101
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Si Z, Vandegraaff N, O’hUigin C, Song B, Yuan W, Xu C, Perron M, Li X, Marasco WA, Engelman A, Dean M, Sodroski J. Evolution of a cytoplasmic tripartite motif (TRIM) protein in cows that restricts retroviral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7454-9. [PMID: 16648259 PMCID: PMC1464360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600771103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) proteins mediate innate intracellular resistance to retroviruses. In humans, TRIM5 is located in a paralogous cluster that includes TRIM6, TRIM34, and TRIM22. Although TRIM6 and TRIM34 orthologs are found in other mammals, TRIM5 has to date been identified only in primates. Cow cells exhibit early blocks to infection by several retroviruses. We identify a cytoplasmic TRIM protein encoded by LOC505265 that is responsible for the restriction of infection by several lentiviruses and N-tropic murine leukemia virus in cow cells. Susceptibility of N-tropic murine leukemia virus to 505265-mediated restriction is determined primarily by residue 110 of the viral capsid protein. Phylogenetically, cow LOC505265 segregates with the TRIM5/TRIM6/TRIM34 group, but is not an ortholog of known TRIM genes. The B30.2/SPRY domain of 505265 exhibits long variable regions, a characteristic of the proteins encoded by this paralogous group, and shows evidence of positive selection. Apparently, cows have independently evolved a retroviral restriction factor from the same TRIM family that spawned TRIM5 in primates. Particular features of this subset of cytoplasmic TRIM proteins may be conducive to the convergent evolution of virus-restricting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Si
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nick Vandegraaff
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Byeongwoon Song
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wen Yuan
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chen Xu
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michel Perron
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xing Li
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alan Engelman
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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102
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Diaz-Griffero F, Vandegraaff N, Li Y, McGee-Estrada K, Stremlau M, Welikala S, Si Z, Engelman A, Sodroski J. Requirements for capsid-binding and an effector function in TRIMCyp-mediated restriction of HIV-1. Virology 2006; 351:404-19. [PMID: 16650449 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In owl monkeys, a retrotransposition event replaced the gene encoding the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5alpha with one encoding TRIMCyp, a fusion between the RING, B-box 2 and coiled-coil domains of TRIM5 and cyclophilin A. TRIMCyp restricts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection by a mechanism dependent on the interaction of the cyclophilin A moiety and the HIV-1 capsid protein. Here, we show that infection by retroviruses other than HIV-1 can be restricted by TRIMCyp, providing an explanation for the evolutionary retention of the TRIMCyp gene in owl monkey lineages. The TRIMCyp-mediated block to HIV-1 infection occurs before the earliest step of reverse transcription. TRIMCyp-mediated restriction involves at least two functions: (1) capsid binding, which occurs most efficiently for trimeric TRIMCyp proteins that retain the coiled-coil and cyclophilin A domains, and (2) an effector function that depends upon the B-box 2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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103
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Keckesova Z, Ylinen LMJ, Towers GJ. Cyclophilin A renders human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sensitive to Old World monkey but not human TRIM5 alpha antiviral activity. J Virol 2006; 80:4683-90. [PMID: 16641261 PMCID: PMC1472055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4683-4690.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIM5alpha is an important mediator of antiretroviral innate immunity influencing species-specific retroviral replication. Here we investigate the role of the peptidyl prolyl isomerase enzyme cyclophilin A in TRIM5alpha antiviral activity. Cyclophilin A is recruited into nascent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions as well as incoming HIV-1 capsids, where it isomerizes an exposed proline residue. Here we show that cyclophilin A renders HIV-1 sensitive to restriction by TRIM5alpha in cells from Old World monkeys, African green monkey and rhesus macaque. Inhibition of cyclophilin A activity with cyclosporine A, or reducing cyclophilin A expression with small interfering RNA, rescues TRIM5alpha-restricted HIV-1 infectivity. The effect of cyclosporine A on HIV-1 infectivity is dependent on TRIM5alpha expression, and expression of simian TRIM5alpha in permissive feline cells renders them able to restrict HIV-1 in a cyclosporine A-sensitive way. We use an HIV-1 cyclophilin A binding mutant (CA G89V) to show that cyclophilin A has different roles in restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5alpha and owl monkey TRIM-Cyp. TRIM-Cyp, but not TRIM5alpha, recruits its tripartite motif to HIV-1 capsid via cyclophilin A and, therefore, HIV-1 G89V is insensitive to TRIM-Cyp but sensitive to TRIM5alpha. We propose that cyclophilin A isomerization of a proline residue in the TRIM5alpha sensitivity determinant of the HIV-1 capsid sensitizes it to restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5alpha. In humans, where HIV-1 has adapted to bypass TRIM5alpha activity, the effects of cyclosporine A are independent of TRIM5alpha. We speculate that cyclophilin A alters HIV-1 sensitivity to a TRIM5alpha-independent innate immune pathway in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Keckesova
- Department of Infection, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Windeyer Building, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T4JF, United Kingdom
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104
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Stremlau M, Song B, Javanbakht H, Perron M, Sodroski J. Cyclophilin A: an auxiliary but not necessary cofactor for TRIM5alpha restriction of HIV-1. Virology 2006; 351:112-20. [PMID: 16643975 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (Cyp A) binds the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein and contributes to the early events in virus replication in some cells. The retroviral restriction factor TRIM5alpha can inhibit the early, post-entry phase of infection by associating with the incoming viral capsid. Cyp A has been proposed to prevent restriction factor binding in human cells, thus enhancing HIV-1 infectivity, and to potentiate restriction of HIV-1 in monkey cells. Here we show that the positive effects of Cyp A-CA binding on HIV-1 infectivity do not depend on human TRIM5alpha. Disruption of Cyp A binding to CA partially relieved the block to HIV-1 infection imposed by several TRIM5alpha variants, but Cyp A-CA binding was not absolutely required for TRIM5alpha antiviral activity. Inhibition of Cyp A function by cyclosporine significantly decreased the efficiency of TRIM5alpha-mediated restriction only when the restricted virus capsid interacted with Cyp A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stremlau
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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105
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Nakayama EE, Shioda T. [TRIM5alpha]. Uirusu 2006; 55:259-65. [PMID: 16557011 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.55.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) shows a very narrow host range limited only to humans and chimpanzees. HIV-1 dose not experimentally infect Old World monkeys, such as rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, and fails to replicate in activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes obtained from those monkeys. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the block of HIV-1 replication in Old World monkey cells occurred at a post-entry step and appeared to result from a failure to initiate reverse transcription. Recently, the screening of a rhesus monkey cDNA library identified tripartite motif 5 (TRIM5) alpha, a component of cytoplasmic bodies, as a factor that confers resistance to HIV-1 infection. Shortly after, TRIM5alpha of African green monkey, another Old World monkey, was also shown to restrict HIV-1 infection, while human TRIM5alpha was reported to restrict N-tropic murine leukemia virus. Small amino acid differences in the SPRY domain among human and monkey TRIM5alphas were reported to determine species-specific restriction. This review discusses about anti-viral activity of TRIM5alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Suita-shi, Osaka University, Japan
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106
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Sawyer SL, Wu LI, Akey JM, Emerman M, Malik HS. High-frequency persistence of an impaired allele of the retroviral defense gene TRIM5alpha in humans. Curr Biol 2006; 16:95-100. [PMID: 16401428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular TRIM5alpha protein successfully inhibits HIV-1 infection in rhesus monkeys, but not in humans . A few amino acids in the virus-interacting SPRY domain were found to be responsible for most of this anti-viral specificity , raising the possibility that genetic variation among humans could result in TRIM5alpha proteins with a spectrum of potencies. We found several nonsynonymous SNPs at the human TRIM5 locus, but only one of these (H43Y) was found to have a significant functional consequence. We demonstrate that H43Y impairs TRIM5alpha restriction of two distantly related retroviruses. H43Y lies in the RING domain of TRIM5alpha and may negatively affect its putative E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This detrimental allele dates back to before the African diaspora and is found at a frequency of 43% in indigenous Central and South Americans. We suggest that relaxed constraint due to a recent period of low retroviral challenge has allowed the deleterious H43Y mutation to persist and even to expand after the bottleneck that occurred upon human migration to the New World. The unexpectedly high frequency of an impaired retroviral restriction allele among humans is likely to have a significant impact on our ability to ward off future retroviral challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Sawyer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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107
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Passerini LD, Keckesova Z, Towers GJ. Retroviral restriction factors Fv1 and TRIM5alpha act independently and can compete for incoming virus before reverse transcription. J Virol 2006; 80:2100-5. [PMID: 16474118 PMCID: PMC1395401 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.5.2100-2105.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction factors Fv1 and TRIM5alpha provide dominant blocks to retroviral infection, targeting incoming capsids at a postentry, preintegration step. They both restrict N-tropic murine leukemia virus with similar specificity yet act at different points in the viral life cycle. TRIM5alpha-restricted virus is usually unable to reverse transcribe, whereas Fv1-restricted virus reverse transcribes normally. Here we investigate the relationship between these two restriction factors by expressing Fv1 alleles in human cells. We demonstrate that Fv1 is able to compete with TRIM5alpha for virus before reverse transcription. In human cells expressing Fv1(b), N-tropic restricted virus becomes less infectious but reverse transcribes more efficiently, indicating competition between the two antiviral molecules and protection of the virus from TRIM5alpha by Fv1. Our findings suggest that, like TRIM5alpha, Fv1 interacts with virus before reverse transcription, but the consequences of this interaction are not realized until a later stage of the life cycle. We also demonstrate that Fv1 is functionally independent of TRIM5alpha when expressed in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Passerini
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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108
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Diaz-Griffero F, Li X, Javanbakht H, Song B, Welikala S, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. Rapid turnover and polyubiquitylation of the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5. Virology 2006; 349:300-15. [PMID: 16472833 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
TRIM5alpha and TRIMCyp are retroviral restriction factors that, like other members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, contain RING, B-box 2 and coiled-coil domains. We found that both proteins are rapidly turned over, with half-lives of 50-60 min. Polyubiquitylation and rapid degradation of TRIM5alpha depended upon intact RING and B-box 2 domains. A chimera consisting of monkey TRIM5alpha with a RING domain of human TRIM21 exhibited a half-life of 210 min, yet potently restricted human immunodeficiency virus; therefore, rapid turnover of TRIM5alpha is not required for its antiretroviral activity. TRIM5alpha forms cytoplasmic bodies that contain other polyubiquitylated proteins, heat shock proteins and dynein, and thus resemble aggresome precursors. Consistent with this interpretation, proteasomal inhibitors triggered the formation of TRIM5alpha(rh)-containing aggresomes in a microtubule-dependent manner. Thus, TRIM5alpha levels in the cell are maintained by continuous synthesis and rapid proteasome-mediated degradation, imbalances in which result in the formation of pre-aggresomal cytoplasmic bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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109
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Sebastian S, Sokolskaja E, Luban J. Arsenic counteracts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 restriction by various TRIM5 orthologues in a cell type-dependent manner. J Virol 2006; 80:2051-4. [PMID: 16439561 PMCID: PMC1367146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.4.2051-2054.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity when particular Homo sapiens and Cercopithecus aethiops cell lines were used as targets. Knockdown of human TRIM5alpha by RNA interference eliminated the As(2)O(3) effect, demonstrating that the drug acts by modulating the activity of this retroviral restriction factor. In contrast, HIV-1 infectivity in target cell lines from other primate species (Cercopithecus tantalus, Macaca mulatta, and Aotus trivirgatus) was not increased by As(2)O(3), despite the potent TRIM5-dependent HIV-1 restriction activity that these cells exhibit. To determine if As(2)O(3) responsiveness is characteristic of particular TRIM5 orthologues and not others, TRIM5 cDNAs from these five primate species were transduced into cat fibroblasts, which lack endogenous HIV-1 restriction activity and, therefore, responsiveness to As(2)O(3). In this context, the HIV-1 restriction activity conferred by all TRIM5 orthologues was largely eliminated by As(2)O(3). The effect of As(2)O(3) on HIV-1 restriction is thus shared by different TRIM5 orthologues but dependent on factors specific to the cell line in which TRIM5 is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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110
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Abstract
Despite multiple transfers of primate lentiviruses to humans, the current AIDS pandemic has resulted from a single zoonosis of simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees. The rarity of successful zoonosis is due to effective species barriers that are mediated partly by dominant antiviral factors, termed restriction factors. The tripartite motif protein TRIM5α has emerged as an important restriction factor controlling species-specific retroviral replication. TRIM5α was identified as an antiviral factor, active against HIV-1, in rhesus macaques. Subsequently, it was shown to encode previously described antiviral factors in humans (Ref1) and monkeys (Lv1). TRIM5α causes a block to sensitive retroviral infection after viral entry into the target cell and usually before viral DNA synthesis. This review considers the role of TRIM5α as an antiviral protein in mammals. Recent results from mutational analysis of TRIM5α and their contribution to a mechanistic model for TRIM5α antiviral activity are discussed, as is the future for postentry restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Towers
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Windeyer Building, 46 Cleveland St., London, W1T 4JF, UK
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111
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Abstract
It is of great interest to understand the molecular details of the pathways that constitute species barriers to viral infection. The tripartite motif protein TRIM5alpha has emerged as an important mediator of species-specific retroviral replication and innate immunity. This review considers the role of TRIM5alpha as an antiviral protein in mammals. The methods used to identify species-specific restriction to retroviral infection, and the identification of TRIM5alpha itself, are outlined. TRIM5alpha mediates an early postentry block to sensitive retroviral infection, usually before viral DNA synthesis. Results from mutational analysis of TRIM5alpha and their contribution to a mechanistic model for TRIM5alpha antiviral activity are discussed. The antiviral role of other TRIM proteins is considered, as is the role of TRIM5alpha cytoplasmic bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Towers
- Wohl Virion Centre, Infection and Immunity, University College London, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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112
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Towers GJ. Control of Viral Infectivity by Tripartite Motif Proteins. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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