101
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Altmann SE, Brandt CR, Jahrling PB, Blaney JE. Antiviral activity of the EB peptide against zoonotic poxviruses. Virol J 2012; 9:6. [PMID: 22225618 PMCID: PMC3275487 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The EB peptide is a 20-mer that was previously shown to have broad spectrum in vitro activity against several unrelated viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza, herpes simplex virus type I, and vaccinia, the prototypic orthopoxvirus. To expand on this work, we evaluated EB for in vitro activity against the zoonotic orthopoxviruses cowpox and monkeypox and for in vivo activity in mice against vaccinia and cowpox. Findings In yield reduction assays, EB had an EC50 of 26.7 μM against cowpox and 4.4 μM against monkeypox. The EC50 for plaque reduction was 26.3 μM against cowpox and 48.6 μM against monkeypox. A scrambled peptide had no inhibitory activity against either virus. EB inhibited cowpox in vitro by disrupting virus entry, as evidenced by a reduction of the release of virus cores into the cytoplasm. Monkeypox was also inhibited in vitro by EB, but at the attachment stage of infection. EB showed protective activity in mice infected intranasally with vaccinia when co-administered with the virus, but had no effect when administered prophylactically one day prior to infection or therapeutically one day post-infection. EB had no in vivo activity against cowpox in mice. Conclusions While EB did demonstrate some in vivo efficacy against vaccinia in mice, the limited conditions under which it was effective against vaccinia and lack of activity against cowpox suggest EB may be more useful for studying orthopoxvirus entry and attachment in vitro than as a therapeutic against orthopoxviruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Altmann
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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102
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Ludwig S. Disruption of virus-host cell interactions and cell signaling pathways as an anti-viral approach against influenza virus infections. Biol Chem 2011; 392:837-47. [PMID: 21823902 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is still one of the major plagues worldwide with the threatening potential to cause pandemics. In recent years, increasing levels of resistance to the four FDA approved anti-influenza virus drugs have been described. This situation underlines the urgent need for novel anti-virals in preparation for future influenza epidemics or pandemics. Although the anti-virals currently in use target viral factors such as the neuraminidase or the M2 ion channel, there is an increase in pre-clinical approaches that focus on cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with virus replication. This does not only include inhibitors of virus-supportive signaling cascades but also interaction blockers of viral proteins with host cell proteins. This review aims to highlight some of these novel approaches that represent a paradigm change in anti-viral strategies against the influenza virus. Although most of these approaches are still in an early phase of preclinical development they might be very promising particularly with respect to the prevention of viral resistance to potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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103
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Jiang H, Xu Y, Li L, Weng L, Wang Q, Zhang S, Jia B, Hu H, He Y, Jacob Y, Toyoda T. Inhibition of influenza virus replication by constrained peptides targeting nucleoprotein. Antivir Chem Chemother 2011; 22:119-30. [PMID: 22095520 DOI: 10.3851/imp1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of high mutation rates, new drug-resistant viruses are rapidly evolving, thus making the necessary control of influenza virus infection difficult. METHODS We screened a constrained cysteine-rich peptide library mimicking μ-conotoxins from Conus geographus and a proline-rich peptide library mimicking lebocin 1 and 2 from Bombyx mori by using influenza virus RNA polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) and nucleoprotein (NP) as baits. RESULTS Among the 22 peptides selected from the libraries, we found that the NP-binding proline-rich peptide, PPWCCCSPMKRASPPPAQSDLPATPKCPP, inhibited influenza replicon activity to mean±sd 40.7%±15.8% when expressed as a GFP fusion peptide in replicon cells. Moreover, when the GFP fusion peptide was transduced into cells by an HIV-TAT protein transduction domain sequence, the replication of influenza virus A/WSN/33 (WSN) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 was inhibited to 20% and 69% at 12 and 24 h post-infection, respectively. In addition, the TAT-GFP fusion peptide was able to slightly protect Balb/c mice from WSN infection when administrated prior to the infection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the potential of this peptide as the seed of an anti-influenza drug and reveal the usefulness of the constrained peptide strategy for generating inhibitors of influenza infection. The results also suggest that influenza NP, which is conserved among the influenza A viruses, is a good target for influenza inhibition, despite being the most abundant protein in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Jiang
- Unit of Viral Genome Regulation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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104
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Jones JC, Settles EW, Brandt CR, Schultz-Cherry S. Virus aggregating peptide enhances the cell-mediated response to influenza virus vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29:7696-703. [PMID: 21839131 PMCID: PMC3190079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the poor immunogenicity of current H5N1 influenza vaccines, additives and adjuvants remain a viable solution for increasing efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that a 20-amino acid peptide (EB) possessing influenza antiviral activity also enhances the immune response to H5N1 vaccination in mice. The addition of EB to formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine induced virion aggregation and these aggregates were readily engulfed by phagocytic cells in vitro. In vivo, mice vaccinated with a suboptimal dose of inactivated vaccine containing EB peptide had reduced morbidity, improved viral clearance, and faster recovery than mice receiving vaccine alone. This phenomenon was not accompanied by an increase in virus-specific antibodies. Instead, cell-mediated immunity was enhanced as demonstrated by increased interferon-γ production from splenocytes. This data demonstrates that the EB peptide may a useful adjuvant for boosting the efficacy of poorly immunogenic influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Jones
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Erik W. Settles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 1556 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Curtis R. Brandt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 1556 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105
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105
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Increased pathogenicity of a reassortant 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus containing an H5N1 hemagglutinin. J Virol 2011; 85:12262-70. [PMID: 21917948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05582-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel H1N1 influenza virus emerged in 2009 (pH1N1) to become the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This virus is now cocirculating with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many parts of the world, raising concerns that a reassortment event may lead to highly pathogenic influenza strains with the capacity to infect humans more readily and cause severe disease. To investigate the virulence of pH1N1-H5N1 reassortant viruses, we created pH1N1 (A/California/04/2009) viruses expressing individual genes from an avian H5N1 influenza strain (A/Hong Kong/483/1997). Using several in vitro models of virus replication, we observed increased replication for a reassortant CA/09 virus expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of HK/483 (CA/09-483HA) relative to that of either parental CA/09 virus or reassortant CA/09 expressing other HK/483 genes. This increased replication correlated with enhanced pathogenicity in infected mice similar to that of the parental HK/483 strain. The serial passage of the CA/09 parental virus and the CA/09-483HA virus through primary human lung epithelial cells resulted in increased pathogenicity, suggesting that these viruses easily adapt to humans and become more virulent. In contrast, serial passage attenuated the parental HK/483 virus in vitro and resulted in slightly reduced morbidity in vivo, suggesting that sustained replication in humans attenuates H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Taken together, these data suggest that reassortment between cocirculating human pH1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza strains will result in a virus with the potential for increased pathogenicity in mammals.
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106
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O'Brien KB, Schultz-Cherry S, Knoll LJ. Parasite-mediated upregulation of NK cell-derived gamma interferon protects against severe highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection. J Virol 2011; 85:8680-8. [PMID: 21734055 PMCID: PMC3165849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05142-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of influenza A viruses are associated with significant human morbidity worldwide. Given the increasing resistance to the available influenza drugs, new therapies for the treatment of influenza virus infection are needed. An alternative approach is to identify products that enhance a protective immune response. In these studies, we demonstrate that infecting mice with the Th1-inducing parasite Toxoplasma gondii prior to highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus infection led to decreased lung viral titers and enhanced survival. A noninfectious fraction of T. gondii soluble antigens (STAg) elicited an immune response similar to that elicited by live parasites, and administration of STAg 2 days after H5N1 influenza virus infection enhanced survival, lowered viral titers, and reduced clinical disease. STAg administration protected H5N1 virus-infected mice lacking lymphocytes, suggesting that while the adaptive immune response was not required for enhanced survival, it was necessary for STAg-mediated viral clearance. Mechanistically, we found that administration of STAg led to increased production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) from natural killer (NK) cells, which were both necessary and sufficient for survival. Further, administration of exogenous IFN-γ alone enhanced survival from H5N1 influenza virus infection, although not to the same level as STAg treatment. These studies demonstrate that a noninfectious T. gondii extract enhances the protective immune response against severe H5N1 influenza virus infections even when a single dose is administered 2 days postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. O'Brien
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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107
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Steinmetzer T. [Strategies for development of new influenza medication]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 40:160-8. [PMID: 21630545 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg.
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108
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Jones JC, Settles EW, Brandt CR, Schultz-Cherry S. Identification of the minimal active sequence of an anti-influenza virus peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1810-3. [PMID: 21220525 PMCID: PMC3067171 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01428-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral peptide, entry blocker (EB), inhibits influenza virus replication by preventing attachment to cells. Here, we identified the minimal and optimal EB sequence that retained antiviral activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) and 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) similar to those of the full-length EB peptide and several truncated variants that possessed up to 10-fold lower IC(50)s. These data have implications for improving the antiviral efficacy of EB-derived peptides while decreasing production costs and easing synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Erik W. Settles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Curtis R. Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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109
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O'Brien KB, Morrison TE, Dundore DY, Heise MT, Schultz-Cherry S. A protective role for complement C3 protein during pandemic 2009 H1N1 and H5N1 influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17377. [PMID: 21408070 PMCID: PMC3052313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza infections are associated with enhanced inflammatory and cytokine responses, severe lung damage, and an overall dysregulation of innate immunity. C3, a member of the complement system of serum proteins, is a major component of the innate immune and inflammatory responses. However, the role of this protein in the pathogenesis of H5N1 infection is unknown. Here we demonstrate that H5N1 influenza virus infected mice had increased levels of C5a and C3 activation byproducts as compared to mice infected with either seasonal or pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses. We hypothesized that the increased complement was associated with the enhanced disease associated with the H5N1 infection. However, studies in knockout mice demonstrated that C3 was required for protection from influenza infection, proper viral clearance, and associated with changes in cellular infiltration. These studies suggest that although the levels of complement activation may differ depending on the influenza virus subtype, complement is an important host defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. O'Brien
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado–Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David Y. Dundore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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110
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Abstract
Influenza A virus is a particularly problematic virus because of its ability to cause high levels of morbidity on a global scale within a remarkably short period of time. It also has the potential to kill very large numbers of people as occurred in the Spanish influenza pandemic in 1918. Options for antiviral therapy are limited because of the paucity of available drugs and the rapid mutation rate of the virus leading to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. The current H1N1 pandemic and potential threats posed by other strains highlight the need to develop novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Here, we summarize the current state and recent developments of peptide-based inhibitors of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rajik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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111
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Li G, Zhang J, Tong X, Liu W, Ye X. Heat shock protein 70 inhibits the activity of Influenza A virus ribonucleoprotein and blocks the replication of virus in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16546. [PMID: 21390211 PMCID: PMC3044721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was identified as a cellular interaction partner of the influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The biological significance of the interaction between Hsp70 and RNP has not been fully investigated. Principal Findings Here we demonstrated that Hsp70 was involved in the regulation of influenza A viral transcription and replication. It was found that Hsp70 was associated with viral RNP by directly interacting with the PB1 and PB2 subunits, and the ATPase domain of Hsp70 was required for the association. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hsp70 was translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus in infected cells. Then we found that Hsp70 negatively regulated the expression of viral proteins in infected cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the transcription and replication of all eight viral segments were significantly reduced in Hsp70 overexpressed cells and greatly increased as Hsp70 was knocked down by RNA interference. Luciferase assay showed that overexpression of Hsp70 could inhibit the viral RNP activity on both vRNA and cRNA promoters. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that Hsp70 interfered with the integrity of RNP. Furthermore, delivered Hsp70 could inhibit the replication of influenza A virus in mice. Significance Our study indicated that Hsp70 interacted with PB1 and PB2 of RNP and could interfere with the integrity of RNP and block the virus replication in vitro and in vivo possibly through disrupting the binding of viral polymerase with viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Center for Molecular Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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112
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Rincón V, Bocanegra R, Rodríguez-Huete A, Rivas G, Mateu MG. Effects of macromolecular crowding on the inhibition of virus assembly and virus-cell receptor recognition. Biophys J 2011; 100:738-746. [PMID: 21281589 PMCID: PMC3030154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological fluids contain a very high total concentration of macromolecules that leads to volume exclusion by one molecule to another. Theory and experiment have shown that this condition, termed macromolecular crowding, can have significant effects on molecular recognition. However, the influence of molecular crowding on recognition events involving virus particles, and their inhibition by antiviral compounds, is virtually unexplored. Among these processes, capsid self-assembly during viral morphogenesis and capsid-cell receptor recognition during virus entry into cells are receiving increasing attention as targets for the development of new antiviral drugs. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of macromolecular crowding on the inhibition of these two processes by peptides. Macromolecular crowding led to a significant reduction in the inhibitory activity of: 1), a capsid-binding peptide and a small capsid protein domain that interfere with assembly of the human immunodeficiency virus capsid, and 2), a RGD-containing peptide able to block the interaction between foot-and-mouth disease virus and receptor molecules on the host cell membrane (in this case, the effect was dependent on the conditions used). The results, discussed in the light of macromolecular crowding theory, are relevant for a quantitative understanding of molecular recognition processes during virus infection and its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rincón
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Bocanegra
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio G Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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113
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Teissier E, Penin F, Pécheur EI. Targeting cell entry of enveloped viruses as an antiviral strategy. Molecules 2010; 16:221-50. [PMID: 21193846 PMCID: PMC6259279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells involves several successive steps, each one being amenable to therapeutic intervention. Entry inhibitors act by targeting viral and/or cellular components, through either the inhibition of protein-protein interactions within the viral envelope proteins or between viral proteins and host cell receptors, or through the inhibition of protein-lipid interactions. Interestingly, inhibitors that concentrate into/onto the membrane in order to target a protein involved in the entry process, such as arbidol or peptide inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), could allow the use of doses compatible with therapeutic requirements. The efficacy of these drugs validates entry as a point of intervention in viral life cycles. Strategies based upon small molecule antiviral agents, peptides, proteins or nucleic acids, would most likely prove efficient in multidrug combinations, in order to inhibit several steps of virus life cycle and prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eve-Isabelle Pécheur
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, IFR 128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 69367 Lyon, France; E-Mails: (E.T.); (F.P.)
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114
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Yang Z, Yang G, Zu Y, Fu Y, Zhou L. Computer-based de novo designs of tripeptides as novel neuraminidase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4932-51. [PMID: 21614183 PMCID: PMC3100827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11124932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest influenza A (H1N1) pandemic attracted worldwide attention and called for the urgent development of novel antiviral drugs. Here, seven tripeptides are designed and explored as neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors on the structural basis of known inhibitors. Their interactions with NA are studied and compared with each other, using flexible docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The various composed tripeptides have respective binding specificities and their interaction energies with NA decrease in the order of FRI > FRV > FRT > FHV > FRS > FRG > YRV (letters corresponding to amino acid code). The Arg and Phe portions of the tripeptides play important roles during the binding process: Arg has strong electrostatic interactions with the key residues Asp151, Glu119, Glu227 and Glu277, whereas Phe fits well in the hydrophobic cave within the NA active site. Owing to the introduction of hydrophobic property, the interaction energies of FRV and FRI are larger; in particular, FRI demonstrates the best binding quality and shows potential as a lead compound. In addition, the influence of the chemical states of the terminal amino acids are clarified: it is revealed that the charged states of the N-terminus (NH(3) (+)) and C-terminus (COO(-)) are crucial for the tripeptide inhibitory activities and longer peptides may not be appropriate. In addition, the medium inhibiting activity by acetylation of the N-terminus indicates the possible chemical modifications of FRI. Experimental efforts are expected in order to actualize the tripeptides as potent NA inhibitors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.Y.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.Y.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.Y.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-82192223; Fax: +86-451-82102082
| | - Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.Y.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.Y.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-451-82192223; Fax: +86-451-82102082
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.Y.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.Y.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.)
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115
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Larsen IV, Brandt CR. A cationic TAT peptide inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:541-7. [PMID: 21029018 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Purpose: To determine if a peptide, TAT-Cd(0), inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells. METHODS TAT-Cd(0) and a control peptide, E(50,51)TAT-Cd(0), were added at various times throughout infection with the lacz-expressing hrR3 virus, and viral replication was measured by β-galactosidase activity. Toxicity was assessed using a dye reduction assay. RESULTS The CC(50) value for TAT-Cd(0) was ∼100 μM. In assays with peptide present at all times, TAT-Cd(0) was 150-fold more active than E(50,51)TAT-Cd(0) (EC(50) 0.2 vs. 30.0 μM). The EC(50) values of TAT-Cd(0) for entry inhibition, cell protection, virus inactivation, and inhibition of attachment were 0.1, 0.4, 9.5, and 3.0 μM, respectively. TAT-Cd(0) was less effective when added 1 h postinfection (EC(50) = 30.0 μM). CONCLUSIONS TAT-Cd(0) is an effective inhibitor of Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in human corneal epithelial cells and affects multiple steps before, or very early, in infection. The peptide has potential as an antiviral and further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Carlson CM, Turpin EA, Moser LA, O'Brien KB, Cline TD, Jones JC, Tumpey TM, Katz JM, Kelley LA, Gauldie J, Schultz-Cherry S. Transforming growth factor-β: activation by neuraminidase and role in highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001136. [PMID: 20949074 PMCID: PMC2951376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine regulating several immunologic processes, is expressed by virtually all cells as a biologically inactive molecule termed latent TGF-β (LTGF-β). We have previously shown that TGF-β activity increases during influenza virus infection in mice and suggested that the neuraminidase (NA) protein mediates this activation. In the current study, we determined the mechanism of activation of LTGF-β by NA from the influenza virus A/Gray Teal/Australia/2/1979 by mobility shift and enzyme inhibition assays. We also investigated whether exogenous TGF-β administered via a replication-deficient adenovirus vector provides protection from H5N1 influenza pathogenesis and whether depletion of TGF-β during virus infection increases morbidity in mice. We found that both the influenza and bacterial NA activate LTGF-β by removing sialic acid motifs from LTGF-β, each NA being specific for the sialic acid linkages cleaved. Further, NA likely activates LTGF-β primarily via its enzymatic activity, but proteases might also play a role in this process. Several influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H5N9, H6N1, and H7N3) except the highly pathogenic H5N1 strains activated LTGF-β in vitro and in vivo. Addition of exogenous TGF-β to H5N1 influenza virus-infected mice delayed mortality and reduced viral titers whereas neutralization of TGF-β during H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1 infection increased morbidity. Together, these data show that microbe-associated NAs can directly activate LTGF-β and that TGF-β plays a pivotal role protecting the host from influenza pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Carlson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Turpin
- Pfizer Inc., Department of Viral Vaccines, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Moser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. O'Brien
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Cline
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Kelley
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Station, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Song JM, Seong BL. Viral membranes: an emerging antiviral target for enveloped viruses? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:635-8. [PMID: 20521891 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Wolf MC, Freiberg AN, Zhang T et al. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 3157-3162 (2010). The emergence and re-emergence of viruses and the widespread antiviral resistance calls for the development of a broad-spectrum strategy for viral infection. The article under review describes an approach to achieve this goal by developing an antiviral rhodanine derivative effective against enveloped viruses targeting the viral lipid membrane. By intercalating into the viral membrane, the compound irreversibly inactivates the virions with virucidal effects. Potential toxic effects on hosts could be minimized by continuous regeneration of cellular membranes. The present strategy exploits the therapeutic window that exists between static viral membranes and biogenic cellular membranes and provides a useful guideline for future research endeavors towards broad-spectrum antiviral approaches for enveloped viruses. Developing a formulation that ensures efficient delivery and pharmacokinetic properties while minimizing systemic toxicity on cell membranes remains a challenge. The advantages and disadvantages of a viral membrane-targeting approach for the control of emerging and re-emerging viruses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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The virucidal EB peptide protects host cells from herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in the presence of serum albumin and aggregates proteins in a detergent-like manner. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4275-89. [PMID: 20643896 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00495-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear cationic amphiphilic EB peptide, derived from the FGF4 signal sequence, was previously shown to be virucidal and to block herpes simplex type I (HSV-1) entry (H. Bultmann, J. S. Busse, and C. R. Brandt, J. Virol. 75:2634-2645, 2001). Here we show that cells treated with EB (RRKKAAVALLPAVLLALLAP) for less than 5 min are also protected from infection with HSV-1. Though protection was lost over a period of 5 to 8 h, it was reinduced as rapidly as during the initial treatment. Below a 20 μM concentration of EB, cells gained protection in a serum-dependent manner, requiring bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a cofactor. Above 40 μM, EB coprecipitated with BSA under hypotonic conditions. Coprecipitates retained antiviral activity and released active peptide. NaCl (≥0.3 M) blocked coprecipitation without interfering with antiviral activity. As shown for β-galactosidase, EB below 20 μM acted as an enzyme inhibitor, whereas above 40 to 100 μM EB, β-galactosidase was precipitated as was BSA or other unrelated proteins. Pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that in the course of protein aggregation, EB acted like a cationic surfactant and self associated in a process resembling micelle formation. Both antiviral activity and protein aggregation did not depend on stereospecific EB interactions but depended strongly on the sequence of the peptide's hydrophobic tail. EB resembles natural antimicrobial peptides, such as melittin, but when acting in a nonspecific detergent-like manner, it primarily seems to target proteins.
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119
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Influenza pathogenesis: lessons learned from animal studies with H5N1, H1N1 Spanish, and pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:e21-9. [PMID: 19935414 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181c8b4d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Because cases of highly pathogenic influenza are rare, no systematic clinical studies have evaluated different therapeutic approaches. Instead, treatment recommendations are aimed at the alleviation of clinical signs and symptoms, especially the restoration of respiratory function, and at the inhibition of virus replication, assuming viral load is responsible for disease phenotype. Studies of highly pathogenic influenza in different animal models, especially nonhuman primates and ferrets, reproduce many of the key observations from clinical cases. Host-response kinetics reveal a delayed but broad activation of genes involved in the innate and acquired immune responses (innate responses produce inflammatory responses), which continue after the virus has been cleared and may contribute importantly to the clinical signs observed. Experimental animal models point to an important role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic influenza. The use of these models to develop and validate therapeutic approaches is just beginning, but published studies reveal the importance of early treatment with antivirals and show the potential and limitations of approaches aimed at the host response.
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120
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Gong T, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Yang D, Li W, Zhang Q, Feng W, Wang B, Jiang Z, Li M. Recombinant mouse beta-defensin 2 inhibits infection by influenza A virus by blocking its entry. Arch Virol 2010; 155:491-8. [PMID: 20195655 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of life-threatening respiratory tract disease worldwide. Defensins are small cationic peptides of about 2-6 kDa that are known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Here, we focused on the anti-influenza A activity of mouse beta-defensin 2 (mBD2). The prokaryotic expression plasmid pET32a-mBD2 was constructed and introduced into Escherichia coli Rosseta gami (2) to produce recombinant mBD2 (rmBD2). Purified rmBD2 showed strong antiviral activity against IAV in vitro. The protective rate for Madin-Darby canine kidney cells was 93.86% at an rmBD2 concentration of 100 microg/ml. Further studies demonstrated that rmBD2 prevents IAV infection by inhibiting viral entry. In addition, both pretreatment and postinfection treatment with rmBD2 provided protection against lethal virus challenge with IAV in experimental mice, with protection rates of 70 and 30%, respectively. These results suggest that the mBD2 might have important effects on influenza A virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Gong
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Schnitzler SU, Schnitzler P. An update on swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1: a review. Virus Genes 2009; 39:279-92. [PMID: 19809872 PMCID: PMC7088521 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that have claimed the lives of millions. The emergence of new strains will continue to pose challenges to public health and the scientific communities. The recent flu pandemic caused by a swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1 (S-OIV) presents an opportunity to examine virulence factors, the spread of the infection and to prepare for major influenza outbreaks in the future. The virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it probably arose through reassortment of two viruses of swine origin. Specific markers for virulence can be evaluated in the viral genome, PB1-F2 is a molecular marker of pathogenicity but is not present in the new S-OIV. While attention was focused on a threat of an avian influenza H5N1 pandemic emerging from Asia, a novel influenza virus of swine origin emerged in North America, and is now spreading worldwide. However, S-OIV demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. There are concerns that this virus may mutate or reassort with existing influenza viruses giving rise to more transmissible or more pathogenic viruses. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic virus was relatively mild in its first wave and acquired more virulence when it returned in the winter. Thus preparedness on a global scale against a potential more virulent strain is highly recommended. Most isolates of the new S-OIVs are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, and currently a vaccine against the pandemic strain is being manufactured and will be available this fall. This review summarizes the current information on the new pandemic swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian U. Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Rajik M, Omar AR, Ideris A, Hassan SS, Yusoff K. A novel peptide inhibits the influenza virus replication by preventing the viral attachment to the host cells. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:543-8. [PMID: 19680476 PMCID: PMC2726580 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV), the causative agent of avian flu or bird flu, cause widespread morbidity and mortality in poultry. The symptoms of the disease range from mild flu like symptoms to death. These viruses possess two important surface glycoproteins, namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) against which neutralizing antibodies are produced. Due to the highly mutative nature of the genes which encode these proteins, the viruses often confer resistance to the current anti-viral drugs making the prevention and treatment of infection challenging. In our laboratory, we have recently identified a novel anti-viral peptide (P1) against the AIV H9N2 from a phage displayed peptide library. This peptide inhibits the replication of the virus in ovo and in vitro by its binding to the HA glycoprotein. In the current study, we demonstrate that the peptide inhibits the virus replication by preventing the attachment to the host cell but it does not have any effect on the viral fusion. The reduction in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) expression inside the host cell has also been observed during the peptide (P1) treatment. This novel peptide may have the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment and control of avian influenza virus H9N2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rajik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rajik M, Jahanshiri F, Omar AR, Ideris A, Hassan SS, Yusoff K. Identification and characterisation of a novel anti-viral peptide against avian influenza virus H9N2. Virol J 2009; 6:74. [PMID: 19497129 PMCID: PMC2700090 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza viruses (AIV) cause high morbidity and mortality among the poultry worldwide. Their highly mutative nature often results in the emergence of drug resistant strains, which have the potential of causing a pandemic. The virus has two immunologically important glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and one ion channel protein M2 which are the most important targets for drug discovery, on its surface. In order to identify a peptide-based virus inhibitor against any of these surface proteins, a disulfide constrained heptapeptide phage display library was biopanned against purified AIV sub-type H9N2 virus particles. Results After four rounds of panning, four different fusion phages were identified. Among the four, the phage displaying the peptide NDFRSKT possessed good anti-viral properties in vitro and in ovo. Further, this peptide inhibited the hemagglutination activity of the viruses but showed very little and no effect on neuraminidase and hemolytic activities respectively. The phage-antibody competition assay proved that the peptide competed with anti-influenza H9N2 antibodies for the binding sites. Based on yeast two-hybrid assay, we observed that the peptide inhibited the viral replication by interacting with the HA protein and this observation was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Conclusion Our findings show that we have successfully identified a novel antiviral peptide against avian influenza virus H9N2 which act by binding with the hemagglutination protein of the virus. The broad spectrum activity of the peptide molecule against various subtypes of the avian and human influenza viruses and its comparative efficiency against currently available anti-influenza drugs are yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rajik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
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Altmann SE, Jones JC, Schultz-Cherry S, Brandt CR. Inhibition of Vaccinia virus entry by a broad spectrum antiviral peptide. Virology 2009; 388:248-59. [PMID: 19395056 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about the possible use of Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, as a weapon for bioterrorism have led to renewed efforts to identify new antivirals against orthopoxviruses. We identified a peptide, EB, which inhibited infection by Vaccinia virus with an EC(50) of 15 microM. A control peptide, EBX, identical in composition to EB but differing in sequence, was inactive (EC50>200 microM), indicating sequence specificity. The inhibition was reversed upon removal of the peptide, and EB treatment had no effect on the physical integrity of virus particles as determined by electron microscopy. Viral adsorption was unaffected by the presence of EB, and the addition of EB post-entry had no effect on viral titers or on early gene expression. The addition of EB post-adsorption resulted in the inhibition of beta-galactosidase expression from an early viral promoter with an EC(50) of 45 microM. A significant reduction in virus entry was detected in the presence of the peptide when the number of viral cores released into the cytoplasm was quantified. Electron microscopy indicated that 88% of the virions remained on the surface of cells in the presence of EB, compared to 37% in the control (p<0.001). EB also blocked fusion-from-within, suggesting that virus infection is inhibited at the fusion step. Analysis of EB derivatives suggested that peptide length may be important for the activity of EB. The EB peptide is, to our knowledge, the first known small molecule inhibitor of Vaccinia virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Altmann
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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125
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Wang SY, Su CY, Lin M, Huang SY, Huang WI, Wang CC, Wu YT, Cheng TJR, Yu HM, Ren CT, Wu CY, Wong CH, Cheng YSE. HA-pseudotyped retroviral vectors for influenza antagonist screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:294-302. [PMID: 19211776 DOI: 10.1177/1087057108330786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infections are initiated by the binding of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the cellular receptor sialic acids. The binding is followed by internalization, endocytosis, and uncoating to release the influenza genome to the cytoplasm. It is conceivable that specific inhibitors that antagonize any one of these events could prevent the replication of influenza infections. The authors made HA pseudotyped retroviral vectors that express luciferase reporter activities upon transduction to several recipient cells. The transduction of the HA-pseudotype virus particles (HApp) was mediated through the specific interactions between an avian HA and the terminal disaccharides of sialic acid (SA) and galactose (Gal) in alpha-2,3 linkage. The HApp-mediated transduction method was used to develop a high-throughput screening assay and to screen for hits from a fermentation extract library. Specific hits that inhibited the HA-mediated but were noninhibitory to the vesicular stomatitis virus-mediated pseudoviral transductions were identified. A few of these hits have anti-influenza activities that prevent the replication of both H1N1 (WSN) and H5N1 (RG14) influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yun Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Rowe RK, Suszko JW, Pekosz A. Roles for the recycling endosome, Rab8, and Rab11 in hantavirus release from epithelial cells. Virology 2008; 382:239-49. [PMID: 18951604 PMCID: PMC2648827 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hantavirus structural proteins are believed to localize to intracellular membranes often identified as Golgi membranes, in virus-infected cells. After virus budding into the Golgi luminal space, virus-containing vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane via trafficking pathways that are not well defined. Using the New World hantavirus, Andes virus, we have investigated the role of various Rab proteins in the release of hantavirus particles from infected cells. Rabs 8 and 11 were found to colocalize with Andes virus proteins in virus infected cells and when expressed from cDNA, implicating the recycling endosome as an organelle important for hantavirus infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of Rab11a alone or Rab11a and Rab11b together resulted in a decrease in infectious virus particle secretion from infected cells. Downregulation of Rab8a did not alter infectious virus release but reduction of both isoforms did. These data implicate the recycling endosome and the Rab proteins associated with vesicular transport to or from this intracellular organelle as an important pathway for hantavirus trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Hidari KIPJ, Murata T, Yoshida K, Takahashi Y, Minamijima YH, Miwa Y, Adachi S, Ogata M, Usui T, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, characterization, and application of glycopolymers carrying lactosamine repeats as entry inhibitors against influenza virus infection. Glycobiology 2008; 18:779-88. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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128
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Pandemic and seasonal influenza: therapeutic challenges. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:590-5. [PMID: 18598914 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality annually, and the threat of a pandemic underscores the need for new therapeutic strategies. Here, we briefly discuss novel antiviral agents under investigation, the limitations of current antiviral therapy and stress the importance of secondary bacterial infections in seasonal and pandemic influenza. Additionally, the lack of new antibiotics available to treat increasingly drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci, Acinetobacter, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram negative bacteria and Clostridium difficile is highlighted as an important component of influenza treatment and pandemic preparedness. Addressing these problems will require a multidisciplinary approach, which includes the development of novel antivirals and new antibiotics, as well as a better understanding of the role secondary infections play on the morbidity and mortality of influenza infection.
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A virocidal amphipathic {alpha}-helical peptide that inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3088-93. [PMID: 18287023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712380105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An amphipathic alpha-helical peptide (C5A) derived from the membrane anchor domain of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein is virocidal for HCV at submicromolar concentrations in vitro. C5A prevents de novo HCV infection and suppresses ongoing infection by inactivating both extra- and intracellular infectious particles, and it is nontoxic in vitro and in vivo at doses at least 100-fold higher than required for antiviral activity. Mutational analysis indicates that C5A's amphipathic alpha-helical structure is necessary but not sufficient for its virocidal activity, which depends on its amino acid composition but not its primary sequence or chirality. In addition to HCV, C5A inhibits infection by selected flaviviruses, paramyxoviruses, and HIV. These results suggest a model in which C5A destabilizes viral membranes based on their lipid composition, offering a unique therapeutic approach to HCV and other viral infections.
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130
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Alves Galvão MG, Rocha Crispino Santos MA, Alves da Cunha AJL. Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD002745. [PMID: 18254006 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002745.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) are used to relieve or treat influenza A symptoms in healthy adults, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of these antivirals in preventing and treating influenza A in children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to systematically consider evidence on the effectiveness and safety of AMT and RMT in preventing and treating influenza A in children and the elderly. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2007, issue 3); MEDLINE (1966 to July 2007) and EMBASE (1980 to July 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing AMT and/or RMT in children and the elderly with placebo, control, other antivirals or comparing different doses or schedules of AMT and/or RMT or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. In all comparisons except for one, the trials in children and in the elderly were analysed separately. Data were analysed and reported using Cochrane Review Manager 4.2. software. MAIN RESULTS In children, RMT was effective in the abatement of fever on day three of treatment. AMT showed a prophylactic effect against influenza A infection. AMT and RMT were not related to an increase in the occurrence of adverse effects. RMT also was considered to be well tolerated by the elderly, but showed no prophylactic effect. Different doses were comparable in the prophylaxis of influenza in the elderly, as well as in reporting adverse effects. Zanamivir prevented influenza A more effectively than RMT in the elderly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AMT was effective in the prophylaxis of influenza A in children. As confounding matters might have affected our findings, caution should be taken when considering which patients should to be given this prophylactic. Our conclusions about effectiveness of both antivirals for the treatment of influenza A in children were limited to a proven benefit of RMT in the abatement of fever on day three of treatment. Due to the small number of available studies we could not reach a definitive conclusion on the safety of AMT or the effectiveness of RMT in preventing influenza in children and the elderly.
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Abstract
The evolution of antiviral therapy began with developments in the management of influenza and herpes simplex keratitis in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, the field exploded with the successful treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes zoster and genital herpes simplex virus infections, all occurring in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These advances have contributed to the development of therapies for HIV that have transformed the lives of infected patients in recent years. The clinical fruit of all of these research advances has been an armamentarium of drugs that can be used to successfully treat a variety of viral illnesses. In addition to HIV/AIDS, current antiviral therapy focuses primarily on herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses and influenza. Notably, considerable progress remains to be made in these areas. Moreover, a variety of additional viral diseases currently require the development of specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Rottinghaus
- Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, 1530 Third Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0006, USA.
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Jones J, Brandt CR, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza defense: expanding our arsenal with peptide antivirals. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Jones
- University of Wisconsin, 423 Service Memorial Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- University of Wisconsin, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Ophthalmolgy & Visual Sciences, 6630 Medical Sciences Center, 300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- University of Wisconsin, Dept of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 University Avenue Rm 417 SMI, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. An H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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