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Daemen S, Gainullina A, Kalugotla G, He L, Chan MM, Beals JW, Liss KH, Klein S, Feldstein AE, Finck BN, Artyomov MN, Schilling JD. Dynamic Shifts in the Composition of Resident and Recruited Macrophages Influence Tissue Remodeling in NASH. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108626. [PMID: 33440159 PMCID: PMC7877246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we describe that, with high-fat, high-sucrose-diet feeding, mature TIM4pos Kupffer cells (KCs) decrease in number, while monocyte-derived Tim4neg macrophages accumulate. In concert, monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages enter the liver and consist of a transitional subset that expresses Cx3cr1/Ccr2 and a second subset characterized by expression of Trem2, Cd63, Cd9, and Gpmnb; markers ascribed to lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs). The Cx3cr1/Ccr2-expressing macrophages, referred to as C-LAMs, localize to macrophage aggregates and hepatic crown-like structures (hCLSs) in the steatotic liver. In C-motif chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2)-deficient mice, C-LAMs fail to appear in the liver, and this prevents hCLS formation, reduces LAM numbers, and increases liver fibrosis. Taken together, our data reveal dynamic changes in liver macrophage subsets during the pathogenesis of NASH and link these shifts to pathologic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anastasiia Gainullina
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Li He
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mandy M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kim H Liss
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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102
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Kjær MB, George J, Kazankov K, Grønbæk H. Current perspectives on the pathophysiology of metabolic associated fatty liver disease: are macrophages a viable target for therapy? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:51-64. [PMID: 32878486 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1817740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new nomenclature for fatty liver replacing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MAFLD has emerged as the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence due to its close association with the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages play a key role in MAFLD development and progression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Therefore, targeting macrophages may be a new therapeutic approach for MAFLD and MAFLD with steatohepatitis. AREAS COVERED We provide a comprehensive review of the significant role of macrophages in MAFLD. Further, we evaluate the current status of lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments with a focus on effects mediated through direct or indirect targeting of macrophages. EXPERT OPINION Targeting macrophages holds promise as a treatment option for the management of MAFLD and steatohepatitis. Improved stratification of patients according to MAFLD phenotype would contribute to more adequate design enhancing the yield of clinical trials ultimately leading to personalized medicine for patients with MAFLD. Furthermore, reflecting the multifactorial pathogenesis of MAFLD, combination therapies based on the various pathophysiological driver events including as pertinent to this review, macrophage recruitment, polarization and action, present an intriguing target for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Breinholt Kjær
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Konstantin Kazankov
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
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103
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Chu AL, Schilling JD, King KR, Feldstein AE. The Power of Single-Cell Analysis for the Study of Liver Pathobiology. Hepatology 2021; 73:437-448. [PMID: 32740968 PMCID: PMC7854989 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful lens through which to study the molecular diversity of complex tissues such as the liver, during health and disease, both in animal models and in humans. The earliest gene expression methods measured bulk tissue RNA, but the results were often confusing because they derived from the combined transcriptomes of many different cell types in unknown proportions. To better delineate cell-type-specific expression, investigators developed cell isolation, purification, and sorting protocols, yet still, the RNA derived from ensembles of cells obscured recognition of cellular heterogeneity. Profiling transcriptomes at the single-cell level has opened the door to analyses that were not possible in the past. In this review, we discuss the evolution of single cell transcriptomics and how it has been applied for the study of liver physiology and pathobiology to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kevin R. King
- Departments of Cardiology and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, California and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
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104
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Francque S, Szabo G, Abdelmalek MF, Byrne CD, Cusi K, Dufour JF, Roden M, Sacks F, Tacke F. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:24-39. [PMID: 33093663 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing epidemic of obesity worldwide is linked to serious health effects, including increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and includes the spectrum of liver steatosis (known as nonalcoholic fatty liver) and steatohepatitis (known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), which can evolve into progressive liver fibrosis and eventually cause cirrhosis. Although NAFLD is becoming the number one cause of chronic liver diseases, it is part of a systemic disease that affects many other parts of the body, including adipose tissue, pancreatic β-cells and the cardiovascular system. The pathomechanism of NAFLD is multifactorial across a spectrum of metabolic derangements and changes in the host microbiome that trigger low-grade inflammation in the liver and other organs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear regulatory factors that provide fine tuning for key elements of glucose and fat metabolism and regulate inflammatory cell activation and fibrotic processes. This Review summarizes and discusses the current literature on NAFLD as the liver manifestation of the systemic metabolic syndrome and focuses on the role of PPARs in the pathomechanisms as well as in the potential targeting of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (TWI2N), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Manal F Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition & Metabolism, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University Clinics Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Sacks
- Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division, Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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105
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Can Walnut Serve as a Magic Bullet for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Walnut contains many nutrients and bioactive components such as essential fatty acids, polyphenols, fiber, ɤ-tocopherol, folate, minerals, and vegetable protein, and has therefore been regarded as a natural functional food. Walnut-enriched diets have been demonstrated to be useful for heart health, cancer prevention, and metabolic disorders owing to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties as well as for the maintenance of a healthy metabolism and immune function. Walnut extracts, either phenolic or lipid, also demonstrated the health effects in animal and cultured cell studies. More recently, the beneficial effects of walnut consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which is a hepatic manifestation of obesity, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with substantial hepatic accumulation of triglyceride, have been proposed because walnut and a walnut-containing diet can modulate the etiologic mechanism such as ameliorating systemic and hepatic dyslipidemia, reducing lipotoxicity and inflammation, enhancing immune function, and maintaining gut microbiota balance. Through the extensive literature review we discuss the preventive roles of walnut in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and provide mechanistic insights into these effects.
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106
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Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:73-91. [PMID: 33268887 PMCID: PMC7852578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although both ALD and NAFLD are closely related to inflammation, their respective developmental mechanisms differ to some extent. Here, we review the roles of multiple immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to the inflammation associated with fatty liver diseases and the differences in the progression of ASH and NASH. Multiple cell types in the liver, including macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cell types and hepatocytes, are involved in fatty liver disease inflammation. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and complement also contribute to the inflammatory process, as does intertissue crosstalk between the liver and the intestine, adipose tissue, and the nervous system. We point out that inflammation also plays important roles in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infections. Understanding the complex regulatory process of disrupted homeostasis during the development of fatty liver diseases may lead to the development of improved targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.
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107
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Single-cell genomics and spatial transcriptomics: Discovery of novel cell states and cellular interactions in liver physiology and disease biology. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1219-1230. [PMID: 32534107 PMCID: PMC7116221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis enables the study of gene expression in human tissues and is a valuable tool to characterise liver function and gene expression dynamics during liver disease, as well as to identify prognostic markers or signatures, and to facilitate discovery of new therapeutic targets. In contrast to whole tissue RNA sequencing analysis, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics enables the study of transcriptional activity at the single cell or spatial level. ScRNA-seq has paved the way for the discovery of previously unknown cell types and subtypes in normal and diseased liver, facilitating the study of rare cells (such as liver progenitor cells) and the functional roles of non-parenchymal cells in chronic liver disease and cancer. By adding spatial information to scRNA-seq data, spatial transcriptomics has transformed our understanding of tissue functional organisation and cell-to-cell interactions in situ. These approaches have recently been applied to investigate liver regeneration, organisation and function of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells, and to profile the single cell landscape of chronic liver diseases and cancer. Herein, we review the principles and technologies behind scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic approaches, highlighting the recent discoveries and novel insights these methodologies have yielded in both liver physiology and disease biology.
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108
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Lefere S, Puengel T, Hundertmark J, Penners C, Frank AK, Guillot A, de Muynck K, Heymann F, Adarbes V, Defrêne E, Estivalet C, Geerts A, Devisscher L, Wettstein G, Tacke F. Differential effects of selective- and pan-PPAR agonists on experimental steatohepatitis and hepatic macrophages ☆. J Hepatol 2020; 73:757-770. [PMID: 32360434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are essential regulators of whole-body metabolism, but also modulate inflammation in immune cells, notably macrophages. We compared the effects of selective PPAR agonists to those of the pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and studied isoform-specific effects on hepatic macrophage biology. METHODS Lanifibranor or selective PPARα (fenofibrate), PPARγ (pioglitazone) and PPARδ (GW501516) agonists were therapeutically administered in choline-deficient, amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAA-HFD)- and Western diet (WD)-fed mouse models of NAFLD. Acute liver injury was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The role of PPARs on macrophage functionality was studied in isolated hepatic macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with palmitic acid, and circulating monocytes from patients with NAFLD. RESULTS Lanifibranor improved all histological features of steatohepatitis in CDAA-HFD-fed mice, including liver fibrosis, thereby combining and exceeding specific effects of the single PPAR agonists. Its potent anti-steatotic efficacy was confirmed in a 3D liver biochip model with primary cells. Infiltrating hepatic monocyte-derived macrophages were reduced following PPAR agonist administration, especially with lanifibranor, even after short-term treatment, paralleling improved steatosis and hepatitis. Lanifibranor similarly decreased steatosis, liver injury and monocyte infiltration in the WD model. In the acute CCl4 model, neither single nor pan-PPAR agonists directly affected monocyte recruitment. Hepatic macrophages isolated from WD-fed mice displayed a metabolically activated phenotype. Lanifibranor attenuated the accompanying inflammatory activation in both murine palmitic acid-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages, as well as patient-derived circulating monocytes, in a PPARδ-dependent fashion. CONCLUSION Pan-PPAR agonists combine the beneficial effects of selective PPAR agonists and may counteract inflammation and disease progression more potently. PPARδ agonism and lanifibranor directly modulate macrophage activation, but not infiltration, thereby synergizing with beneficial metabolic effects of PPARα/γ agonists. LAY SUMMARY Peroxisome proliferated-activated receptors (PPARs) are essential regulators of metabolism and inflammation. We demonstrated that the pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor ameliorated all aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in independent experimental mouse models. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and fatty acids induce a specific polarization status in macrophages, which was altered by lanifibranor to increase expression of lipid handling genes, thereby decreasing inflammation. PPAR isoforms have differential therapeutic effects on fat-laden hepatocytes, activated hepatic stellate cells and inflammatory macrophages, supporting the clinical development of pan-PPAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lefere
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Penners
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin de Muynck
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kim A, Bellar A, McMullen MR, Li X, Nagy LE. Functionally Diverse Inflammatory Responses in Peripheral and Liver Monocytes in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1459-1476. [PMID: 33024916 PMCID: PMC7527760 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is an acute inflammatory disease in which gut-microbial byproducts enter circulation and peripheral immune cells infiltrate the liver, leading to nonresolving inflammation and injury. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with AH and healthy controls paired with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge revealed how diverse monocyte responses are divided among individual cells and change in disease. After LPS challenge, one monocyte subtype expressed pro-inflammatory genes in both disease and healthy controls, while another monocyte subtype was anti-inflammatory in healthy controls but switched to pro-inflammatory in AH. Numerous immune genes are clustered within genomic cassettes, including chemokines and C-type lectin receptors (CTRs). CTRs sense byproducts of diverse microbial and host origin. Single-cell data revealed correlated expression of genes within cassettes, thus further diversifying different monocyte responses to individual cells. Monocyte up-regulation of CTRs in response to LPS caused hypersensitivity to diverse microbial and host-derived byproducts, indicating a secondary immune surveillance pathway up-regulated in a subset of cells by a closely associated genomic cassette. Finally, expression of CTR genes was higher in livers of patients with severe AH, but not other chronic liver diseases, implicating secondary immune surveillance in nonresolving inflammation in severe AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kim
- Northern Ohio Alcohol CenterCenter for Liver Disease ResearchDepartment of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Annette Bellar
- Northern Ohio Alcohol CenterCenter for Liver Disease ResearchDepartment of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Megan R. McMullen
- Northern Ohio Alcohol CenterCenter for Liver Disease ResearchDepartment of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Northern Ohio Alcohol CenterCenter for Liver Disease ResearchDepartment of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Northern Ohio Alcohol CenterCenter for Liver Disease ResearchDepartment of Inflammation and ImmunityLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOH
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Abstract
Nutrient content and nutrient timing are considered key regulators of human health and a variety of diseases and involve complex interactions with the mucosal immune system. In particular, the innate immune system is emerging as an important signaling hub that modulates the response to nutritional signals, in part via signaling through the gut microbiota. In this review we elucidate emerging evidence that interactions between innate immunity and diet affect human metabolic health and disease, including cardiometabolic disorders, allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infections, and cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential modulatory effects of the gut microbiota on interactions between the immune system and nutrition in health and disease, namely how it relays nutritional signals to the innate immune system under specific physiological contexts. Finally, we identify key open questions and challenges to comprehensively understanding the intersection between nutrition and innate immunity and how potential nutritional, immune, and microbial therapeutics may be developed into promising future avenues of precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Philip Nobs
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Niv Zmora
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases and Internal Medicine Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Cancer-Microbiome Research Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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111
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Deciphering the Immune Microenvironment on A Single Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Section by An Immediately Implementable Multiplex Fluorescence Immunostaining Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092449. [PMID: 32872334 PMCID: PMC7565194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Technological breakthroughs have fundamentally changed our understanding on the complexity of tissue organization, both in healthy and diseased conditions. Characterizing the immune cell composition in relation to spatial distribution and histological changes may provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information. Immunohistochemistry remains a method of choice for these purposes, with crucial implications in clinics or in medical research. Nowadays, the widespread use of fluorophore-conjugated antibodies enables simultaneous visualization of an increasing number of proteins on a single tissue slice, with unprecedented resolution. However, advanced methods usually require modern and specific equipment, a significant amount of time for assay optimization, and highly specialized skills. This work reports on the use of a multiplex immunostaining method based on sequential immunostaining and antibody stripping, combined with digital image processing and analysis. Our aim is to provide the medical and research communities with a simple, cost-effective workflow to encompass some current limitations of multiplex immunohistochemistry. Abstract Technological breakthroughs have fundamentally changed our understanding on the complexity of the tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level. Characterizing the immune cell composition in relation to spatial distribution and histological changes may provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information. Immunostaining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represents a widespread and simple procedure, allowing the visualization of cellular distribution and processes, on preserved tissue structure. Recent advances in microscopy and molecular biology have made multiplexing accessible, yet technically challenging. We herein describe a novel, simple and cost-effective method for a reproducible and highly flexible multiplex immunostaining on archived FFPE tissue samples, which we optimized for solid organs (e.g., liver, intestine, lung, kidney) from mice and humans. Our protocol requires limited specific equipment and reagents, making multiplexing (>12 antibodies) immediately implementable to any histology laboratory routinely performing immunostaining. Using this method on single sections and combining it with automated whole-slide image analysis, we characterize the hepatic immune microenvironment in preclinical mouse models of liver fibrosis, steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and on human-patient samples with chronic liver diseases. The data provide useful insights into tissue organization and immune–parenchymal cell-to-cell interactions. It also highlights the profound macrophage heterogeneity in liver across premalignant conditions and HCC.
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Chaplin A, Gao H, Asase C, Rengasamy P, Park B, Skander D, Bebek G, Rajagopalan S, Maiseyeu A. Systemically-delivered biodegradable PLGA alters gut microbiota and induces transcriptomic reprogramming in the liver in an obesity mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13786. [PMID: 32796856 PMCID: PMC7429827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable materials, including the widely used poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles contained in slow-release drug formulations, scaffolds and implants, are ubiquitous in modern biomedicine and are considered inert or capable of being metabolized through intermediates such as lactate. However, in the presence of metabolic stress, such as in obesity, the resulting degradation products may play a detrimental role, which is still not well understood. We evaluated the effect of intravenously-administered PLGA nanoparticles on the gut-liver axis under conditions of caloric excess in C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that PLGA nanoparticles accumulate and cause gut acidification in the cecum, accompanied by significant changes in the microbiome, with a marked decrease of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. This was associated with transcriptomic reprogramming in the liver, with a downregulation of mitochondrial function, and an increase in key enzymatic, inflammation and cell activation pathways. No changes were observed in systemic inflammation. Metagenome analysis coupled with publicly available microarray data suggested a mechanism of impaired PLGA degradation and intestinal acidification confirming an important enterohepatic axis of metabolite-microbiome interaction resulting in maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Thus, our results have important implications for the investigation of PLGA use in metabolically-compromised clinical and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chaplin
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Huiyun Gao
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Courteney Asase
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Palanivel Rengasamy
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Skander
- Department of Nutrition, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Gürkan Bebek
- Department of Nutrition, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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113
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Ramachandran P, Matchett KP, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Henderson NC. Single-cell technologies in hepatology: new insights into liver biology and disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:457-472. [PMID: 32483353 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a major global health-care problem, affecting an estimated 844 million people worldwide. Despite this substantial burden, therapeutic options for liver disease remain limited, in part owing to a paucity of detailed analyses defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive these conditions in humans. Single-cell transcriptomic technologies are transforming our understanding of cellular diversity and function in health and disease. In this Review, we discuss how these technologies have been applied in hepatology, advancing our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and providing novel insights into fundamental liver biology such as the metabolic zonation of hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells, and the cellular mechanisms underpinning liver regeneration. Application of these methodologies is also uncovering critical pathophysiological changes driving disease states such as hepatic fibrosis, where distinct populations of macrophages, endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells reside within a spatially distinct fibrotic niche and interact to promote scar formation. In addition, single-cell approaches are starting to dissect key cellular and molecular functions in liver cancer. In the near future, new techniques such as spatial transcriptomics and multiomic approaches will further deepen our understanding of disease pathogenesis, enabling the identification of novel therapeutic targets for patients across the spectrum of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Ramachandran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John R Wilson-Kanamori
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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114
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Li H, Zhou Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Qiu P, Zhang M, Zhang R, Zhao Q, Liu J. Crosstalk Between Liver Macrophages and Surrounding Cells in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1169. [PMID: 32670278 PMCID: PMC7326822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is emerging as a leading cause of progressive liver fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. Liver macrophages, mainly composed of Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs), play a vital role in NASH progression and regression. Recent advances suggest that cell–cell communication is a fundamental feature of hepatic microenvironment. The reprogramming of cell–cell signaling between macrophages and surrounding cells contributes to the pathogenesis of NASH. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of NASH regarding the composition of liver macrophages and their communication with surrounding cells, which are composed of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and other immune cells. We also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies based on the level of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Peishan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruike Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center, Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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115
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Kamies R, Martinez-Jimenez CP. Advances of single-cell genomics and epigenomics in human disease: where are we now? Mamm Genome 2020; 31:170-180. [PMID: 32270277 PMCID: PMC7368869 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is revolutionizing the way to study, monitor and dissect complex diseases. This has been possible with the technological and computational advances associated to single-cell genomics and epigenomics. Deeper understanding of cell-to-cell variation and its impact on tissue function will open new avenues for early disease detection, accurate diagnosis and personalized treatments, all together leading to the next generation of health care. This review focuses on the recent discoveries that single-cell genomics and epigenomics have facilitated in the context of human health. It highlights the potential of single-cell omics to further advance the development of personalized treatments and precision medicine in cancer, diabetes and chronic age-related diseases. The promise of single-cell technologies to generate new insights about the differences in function between individual cells is just emerging, and it is paving the way for identifying biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets to tackle age, complex diseases and understand the effect of life style interventions and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizqah Kamies
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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116
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Stamataki Z, Swadling L. The liver as an immunological barrier redefined by single-cell analysis. Immunology 2020; 160:157-170. [PMID: 32176810 PMCID: PMC7218664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a front-line immune tissue that plays a major role in the detection, capture and clearance of pathogens and foreign antigens entering the bloodstream, especially from the gut. Our largest internal organ maintains this immune barrier in the face of constant exposure to external but harmless antigens through a highly specialized network of liver-adapted immune cells. Mapping the immune resident compartment in the liver has been challenging because it requires multimodal single-cell deep phenotyping approaches of often rare cell populations in difficult to access samples. We can now measure the RNA transcripts present in a single cell (scRNA-seq), which is revolutionizing the way we characterize cell types. scRNA-seq has been applied to the diverse array of immune cells present in murine and human livers in health and disease. Here, we summarize how emerging single-cell technologies have advanced or redefined our understanding of the immunological barrier provided by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Liver and Gastrointestinal ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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117
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Remmerie A, Martens L, Scott CL. Macrophage Subsets in Obesity, Aligning the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:259. [PMID: 32411096 PMCID: PMC7201095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity is accompanied by a rising incidence in metabolic syndrome and related pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Macrophages are hypothesized to play central roles in these diseases, through their role as inflammatory mediators and as such are thought to be potential targets for future therapies. Recently, single cell technologies have revealed significant heterogeneity within the macrophage pool in both liver and adipose tissue in obesity. Thus current efforts are focused on dissecting this heterogeneity and understanding the distinct functions of the individual subsets. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding macrophage heterogeneity, ontogeny and functions in the context of obese adipose tissue and fatty liver disease and attempt to align the distinct populations described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Remmerie
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L. Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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118
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Alharthi J, Latchoumanin O, George J, Eslam M. Macrophages in metabolic associated fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1861-1878. [PMID: 32390698 PMCID: PMC7201150 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly named non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disorder in many countries. The inflammatory subtype termed steatohepatitis is a driver of disease progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and death, but also to extrahepatic complications including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The plasticity of macrophages in response to various environmental cues and the fact that they can orchestrate cross talk between different cellular players during disease development and progression render them an ideal target for drug development. This report reviews recent advances in our understanding of macrophage biology during the entire spectrum of MAFLD including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as for the extra-hepatic manifestations of MAFLD. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation and polarization as well as cross talk with other cell types such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and adipose tissue. We conclude with a discussion on the potential translational implications and challenges for macrophage based therapeutics for MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alharthi
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Latchoumanin
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
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119
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Puengel T, De Vos S, Hundertmark J, Kohlhepp M, Guldiken N, Pujuguet P, Auberval M, Marsais F, Shoji KF, Saniere L, Trautwein C, Luedde T, Strnad P, Brys R, Clément-Lacroix P, Tacke F. The Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Receptor GPR84 Mediates Myeloid Cell Infiltration Promoting Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1140. [PMID: 32316235 PMCID: PMC7231190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have been associated with anti-steatotic effects in hepatocytes. Expression of the MCFA receptor GPR84 (G protein-coupled receptor 84) is induced in immune cells under inflammatory conditions and can promote fibrogenesis. We aimed at deciphering the role of GPR84 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), exploring its potential as a therapeutic target. GPR84 expression is upregulated in liver from patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), correlating with the histological degree of inflammation and fibrosis. In mouse and human, activated monocytes and neutrophils upregulate GPR84 expression. Chemotaxis of these myeloid cells by GPR84 stimulation is inhibited by two novel, small molecule GPR84 antagonists. Upon acute liver injury in mice, treatment with GPR84 antagonists significantly reduced the hepatic recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF). We, therefore, evaluated the therapeutic inhibition of GPR84 by these two novel antagonists in comparison to selonsertib, an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor, in three NASH mouse models. Pharmacological inhibition of GPR84 significantly reduced macrophage accumulation and ameliorated inflammation and fibrosis, to an extent similar to selonsertib. In conclusion, our findings support that GPR84 mediates myeloid cell infiltration in liver injury and is a promising therapeutic target in steatohepatitis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.P.); (N.G.); (C.T.); (T.L.); (P.S.)
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium;
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marlene Kohlhepp
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Nurdan Guldiken
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.P.); (N.G.); (C.T.); (T.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Philippe Pujuguet
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Marielle Auberval
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Florence Marsais
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Kenji F. Shoji
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Laurent Saniere
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.P.); (N.G.); (C.T.); (T.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.P.); (N.G.); (C.T.); (T.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (T.P.); (N.G.); (C.T.); (T.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Clément-Lacroix
- Galapagos SA, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France; (S.D.V.); (P.P.); (M.A.); (F.M.); (K.F.S.); (L.S.); (P.C.-L.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.)
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120
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Xiong X, Kuang H, Liu T, Lin JD. A Single-Cell Perspective of the Mammalian Liver in Health and Disease. Hepatology 2020; 71:1467-1473. [PMID: 31997380 PMCID: PMC7150620 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver contains heterogeneous cell types that exhibit distinct spatial, molecular, and functional properties. The cells in the liver communicate with each other via a network of ligands and receptors and undergo cell type-specific transcriptomic reprogramming in disease. The advance of single-cell genomics has provided a powerful tool for unraveling the complexity of liver cells in health and disease with unprecedented resolution. In this review, we discuss insights gained from the recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies that shed new light on the molecular nature of liver cell heterogeneity, intercellular crosstalk, and disease-associated reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Xiong
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Henry Kuang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jiandie D. Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Corresponding Author: Jiandie Lin, Ph.D., 5437 Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, , Office: (734) 615-3512, Fax: (734) 615-0495
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121
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Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062027. [PMID: 32188134 PMCID: PMC7139397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
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122
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Guillot A, Tacke F. The Unexpected Role of Neutrophils for Resolving Liver Inflammation by Transmitting MicroRNA-223 to Macrophages. Hepatology 2020; 71:749-751. [PMID: 31483871 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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123
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Roderburg C, Wree A, Demir M, Schmelzle M, Tacke F. The role of the innate immune system in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2020; 7:HEP17. [PMID: 32273975 PMCID: PMC7137177 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Most patients present with advanced or metastatic HCC at diagnosis and face a dismal prognosis. Tyrosine kinases are the gold standard treatment for this disease but yield limited survival benefits. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that augment adaptive immunity have been tested in HCC. Complex interactions between tumor cells, lymphocytes and the tumor environment determine the efficacy of such immunotherapies. Innate immune mechanisms – known drivers of liver disease progression in pre-HCC conditions such as fibrosis or cirrhosis – may either support or counteract tumor-related immune activation. In this review, we will highlight current concepts of the role of the innate immune system in hepatocarcinogenesis and discuss their relevance for translation into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger, Platz 1 13353, Berlin
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger, Platz 1 13353, Berlin
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger, Platz 1 13353, Berlin
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Surgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger, Platz 1 13353, Berlin
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger, Platz 1 13353, Berlin
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124
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Dou L, Shi X, He X, Gao Y. Macrophage Phenotype and Function in Liver Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3112. [PMID: 32047496 PMCID: PMC6997484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are a remarkably heterogeneous population consisting of self-renewing tissue-resident phagocytes, termed Kupffer cells (KCs), and recruited macrophages derived from peritoneal cavity as well as the bone marrow. KCs are located in the liver sinusoid where they scavenge the microbe from the portal vein to maintain liver homeostasis. Liver injury may trigger hepatic recruitment of peritoneal macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages. Studies describing macrophage accumulation have shown that hepatic macrophages are involved in the initiation and progression of various liver diseases. They act as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells to inhibit T-cell activation by producing distinct sets of cytokines, chemokines, and mediators to maintain or resolve inflammation. Furthermore, by releasing regenerative growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase arginase, they promote tissue repair. Recent experiments found that KCs and recruited macrophages may play different roles in the development of liver disease. Given that hepatic macrophages are considerably plastic populations, their phenotypes and functions are likely switching along disease progression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of tissue-resident macrophages and recruited macrophages in pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Dou
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Parthasarathy G, Revelo X, Malhi H. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Overview. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:478-492. [PMID: 32258944 PMCID: PMC7109346 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a heterogeneous group of liver diseases characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. The heterogeneity of NAFLD is reflected in a clinical and histologic spectrum where some patients develop isolated steatosis of the liver, termed nonalcoholic fatty liver, whereas others develop hepatocyte injury, ballooning, inflammation, and consequent fibrosis, termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Systemic insulin resistance is a major driver of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Lipotoxicity of accumulated lipids along with activation of the innate immune system are major drivers of NASH. Lipid‐induced sublethal and lethal stress culminates in the activation of inflammatory processes, such as the release of proinflammatory extracellular vesicles and cell death. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involving macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes are central drivers of inflammation that recognize damage‐ and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and contribute to the progression of the inflammatory cascade. While the activation of the innate immune system and the recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes into the liver in NASH are well known, the exact signals that lead to this remain less well defined. Further, the contribution of other immune cell types, such as neutrophils and B cells, is an area of intense research. Many host factors, such as the microbiome and gut–liver axis, modify individual susceptibility to NASH. In this review, we discuss lipotoxicity, inflammation, and the contribution of interorgan crosstalk in NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
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126
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Hou J, Zhang H, Sun B, Karin M. The immunobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and mice: Basic concepts and therapeutic implications. J Hepatol 2020; 72:167-182. [PMID: 31449859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy, a technical and conceptual breakthrough that has revolutionised cancer treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a deadly malignancy with aetiologic diversity and a chronic course, is strongly influenced by the immune system, and was recently found to partially benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Notably, HCC onco-immunology depends on diverse genetic and environmental factors that together shape cancer-promoting inflammation and immune dysfunction - critical processes that control HCC malignant progression and response to therapy. Herein, we summarise the current understanding of liver and HCC onco-immunology obtained through basic studies with mouse models and clinical practice in humans. In particular, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that implicate immunomodulation as a major factor in HCC development and explain the basis for HCC-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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127
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Luci C, Bourinet M, Leclère PS, Anty R, Gual P. Chronic Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597648. [PMID: 33384662 PMCID: PMC7771356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the main cause of chronic liver complications. The development of NASH is the consequence of aberrant activation of hepatic conventional immune, parenchymal, and endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators from the liver, adipose tissue, and gut. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells contribute to the significant accumulation of bone-marrow derived-macrophages and neutrophils in the liver, a hallmark of NASH. The aberrant activation of these immune cells elicits harmful inflammation and liver injury, leading to NASH progression. In this review, we highlight the processes triggering the recruitment and/or activation of hepatic innate immune cells, with a focus on macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells as well as the contribution of hepatocytes and endothelial cells in driving liver inflammation/fibrosis. On-going studies and preliminary results from global and specific therapeutic strategies to manage this NASH-related inflammation will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Gual,
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128
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van der Heide D, Weiskirchen R, Bansal R. Therapeutic Targeting of Hepatic Macrophages for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2852. [PMID: 31849997 PMCID: PMC6901832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages play a central role in maintaining homeostasis in the liver, as well as in the initiation and progression of liver diseases. Hepatic macrophages are mainly derived from resident hepatic macrophages called Kupffer cells or circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes. Kupffer cells are self-renewing and typically non-migrating macrophages in the liver and are stationed in the liver sinusoids in contrast to macrophages originating from circulating monocytes. Kupffer cells regulate liver homeostasis by mediating immunity against non-pathogenic blood-borne molecules, while participating in coordinated immune responses leading to pathogen clearance, leukocyte recruitment and antigen presentation to lymphocytes present in the vasculature. Monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrate into the liver tissue when metabolic or toxic damage instigates and are likely dispensable for replenishing the macrophage population in homeostasis. In recent years, different populations of hepatic macrophages have been identified with distinct phenotypes with discrete functions, far beyond the central dogma of M1 and M2 macrophages. Hepatic macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver failure, liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as in disease resolution. The understanding of the role of hepatic macrophages in liver diseases provides opportunities for the development of targeted therapeutics for respective malignancies. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the hepatic macrophages, their origin, functions, their critical role in maintaining homeostasis and in the progression or resolution of liver diseases. Furthermore, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targeting strategies against hepatic macrophages developed for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne van der Heide
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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129
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Kang K, Wang X, Meng C, He L, Sang X, Zheng Y, Xu H. The application of single-cell sequencing technology in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:790. [PMID: 32042806 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing technology refers to the sequencing of the genome, transcriptome and epigenome in one single cell. Comparing to traditional histology, single-cell sequencing can reveal the genetic heterogeneity among different cells. Due to the complex pathogenesis and various pathological types of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), studies on the heterogeneity of tumor cells confer improvement for its clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This article summarizes the principal basis and development of single-cell sequencing technology, as well as its increasing application in the field of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuezhu Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chan Meng
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yongchang Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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130
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Yu Q, Xia Z, Liong EC, Tipoe GL. Chronic aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity and modulates Nrf2 and NF‑κB/IκBα pathways in the skeletal muscle of rats fed with a high fat diet. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4963-4972. [PMID: 31702809 PMCID: PMC6854540 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the ameliorative effects of chronic aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rat skeletal muscle. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6–9 per group) were divided into four groups: i) Rats fed with normal chow; ii) exercise rats fed with normal chow + exercise (run on a rotarod for 30 min per day from 9–12 weeks); iii) rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD); iv) rats fed with an HFD + exercise. All HFD rats were fed with an HFD consisting of 30% fat from fish oil throughout the study for 12 weeks. Exercise decreased the levels of hepatic lipogenic markers carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, fat-specific protein 27 and liver X receptor and improved systemic glucose and insulin intolerance in the NASH animal model. The beneficial effects may have been mediated partly via the tripartite motif-containing family protein 72 (TRIM72)/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, accompanied with an upregulation of glucose transporter 4 in the skeletal muscle. The exercise regimen activated the master regulator of antioxidant enzymes, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, with upregulation of superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] expression and a corresponding decrease in kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 expression, but failed to decrease the levels of the oxidative marker malondialdehyde in the HFD rat skeletal muscle. Chronic exercise decreased the expression of the inflammation marker NF-κB, followed by a decrease in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, as verified by a corresponding increase in the level of NF-κB inhibitor α expression. Exercise may exert its beneficial effects by improving muscle insulin sensitivity via the TRIM72/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, contributing to the improvement of systemic insulin intolerance, and finally leading to decreased hepatic lipogenesis during NASH. The attenuation of insulin resistance by exercise may be partly achieved through a decrease in the level of inflammation and an increased antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyun Xia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Emily Chiu Liong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - George Lim Tipoe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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131
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Dobie R, Henderson NC. Unravelling fibrosis using single-cell transcriptomics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 49:71-75. [PMID: 31670054 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, is a major global healthcare burden. Despite major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating fibrosis, treatment options for patients with fibrosis remain very limited. However, recent developments in the rapidly evolving field of single-cell transcriptomics are enabling the interrogation of individual pathogenic cell populations in the context of fibrosis at unprecedented resolution. In this review, we will discuss how single-cell transcriptomics is driving this step change in our understanding of fibrotic disease pathogenesis, and how these cutting-edge approaches should accelerate the precise identification of novel, relevant and potentially druggable therapeutic targets to treat patients with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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132
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Endo-Umeda K, Makishima M. Liver X Receptors Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism and Immunity in Hepatic Nonparenchymal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205045. [PMID: 31614590 PMCID: PMC6834202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary cholesterol intake and the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Hepatic accumulation of free cholesterol induces activation of nonparenchymal cells, including Kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells, which leads to persistent inflammation and fibrosis. The nuclear receptors liver X receptor α (LXRα) and LXRβ act as negative regulators of cholesterol metabolism through the induction of hepatocyte cholesterol catabolism, excretion, and the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Additionally, LXRs exert an anti-inflammatory effect in immune cell types, such as macrophages. LXR activation suppresses acute hepatic inflammation that is mediated by Kupffer cells/macrophages. Acute liver injury, diet-induced steatohepatitis, and fibrosis are exacerbated by significant hepatic cholesterol accumulation and inflammation in LXR-deficient mice. Therefore, LXRs regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and immunity and they are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of hepatic inflammation that is associated with cholesterol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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133
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Wirtz TH, Brandt EF, Berres ML. Liver DCs in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:263-299. [PMID: 31810555 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic dendritic cells represent a unique and multifaceted subset of antigen-presenting leukocytes that orchestrate specified immune responses in the liver. They are constantly exposed to antigens and signals derived not only from the hepatic microenvironment and the systemic circulation but also from the portal vein draining the gut and conveying food antigens as well as microbial compounds. Modulated by these various factors they shape intrahepatic immune responses during acute and chronic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma and allograft tolerance as well as systemic responses to gut-derived components. Hence, hepatic DC are central targets to decipher and fine-tune innate and adaptive hepatic immune responses as well as tolerance. This review focuses on the origin of hepatic DC, the different DC subsets present in the liver and their functionality during different acute and chronic liver diseases in mice and men and will discuss potential DC directed therapeutic interventions in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Medical Department III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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134
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Elchaninov AV, Fatkhudinov TK, Vishnyakova PA, Lokhonina AV, Sukhikh GT. Phenotypical and Functional Polymorphism of Liver Resident Macrophages. Cells 2019; 8:E1032. [PMID: 31491903 PMCID: PMC6769646 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are one of the main causes of mortality. In this regard, the development of new ways of reparative processes stimulation is relevant. Macrophages play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. In this regard, the development of new liver treatment methods is impossible without taking into account this cell population. Resident macrophages of the liver, Kupffer cells, represent a unique cell population, first of all, due to their development. Most of the liver macrophages belong to the self-sustaining macrophage cell population, whose origin is not bone marrow. In addition, Kupffer cells are involved in such processes as regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the intercellular matrix, lipid metabolism, protective function, etc. Such a broad spectrum of liver macrophage functions indicates their high functional plasticity. The review summarizes recent data on the development, phenotypic and functional plasticity, and participation in the reparative processes of liver macrophages: resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and bone marrow-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Timur Kh Fatkhudinov
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia.
| | - Polina A Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Anastasia V Lokhonina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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135
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van der Zande HJP, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Guigas B. Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:795-808. [PMID: 31492623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, humans have coevolved with a wide variety of parasitic helminths that have contributed to shape their immune system. The recent eradication of helminth infections in modern societies has coincided with a spectacular rise in inflammatory metabolic diseases, such as obesity, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and type 2 diabetes. Landmark studies in the emerging field of immunometabolism have highlighted the central role of the immune system in regulating metabolic functions, notably in adipose tissue, liver, and the gut. In this review we discuss how helminths, which are among the strongest natural inducers of type 2 immunity, and some of their unique immunomodulatory molecules, may contribute to the maintenance of tissue-specific and whole-body metabolic homeostasis and protection against obesity-associated meta-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. @lumc.nl
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136
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Single Cell RNA Sequencing Identifies Subsets of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Myofibroblasts in Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050503. [PMID: 31137713 PMCID: PMC6562512 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their trans-differentiation towards collagen-secreting myofibroblasts (MFB) promote liver fibrosis progression. During chronic liver disease, resting HSCs become activated by inflammatory and injury signals. However, HSCs/MFB not only produce collagen, but also secrete cytokines, participate in metabolism, and have biomechanical properties. We herein aimed to characterize the heterogeneity of these liver mesenchymal cells by single cell RNA sequencing. In vivo resting HSCs or activated MFB were isolated from C57BL6/J mice challenged by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally for 3 weeks to induce liver fibrosis and compared to in vitro cultivated MFB. While resting HSCs formed a homogenous population characterized by high platelet derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) expression, in vivo and in vitro activated MFB split into heterogeneous populations, characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagens, or immunological markers. S100 calcium binding protein A6 (S100A6) was a universal marker of activated MFB on both the gene and protein expression level. Compared to the heterogeneity of in vivo MFB, MFB in vitro sequentially and only transiently expressed marker genes, such as chemokines, during culture activation. Taken together, our data demonstrate the heterogeneity of HSCs and MFB, indicating the existence of functionally relevant subsets in hepatic fibrosis.
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