pathogenesis and assessment of vaccine protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Aramouni
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.,Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Everett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Laetitia Canini
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily Porter
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katy Beck
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Mick Bailey
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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124
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Influenza A Virus Infection in Pigs Attracts Multifunctional and Cross-Reactive T Cells to the Lung. J Virol 2016; 90:9364-82. [PMID: 27512056 PMCID: PMC5044846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and play a critical role in influenza epidemiology. However, little is known about their influenza-evoked T-cell response. We performed a thorough analysis of both the local and systemic T-cell response in influenza virus-infected pigs, addressing kinetics and phenotype as well as multifunctionality (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]) and cross-reactivity. A total of 31 pigs were intratracheally infected with an H1N2 swine influenza A virus (FLUAVsw) and consecutively euthanized. Lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and blood were sampled during the first 15 days postinfection (p.i.) and at 6 weeks p.i. Ex vivo flow cytometry of lung lymphocytes revealed an increase in proliferating (Ki-67(+)) CD8(+) T cells with an early effector phenotype (perforin(+) CD27(+)) at day 6 p.i. Low frequencies of influenza virus-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells could be detected in the lung as early as 4 days p.i. On consecutive days, influenza virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced mainly IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, reaching peak frequencies around day 9 p.i., which were up to 30-fold higher in the lung than in tracheobronchial lymph nodes or blood. At 6 weeks p.i., CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells had accumulated in lung tissue. These cells showed diverse cytokine profiles and in vitro reactivity against heterologous influenza virus strains, all of which supports their potential to combat heterologous influenza virus infections in pigs. IMPORTANCE Pigs not only are a suitable large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and vaccine development but also play a central role in the emergence of new pandemic strains. Although promising candidate universal vaccines are tested in pigs and local T cells are the major correlate of heterologous control, detailed and targeted analyses of T-cell responses at the site of infection are scarce. With the present study, we provide the first detailed characterization of magnitude, kinetics, and phenotype of specific T cells recruited to the lungs of influenza virus-infected pigs, and we could demonstrate multifunctionality, cross-reactivity, and memory formation of these cells. This, and ensuing work in the pig, will strengthen the position of this species as a large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and will immediately benefit vaccine development for improved control of influenza virus infections in pigs.
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125
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Beato MS, Tassoni L, Milani A, Salviato A, Di Martino G, Mion M, Bonfanti L, Monne I, Watson SJ, Fusaro A. Circulation of multiple genotypes of H1N2 viruses in a swine farm in Italy over a two-month period. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:25-29. [PMID: 27771067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In August 2012 repeated respiratory outbreaks caused by swine influenza A virus (swIAV) were registered for a whole year in a breeding farm in northeast Italy that supplied piglets for fattening. The virus, initially characterized in the farm, was a reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (H1avN1) genotype, containing a haemagglutinin segment derived from the pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) lineage. To control infection, a vaccination program using vaccines against the A(H1N1)pdm09, human-like H1N2 (H1huN2), human-like H3N2 (H3N2), and H1avN1 viruses was implemented in sows in November 2013. Vaccine efficacy was assessed by sampling nasal swabs for two months in 35-75 day-old piglets born from vaccinated sows. Complete genome sequencing of eight swIAV-positive nasal swabs collected longitudinally from piglets after the implementation of the vaccination program was conducted to investigate the virus characteristics. Over the two-month period, two different genotypes involving multiple reassortment events were detected. The unexpected circulation of multiple reassortant genotypes in such a short time highlights the complexity of the genetic diversity of swIAV and the need for a better surveillance plan, based on the combination of clinical signs, epidemiological data and whole genome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Beato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Luca Tassoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Guido Di Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Monica Mion
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lebana Bonfanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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126
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Cador C, Hervé S, Andraud M, Gorin S, Paboeuf F, Barbier N, Quéguiner S, Deblanc C, Simon G, Rose N. Maternally-derived antibodies do not prevent transmission of swine influenza A virus between pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:86. [PMID: 27530456 PMCID: PMC4988049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A transmission experiment involving 5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets, with (MDA(+)) or without maternally-derived antibodies (MDA(-)), was carried out to evaluate the impact of passive immunity on the transmission of a swine influenza A virus (swIAV). In each group (MDA(+)/MDA(-)), 2 seeders were placed with 4 piglets in direct contact and 5 in indirect contact (3 replicates per group). Serological kinetics (ELISA) and individual viral shedding (RT-PCR) were monitored for 28 days after infection. MDA waning was estimated using a nonlinear mixed-effects model and survival analysis. Differential transmission rates were estimated depending on the piglets' initial serological status and contact structure (direct contact with pen-mates or indirect airborne contact). The time to MDA waning was 71.3 [52.8-92.1] days on average. The airborne transmission rate was 1.41 [0.64-2.63] per day. The compared shedding pattern between groups showed that MDA(+) piglets had mainly a reduced susceptibility to infection compared to MDA(-) piglets. The resulting reproduction number estimated in MDA(+) piglets (5.8 [1.4-18.9]), although 3 times lower than in MDA(-) piglets (14.8 [6.4-27.1]), was significantly higher than 1. Such an efficient and extended spread of swIAV at the population scale in the presence of MDAs could contribute to swIAV persistence on farms, given the fact that the period when transmission is expected to be impacted by the presence of MDAs can last up to 10 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Cador
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimental Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Research Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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Henritzi D, Zhao N, Starick E, Simon G, Krog JS, Larsen LE, Reid SM, Brown IH, Chiapponi C, Foni E, Wacheck S, Schmid P, Beer M, Hoffmann B, Harder TC. Rapid detection and subtyping of European swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific tetra- and triplex real-time RT-PCRs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:504-517. [PMID: 27397600 PMCID: PMC5059951 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A diversifying pool of mammalian‐adapted influenza A viruses (IAV) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from IAV isolated from swine. Swine influenza viruses (SIV) are widespread in European domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. Knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic SIV in Europe is poorly understood. Objectives Efficient SIV surveillance programmes depend on sensitive and specific diagnostic methods which allow for cost‐effective large‐scale analysis. Methods New SIV haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype‐ and lineage‐specific multiplex real‐time RT‐PCRs (RT‐qPCR) have been developed and validated with reference virus isolates and clinical samples. Results A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for the combined detection in clinical samples and subtyping of SIV strains currently circulating in Europe that is based on a generic, M‐gene‐specific influenza A virus RT‐qPCR. In a second step, positive samples are examined by tetraplex HA‐ and triplex NA‐specific RT‐qPCRs to differentiate the porcine subtypes H1, H3, N1 and N2. Within the HA subtype H1, lineages “av” (European avian‐derived), “hu” (European human‐derived) and “pdm” (human pandemic A/H1N1, 2009) are distinguished by RT‐qPCRs, and within the NA subtype N1, lineage “pdm” is differentiated. An RT‐PCR amplicon Sanger sequencing method of small fragments of the HA and NA genes is also proposed to safeguard against failure of multiplex RT‐qPCR subtyping. Conclusions These new multiplex RT‐qPCR assays provide adequate tools for sustained SIV monitoring programmes in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gaelle Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Jesper S Krog
- National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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128
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Occurrence and spread of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in Norwegian pig herds based on active serosurveillance from 2010 to 2014. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3148-3165. [PMID: 27412705 PMCID: PMC5080672 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incursion of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was detected by Norway's active serosurveillance of its pig population in 2009. Since then, surveillance data from 2010 to 2014 revealed that 54% of 5643 herd tests involving 1567 pig herds and 28% of 23 036 blood samples screened positive for antibodies against influenza A virus. Positive herds were confirmed to have influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by haemagglutination inhibition test. In 50% of positive herd tests, ⩾60% of the sampled pigs in each herd had antibodies against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. This within-herd animal seroprevalence did not vary for type of production, herd size or year of test. The overall running mean of national herd seroprevalence, and annual herd incidence risks fluctuated narrowly around the means of 45% and 32%, respectively, with the highest levels recorded in the three densest pig-producing counties. The probability of a herd being seropositive varied in the five production classes, which were sow pools, multiplier herds, conventional sow herds, nucleus herds, and fattening herds in descending order of likelihood. Large herds were more likely to be seropositive. Seropositive herds were highly likely to be seropositive the following year. The study shows that influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus is established in the Norwegian pig population with recurrent and new herd infections every year with the national herd seroprevalence in 2014 hovering at around 43% (95% confidence interval 40–46%).
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129
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Mena I, Nelson MI, Quezada-Monroy F, Dutta J, Cortes-Fernández R, Lara-Puente JH, Castro-Peralta F, Cunha LF, Trovão NS, Lozano-Dubernard B, Rambaut A, van Bakel H, García-Sastre A. Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27350259 PMCID: PMC4957980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777.001 In 2009 a new influenza virus jumped from pigs to humans and spread very rapidly, causing an initial outbreak in Mexico and becoming a global pandemic in just a few months. Although the most straightforward explanation is that the virus originated in swine in Mexico, several studies suggested that this was unlikely because key genetic components of the virus had never been detected in the Americas. Determining the source of the disease is critical for predicting and preparing for future influenza pandemics. Mena, Nelson et al. sought to better characterize the genetic diversity of influenza viruses in Mexican swine by obtaining the entire genetic sequences of 58 viruses collected from swine in Mexico, including some from previously unsampled regions in central Mexico. The sequences revealed extensive diversity among the influenza viruses circulating in Mexican swine. Several viruses included genetic segments that originated from viruses from Eurasia (the landmass containing Europe and Asia) and had not previously been detected in the Americas. The new sequences contained key genetic components of the 2009 pandemic virus. Furthermore, the sequences suggest that viruses with a similar genetic composition to the 2009 pandemic virus have been circulating in pigs in central-west Mexico for more than a decade. Thus, this region is the most likely source of the virus that started the 2009 pandemic. Mena, Nelson et al. also found that the movement of viruses from Eurasia and the United States into Mexico closely follows the direction of the global trade of live swine. This highlights the critical role that animal trading plays in bringing together diverse viruses from different continents, which can then combine and generate new pandemic viruses. A potential next step is to perform experiments that investigate how well the swine viruses can replicate and pass between different animal models. Comparing the results of such experiments with the findings presented by Mena, Nelson et al. could identify factors that make the viruses more likely to spread to humans and produce a pandemic. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Martha I Nelson
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | | | | | | | - Luis F Cunha
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Nídia S Trovão
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Andrew Rambaut
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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Arunorat J, Charoenvisal N, Woonwong Y, Kedkovid R, Thanawongnuwech R. Determination of current reference viruses for serological study of swine influenza viruses after the introduction of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pdmH1N1) in Thailand. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:5-9. [PMID: 27355862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of pandemic H1N1 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) in pigs, the status of Thai swine influenza virus (SIV) has changed. The pdmH1N1 and its reassortant viruses have become the predominant strain circulating in the Thai swine population based on the surveillance data from 2012 to 2014. For this reason, the reference viruses for serological assays using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test needed to be updated. Six anti-sera against reference viruses from 2006 to 2009 (enH1N1-06, enH1N1-09, enH1N2-09, pdmH1N1-09, enH3N2-07 and enH3N2-09) were used for the HI test with four contemporary viruses (enH1N1-10, pdmH1N1-10, rH1N2 and rH3N2) and the selected reference viruses were tested with sera collected from the field to determine the current SIV status. The results showed that anti-sera of swH1N1-06 had the highest titers against enH1N1-10. Anti-sera of pdmH1N1-09 had the highest titers against pdmH1N1-10 and rH1N2, whereas, anti-sera of enH3N2-09 had the highest titers against rH3N2. The results demonstrated that enH1N1-06, pdmH1N1-09 and enH3N2-09 should be selected as reference viruses for contemporary serological studies and HI tests. The seroprevalence results from 410 samples revealed enH1N1 (37.79%), pdmH1N1 (37.32%) and H3N2 (35.86%), respectively. The present study indicated that pdmH1N1 was widespread and commonly found in the Thai pig population increasing the risk of novel reassortant viruses and should be added as a reference virus for HI test. SIV surveillance program and serological studies should be conducted for the benefits of SIV control and prevention as well as monitoring for zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nataya Charoenvisal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Pippig J, Ritzmann M, Büttner M, Neubauer-Juric A. Influenza A Viruses Detected in Swine in Southern Germany after the H1N1 Pandemic in 2009. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:555-568. [PMID: 27334519 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly prevalent in swine populations, and stable cocirculation of at least three lineages has been well documented in European swine - till 2009. However, since the emergence of the human pandemic pdmH1N1 virus in 2009, which has been (re)introduced into individual swine herds worldwide, the situation has been changing. These variations in the respective IAV pools within pig populations are of major interest, and the zoonotic potential of putative emerging viruses needs to be evaluated. As data on recent IAV in swine from southern Germany were relatively sparse, the purpose of this study was to determine the major IAV subtypes actually present in this region. To this aim, from 2010 to 2013, 1417 nasal swabs or lung tissue samples from pigs with respiratory disease were screened for IAV genomes. Overall, in 130 holdings IAV genomes were detected by real-time RT-PCR targeting the matrix protein gene. For further analyses, several PCR protocols were adapted to quickly subtype between H1, pdmH1, H3, N1 and N2 sequences. Taken together, cocirculation of the three stable European lineages of IAV was confirmed for Bavaria. H1N1 sequences were identified in 59, whereas H1N2 genomes were only diagnosed in 14, and H3N2 in 9 of the holdings analysed. However, pdmH1 in combination with N1 was detected in 2010, 2012 and 2013 confirming a presence, albeit in low prevalence, likewise pdmH1N2 reassortant viruses. Interestingly, individual cases of coinfections with more than one subtype were diagnosed. Partial genome sequences were determined and phylogenetic analyses performed. Clearly other than in the human population classically circulating IAV have not been displaced by pdmH1N1 in Bavarian swine. However, some interesting viruses were detected. Further surveillance of these viruses in the Bavarian pig population will be of major importance, to monitor future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pippig
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Neubauer-Juric
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27067. [PMID: 27252023 PMCID: PMC4890009 DOI: 10.1038/srep27067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the present extensive co-circulation in pigs of Eurasian avian-like (EA) swine H1N1 and 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 viruses, reassortment between them is highly plausible but largely uncharacterized. Here, experimentally co-infected pigs with a representative EA virus and a pdm/09 virus yielded 55 novel reassortant viruses that could be categorized into 17 genotypes from Gt1 to Gt17 based on segment segregation. Majority of novel reassortants were isolated from the lower respiratory tract. Most of reassortant viruses were more pathogenic and contagious than the parental EA viruses in mice and guinea pigs. The most transmissible reassortant genotypes demonstrated in guinea pigs (Gt2, Gt3, Gt7, Gt10 and Gt13) were also the most lethal in mice. Notably, nearly all these highly virulent reassortants (all except Gt13) were characterized with possession of EA H1 and full complement of pdm/09 ribonucleoprotein genes. Compositionally, we demonstrated that EA H1-222G contributed to virulence by its ability to bind avian-type sialic acid receptors, and that pdm/09 RNP conferred the most robust polymerase activity to reassortants. The present study revealed high reassortment compatibility between EA and pdm/09 viruses in pigs, which could give rise to progeny reassortant viruses with enhanced virulence and transmissibility in mice and guinea pig models.
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133
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Lewis NS, Russell CA, Langat P, Anderson TK, Berger K, Bielejec F, Burke DF, Dudas G, Fonville JM, Fouchier RA, Kellam P, Koel BF, Lemey P, Nguyen T, Nuansrichy B, Peiris JM, Saito T, Simon G, Skepner E, Takemae N, Webby RJ, Van Reeth K, Brookes SM, Larsen L, Watson SJ, Brown IH, Vincent AL. The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses. eLife 2016; 5:e12217. [PMID: 27113719 PMCID: PMC4846380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza presents a substantial disease burden for pig populations worldwide and poses a potential pandemic threat to humans. There is considerable diversity in both H1 and H3 influenza viruses circulating in swine due to the frequent introductions of viruses from humans and birds coupled with geographic segregation of global swine populations. Much of this diversity is characterized genetically but the antigenic diversity of these viruses is poorly understood. Critically, the antigenic diversity shapes the risk profile of swine influenza viruses in terms of their epizootic and pandemic potential. Here, using the most comprehensive set of swine influenza virus antigenic data compiled to date, we quantify the antigenic diversity of swine influenza viruses on a multi-continental scale. The substantial antigenic diversity of recently circulating viruses in different parts of the world adds complexity to the risk profiles for the movement of swine and the potential for swine-derived infections in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.001 Influenza viruses, commonly called flu, infect millions of people and animals every year and occasionally causes pandemics in humans. The immune system can neutralise flu viruses by recognising the proteins on the virus surface, generically referred to as antigens. These antigens change as flu viruses evolve to escape detection by the immune system. These changes tend to be relatively small such that exposure to one flu virus generates immunity that is still effective against other related flu viruses. However, over time, the accumulation of these small changes can result in larger differences such that prior infections no longer provide protection against the new virus. Influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of birds and mammals. Viruses can also transmit from one species to another, which may result in the introduction of viruses with antigens that are new to the recipient species and which have the potential to cause substantial outbreaks. Pig flu viruses have long been considered to be a potential risk for human pandemic viruses and were the source of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Importantly, humans often transmit flu viruses to pigs. Understanding the dynamics and consequences of this two-way transmission is important for designing effective strategies to detect and respond to new strains of flu. Influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtypes circulate widely in pigs. However, it was poorly understood how closely related swine and human viruses circulating in different regions were to one another and how much the antigens varied between the different viruses. Lewis, Russell et al. have now analysed the antigenic variation of hundreds of H1 and H3 viruses from pigs on multiple continents. The antigenic diversity of recent swine flu viruses resembles the diversity of H1 and H3 viruses observed in humans over the last 40 years. A key factor driving the diversity of the H1 and H3 viruses in pigs is the frequent introduction of human viruses to pigs. In contrast, only one flu virus from a bird had contributed to the observed antigenic diversity in pigs in a substantial way. Once in pigs, human-derived flu viruses continue to evolve their antigens. This results in a tremendous diversity of flu viruses that can be transmitted to other pigs and also to humans. These flu viruses could pose a serious risk to public health because they are no longer similar to the current human flu strains. These findings have important implications not only for developing flu vaccines for pigs but also for informing the development of more-effective surveillance and disease-control strategies to prevent the spread of new flu variants. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12217.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pinky Langat
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, United States
| | - Kathryn Berger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Filip Bielejec
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - David F Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M Fonville
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Am Fouchier
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn F Koel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Js Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | - Gaelle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eugene Skepner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard J Webby
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lars Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Simon J Watson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal Health and Plant Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, United States
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Kyriakis CS, Papatsiros VG, Athanasiou LV, Valiakos G, Brown IH, Simon G, Van Reeth K, Tsiodras S, Spyrou V, Billinis C. Serological Evidence of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Greek Swine. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:370-3. [PMID: 26477456 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in pigs changed the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine in Europe and the rest of the world. Previously, three IAV subtypes were found in the European pig population: an avian-like H1N1 and two reassortant H1N2 and H3N2 viruses with human-origin haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins and internal genes of avian decent. These viruses pose antigenically distinct HAs, which allow the retrospective diagnosis of infection in serological investigations. However, cross-reactions between the HA of pH1N1 and the HAs of the other circulating H1 IAVs complicate serological diagnosis. The prevalence of IAVs in Greek swine has been poorly investigated. In this study, we examined and compared haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against previously established IAVs and pH1N1 in 908 swine sera from 88 herds, collected before and after the 2009 pandemic. While we confirmed the historic presence of the three IAVs established in European swine, we also found that 4% of the pig sera examined after 2009 had HI antibodies only against the pH1N1 virus. Our results indicate that pH1N1 is circulating in Greek pigs and stress out the importance of a vigorous virological surveillance programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kyriakis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - V G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - G Valiakos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - I H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - G Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France.,European University of Brittany, France
| | - K Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Tsiodras
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - V Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - C Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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135
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Kiseleva I, Dubrovina I, Fedorova E, Larionova N, Isakova-Sivak I, Bazhenova E, Pisareva M, Kuznetsova V, Flores J, Rudenko L. Genetic stability of live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses. Vaccine 2015; 33:7008-14. [PMID: 26432909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring genetic stability is a prerequisite for live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). This study describes the results of virus shedding and clinical isolates' testing of Phase I clinical trials of Russian LAIVs against potentially pandemic influenza viruses in healthy adults. METHODS Three live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses, H2N2 LAIV, H5N2 LAIV and H7N3 LAIV, generated by classical reassortment in eggs, were studied. For each vaccine tested, subjects were randomly distributed into two groups to receive two doses of either LAIV or placebo at a 3:1 vaccine/placebo ratio. Nasal swabs were examined for vaccine virus shedding by culturing in eggs and by PCR. Vaccine isolates were tested for temperature sensitivity and cold-adaptation (ts/ca phenotypes) and for nucleotide sequence. RESULTS The majority of nasal wash positive specimens were detected on the first day following vaccination. PCR method demonstrated higher sensitivity than routine virus isolation in eggs. None of the placebo recipients had detectable vaccine virus replication. All viruses isolated from the immunized subjects retained the ts/ca phenotypic characteristics of the master donor virus (MDV) and were shown to preserve all attenuating mutations described for the MDV. These data suggest high level of vaccine virus genetic stability after replication in humans. During manufacture process, no additional mutations occurred in the genome of H2N2 LAIV. In contrast, one amino acid change in the HA of H7N3 LAIV and two additional mutations in the HA of H5N2 LAIV manufactured vaccine lot were detected, however, they did not affect their ts/ca phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our clinical trials revealed phenotypic and genetic stability of the LAIV viruses recovered from the immunized volunteers. In addition, no vaccine virus was detected in the placebo groups indicating the lack of person-to-person transmission. LAIV TRIAL REGISTRATION at ClinicalTrials.gov: H7N3-NCT01511419; H5N2-NCT01719783; H2N2-NCT01982331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Irina Dubrovina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Fedorova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Natalie Larionova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Bazhenova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Victoria Kuznetsova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street , St Petersburg 197376, Russia
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