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Abstract
Transverse myelitis (TM) includes a pathobiologically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by acute or subacute spinal cord dysfunction resulting in paresis, a sensory level, and autonomic (bladder, bowel, and sexual) impairment below the level of the lesion. Etiologies for TM can be broadly classified as parainfectious, paraneoplastic, drug/toxin-induced, systemic autoimmune disorders, and acquired demyelinating diseases. We discuss the clinical evaluation, workup, and acute and long-term management of patients with TM. Additionally, we briefly discuss various disease entities that may cause TM and their salient distinguishing features, as well as disorders that may mimic TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin C. Beh
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Teresa Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elliot M. Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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102
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Abstract
Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory process involving a restricted area of the spinal cord. The usual dramatic presentation makes TM a medical emergency. Early detection and aggressive therapy are required in order to improve the prognosis. The association of this unique clinical phenotype and autoantibody provides circumstantial evidence that an autoimmune aetiology might be involved. We describe two cases of TM associated with anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies without connective tissue disease manifestations. The two patients were treated successfully with IV steroids and cyclophosphamide.
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103
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Lefèvre G, Zéphir H, Warembourg F, Michelin E, Pruvo JP, Hachulla E, Semah F, Dubucquoi S, Lenfant P, Vermersch P, Hatron PY, Prin L, Launay D. [Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (1st part). Cases definitions and diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system and psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus]. Rev Med Interne 2012; 33:491-502. [PMID: 22579860 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.03.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which primarily affects skin and joints. Peripheral neurologic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations are common in lupus patients but are not always attributable to lupus itself. A classification, published in 1999 by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) research committee, described 12 CNS syndromes and seven peripheral neurologic syndromes compatible with "neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus" (NPSLE). Despite this consensus, studies which have been published since 1999 have reported a prevalence of NPSLE varying from 20 to 97 %, which shows the diagnosis difficulty and the heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE. In order to understand the limits of this classification, we propose in this first part an exhaustive review of publications describing neuropsychiatric manifestations according to the ACR 1999 classification. We also detail case definitions, prevalence and risk factors, clinical characteristics and diagnosis of each lupus-related psychiatric and CNS manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lefèvre
- Service de médecine interne, université de Lille Nord-de-France, centre de référence maladies auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie), hôpital Claude-Huriez, CHRU de Lille, 1, rue Michel-Polonovski, 59037 Lille, France; EA2686, Institut d'immunologie, université Lille Nord-de-France, faculté de médecine H.-Warembourg, 59037 Lille, France
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104
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Sciascia S, Roccatello D, Rossi D, Russo A, Mereuta MO, Cavallo R. High-titer Anti-aquaporin-4-IgG-associated Myelitis in Rhupus Syndrome. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:871-873. [PMID: 22467952 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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105
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Abstract
Transverse myelitis is an acute inflammatory condition. A relatively rare condition, the diversity of causes makes it an important diagnostic challenge. An approach to the classification and work-up standardizes diagnostic criteria and terminology to facilitate clinical research, and forms a useful tool in the clinical work-up for patients at presentation. Its pathogenesis can be grouped into four categories. Imaging appearances can be nonspecific; however, the morphology of cord involvement, enhancement pattern, and presence of coexistent abnormalities on MR imaging can provide clues as to the causes. Neuroimaging is important in identifying subgroups that may benefit from specific treatment.
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106
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107
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von Geldern G, McPharlin T, Becker K. Immune mediated diseases and immune modulation in the neurocritical care unit. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:99-123. [PMID: 22161307 PMCID: PMC3271148 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This chapter will review the spectrum of immune-mediated diseases that affect the nervous system and may result in an admission to the neurological intensive care unit. Immunomodulatory strategies to treat acute exacerbations of neurological diseases caused by aberrant immune responses are discussed, but strategies for long-term immunosuppression are not presented. The recommendations for therapeutic intervention are based on a synthesis of the literature, and include recommendations by the Cochrane Collaborative, the American Academy of Neurology, and other key organizations. References from recent publications are provided for the disorders and therapies in which randomized clinical trials and large evidenced-based reviews do not exist. The chapter concludes with a brief review of the mechanisms of action, dosing, and side effects of commonly used immunosuppressive strategies in the neurocritical care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria von Geldern
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Thomas McPharlin
- University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Kyra Becker
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
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108
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Maruta K, Sonoda Y, Uchida Y, Takahashi T, Fukunaga H. [A case of neuromyelitis optica associated with anti-aquaporin 4 antibody and other autoantibodies]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2012; 49:491-495. [PMID: 23269030 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.49.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with optic neuropathy and longitudinally extensive myelitis associated with anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody and other autoantibodies. An 89-year-old woman presented with progressive numbness and weakness of the extremities which had acutely developed. She also complained of neck pain and gait disturbance. The results of a general physical examination were unremarkable. Neurologic examination disclosed right optic atrophy, an absence of touch sensation, pain, and muscular weakness in all her extremities. Her deep tendon reflexes were decreased, and the Babinski sign was bilaterally positive. Immunoserologic study yielded positive titers for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-Sjögren syndrome (SS)-A, anti-SS-B, and anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies. A lumbar cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a protein concentration of 54 mg/dL, a glucose concentration of 50 mg/dL (simultaneous blood concentration, 140 mg/dL), and a cell count of 2/mm(3). Chest radiography revealed interstitial pneumonia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine showed spondylotic cervical canal stenosis with cord impingement. T2-weighted MR images demonstrated increased signal intensity extending from C2 to C6, while contrast enhancement was noted in T1-weighted MR images upon gadolinium-DTPA administration. We suspected longitudinally extensive myelitis associated with the autoimmune disorders systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome. After intravenous methylprednisolone administration, her neurologic abnormalities gradually decreased, while MRI no longer showed increased signal or contrast enhancement. Anti-AQP4 antibody titers were positive. We consider that this patient had a neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder which was associated with systemic autoimmune disease. The possibility of NMO should be considered in similar patients with autoimmune disease, and anti-AQP4 antibody should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Maruta
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyushu National Hospital, Japan
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109
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Semiquantitative measurement of aquaporin-4 antibodies as a possible surrogate marker of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with systemic autoimmune diseases. Mod Rheumatol 2011; 22:676-84. [PMID: 22183613 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-011-0572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between serum aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. METHODS We retrospectively studied 626 hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We collected serum samples from those patients with suspected NMOSDs (i.e., myelitis or optic neuritis) at the time of onset and thereafter. AQP4 antibodies were measured by a cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay using AQP4-transfected HEK-293 cells in a semi-quantitative manner. RESULTS Sera from 6 patients with suspected NMOSDs and SLE (n = 3) or SS (n = 3) were evaluated. Among these, 2 patients' sera samples, i.e., 1 with SLE and 1 with SS, were positive for AQP4 antibodies. There was an inverse relationship between disease amelioration and antibody titer in one NMOSD patient, whereas the antibody titer remained high in the other NMOSD patient, whose clinical manifestations of NMOSDs did not improve despite intensive immunosuppressive treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that serum AQP4 antibodies are present in some SLE/SS patients with myelitis/optic neuritis and might be associated with clinical outcomes. The semi-quantitative measurement of the AQP4 antibody might be a possible surrogate marker in patients with NMOSDs associated with systemic autoimmune diseases.
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110
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Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. The emerging relationship between neuromyelitis optica and systemic rheumatologic autoimmune disease. Mult Scler 2011; 18:5-10. [PMID: 22146604 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511431077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are associated with autoantibodies that target aquaporin-4 and, in many cases, multiple other autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibody and antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens. The clinical syndromes that define NMO and NMOSD, especially longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and optic neuritis, can also occur in the context of established rheumatologic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome and other organ-specific autoimmune diseases. These observations raise questions fundamental to both clinical practice and etiologic research. For example, they could suggest that NMO is one manifestation of a genetic tendency toward humoral autoimmunity. Alternatively, they might indicate that NMO is a central nervous system complication of a multisystem rheumatologic disease. We describe the historical background of this controversy, summarize the current evidence that addresses NMO-systemic autoimmunity relationships, and discuss the practical implications for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Wingerchuk
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale/Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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111
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White C, Leonard B, Patel A. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: a catastrophic presentation of a flare-up of systemic lupus erythematosus. CMAJ 2011; 184:E197-200. [PMID: 22083679 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin White
- Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
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112
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Závada J, Nytrová P, Wandinger KP, Jarius S, Svobodová R, Probst C, Peterová V, Tegzová D, Pavelka K, Vencovský J. Seroprevalence and specificity of NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2011; 33:259-63. [PMID: 22038193 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric manifestations are present in 30-40% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recently, antibodies to aquaporin-4 (termed AQP4-Ab, or NMO-IgG), a water channel protein, were reported to be present in a subset of patients with SLE and neurological involvement. To evaluate the syndrome specificity and prevalence of serum NMO-IgG/anti-AQP4 antibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Sera of 76 patients with SLE and neurological symptoms, 50 of whom met the ACR case definitions of NPSLE, were tested for AQP4-Ab in an indirect immunofluorescence assay employing HEK293 cells transfected with recombinant human AQP4. Only one of the examined sera was positive for NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab. This patient suffered from TM, ranging over two vertebral segments on spinal MRI. None of the 75 NPSLE without TM was found to be seropositive for NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab. NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab in NPSLE were present only in a patient with TM and were not detectable in NPSLE patients with other neurological manifestations. Testing for NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab positivity should be considered in patients presenting with SLE and TM. Non-longitudinally extensive lesions do no not exclude NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab in patients presenting with SLE and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Závada
- Institute of Rheumatology and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Na Slupi 4, 128 50, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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113
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Eckstein C, Saidha S, Levy M. A differential diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: beyond multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2011; 259:801-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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114
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115
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Therapeutic plasma exchange for the management of refractory systemic autoimmune diseases: Report of 31 cases and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:679-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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116
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Campana A, Buonuomo PS, Insalaco A, Bracaglia C, Di Capua M, Cortis E, Ugazio AG. Longitudinal myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a paediatric case. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2587-8. [PMID: 21792641 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a very rare manifestation of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), especially in case of involvement of continuous segments (longitudinal myelitis). We describe a 12-year-old female with lupus correlated with transverse myelitis with a longitudinal involvement of the spinal cord (D2 to D10) at the onset of the disease. Despite the administration of an early aggressive therapy, the outcome proved to be unfavourable. After 2 years of follow-up, the child still complains of paraplegia, sphincter incontinency and ipo-paresthesias of both legs.
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117
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Initial presentation of acute transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: demographics, diagnosis, management and comparison to idiopathic cases. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2623-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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118
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Perrin F, Espitia O, Ponge T, Mussini JM, Hamidou M, Agard C. Myélite longitudinale lupique. Rev Med Interne 2011; 32:302-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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119
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120
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Ye Y, Qian J, Gu Y, Chen X, Ye S. Rituximab in the treatment of severe lupus myelopathy. Clin Rheumatol 2011; 30:981-6. [PMID: 21340494 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-011-1714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lupus myelopathy (LM) is a rare but critical condition, and the prognosis is grim for patients with severe initial motor deficits despite aggressive conventional immunosuppressive therapy. In this report, six recent-onset severe LM patients with lower extremity muscle strength less than or equal to grade 3 were treated with rituximab combined with pulse methylprednisolone. Four patients showed complete myelopathy response at 12 months. The safety profile of rituximab was tolerable, with urinary tract infection as the most frequent adverse event. Preliminary data indicated that rituximab could be beneficial in preventing permanent neurological damage in severe LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai 200001, China
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121
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Clinical, Radiologic, and Therapeutic Analysis of 14 Patients with Transverse Myelitis Associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Report of 4 Cases and Review of the Literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011; 40:349-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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Abstract
Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic DiseasesPatients with multi-system rheumatic conditions may have a disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Central nervous system manifestations vary according to the location of the lesion and range from focal findings (e.g., stroke-like presentations), although serious neurological complications in rheumatic disease appear to be rare. The most prominent features of neurological involvement in rheumatic diseases include cerebral ischaemia and psychiatric symptoms. Little information is available on the prevalence of neurological disease in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis. Involvement of the CNS may be a striking early or presenting feature with a wide variety of manifestations. There is more clarity about the CNS syndromes attributable to systemic lupus erythematosus and new insights into the central mechanisms involved in the manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Severe CNS involvement is associated with poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. We review the spectrum of neurological diseases in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis.
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123
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Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Alon E, Amital H. The Antiphospholipid Syndrome as a Neurological Disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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124
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Katsiari CG, Giavri I, Mitsikostas DD, Yiannopoulou KG, Sfikakis PP. Acute transverse myelitis and antiphospholipid antibodies in lupus. No evidence for anticoagulation. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:556-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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125
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Bertsias GK, Boumpas DT. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric SLE manifestations. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:358-67. [PMID: 20458332 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric events are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but less than one-third of these events can be directly attributed to SLE. Increased generalized SLE disease activity or damage, previous or concurrent major neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) events, and persistently positive moderate-to-high antiphospholipid antibody titers are established risk factors, and their presence could facilitate proper attribution to the disease itself. Diagnostic evaluation is guided by the presenting manifestation; MRI is used to visualize brain or spinal pathologies. For neuropsychiatric events believed to reflect an immune or inflammatory process, or when these events occur in the context of active generalized disease, evidence (primarily from uncontrolled studies) supports the use of glucocorticoids alone or in combination with immunosuppressive therapy. Antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation therapy is recommended for NPSLE manifestations related to antiphospholipid antibodies, especially for thrombotic cerebrovascular disease. For the future, we anticipate that novel biomarkers and advanced neuroimaging tests will better define the underlying pathologic mechanisms of SLE-related neuropsychiatric disease, and help guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Bertsias
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Crete School of Medicine, 1 Voutes Street, 71 003 Heraklion, Greece
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126
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Wandinger KP, Stangel M, Witte T, Venables P, Charles P, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Probst C, Iking-Konert C, Schneider M. Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1198-200. [PMID: 20131265 DOI: 10.1002/art.27337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, and Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
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127
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Imbe H, Nakajima H, Ito T, Kitaoka H. [Neuromyelitis optica in a patient with Sjögren syndrome with distal renal tubular acidosis: case report]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:168-171. [PMID: 20235486 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) associated with Sjögren syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosis. She was hospitalized because of cervical transverse myelopathy and right optic neuritis. She had been clinically diagnosed with Sj6gren syndrome, with a high titer of anti-SS-A antibody (1:500) and anti-SS-B antibody (1:498). She also showed hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and nephrocalcinosis caused by distal renal tubular acidosis associated with Sjögren syndrome. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed long lesions extending from the medulla oblongata to the lower thoracic cord. In addition, gadolinium-enhanced MRI revealed a right optic nerve lesion in the optic canal. High titer of anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody was detected in the patient's serum (1:131,072). A combination therapy comprising steroid pulse therapy and plasmapheresis improved her clinical symptoms, and the administration of oral prednisolone (20 mg/ day) was effective in preventing the recurrence of NMO. In patients with myelitis/transverse myelopathy associated with autoimmune disorders such as Sjögren syndrome, examining the titer values of anti-AQP4 antibody is indispensable in determining the appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Imbe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seikeikai Hospital
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128
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Espinosa G, Mendizábal A, Mínguez S, Ramo-Tello C, Capellades J, Olivé A, Cervera R. Transverse Myelitis Affecting More Than 4 Spinal Segments Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Clinical, Immunological, and Radiological Characteristics of 22 Patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 39:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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129
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Abstract
Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder causing acute spinal cord injury as a result of acute inflammation, often associated with para infectious processes and autoimmune disease. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the geoepidemiology of transverse myelitis and assess its environmental associations. Articles from 1981 to 2009 were reviewed in Pub Med along with potential causes such as autoimmune disease (focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), and Sjogren's), infection, vaccination, and intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Bhat
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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130
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Sá MJ. Acute transverse myelitis: A practical reappraisal. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:128-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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131
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Abstract
Lupoid sclerosis (LS) is a controversial entity, comprising features of both systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Diagnostic criteria are a matter of debate, as well as the role of antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies. In this review, clinical and laboratory findings of LS available on Pubmed up to date are discussed.
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132
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Devic’s syndrome concomitant with nephritis in a young woman. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 28:1239-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-009-1232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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133
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134
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Myelitis Complicating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Successfully Treated with Corticosteroids and Cyclophosphamide. South Med J 2009; 102:744-5. [DOI: 10.1097/smj.0b013e3181a82a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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135
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García Melchor E, Mora Peris B, Espinosa Garriga G. Focalidad neurológica en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Rev Clin Esp 2009; 209:313-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(09)71481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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136
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Bot JCJ, Barkhof F. Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis: conventional and nonconventional MR techniques. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2009; 19:81-99. [PMID: 19064202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a diffuse disease of the central nervous system, and MRI of the spinal cord is highly recommended in the clinical evaluation of patients suspected of having multiple sclerosis. Within the new diagnostic criteria, spinal cord MRI increases sensitivity and possibly specificity for MS, but further work is needed to investigate other criteria that may give greater weight to the presence of cord lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndromes or suspected relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Techniques should be further studied and validated in studies comparing these techniques with clinical status and histopathology, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C J Bot
- Department of Radiology, MR Center for MS Research, VU Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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137
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Almoallim H, Bukhari M, Alwafi L, Wali G. Transverse myelitis as a presenting feature of late onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Saudi Med 2009; 29:156-7. [PMID: 19318755 PMCID: PMC2813627 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.51795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Almoallim
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majidah Bukhari
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Alwafi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gassan Wali
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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138
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Debette S, de Sèze J, Pruvo JP, Zephir H, Pasquier F, Leys D, Vermersch P. Long-term outcome of acute and subacute myelopathies. J Neurol 2009; 256:980-8. [PMID: 19252779 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the long-term (>2 years) outcome of acute and subacute myelopathies (ASM). We systematically followed-up consecutive patients presenting with a first episode of ASM, defined by spinal cord symptoms with an onset <3 weeks and duration >or=48 h. Patients with compressive or traumatic spinal cord lesions are excluded from this report. Our cohort consisted of 170 patients (median age 39.0 years, median duration of follow-up 73.2 months). The death rate was 8.8%, Lipton and Teasdall's functional score was bad or fair in 38.2%, and 37.1% of the survivors who worked when the ASM occurred were unable to carry on with the same profession. Unfavorable functional outcome was more frequent when (1) symptoms were initially severe, (2) the lesion was located centrally on spinal cord MRI and (3) the etiology was neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or systemic disease (SD). In one-third of patients the etiology at the end of follow-up differed from the etiology suspected after the initial diagnostic workup. Over half of patients initially diagnosed with myelopathy of undetermined cause subsequently developed multiple sclerosis, NMO or SD. ASM is a severe condition with a bad or fair functional outcome and a major impact on professional activity in one-third of the patients. Central lesions on spinal cord MRI and etiologies such as NMO or SD are associated with a worse functional outcome. Finally, a long-term follow-up is important given the large number of causes that are identified at a distance from the initial event.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Debette
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lille, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU de Lille, 59037, Lille, France
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139
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Pipitone N, Salvarani C. Role of imaging in vasculitis and connective tissue diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2009; 22:1075-91. [PMID: 19041078 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques play a pivotal role in securing the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis, and in demonstrating internal organ involvement in connective tissue diseases. In large vessel vasculitis, angiography is useful in demonstrating vessel stenoses or aneurysms. However, angiography is unable to reveal initial lesions such as vessel wall oedema and thickening, and is thus not useful to make an early diagnosis. In contrast, colour Doppler ultrasonography, computerized tomography angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging/angiography are able to delineate both the vessel wall and the lumen. Therefore, they may show vessel wall alterations when the lumen is still unaffected on angiography. 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography does not visualize the vessel wall, but is very sensitive in revealing inflamed vessels. All of these investigations have also been used to follow up patients over time and to monitor response to treatment. In connective tissue diseases, imaging techniques are particularly useful to study internal organs, especially the brain and lung. Magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice to detect and monitor brain disease, while computerized tomography is the best procedure for lung disease. However, since most imaging findings are not entirely specific for any given condition, it is important to interpret the results of imaging in the broader clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pipitone
- Department of Rheumatology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Viale Risorgimento, 80 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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140
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A clinically isolated syndrome: a challenging entity: multiple sclerosis or collagen tissue disorders: clues for differentiation. J Neurol 2009; 255:1625-35. [PMID: 19156485 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute isolated neurological syndromes, such as optic neuropathy or transverse myelopathy, may cause diagnostic problems since they can be the first presentations of a number of diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and collageneous tissue disorders. In the present study, particular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) patients, who were followed up with the initial diagnosis of possible MS with no evidence of collagen tissue disorders for several years, are described. Five patients with the final diagnosis of SLE and five pSS patients are evaluated with their neurologic, systemic and radiologic findings.Over several years, all developed some systemic symptoms like arthritis, arthralgia, headache, dry mouth and eyes unexpected in MS. During the regular and close follow-up laboratory evaluations of vasculitic markers revealed positivity, leading to the final definite diagnosis of SLE or pSS. Patients with atypical neurological presentation of MS, a relapsing remitting clinical profile, or lack of response to the regular MS treatment should be evaluated for the presence of a connective tissue disease. Various laboratory tests, such as cerebrospinal fluid findings, autoantibodies profile, markers, cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging, can be helpful for the differential diagnosis. Lack of response to the regular multiple sclerosis treatment, even increasing rate of relapses can force the clinician for the differential diagnosis. In particular cases an accurate diagnosis can only be made after close follow-up.
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141
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Neurogenic Bladder in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cerebral Involvement. J Clin Rheumatol 2009; 15:40-1. [DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e318195b1ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- T W J Huizinga
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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143
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Potts EE, Capone PM. NEUROIMAGING OF THE SPINE. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2008. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000333207.57547.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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144
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PAGALAVAN L. Antiphospholipid syndrome: a systemic and multidisciplinary disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2008.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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145
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Katramados AM, Rabah R, Adams MD, Huq AHMM, Mitsias PD. Longitudinal myelitis, aseptic meningitis, and conus medullaris infarction as presenting manifestations of pediatric sysemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2008; 17:332-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203307086638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A healthy boy developed subacutely progressive quadriparesis, complicated by sudden paraplegia, fever, and meningeal signs, diagnosed as longitudinal myelitis, aseptic meningitis, and conus medullaris infarction and identified as the presenting manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rapid expansion of the conus on serial neuroimaging led to emergent decompressive laminectomy and cord biopsy showing vasculitis and cord infarction. The patient had partial recovery after treatment with high-dose steroids. Increased vigilance is required when pediatric patients develop a similar subacute presentation on the ground of active systemic lupus erythematosus because it may herald the onset of a catastrophic neurological syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Katramados
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - R Rabah
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - MD Adams
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - AHMM Huq
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - PD Mitsias
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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146
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Abstract
Myelopathy is a rare but severe neurological manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with a high morbidity. The factors that contribute to prognosis are unknown. In this study, 14 patients with lupus myelopathy (LM) from our centre were retrospectively studied. Another 23 patients with other neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) features were enrolled as a comparison group. The morbidity of LM was evaluated by the ASIA Impairment Scale. The clinical and serological characteristics and prognostic factors for LM were investigated. The age, gender, duration of SLE, non-CNS disease activity and autoantibody profile in patients with LM was not different in the NPSLE cohort. A relatively low prevalence of anti–phospholipid antibodies (aPL) in LM sera compared to NPSLE (28.6% vs 52.2%, P = 0.19) was observed. Longitudinal lesion detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was identified in 33.3% of patients with LM, whereas 50% showed focal speckle-like lesions. The morbidity of LM is 50%. Muscle strength of grade 3 or higher on admission was a strong indicator for a better prognosis ( P = 0.006), whereas other parameters including longitudinal lesion, sensory deficit level, disease activity and aPL did not discriminate good from poor outcome in LM. Early aggressive immunosuppressive therapy (within 2 weeks of onset of myelopathy) tend to associate with a favourable outcome ( P = 0.07).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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147
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Neuromieliti ottiche. Neurologia 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(08)70541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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148
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is primarily considered to be an autoimmune pathological condition that is also referred to as "Hughes syndrome". It is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy pathologies in the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant. APS can occur either as a primary disease or secondary to a connective tissue disorder, most frequently systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Damage to the nervous system is one of the most prominent clinical constellations of sequelae in APS and includes (i) arterial/ venous thrombotic events, (ii) psychiatric features and (iii) other non- thrombotic neurological syndromes. In this overview we compare the most important vascular ischemic (occlusive) disturbances (VIOD) with neuro-psychiatric symptomatics, together with complete, updated classifications and hypotheses for the etio-pathogenesis of APS with underlying clinical and laboratory criteria for optimal diagnosis and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka A Atanassova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University, 15A V. Aprilov Blvd., Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria.
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149
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Abstract
Stress is one of the most significant influences on behaviour and performance. The classical account is that stress mainly affects functions of the limbic system, such as learning, memory and emotion. Recent evidence, however, suggests that stress also modulates motor system function and influences the pathology of movement disorders. Most parts of the motor system show the presence of glucocorticoid receptors that render their circuits susceptible to the influence of stress hormones. Stress and glucocorticoids have been shown to modulate temporal and spatial aspects of motor performance. Skilled movements seem to be most prone to stress-induced disturbances, but locomotion and posture can also be affected. Stress can modulate movement through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and via stress-associated emotional changes. The dopaminergic system seems to play a central role in mediating the effects of stress on motor function. This route might also account for the finding that stress influences the pathology of dopamine-related diseases of the motor system, such as Parkinson's disease. Clinical observations have indicated that stress might lead to the onset of Parkinsonian symptoms or accelerate their progression. Glucocorticoids are modulators of neuronal plasticity, thus determining the degree of structural and functional compensation of the damaged motor system. This may particularly affect slowly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. That stress represents a significant modulator of motor system function in both the healthy and the damaged brain should be recognized when developing future therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde A Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.
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150
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an important cause of neurologic morbidity. The clinical criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome include only cerebrovascular arterial and venous thrombosis, but many other neurologic manifestations have been associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). This review discusses the role of aPL in cerebrovascular manifestations and in some of the other neurologic manifestations commonly associated with these antibodies, as well as data pertaining to the pathophysiology of aPL-associated neurologic manifestations and treatment issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Roldan
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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