101
|
Sipieter F, Ladik M, Vandenabeele P, Riquet F. Shining light on cell death processes - a novel biosensor for necroptosis, a newly described cell death program. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:224-40. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
102
|
Champelovier P, Chauchet X, Hazane-Puch F, Vergnaud S, Garrel C, Laporte F, Boutonnat J, Boumendjel A. Cellular and molecular mechanisms activating the cell death processes by chalcones: Critical structural effects. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2305-15. [PMID: 24134853 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological activities. Chalcones derive from the common structure: 1,3-diphenylpropenone. The present study aims to better understand the mechanistic pathways triggering chalcones anticancer effects and providing evidences that minor structural difference could lead to important difference in mechanistic effect. We selected two recently investigated chalcones (A and B) and investigated them on glioblastoma cell lines. It was found that chalcone A induced an apoptotic process (type I PCD), via the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Chalcone A also increased CDK1/cyclin B ratios and decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm). Chalcone B induced an autophagic cell death process (type II PCD), ROS-related but independent of both caspases and protein synthesis. Both chalcones increased Bax/Bcl2 ratios and decreased Ki67 and CD71 antigen expressions. The present investigation reveals that despite the close structure of chalcones A and B, significant differences in mechanism of effect were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Champelovier
- Laboratoire de Cytologie, Département d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Hôpital A. Michallon, CS10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Yang EJ, Park GH, Song KS. Neuroprotective effects of liquiritigenin isolated from licorice roots on glutamate-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neuronal cells. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
104
|
Donizy P, Halon A, Surowiak P, Pietrzyk G, Kozyra C, Matkowski R. Correlation between PARP-1 immunoreactivity and cytomorphological features of parthanatos, a specific cellular death in breast cancer cells. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e35. [PMID: 24441188 PMCID: PMC3896037 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In parthanatos, a PARP-1 (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1)-mediated cell death, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, large-scale DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation were observed. In contrast to apoptosis, it does not cause apoptotic bodies formation. Although PARP-1-mediated cell death presents loss of membrane integrity similar to necrosis, it does not induce cell swelling. The purpose of the study was to correlate the immunohistochemical parameters of PARP-1 reactivity and the selected cytomorphological features of parthanatos: the lack of apoptotic bodies and the absence of necrosis in breast cancer (BC) specimens. Immunohistochemistry for PARP-1 was performed on 83 BC specimens. Correlations between parameters of PARP-1 expression and sub-cellular localisation and the presence of apoptotic bodies and necrosis were evaluated. High expression of PARP-1 (immunoreactive score ≥6) was associated with the lack of apoptotic bodies (P=0.013) and with the absence of necrosis (P=0.002). The presence of apoptotic bodies was correlated with re-distribution of PARP-1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm in BC cells (P=0.029). Additionally, a tendency was observed between necrosis and loss of nuclear PARP-1 expression (P=0.049). Our study suggests that PARP-1 may play a crucial role in induction and regulation of specific type of cellular death called parthanatos.
Collapse
|
105
|
(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase mediate progressive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e919. [PMID: 24232095 PMCID: PMC3847323 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epidemiologic evidence suggests that cellular energy homeostasis is critically associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Here we demonstrated that genetic deletion of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 completely blocked 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and related PD-like symptoms. Hyperactivation of PARP-1 depleted ATP pools in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, thereby activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Further, blockade of AMPK activation by viral infection with dominant-negative AMPK strongly inhibited DA neuronal atrophy with moderate suppression of nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inhibiting factor (AIF), whereas overactivation of AMPK conversely strengthened the 6-OHDA-induced DA neuronal degeneration. Collectively, these results suggest that manipulation of PARP-1 and AMPK signaling is an effective therapeutic approach to prevent PD-related DA neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
106
|
Montero J, Dutta C, van Bodegom D, Weinstock D, Letai A. p53 regulates a non-apoptotic death induced by ROS. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1465-74. [PMID: 23703322 PMCID: PMC3792438 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species and several chemotherapeutic agents promotes both p53 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation. p53 activation is well known to regulate apoptotic cell death, whereas robust activation of PARP-1 has been shown to promote a necrotic cell death associated with energetic collapse. Here we identify a novel role for p53 in modulating PARP enzymatic activity to regulate necrotic cell death. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, human colorectal and human breast cancer cell lines, loss of p53 function promotes resistance to necrotic, PARP-mediated cell death. We therefore demonstrate that p53 can regulate both necrotic and apoptotic cell death, mutations or deletions in this tumor-suppressor protein may be selected by cancer cells to provide not only their resistance to apoptosis but also to necrosis, and explain resistance to chemotherapy and radiation even when it kills via non-apoptotic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Montero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Dutta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - D van Bodegom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - D Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Murakami Y, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:114-40. [PMID: 23994436 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in various retinal disorders, including retinal detachment (RD). Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to occur mainly through apoptosis, which is the most characterized form of programmed cell death. The caspase family of cysteine proteases plays a central role for inducing apoptosis, and in experimental models of RD, dying photoreceptor cells exhibit caspase activation; however, there is a paradox that caspase inhibition alone does not provide a sufficient protection against photoreceptor cell loss, suggesting that other mechanisms of cell death are involved. Recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that non-apoptotic forms of cell death, such as autophagy and necrosis, are also regulated by specific molecular machinery, such as those mediated by autophagy-related proteins and receptor-interacting protein kinases, respectively. Here we summarize the current knowledge of cell death signaling and its roles in photoreceptor cell death after RD and other retinal degenerative diseases. A body of studies indicate that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling are involved in photoreceptor cell death, and that combined targeting of these pathways may be an effective neuroprotective strategy for retinal diseases associated with photoreceptor cell loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Goldberg AA, Titorenko VI, Beach A, Sanderson JT. Bile acids induce apoptosis selectively in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. PeerJ 2013; 1:e122. [PMID: 23940835 PMCID: PMC3740138 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent age-related disease in North America, accounting for about 15% of all diagnosed cancers. We have previously identified lithocholic acid (LCA) as a potential chemotherapeutic compound that selectively kills neuroblastoma cells while sparing normal human neurons. Now, we report that LCA inhibits the proliferation of androgen-dependent (AD) LNCaP prostate cancer cells and that LCA is the most potent bile acid with respect to inducing apoptosis in LNCaP as well as androgen-independent (AI) PC-3 cells, without killing RWPE-1 immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells. In LNCaP and PC-3 cells, LCA triggered the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and cell death induced by LCA was partially dependent on the activation of caspase-8 and -3. Moreover, LCA increased cleavage of Bid and Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and activation of caspase-9. The cytotoxic actions of LCA occurred despite the inability of this bile acid to enter the prostate cancer cells with about 98% of the nominal test concentrations present in the extracellular culture medium. With our findings, we provide evidence to support a mechanism of action underlying the broad anticancer activity of LCA in various human tissues.
Collapse
|
109
|
Linkermann A, De Zen F, Weinberg J, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S. Programmed necrosis in acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 27:3412-9. [PMID: 22942173 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) had been widely used synonymously to caspase-mediated apoptosis until caspase-independent cell death was described. Identification of necrosis as a regulated process in ischaemic conditions has recently changed our understanding of PCD. At least three pathways of programmed necrosis (PN) have been identified. First, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3)-dependent necroptosis causes organ failure following stroke, myocardial infarction and renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Necroptosis can be mediated either by a large intracellular caspase-8-containing signalling complex called the ripoptosome or by the RIP1-/RIP3-containing necroptosome and is controlled by a caspase-8/FLICE inhibitory protein(long) heterodimer at least in the latter case. Second, mitochondrial permeability transition mediates apoptotic or necrotic stimuli and depends on the mitochondrial protein cyclophilin D. The third PN pathway involves the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-calpain axis that contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Preclinical interference with the PN pathways therefore raises expectations for the future treatment of ischaemic conditions. In this brief review, we aim to summarize the clinically relevant PCD pathways and to transfer the basic science data to settings of AKI. We conclude that pathologists were quite right to refer to ischaemic kidney injury as 'acute tubular necrosis'.
Collapse
|
110
|
Nikoletopoulou V, Markaki M, Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Crosstalk between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3448-3459. [PMID: 23770045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 945] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of cell death, the molecular mechanisms of which have been extensively studied. Although initially thought to constitute mutually exclusive cellular states, recent findings reveal cellular contexts that require a balanced interplay between these two modes of cellular demise. Several death initiator and effector molecules, signaling pathways and subcellular sites have been identified as key mediators in both processes, either by constituting common modules or alternatively by functioning as a switch allowing cells to decide which route to take, depending on the specific situation. Importantly, autophagy, which is a predominantly cytoprotective process, has been linked to both types of cell death, serving either a pro-survival or pro-death function. Here we review the recent literature that highlights the intricate interplay between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, focusing on the relevance and impact of this crosstalk in normal development and in pathology. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Shirai H, Poetsch AR, Gunji A, Maeda D, Fujimori H, Fujihara H, Yoshida T, Ogino H, Masutani M. PARG dysfunction enhances DNA double strand break formation in S-phase after alkylation DNA damage and augments different cell death pathways. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e656. [PMID: 23744356 PMCID: PMC3698538 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the primary enzyme responsible for the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose). PARG dysfunction sensitizes cells to alkylating agents and induces cell death; however, the details of this effect have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which PARG deficiency leads to cell death in different cell types using methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), an alkylating agent, and Parg−/− mouse ES cells and human cancer cell lines. Parg−/− mouse ES cells showed increased levels of γ-H2AX, a marker of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose), p53 network activation, and S-phase arrest. Early apoptosis was enhanced in Parg−/− mouse ES cells. Parg−/− ES cells predominantly underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis. PARG was then knocked down in a p53-defective cell line, MIAPaCa2 cells, a human pancreatic cancer cell line. MIAPaCa2 cells were sensitized to MMS by PARG knockdown. Enhanced necrotic cell death was induced in MIAPaCa2 cells after augmenting γ-H2AX levels and S-phase arrest. Taken together, these data suggest that DSB repair defect causing S-phase arrest, but p53 status was not important for sensitization to alkylation DNA damage by PARG dysfunction, whereas the cell death pathway is dependent on the cell type. This study demonstrates that functional inhibition of PARG may be useful for sensitizing at least particular cancer cells to alkylating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shirai
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Fu D, Jordan JJ, Samson LD. Human ALKBH7 is required for alkylation and oxidation-induced programmed necrosis. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1089-100. [PMID: 23666923 DOI: 10.1101/gad.215533.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis has emerged as a crucial modulator of cell death in response to several forms of cellular stress. In one form of programmed necrotic cell death, induced by cytotoxic alkylating agents, hyperactivation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) leads to cellular NAD and ATP depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species formation, and ensuing cell death. Here, we show that the protein encoded by the human AlkB homolog 7 (ALKBH7) gene plays a pivotal role in DNA-damaging agent-induced programmed necrosis by triggering the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and large-scale loss of mitochondrial function that lead to energy depletion and cellular demise. Depletion of ALKBH7 suppresses necrotic cell death induced by numerous alkylating and oxidizing agents while having no effect on apoptotic cell death. Like wild-type cells, ALKBH7-depleted cells undergo PARP hyperactivation and NAD depletion after severe DNA damage but, unlike wild-type cells, exhibit rapid recovery of intracellular NAD and ATP levels. Consistent with the recovery of cellular bioenergetics, ALKBH7-depleted cells maintain their mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane integrity, and viability. Our results uncover a novel role for a mammalian AlkB homolog in programmed necrosis, presenting a new target for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragony Fu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, David H. Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Leon LJ, Pasupuleti N, Gorin F, Carraway KL. A cell-permeant amiloride derivative induces caspase-independent, AIF-mediated programmed necrotic death of breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63038. [PMID: 23646172 PMCID: PMC3639988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that has been used as an anti-kaliuretic for the chronic management of hypertension and heart failure. Several studies have identified a potential anti-cancer role for amiloride, however the mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor effects remain to be fully delineated. Our group previously demonstrated that amiloride triggers caspase-independent cytotoxic cell death in human glioblastoma cell lines but not in primary astrocytes. To delineate the cellular mechanisms underlying amiloride’s anti-cancer cytotoxicity, cell permeant and cell impermeant derivatives of amiloride were synthesized that exhibit markedly different potencies in cancer cell death assays. Here we compare the cytotoxicities of 5-benzylglycinyl amiloride (UCD38B) and its free acid 5-glycinyl amiloride (UCD74A) toward human breast cancer cells. UCD74A exhibits poor cell permeability and has very little cytotoxic activity, while UCD38B is cell permeant and induces the caspase-independent death of proliferating and non-proliferating breast cancer cells. UCD38B treatment of human breast cancer cells promotes autophagy reflected in LC3 conversion, and induces the dramatic swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, however these events do not appear to be the cause of cell death. Surprisingly, UCD38B but not UCD74A induces efficient AIF translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus, and AIF function is necessary for the efficient induction of cancer cell death. Our observations indicate that UCD38B induces programmed necrosis through AIF translocation, and suggest that its cytosolic accessibility may facilitate drug action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Nagarekha Pasupuleti
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Fredric Gorin
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Smith JA, Park S, Krause JS, Banik NL. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and the telomeric complex as therapeutic targets in acute neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:764-75. [PMID: 23422879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been identified as an important contributor to neurodegeneration associated with acute CNS injuries and diseases such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and ischemic stroke. In this review, we briefly detail the damaging effects of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, etc.) with a particular emphasis on DNA damage. Evidence for DNA damage in acute CNS injuries is presented along with its downstream effects on neuronal viability. In particular, unchecked oxidative DNA damage initiates a series of signaling events (e.g. activation of p53 and PARP-1, cell cycle re-activation) which have been shown to promote neuronal loss following CNS injury. These findings suggest that preventing DNA damage might be an effective way to promote neuronal survival and enhance neurological recovery in these conditions. Finally, we identify the telomere and telomere-associated proteins (e.g. telomerase) as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurodegeneration due to their ability to modulate the neuronal response to both oxidative stress and DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Smith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Clinical Sciences Building Room 309, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Cheng G, Kong RH, Zhang LM, Zhang JN. Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:699-719. [PMID: 23003569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem throughout the world. It is a complicated pathological process that consists of primary insults and a secondary insult characterized by a set of biochemical cascades. The imbalance between a higher energy demand for repair of cell damage and decreased energy production led by mitochondrial dysfunction aggravates cell damage. At the cellular level, the main cause of the secondary deleterious cascades is cell damage that is centred in the mitochondria. Excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Bcl-2 family, caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) are the main participants in mitochondria-centred cell damage following TBI. Some preclinical and clinical results of mitochondria-targeted therapy show promise. Mitochondria- targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies offer new hope for the successful treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Feng X, Koh DW. Roles of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in DNA damage and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:227-81. [PMID: 23809438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the primary enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), an essential biopolymer that is synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) in the cell. By regulating the hydrolytic arm of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, PARG participates in a number of biological processes, including the repair of DNA damage, chromatin dynamics, transcriptional regulation, and cell death. Collectively, the research investigating the roles of PARG in the cell has identified the importance of PARG and its value as a therapeutic target. However, the biological role of PARG remains less understood than the role of PAR synthesis by the PARPs. Further complicating the study of PARG is the existence of multiple PARG isoforms in the cell, the lack of optimal PARG inhibitors, and the lack of viable PARG-null animals. This review will present our current knowledge of PARG, with a focus on its roles in DNA-damage repair and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Neoh CA, Wang RYL, Din ZH, Su JH, Chen YK, Tsai FJ, Weng SH, Wu YJ. Induction of apoptosis by sinulariolide from soft coral through mitochondrial-related and p38MAPK pathways on human bladder carcinoma cells. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2893-911. [PMID: 23249971 PMCID: PMC3528132 DOI: 10.3390/md10122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide, an isolated compound from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, possesses the anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and apoptosis-inducing activities against the TSGH bladder carcinoma cell. The anti-tumor effects of sinulariolide were determined by 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, cell migration assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Sinulariolide inhibited the growth and migration of bladder carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, as well as induced both early and late apoptosis as determined by the flow cytometer. Also, the sinulariolide-induced apoptosis is related to the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathways, elucidated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome C, activation of caspase-3/-9, Bax and Bad, as well as suppression of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1. Detection of the PARP-1 cleaved product suggested the partial involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Moreover, inhibition of p38MAPK activity leads to the rescue of the cell cytotoxicity of sinulariolide-treated TSGH cells, indicating that the p38MAPK pathway is also involved in the sinulariolide-induced cell apoptosis. Altogether, these results suggest that sinulariolide induces apoptosis against bladder cancer cells through mitochondrial-related and p38MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choo-Aun Neoh
- Department of Research, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90059, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Robert Y.-L. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Zhong-Hao Din
- Graduate Institute of Applied Healthy and Biotechnology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94446, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Kuei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shun-Hsiang Weng
- Department of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-8-7799821 (ext. 8613); Fax: +886-8-7797821
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Tomasetti M, Nocchi L, Neuzil J, Goodwin J, Nguyen M, Dong L, Manzella N, Staffolani S, Milanese C, Garrone B, Alleva R, Borghi B, Santarelli L, Guerrieri R. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibits autophagic survival of prostate cancer cells induced by vitamin K3 and ascorbate to trigger cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52263. [PMID: 23272231 PMCID: PMC3525640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The redox-silent vitamin E analog α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) was found to synergistically cooperate with vitamin K3 (VK3) plus ascorbic acid (AA) in the induction of cancer cell-selective apoptosis via a caspase-independent pathway. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism(s) underlying cell death induced in prostate cancer cells by α-TOS, VK3 and AA, and the potential use of targeted drug combination in the treatment of prostate cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings The generation of ROS, cellular response to oxidative stress, and autophagy were investigated in PC3 prostate cancer cells by using drugs at sub-toxic doses. We evaluated whether PARP1-mediated apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) release plays a role in apoptosis induced by the combination of the agents. Next, the effect of the combination of α-TOS, VK3 and AA on tumor growth was examined in nude mice. VK3 plus AA induced early ROS formation associated with induction of autophagy in response to oxidative stress, which was reduced by α-TOS, preventing the formation of autophagosomes. α-TOS induced mitochondrial destabilization leading to the release of AIF. Translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus, a result of the combinatorial treatment, was mediated by PARP1 activation. The inhibition of AIF as well as of PARP1 efficiently attenuated apoptosis triggered by the drug combination. Using a mouse model of prostate cancer, the combination of α-TOS, VK3 and AA was more efficient in tumor suppression than when the drugs were given separately, without deleterious side effects. Conclusions/Significance α-TOS, a mitochondria-targeting apoptotic agent, switches at sub-apoptotic doses from autophagy-dependent survival of cancer cells to their demise by promoting the induction of apoptosis. Given the grim prognosis for cancer patients, this finding is of potential clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Shi M, Zhang T, Sun L, Luo Y, Liu DH, Xie ST, Song XY, Wang GF, Chen XL, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. Calpain, Atg5 and Bak play important roles in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by influx of extracellular calcium. Apoptosis 2012; 18:435-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
120
|
Pasupuleti N, Leon L, Carraway KL, Gorin F. 5-Benzylglycinyl-amiloride kills proliferating and nonproliferating malignant glioma cells through caspase-independent necroptosis mediated by apoptosis-inducing factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:600-15. [PMID: 23241369 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
5'-Βenzylglycinyl-amiloride (UCD38B) and glycinyl-amiloride (UCD74A) are cell-permeant and cell-impermeant derivatives of amiloride, respectively, and used here to identify the cellular mechanisms of action underlying their antiglioma effects. UCD38B comparably kills proliferating and nonproliferating gliomas cells when cell cycle progression is arrested either by cyclin D1 siRNA or by acidification. Cell impermeant UCD74A inhibits plasmalemmal urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and the type 1 sodium-proton exchanger with potencies analogous to UCD38B, but is cytostatic. In contrast, UCD38B targets intracellular uPA causing mistrafficking of uPA into perinuclear mitochondria, reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and followed by the release of apoptotic inducible factor (AIF). AIF nuclear translocation is followed by a caspase-independent necroptotic cell death. Reduction in AIF expression by siRNA reduces the antiglioma cytotoxic effects of UCD38B, while not activating the caspase pathway. Ultrastructural changes shortly following treatment with UCD38B demonstrate dilation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial swelling followed by nuclear condensation within hours consistent with a necroptotic cell death differing from apoptosis and from autophagy. These drug mechanism of action studies demonstrate that UCD38B induces a cell cycle-independent, caspase-independent necroptotic glioma cell death that is mediated by AIF and independent of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and H2AX activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarekha Pasupuleti
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Polster BM. AIF, reactive oxygen species, and neurodegeneration: a "complex" problem. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:695-702. [PMID: 23246553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavin-binding mitochondrial intermembrane space protein that is implicated in diverse but intertwined processes that include maintenance of electron transport chain function, reactive oxygen species regulation, cell death, and neurodegeneration. In acute brain injury, AIF acquires a pro-death role upon translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus, where it initiates chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation. Although harlequin mice exhibiting an 80-90% global reduction in AIF protein are resistant to numerous forms of acute brain injury, they paradoxically undergo slow, progressive neurodegeneration beginning at three months of age. Brain deterioration, accompanied by markers of oxidative stress, is most pronounced in the cerebellum and retina, although it also occurs in the cortex, striatum, and thalamus. Loss of an AIF pro-survival function linked to assembly or stabilization of electron transport chain complex I underlies chronic neurodegeneration. To date, most studies of neurodegeneration have failed to adequately separate the relative importance of the mitochondrial and nuclear functions of AIF in determining the extent of injury, or whether oxidative stress plays a causative role. This review explores the complicated relationship among AIF, complex I, and the regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels. It also discusses the controversial role of complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease, and what can be learned from the AIF- and complex I-depleted harlequin mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., MSTF 5-34, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Abstract
The consequences of DNA damage depend on the cell type and the severity of the damage. Mild DNA damage can be repaired with or without cell-cycle arrest. More severe and irreparable DNA injury leads to the appearance of cells that carry mutations or causes a shift towards induction of the senescence or cell death programs. Although for many years it was argued that DNA damage kills cells via apoptosis or necrosis, technical and methodological progress during the last few years has helped to reveal that this injury might also activate death by autophagy or mitotic catastrophe, which may then be followed by apoptosis or necrosis. The molecular basis underlying the decision-making process is currently the subject of intense investigation. Here, we review current knowledge about the response to DNA damage and subsequent signaling, with particular attention to cell death induction and the molecular switches between different cell death modalities following damage.
Collapse
|
123
|
Tardito S, Barilli A, Bassanetti I, Tegoni M, Bussolati O, Franchi-Gazzola R, Mucchino C, Marchiò L. Copper-dependent cytotoxicity of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives correlates with their hydrophobicity and does not require caspase activation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10448-59. [PMID: 23170953 DOI: 10.1021/jm301053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the structure-activity relationship of a series of 8-hydroxoquinoline derivatives (8-HQs) and focuses on the cytotoxic activity of 5-Cl-7-I-8-HQ (clioquinol, CQ) copper complex (Cu(CQ)). 8-HQs alone cause a dose-dependent loss of viability of the human tumor HeLa and PC3 cells, but the coadministration of copper increases the ligands effects, with extensive cell death occurring in both cell lines. Cytotoxic doses of Cu(CQ) promote intracellular copper accumulation and massive endoplasmic reticulum vacuolization that precede a nonapoptotic (paraptotic) cell death. The cytotoxic effect of Cu(CQ) is reproduced in normal human endothelial cells (HUVEC) at concentrations double those effective in tumor cells, pointing to a potential therapeutic window for Cu(CQ). Finally, the results show that the paraptotic cell death induced by Cu(CQ) does not require nor involve caspases, giving an indication for the current clinical assessment of clioquinol as an antineoplastic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Tardito
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43123 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Liu H, Yuan Y, Guo H, Mitchelson K, Zhang K, Xie L, Qin W, Lu Y, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhou Y, He F. Hepatitis B virus encoded X protein suppresses apoptosis by inhibition of the caspase-independent pathway. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4803-13. [PMID: 22871131 DOI: 10.1021/pr2012297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encoded X protein (HBx) has been implicated in apoptotic and related pathogenic events during hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the underlying molecular mechanism through which HBx acts is largely unclear. We used tandem affinity purification under mild conditions to gain insight into the HBx interactome in HBV-producing HepG2.2.15 cells and identified 49 proteins by mass spectrometry that are potentially associated with HBx. Two of the key proteins of the caspase-independent apoptosis pathway were newly identified, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and the homologous AMID (AIF-homologue mitochondrion-associated inducer of death). We confirmed the interactions of HBx with AIF and with AMID by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments, respectively. We observed the expression of HBx-reduced AIF-mediated apoptosis and HBx colocalization with AIF and AMID, principally in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the elevated cytoplasmic levels of HBx could inhibit mitochondrion-to-nucleus translocation of AIF. Here, we present the first detailed molecular evidence that HBx can repress apoptosis via inhibition of the caspase-independent apoptosis pathway. This inhibition of apoptosis involves the repression of the mitochondrion-to-nucleus translocation of AIF, although tests with AMID were not conclusive. These findings provide important insights into the new mechanism of the apoptosis inhibition by HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Ouyang L, Shi Z, Zhao S, Wang FT, Zhou TT, Liu B, Bao JK. Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif 2012. [PMID: 23030059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), referring to apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis, is proposed to be death of a cell in any pathological format, when mediated by an intracellular program. These three forms of PCD may jointly decide the fate of cells of malignant neoplasms; apoptosis and programmed necrosis invariably contribute to cell death, whereas autophagy can play either pro-survival or pro-death roles. Recent bulk of accumulating evidence has contributed to a wealth of knowledge facilitating better understanding of cancer initiation and progression with the three distinctive types of cell death. To be able to decipher PCD signalling pathways may aid development of new targeted anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Thus in this review, we present a brief outline of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis pathways and apoptosis-related microRNA regulation, in cancer. Taken together, understanding PCD and the complex interplay between apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to harness the three types of PCD for discovery of further novel drug targets, in the future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Ouyang L, Shi Z, Zhao S, Wang FT, Zhou TT, Liu B, Bao JK. Programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cell Prolif 2012; 45:487-98. [PMID: 23030059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), referring to apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis, is proposed to be death of a cell in any pathological format, when mediated by an intracellular program. These three forms of PCD may jointly decide the fate of cells of malignant neoplasms; apoptosis and programmed necrosis invariably contribute to cell death, whereas autophagy can play either pro-survival or pro-death roles. Recent bulk of accumulating evidence has contributed to a wealth of knowledge facilitating better understanding of cancer initiation and progression with the three distinctive types of cell death. To be able to decipher PCD signalling pathways may aid development of new targeted anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Thus in this review, we present a brief outline of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis pathways and apoptosis-related microRNA regulation, in cancer. Taken together, understanding PCD and the complex interplay between apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to harness the three types of PCD for discovery of further novel drug targets, in the future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Baritaud M, Cabon L, Delavallée L, Galán-Malo P, Gilles ME, Brunelle-Navas MN, Susin SA. AIF-mediated caspase-independent necroptosis requires ATM and DNA-PK-induced histone H2AX Ser139 phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e390. [PMID: 22972376 PMCID: PMC3461360 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The alkylating DNA-damage agent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induces a form of caspase-independent necroptosis implicating the mitochondrial flavoprotein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Following the activation of PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1), calpains, BID (BH3 interacting domain death agonist), and BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein), the apoptogenic form of AIF (tAIF) is translocated to the nucleus where, associated with Ser139-phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), it creates a DNA-degrading complex that provokes chromatinolysis and cell death by necroptosis. The generation of γH2AX is crucial for this form of cell death, as mutation of H2AX Ser139 to Ala or genetic ablation of H2AX abolish both chromatinolysis and necroptosis. On the contrary, reintroduction of H2AX-wt or the phosphomimetic H2AX mutant (H2AX-S139E) into H2AX−/− cells resensitizes to MNNG-triggered necroptosis. Employing a pharmacological approach and gene knockout cells, we also demonstrate in this paper that the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) mediate γH2AX generation and, consequently, MNNG-induced necroptosis. By contrast, H2AX phosphorylation is not regulated by ATR or other H2AX-related kinases, such as JNK. Interestingly, ATM and DNA-PK phosphorylate H2AX at Ser139 in a synergistic manner with different kinetics of activation. Early after MNNG treatment, ATM generates γH2AX. Further, DNA-PK contributes to H2AX Ser139 phosphorylation. In revealing the pivotal role of PIKKs in MNNG-induced cell death, our data uncover a milestone in the mechanisms regulating AIF-mediated caspase-independent necroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baritaud
- INSERM U872, Programmed cell death and physiopathology of tumor cells. Team n° 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Su TR, Tsai FJ, Lin JJ, Huang HH, Chiu CC, Su JH, Yang YT, Chen JYF, Wong BS, Wu YJ. Induction of apoptosis by 11-dehydrosinulariolide via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways in human melanoma cells. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1883-1898. [PMID: 23015779 PMCID: PMC3447343 DOI: 10.3390/md10081883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the isolated compound 11-dehydrosinulariolide from soft coral Sinularia leptoclados possessed anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and apoptosis-inducing activities against A2058 melanoma cells. Anti-tumor effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide were determined by MTT assay, cell migration assay and flow cytometry. Growth and migration of melanoma cells were dose-dependently inhibited by 2–8 μg/mL 11-dehydrosinulariolide. Flow cytometric data indicated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide induces both early and late apoptosis in melanoma cells. It was found that the apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide is relevant to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathways, elucidated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), release of cytochrome C, activation of caspase-3/-9 and Bax as well as suppression of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. The cleavage of PARP-1 suggested partial involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Immunoblotting data displayed up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP and ATF6/CHOP coupling with elevation of ER stress chaperones GRP78, GRP94, calnexin, calreticulin and PDI, implicating the involvement of these factors in ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide. The abolishment of apoptotic events after pre-treatment with salubrinal indicated that ER stress-mediated apoptosis is also induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide against melanoma cells. The data in this study suggest that 11-dehydrosinulariolide potentially induces apoptosis against melanoma cells via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Rong Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; (T.-R.S.); (B.-S.W.)
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan;
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.Y.-F.C.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94446, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- Chemistry Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Jeff Yi-Fu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.Y.-F.C.)
| | - Bing-Sang Wong
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; (T.-R.S.); (B.-S.W.)
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; or ; Tel.: +886-8-7799821 (ext. 8600); Fax: +886-8-7797821
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Dutta C, Day T, Kopp N, van Bodegom D, Davids MS, Ryan J, Bird L, Kommajosyula N, Weigert O, Yoda A, Fung H, Brown JR, Shapiro GI, Letai A, Weinstock DM. BCL2 suppresses PARP1 function and nonapoptotic cell death. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4193-203. [PMID: 22689920 PMCID: PMC4075432 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BCL2 suppresses apoptosis by binding the BH3 domain of proapoptotic factors and thereby regulating outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Many tumor types, including B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are dependent on BCL2 for survival but become resistant to apoptosis after treatment. Here, we identified a direct interaction between the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 and the enzyme PARP1, which suppresses PARP1 enzymatic activity and inhibits PARP1-dependent DNA repair in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. The BH3 mimetic ABT-737 displaced PARP1 from BCL2 in a dose-dependent manner, reestablishing PARP1 activity and DNA repair and promoting nonapoptotic cell death. This form of cell death was unaffected by resistance to single-agent ABT-737 that results from upregulation of antiapoptotic BCL2 family members. On the basis of the ability of BCL2 to suppress PARP1 function, we hypothesized that ectopic BCL2 expression would kill PARP inhibitor-sensitive cells. Strikingly, BCL2 expression reduced the survival of PARP inhibitor-sensitive breast cancer and lung cancer cells by 90% to 100%, and these effects were reversed by ABT-737. Taken together, our findings show that a novel interaction between BCL2 and PARP1 blocks PARP1 enzymatic activity and suppresses PARP1-dependent repair. Targeted disruption of the BCL2-PARP1 interaction therefore may represent a potential therapeutic approach for BCL2-expressing tumors resistant to apoptosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Methylnitronitrosoguanidine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Nitrophenols/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Dutta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tovah Day
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadja Kopp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diederik van Bodegom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liat Bird
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naveen Kommajosyula
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akinori Yoda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua Fung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey I. Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
HepG2 cells infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae show DNA laddering at apoptotic and necrotic stages. Apoptosis 2012; 17:154-63. [PMID: 22038342 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Virulent Klebasiella pneumoniae (KP) inflicts severe liver abscesses in infected patients. This study investigated how the bacterial infection affected cell survival at the molecular level, in a cultured cell model. A strain of KP highly virulent in mice was isolated from a patient with liver abscess, and was used to infect HepG2 cells. The infected cells were examined for their viability, DNA fragmentation, and proteins involved in apoptosis or necrosis. We found that the infection decreased the viability of HepG2 cells at 4 hours (h) to 12 h post infection (pi). DNA ladders appeared 6-16 h pi and flow cytometry analysis showed apoptosis at 3-5 h pi, secondary necrosis at 6-9 h pi and primary necrosis at 8-9 h pi. Cleavages of Caspase 7, Caspase 9, α-Fodrin, and PARP were evident at 2-4 h pi. At 7 h pi, we observed the following: increased nuclear AIF, the release from mitochondria of cytosolic Apaf-1 and Cyt c, increased DFF40 expression, decreased DFF45, decreased BcL-xL and the release of Endo G from mitochondria to nucleus. Cellular ATP concentration decreased at 4-8 h pi, accompanied by increased Calpain-2 expression. In summary, infected HepG2 cells underwent apoptosis early after infection and progressed to secondary necrosis and primary necrosis. Nuclear fragmentation corresponded to Caspase 7 activation and the appearance of Endo G and DFF40 in the nucleus, with a concomitant decrease in DFF45. Mitochondrial release of Cyt c together with activation of Caspase 9 and Apaf-1 in cytosol was also observed. Early-hour cleavage of poly(ATP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) followed by the later activation of PARP corresponded to the appearance of DNA laddering, and the depletion of cellular ATP was associated with the appearance of necrosis.
Collapse
|
131
|
Choudhary B, Hanski M, Zeitz M, Hanski C. Proliferation rate but not mismatch repair affects the long-term response of colon carcinoma cells to 5FU treatment. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
132
|
Programmed Necrosis: A Prominent Mechanism of Cell Death following Neonatal Brain Injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:257563. [PMID: 22666585 PMCID: PMC3362209 DOI: 10.1155/2012/257563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia, neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury remains a common cause of developmental disability. Development of rational adjuvant therapies to hypothermia requires understanding of the pathways of cell death and survival modulated by HI. The conceptualization of the apoptosis-necrosis “continuum” in neonatal brain injury predicts mechanistic interactions between cell death and hydrid forms of cell death such as programmed or regulated necrosis. Many of the components of the signaling pathway regulating programmed necrosis have been studied previously in models of neonatal HI. In some of these investigations, they participate as part of the apoptotic pathways demonstrating clear overlap of programmed death pathways. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 is at the crossroads between types of cellular death and survival and RIP-1 kinase activity triggers formation of the necrosome (in complex with RIP-3) leading to programmed necrosis. Neuroprotection afforded by the blockade of RIP-1 kinase following neonatal HI suggests a role for programmed necrosis in the HI injury to the developing brain. Here, we briefly review the state of the knowledge about the mechanisms behind programmed necrosis in neonatal brain injury recognizing that a significant proportion of these data derive from experiments in cultured cell and some from in vivo adult animal models. There are still more questions than answers, yet the fascinating new perspectives provided by the understanding of programmed necrosis in the developing brain may lay the foundation for new therapies for neonatal HI.
Collapse
|
133
|
Shitara Y, Tonohora Y, Goto T, Yamada Y, Miki T, Makino H, Miwa M, Komiya T. Mitochondrial P5, a member of protein disulphide isomerase family, suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 152:73-85. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
134
|
Sheydina A, Volkova M, Jiang L, Juhasz O, Zhang J, Tae HJ, Perino MG, Wang M, Zhu Y, Lakatta EG, Boheler KR. Linkage of cardiac gene expression profiles and ETS2 with lifespan variability in rats. Aging Cell 2012; 11:350-9. [PMID: 22247964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity variability is a common feature of aging in mammals, but the mechanisms responsible for this remain largely unknown. Using microarray datasets coupled with prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM), we identified a set of 252 cardiac transcripts predictive of relative lifespan in Wistar and Fisher 344 rats. Prediction analysis of microarrays 'tests' of rat heart transcriptomes from a third longer lived Fisher × Norway Brown rat strain validated the predictive value of this gene subset. The expression patterns of these genes were highly conserved, and corresponding promoter regions were employed to identify common cis-elements and trans-activating factors implicated in their control. Specifically, four transcription factors (Max, Ets2, Erg, and Msx2) present in heart displayed longevity-dependent, strain-independent changes in abundance, but only ETS2 had an expression profile that directly correlated with the relative lifespan gene set. In heart, ETS2 was prevalent in cardiomyocytes (CMs) and showed a high degree of myocyte-to-myocyte variability predominantly in adult rat hearts prior to the exponential increase in the rate of mortality. Exclusively in this group, elevated ETS2 significantly overlapped with TUNEL staining in heart myocytes. In response to sympathetic stimuli, ETS2 is also up-regulated, and functionally, adenovirus-mediated over-expression of ETS2 promotes apoptosis-inducing factor-mediated, caspase-independent programmed necrosis exclusively in CMs that can be fully inhibited by the PARP-1 inhibitor DPQ. We conclude that variations in ETS2 abundance in hearts of adult rodents and the associated loss of CMs contribute at least partially, to the longevity variability observed during normal aging of rats through activation of programmed necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sheydina
- Gerontology Research Center, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Kim J, Long KE, Tang K, Padanilam BJ. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activation is required for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2012; 82:193-203. [PMID: 22437413 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation are hallmarks of cisplatin nephrotoxicity; however, the role and mechanisms of necrosis and inflammation remains undefined. As poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibition or its gene deletion is renoprotective in several renal disease models, we tested whether its activation may be involved in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Parp1 deficiency was found to reduce cisplatin-induced kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, and tubular necrosis, but not apoptosis. Moreover, neutrophil infiltration, activation of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and upregulation of proinflammatory genes were all abrogated by Parp1 deficiency. Using proximal tubule epithelial cells isolated from Parp1-deficient and wild-type mice and pharmacological inhibitors, we found evidence for a PARP1/Toll-like receptor 4/p38/tumor necrosis factor-α axis following cisplatin injury. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 protected against cisplatin-induced kidney structural/functional damage and inflammation. Thus, our findings suggest that PARP1 activation is a primary signal and its inhibition/loss protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Targeting PARP1 may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinu Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Ho WC, Pikor L, Gao Y, Elliott BE, Greer PA. Calpain 2 regulates Akt-FoxO-p27(Kip1) protein signaling pathway in mammary carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15458-65. [PMID: 22427650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of the ubiquitously expressed calpain 2 isoform in breast tumor cell growth, migration, signaling, and tumorigenesis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the capn2 transcript was used to manipulate expression of the catalytic subunit of calpain 2 in the AC2M2 mouse mammary carcinoma cell line. Stable knockdown of capn2 correlated with reduced in vitro proliferation rates, soft agar colony formation efficiency, and migration rates, indicating roles for calpain 2 in mitogenesis, survival, and motogenesis. Biochemical analysis showed increased levels of protein phosphatase 2A and reduced levels of activated Akt in calpain 2-deficient cells, and this correlated with increased levels of the FoxO3a target gene product p27(Kip1), a key regulator of cell proliferation. Calpain 2 deficiency in the AC2M2 cells correlated with enhanced nuclear localization of FoxO3a, consistent with it being in a derepressed state capable of regulating transcriptional targets. Orthotopically engrafted calpain 2 knockdown AC2M2 cells generated tumors with reduced growth rates and enhanced in vivo expression of p27(Kip1). In summary, calpain 2 deficiency correlated with reduced Akt activity, increased protein phosphatase 2A levels, derepression of FoxO3a, and enhanced expression of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor. These observations argue that calpain 2 promotes tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo through the PI3K-Akt-FoxO-p27(Kip1) signaling cascade. Inhibition of calpain 2 might therefore provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-chi Ho
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Welsby I, Hutin D, Leo O. Complex roles of members of the ADP-ribosyl transferase super family in immune defences: looking beyond PARP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:11-20. [PMID: 22402301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ADP ribosylation has been recently recognised as an important posttranslational modification regulating numerous cellular processes. This enzymatic activity is shared by two major families of enzymes, the extracellular ADP-ribosyl-transferases, or ecto-ARTS and the poly-ADP-ribosyltranferases, whose denomination derives from the capacity of its founding member, PARP1, to synthesise large linear or branched polymers of ADP-ribose on target proteins. This latter post-translational modification has recently attracted much interest based on its role in the cellular response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. Accordingly, a series of PARP-specific pharmacological inhibitors have demonstrated cell survival and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, promoting a renewed interest in the potential immunoregulatory role of this gene family. More recently, the role of ADP-ribosylation in regulating several aspects of intracellular signalling and gene transcription has been uncovered, in particular within cells of the immune system, revealing the potential immunomodulatory role of several members of this family in addition to PARP1. We review herein the experimental evidence illustrating the complex role played by this gene family in regulating multiple aspects of the immune response, including cell survival, cytokine gene transcription and antiviral innate defences. In particular, the unexpected potential anti-inflammatory role of members of this family (including in particular PARP5a, 5b and PARP14) will be briefly discussed, raising some concern on the use of pan-specific PARP inhibitors to treat chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Welsby
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Hojka-Osinska A, Ziolo E, Rapak A. Combined treatment with fenretinide and indomethacin induces AIF-mediated, non-classical cell death in human acute T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:590-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
139
|
Targeting the mitochondrial pathway to induce apoptosis/necrosis through ROS by a newly developed Schiff’s base to overcome MDR in cancer. Biochimie 2012; 94:166-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
140
|
Constantinou C, Neophytou CM, Vraka P, Hyatt JA, Papas KA, Constantinou AI. Induction of DNA damage and caspase-independent programmed cell death by vitamin E. Nutr Cancer 2011; 64:136-52. [PMID: 22172208 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E comprises 8 functionally unique isoforms and may be a suitable candidate for the adjuvant treatment of prostate cancer. In this study, we examined the ability of 2 vitamin E isoforms [α-tocotrienol (γ-TT) and δ-tocotrienol (δ-TT)] and 4 synthetic derivatives [γ- and δ-tocotrienol succinate (γ-TS, δ-TS), α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol ether (TPGS-e)] of vitamin E to induce cell death in AR- (DU145 and PC-3) and AR+ (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell lines. Our results show that δ-TT and TPGS-e are the most effective isoform and synthetic derivative, respectively, of all compounds examined. Overall, the results of our study suggest that isoforms and synthetic derivatives of vitamin E have the potency to trigger both caspase-dependent and -independent DNA damage and dominant caspase-independent programmed cell death. The capacity of vitamin E to trigger caspase-independent programmed cell death suggests that it may be useful in the chemotherapy of prostate cancer since it may prevent the tumor resistance commonly associated with the use of classical chemotherapeutic agents that trigger caspase-dependent programmed cell death.
Collapse
|
141
|
Cotugno R, Fortunato R, Santoro A, Gallotta D, Braca A, De Tommasi N, Belisario MA. Effect of sesquiterpene lactone coronopilin on leukaemia cell population growth, cell type-specific induction of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Cell Prolif 2011; 45:53-65. [PMID: 22168177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate anti-leukaemic potential of coronopilin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Ambrosia arborescens, and to characterize mechanism(s) underlying its activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on Jurkat and U937, two leukaemia-derived cell lines. Apoptosis and impairment of cell cycle progression were evaluated by flow cytometry and by microscopic analysis. Changes in protein expression and activation were evaluated by western blot analysis. Coronopilin-tubulin covalent adducts were demonstrated by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Coronopilin inhibited (IC(50) ≤ 20 μm) leukaemia cell population growth, but displayed poor cytotoxicity to normal white blood cells. On Jurkat cells, coronopilin exerted cell population growth inhibition activity, mainly by triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis. Conversely, in U937 cells, coronopilin's primary response was a robust arrest in G(2) /M. Marked increase in mitotic index and presence of activated cyclin B1/Cdk1 complex, phosphorylated histone H3 at Ser10, and hyperpolymerized tubulin indicated that cells accumulated in mitosis. Prolonged mitotic arrest ultimately resulted in U937 mitotic catastrophe, and dying cells exhibited the features of non-caspase-dependent death. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that coronopilin efficiently inhibited leukaemia cell population growth by triggering cell type-specific responses. Moreover, coronopilin-mediated cell population expansion inhibition was specific to neoplastic cells, as normal white blood cell viability was not significantly affected. Thus, coronopilin may represent an interesting new chemical scaffold upon which to develop new anti-leukaemic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cotugno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Lewis EM, Wilkinson AS, Davis NY, Horita DA, Wilkinson JC. Nondegradative ubiquitination of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis at a residue critical for AIF-mediated chromatin degradation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:11084-96. [PMID: 22103349 DOI: 10.1021/bi201483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) is a mediator of caspase-independent cell death that is also necessary for mitochondrial energy production. How these seemingly opposite cellular functions of AIF are controlled is poorly understood. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is an endogenous inhibitor of caspases that also regulates several caspase-independent signaling pathways. The RING domain of XIAP possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, though the importance of this function to signal regulation remains incompletely defined. XIAP binds and ubiquitinates AIF, and in this study, we determined the functional consequences of XIAP-mediated AIF ubiquitination. Unlike canonical ubiquitination, XIAP-dependent AIF ubiquitination did not lead to proteasomal degradation of AIF. Experiments using ubiquitin mutants demonstrated that the XIAP-dependent ubiquitin linkage was not formed through the commonly used lysine 48, suggesting a noncanonical ubiquitin linkage is employed. Further studies demonstrated that only lysine 255 of AIF was a target of XIAP-dependent ubiquitination. Using recombinant AIF, we determined that mutating lysine 255 of AIF interferes with the ability of AIF not only to bind DNA but also to degrade chromatin in vitro. These data indicate that XIAP regulates the death-inducing activity of AIF through nondegradative ubiquitination, further defining the role of XIAP in controlling AIF and caspase-independent cell death pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Programmed necrosis: backup to and competitor with apoptosis in the immune system. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1143-9. [PMID: 22089220 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is essential for the development and maintenance of the immune system and its responses to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Studies have demonstrated that in addition to caspase-dependent apoptosis, necrosis dependent on the kinases RIP1 and RIP3 (also called necroptosis) is a major programmed cell-death pathway in development and immunity. These two programmed cell-death pathways may suppress each other, and necroptosis also serves as an alternative when caspase-dependent apoptosis is inhibited or absent. Here we summarize recent advancements that have identified the molecular mechanisms that underlie necroptosis and explore the mechanisms that regulate the interplay between apoptosis and necroptosis.
Collapse
|
144
|
Murakami Y, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. RIP kinase-mediated necrosis as an alternative mechanisms of photoreceptor death. Oncotarget 2011; 2:497-509. [PMID: 21670490 PMCID: PMC3248194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the terminal event in a variety of retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinal detachment. Apoptosis has been thought to be the major form of cell death in these diseases, however accumulating evidence suggests that another pathway, programmed necrosis is also important. Recent studies have shown that, when caspase pathways are blocked, receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases promote necrosis and overcome apoptosis inhibition. Therefore, targeting of both caspase and RIP kinase pathways are required for effective photoreceptor protection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of RIP kinase-mediated necrotic signaling and its contribution to photoreceptor death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Dissociation of progressive dopaminergic neuronal death and behavioral impairments by Bax deletion in a mouse model of Parkinson's diseases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25346. [PMID: 22043283 PMCID: PMC3197195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, late-onset movement disorder with selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been used to induce progressive degeneration of DA neurons in various animal models of PD, the precise molecular pathway and the impact of anti-apoptotic treatment on this neurodegeneration are less understood. Following a striatal injection of 6-OHDA, we observed atrophy and progressive death of DA neurons in wild-type mice. These degenerating DA neurons never exhibited signs of apoptosis (i.e., caspase-3 activation and cytoplasmic release of cytochrome C), but rather show nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a hallmark of regulated necrosis. However, mice with genetic deletion of the proapoptotic gene Bax (Bax-KO) exhibited a complete absence of 6-OHDA-induced DA neuron death and nuclear translocation of AIF, indicating that 6-OHDA-induced DA neuronal death is mediated by Bax-dependent AIF activation. On the other hand, DA neurons that survived in Bax-KO mice exhibited marked neuronal atrophy, without significant improvement of PD-related behavioral deficits. These findings suggest that anti-apoptotic therapy may not be sufficient for PD treatment, and the prevention of Bax-independent neuronal atrophy may be an important therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
146
|
BID regulates AIF-mediated caspase-independent necroptosis by promoting BAX activation. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:245-56. [PMID: 21738214 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating DNA-damage agents such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) trigger necroptosis, a newly defined form of programmed cell death (PCD) managed by receptor interacting protein kinases. This caspase-independent mode of cell death involves the sequential activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), calpains, BAX and AIF, which redistributes from mitochondria to the nucleus to promote chromatinolysis. We have previously demonstrated that the BAX-mediated mitochondrial release of AIF is a critical step in MNNG-mediated necroptosis. However, the mechanism regulating BAX activation in this PCD is poorly understood. Employing mouse embryonic knockout cells, we reveal that BID controls BAX activation in AIF-mediated necroptosis. Indeed, BID is a link between calpains and BAX in this mode of cell death. Therefore, even if PARP-1 and calpains are activated after MNNG treatment, BID genetic ablation abolishes both BAX activation and necroptosis. These PCD defects are reversed by reintroducing the BID-wt cDNA into the BID(-/-) cells. We also demonstrate that, after MNNG treatment, BID is directly processed into tBID by calpains. In this way, calpain non-cleavable BID proteins (BID-G70A or BID-Δ68-71) are unable to promote BAX activation and necroptosis. Once processed, tBID localizes in the mitochondria of MNNG-treated cells, where it can facilitate BAX activation and PCD. Altogether, our data reveal that, as in caspase-dependent apoptosis, BH3-only proteins are key regulators of caspase-independent necroptosis.
Collapse
|
147
|
Vela L, Contel M, Palomera L, Azaceta G, Marzo I. Iminophosphorane-organogold(III) complexes induce cell death through mitochondrial ROS production. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1306-13. [PMID: 21864808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold compounds are being investigated as potential antitumor drugs. Some gold(III) derivatives have been shown to induce cell death in solid tumors but their mechanism of action differs from that of cisplatin, since most of these compounds do not bind to DNA. We have explored cellular events triggered by three different iminophosphorane-organogold(III) compounds in leukemia cells (a neutral compound with two chloride ligands [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}Cl(2)] 1, and two cationic compounds with either a dithiocarbamate ligand [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}(S(2)CN-Me(2))]PF(6)2, or a water-soluble phosphine and a chloride ligand [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}(P{Cp(m-C(6)H(4)-SO(3)Na)(2)}(3)) Cl]PF(6)3). All three compounds showed higher toxicity against leukemia cells when compared to normal T-lymphocytes. Compounds 1 and 2 induced both necrosis and apoptosis, while 3 was mainly apoptotic. Necrotic cell death induced by 1 and 2 was Bax/Bak- and caspase-independent, while apoptosis induced by 3 was Bax/Bak-dependent. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at the mitochondrial level was a critical step in the antitumor effect of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Abstract
It is well known that apoptosis is an actively mediated cell suicide process. In contrast, necrosis, a morphologically distinct form of cell death, has traditionally been regarded as passive and unregulated. Over the past decade, however, experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells have revealed that a significant proportion of necrotic death is, in fact, actively mediated by the doomed cell. Although a comprehensive understanding of necrosis is still lacking, some key molecular events have come into focus. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis and necrosis are prominent features of the major cardiac syndromes. Accordingly, the recognition of necrosis as a regulated process mandates a reexamination of cell death in the heart. This review discusses pathways that mediate programmed necrosis, how they intersect with apoptotic pathways, roles of necrosis in heart disease, and new therapeutic opportunities that the regulated nature of necrosis presents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Kung
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Gene expression profiling in the lung tissue of cynomolgus monkeys in response to repeated exposure to welding fumes. Arch Toxicol 2011; 84:191-203. [PMID: 19936710 PMCID: PMC2820669 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many in the welding industry suffer from bronchitis, lung function changes, metal fume fever, and diseases related to respiratory damage. These phenomena are associated with welding fumes; however, the mechanism behind these findings remains to be elucidated. In this study, the lungs of cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to MMA-SS welding fumes for 229 days and allowed to recover for 153 days. After the exposure and recovery period, gene expression profiles were investigated using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human U133 plus 2.0. In total, it was confirmed that 1,116 genes were up-or downregulated (over 2-fold changes, P\0.01) for the T1 (31.4 ± 2.8 mg/m3) and T2 (62.5 ± 2.7 mg/m3) dose groups. Differentially expressed genes in the exposure and recovery groups were analyzed, based on hierarchical clustering, and were imported into Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to analyze the biological and toxicological functions. Functional analysis identified genes involved in immunological disease in both groups. Additionally, differentially expressed genes in common between monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure were compared using microarray data, and the gene expression of selected genes was verified by real-time PCR. Genes such as CHI3L1, RARRES1, and CTSB were up-regulated and genes such as CYP26B1, ID4, and NRGN were down-regulated in both monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure. This is the first comprehensive gene expression profiling conducted for welding fume exposure in monkeys, and these expressed genes are expected to be useful in helping to understand transcriptional changes in monkey lungs after welding fume exposure.
Collapse
|
150
|
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing, NADH-dependent oxidoreductase residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space whose specific enzymatic activity remains unknown. Upon an apoptotic insult, AIF undergoes proteolysis and translocates to the nucleus, where it triggers chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA degradation in a caspase-independent manner. Besides playing a key role in execution of caspase-independent cell death, AIF has emerged as a protein critical for cell survival. Analysis of in vivo phenotypes associated with AIF deficiency and defects, and identification of its mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear partners revealed the complexity and multilevel regulation of AIF-mediated signal transduction and suggested an important role of AIF in the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and energy metabolism. The redox activity of AIF is essential for optimal oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, the protein is proposed to regulate the respiratory chain indirectly, through assembly and/or stabilization of complexes I and III. This review discusses accumulated data with respect to the AIF structure and outlines evidence that supports the prevalent mechanistic view on the apoptogenic actions of the flavoprotein, as well as the emerging concept of AIF as a redox sensor capable of linking NAD(H)-dependent metabolic pathways to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
| |
Collapse
|