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Picca A, Berzero G, Bihan K, Jachiet V, Januel E, Coustans M, Cauquil C, Perrin J, Berlanga P, Kramkimel N, Garel B, Devic P, Ducray F, Benazra M, Bompaire F, Leclercq D, Michot JM, Ammari S, Psimaras D. Longitudinally Extensive Myelitis Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8:e967. [PMID: 33637598 PMCID: PMC7954463 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the characteristics and the outcome of myelitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS We performed a retrospective research in the databases of the French Pharmacovigilance Agency and the OncoNeuroTox network for patients who developed myelitis following treatment with ICIs (2011-2020). A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify similar cases. RESULTS We identified 7 patients who developed myelitis after treatment with ICIs (anti-PD1 [n = 6], anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 [n = 1]). Neurologic symptoms included paraparesis (100%), sphincter dysfunction (86%), tactile/thermic sensory disturbances (71%), and proprioceptive ataxia (43%). At the peak of symptom severity, all patients were nonambulatory. MRI typically showed longitudinally extensive lesions, with patchy contrast enhancement. CSF invariably showed inflammatory findings. Five patients (71%) had clinical and/or paraclinical evidence of concomitant cerebral, meningeal, caudal roots, and/or peripheral nerve involvement. Despite the prompt discontinuation of ICIs and administration of high-dose glucocorticoids (n = 7), most patients needed second-line immune therapies (n = 5) because of poor recovery or early relapses. At last follow-up, only 3 patients had regained an ambulatory status (43%). Literature review identified 13 previously reported cases, showing similar clinical and paraclinical features. All patients discontinued ICIs and received high-dose glucocorticoids, with the addition of other immune therapies in 8. Clinical improvement was reported for 10 patients. CONCLUSION Myelitis is a rare but severe complication of ICIs that shows limited response to glucocorticoids. Considering the poor functional outcome associated with longitudinally extensive myelitis, strong and protracted immune therapy combinations are probably needed upfront to improve patient outcome and prevent early relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Picca
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Berzero
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Bihan
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jachiet
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Januel
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marc Coustans
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Cauquil
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Julie Perrin
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Berlanga
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nora Kramkimel
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bethsabée Garel
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Devic
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - François Ducray
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marion Benazra
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Flavie Bompaire
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Leclercq
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Samy Ammari
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Psimaras
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.P., G.B.), University of Pavia, Italy; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center (K.B.), Department of Pharmacology, APHP; APHP (V.J., E.J.), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris; CHI de Cornouaille (M.C.), Quimper; Service de Neurologie (C.C.), Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre; Hôpitaux Privés de Metz (J.P.), Metz; Gustave Roussy (P.B.), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Service de Dermatologie (N.K., B.G.), Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lyon Sud (P.D.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite; Hospices Civils de Lyon (F.D.), Hôpital Neurologique, Bron; Inserm (M.B.), CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris; OncoNeuroTox Group (F.B.), Hôpital Percy, Clamart; Service de Neuroradiologie (D.L.), AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (J.-M.M.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Department of Diagnostic Radiology (S.A.), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; and Service de Neurologie 2 (D.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France.
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Wilson MR, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Arevalo S, Yu G, Neuhaus J, Federman S, Stryke D, Briggs B, Langelier C, Berger A, Douglas V, Josephson SA, Chow FC, Fulton BD, DeRisi JL, Gelfand JM, Naccache SN, Bender J, Dien Bard J, Murkey J, Carlson M, Vespa PM, Vijayan T, Allyn PR, Campeau S, Humphries RM, Klausner JD, Ganzon CD, Memar F, Ocampo NA, Zimmermann LL, Cohen SH, Polage CR, DeBiasi RL, Haller B, Dallas R, Maron G, Hayden R, Messacar K, Dominguez SR, Miller S, Chiu CY. Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2327-2340. [PMID: 31189036 PMCID: PMC6764751 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1803396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the potential to identify a broad range of pathogens in a single test. METHODS In a 1-year, multicenter, prospective study, we investigated the usefulness of metagenomic NGS of CSF for the diagnosis of infectious meningitis and encephalitis in hospitalized patients. All positive tests for pathogens on metagenomic NGS were confirmed by orthogonal laboratory testing. Physician feedback was elicited by teleconferences with a clinical microbial sequencing board and by surveys. Clinical effect was evaluated by retrospective chart review. RESULTS We enrolled 204 pediatric and adult patients at eight hospitals. Patients were severely ill: 48.5% had been admitted to the intensive care unit, and the 30-day mortality among all study patients was 11.3%. A total of 58 infections of the nervous system were diagnosed in 57 patients (27.9%). Among these 58 infections, metagenomic NGS identified 13 (22%) that were not identified by clinical testing at the source hospital. Among the remaining 45 infections (78%), metagenomic NGS made concurrent diagnoses in 19. Of the 26 infections not identified by metagenomic NGS, 11 were diagnosed by serologic testing only, 7 were diagnosed from tissue samples other than CSF, and 8 were negative on metagenomic NGS owing to low titers of pathogens in CSF. A total of 8 of 13 diagnoses made solely by metagenomic NGS had a likely clinical effect, with 7 of 13 guiding treatment. CONCLUSIONS Routine microbiologic testing is often insufficient to detect all neuroinvasive pathogens. In this study, metagenomic NGS of CSF obtained from patients with meningitis or encephalitis improved diagnosis of neurologic infections and provided actionable information in some cases. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; PDAID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02910037.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Hannah A Sample
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Shaun Arevalo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Guixia Yu
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - John Neuhaus
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Scot Federman
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Doug Stryke
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Benjamin Briggs
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Charles Langelier
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Amy Berger
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Vanja Douglas
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - S Andrew Josephson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Felicia C Chow
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Brent D Fulton
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Samia N Naccache
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey Bender
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jamie Murkey
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Magrit Carlson
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Paul M Vespa
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Tara Vijayan
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Paul R Allyn
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Shelley Campeau
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Romney M Humphries
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Czarina D Ganzon
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Fatemeh Memar
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Nicolle A Ocampo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Lara L Zimmermann
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Stuart H Cohen
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Christopher R Polage
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Barbara Haller
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Ronald Dallas
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Gabriela Maron
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Randall Hayden
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Kevin Messacar
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Steve Miller
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., C.Y.C.), the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (C.L., J.L.D.), and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (B.H.), San Francisco, the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (B.D.F.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles (S.N.N., J.B., J.D.B.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.M., M.C., T.V., P.R.A., J.D.K.), and the Departments of Neurology (P.M.V.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.C., R.M.H.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.D.G., F.M., N.A.O., C.R.P.) and Neurological Surgery (L.L.Z.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.H.C., C.R.P.), University of California, Davis, Davis - all in California; the Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC (R.L.D.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (R.D., G.M., R.H.); and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (K.M., S.R.D.)
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