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Dosanjh M, Alty J, Martin C, Latchford G, Graham CD. What is it like to live with a functional movement disorder? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of illness experiences from symptom onset to post-diagnosis. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 26:325-342. [PMID: 33058369 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With few empirically supported treatments, functional movement disorders (FMD) can be challenging to manage. To enable service providers to better support people with FMD, this study sought to understand the lived experience of FMD: to gain insight into how individuals make sense of their experience from symptom onset through medical evaluation and diagnosis to post-diagnostic adaptation. DESIGN An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of patient accounts of living with FMD. METHODS Eight participants were recruited from a UK teaching hospital adult neurology service: seven females, varying in age (20s-70s), FMD symptom type (tremor, dystonia, and tics), and time to diagnosis (10 - 192 months). Semi-structured interviews facilitated participant accounts of key events. Interviews lasted 75-125 minutes and were transcribed verbatim. RESULTS Three super-ordinate themes were apparent. The first covered the experiences of onset ('Something is wrong with me'), including loss of control - with the affected body part often described as a separate entity - threats to identity and disturbance in relationships. 'At last! What now?' outlined the bittersweet experience of diagnosis and of treatments. Third, 'Living my life with it' incorporated ongoing experiences of coping with symptoms. While some continued to struggle with the emotional impact of symptoms, others developed a compassionate relationship with their self and maintained satisfying activities. CONCLUSIONS FMD has a significant impact on patients' relationships with themselves and others, which in turn affects well-being. These findings suggest some nuanced additions to interventions (diagnosis, psychotherapy, physiotherapy, public education.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandip Dosanjh
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Jane Alty
- Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.,College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Carol Martin
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Latchford
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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102
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Pick S, Hodsoll J, Stanton B, Eskander A, Stavropoulos I, Samra K, Bottini J, Ahmad H, David AS, Purves A, Nicholson TR. Trial Of Neurostimulation In Conversion Symptoms (TONICS): a feasibility randomised controlled trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation for functional limb weakness. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037198. [PMID: 33028550 PMCID: PMC7539585 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used therapeutically for functional (conversion) motor symptoms but there is limited evidence for its efficacy and the optimal protocol. We examined the feasibility of a novel randomised controlled trial (RCT) protocol of TMS to treat functional limb weakness. DESIGN A double-blind (patient, outcome assessor) two parallel-arm, controlled RCT. SETTING Specialist neurology and neuropsychiatry services at a large National Health Service Foundation Trust in London, UK. PARTICIPANTS Patients with a diagnosis of functional limb weakness (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition). Exclusion criteria included comorbid neurological or major psychiatric disorder, contraindications to TMS or previous TMS treatment. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomised to receive either active (single-pulse TMS to primary motor cortex (M1) above resting motor threshold) or inactive treatment (single-pulse TMS to M1 below resting motor threshold). Both groups received two TMS sessions, 4 weeks apart. OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed recruitment, randomisation and retention rates. The primary outcome was patient-rated symptom change (Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale, CGI-I). Secondary outcomes included clinician-rated symptom change, psychosocial functioning and disability. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, both TMS visits and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were recruited and 21 (96%) were successfully randomised (active=10; inactive=11). Nineteen (91%) patients were included at follow-up (active=9; inactive=10). Completion rates for most outcomes were good (80%-100%). Most patients were satisfied/very satisfied with the trial in both groups, although ratings were higher in the inactive arm (active=60%, inactive=92%). Adverse events were not more common for the active treatment. Treatment effect sizes for patient-rated CGI-I scores were small-moderate (Cliff's delta=-0.1-0.3, CIs-0.79 to 0.28), reflecting a more positive outcome for the active treatment (67% and 44% of active arm-rated symptoms as 'much improved' at session 2 and follow-up, respectively, vs 20% inactive group). Effect sizes for secondary outcomes were variable. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol is feasible. The findings suggest that supramotor threshold TMS of M1 is safe, acceptable and potentially beneficial as a treatment for functional limb weakness. A larger RCT is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN51225587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Pick
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Hodsoll
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Biba Stanton
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy Eskander
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kiran Samra
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Bottini
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hena Ahmad
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alistair Purves
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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103
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Osman AH, Alsharief SM, Siddig HE. Functional neurological disorder: Characteristics and outcome in a limited-resources country (Sudan). Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107151. [PMID: 32698104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a scarcity of reports from limited-resources countries on functional neurological disorder (FND). We therefore carried out this descriptive study from Sudan to highlight the clinical characteristics of patients and the cultural, diagnostic, and management outcome. METHOD Of 1000 new referrals and patients seen at a central neuropsychiatric clinic in Khartoum, Sudan, 40 fulfilled the criteria for FND. Subjects were diagnosed by excluding organic illness and confirming psychological distress through neuropsychological assessment and clinical interview. Mood was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scales. RESULTS Young unemployed women constituted 60% of our sample. Most subjects presented with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (82.5%), speech abnormalities (47.5%), and limb paralysis or weakness was (35%). Associated mood disorder was found in 97.5% of all subjects. However, 95% of our sample showed a remarkable clinical response to combination therapy (antidepressants and psychotherapy). SIGNIFICANCE Patients with FND showed strong evidence of comorbid affective disorders in the form of depression and anxiety disorder. Most patients (95%) responded well to combination therapy with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Sociodemographic correlates of FND in Sudan prove to be consistent with features found in Western cultures, with only minor idiosyncratic characteristics due to local culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelgadir H Osman
- Psychiatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Sabah M Alsharief
- Psychiatric Training Scheme Khartoum, Sudan Medical Council, Estibalia Street, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hassab Elrasoul Siddig
- Neurology and Neuroscience Association, Alnileen Medical Centre, Alsharief Alhindi Street, Khartoum, Sudan
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104
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Dreissen YE, Lambert F, Dijk JM, Koelman JH, Tijssen MA. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment in functional movement disorders: long-term follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1120-1121. [PMID: 32661081 PMCID: PMC7509513 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Em Dreissen
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Franka Lambert
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M Dijk
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Htm Koelman
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Aj Tijssen
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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105
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Lagrand T, Tuitert I, Klamer M, van der Meulen A, van der Palen J, Kramer G, Tijssen M. Functional or not functional; that's the question: Can we predict the diagnosis functional movement disorder based on associated features? Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:33-39. [PMID: 32813908 PMCID: PMC7820982 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Functional movement disorders (FMDs) pose a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Over the years several associated features have been shown to be suggestive for FMDs. Which features mentioned in the literature are discriminative between FMDs and non‐FMDs were examined in a large cohort. In addition, a preliminary prediction model distinguishing these disorders was developed based on differentiating features. Method Medical records of all consecutive patients who visited our hyperkinetic outpatient clinic from 2012 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed and 12 associated features in FMDs versus non‐FMDs were compared. An independent t test for age of onset and Pearson chi‐squared analyses for all categorical variables were performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a preliminary predictive model for FMDs. Results A total of 874 patients were eligible for inclusion, of whom 320 had an FMD and 554 a non‐FMD. Differentiating features between these groups were age of onset, sex, psychiatric history, family history, more than one motor phenotype, pain, fatigue, abrupt onset, waxing and waning over long term, and fluctuations during the day. Based on these a preliminary predictive model was computed with a discriminative value of 91%. Discussion Ten associated features are shown to be not only suggestive but also discriminative between hyperkinetic FMDs and non‐FMDs. Clinicians can use these features to identify patients suspected for FMDs and can subsequently alert them to test for positive symptoms at examination. Although a first preliminary model has good predictive accuracy, further validation should be performed prospectively in a multi‐center study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lagrand
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Tuitert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Klamer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A van der Meulen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J van der Palen
- Department of Epidemiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente Hospital, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G Kramer
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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106
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Akhtar N, Bhutta Z, Kamran S, Babu B, Jose N, Joseph S, Morgan D, Francis R, Own A, Shuaib A. Stroke Mimics: A five-year follow-up study from the Qatar Stroke Database. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105110. [PMID: 32912536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mimics comprise a third of patients presenting with an acute stroke. There is limited information on their natural history. METHODS We evaluate long term major cardiovascular events (MACE) in stroke mimics in a prospective database from Qatar. RESULTS Between Feb 2014 and Jan 2019, 481 patients (male: 238; female: 243) mean age 57.5 years (±18.0), with 399 (83%) medical mimics and 82 (17%) functional mimics were evaluated. Imaging revealed previous old stroke in 26.6% and small vessel disease in 5%. MACE occurred in 57 (11.9%) and there were 31 deaths (6.4%) with majority of deaths (5.6%) from cardiovascular causes. MACE was significantly higher in patients with previous stroke, p < 0.0001), coronary artery disease, p = 0.002), diabetic, p = 0.01), and hypertensive on admission, p < 0.0001. MACE were also significantly higher in patients where imaging showed a previous stroke, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION The occurrence of MACE during follow-up suggests that patients with existing vascular disease require aggressive management of vascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akhtar
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Zain Bhutta
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Saadat Kamran
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Blessy Babu
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Namitha Jose
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sujatha Joseph
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Deborah Morgan
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Reny Francis
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmed Own
- The Neuroscience Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Department of Medicine (Stroke Program), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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107
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Moenter A. Being in touch: The potential benefits and the use of attuned touch in psychotherapy for functional neurological symptoms (FNS). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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108
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Naro A, Pignolo L, Billeri L, Porcari B, Portaro S, Tonin P, Calabrò RS. A Case of Psychogenic Myoclonus Responding to a Novel Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Approach: Rationale, Feasibility, and Possible Neurophysiological Basis. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:292. [PMID: 32848667 PMCID: PMC7396578 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can relieve motor symptoms related to psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs), but the subtending neurophysiological basis is unclear. We report on a 50-year-old woman with a diagnosis of psychogenic myoclonus in the right lower limb, who was treated with a daily session (in the late morning/early afternoon) of 1 Hz rTMS over the left premotor cortex (PMC), five times a week for 6 weeks. Clinical data and EEG at rest were collected before and immediately and 2-month after the rTMS protocol completion. The patient reported a significant reduction of involuntary movement frequency and intensity and the related disability burden up to the follow-up. In parallel, any abnormality in terms of source current density within and connectivity between the frontal and parietal areas was reset. The short follow–up period, the lack of extensive neurophysiological measures, and the lack of control treatment represent the main limitation of the study. However, low-frequency rTMS over PMC seems a safe and promising approach for the management of psychogenic myoclonus owing to the combination of cortical neuromodulation and non-specific mechanisms suggesting cognitive-behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Loris Pignolo
- Sant'Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy
| | - Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Porcari
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tonin
- Sant'Anna Institute, Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy
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109
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this scoping review is to describe the characteristics of patients requiring admission to hospital for functional neurological disorder (FND), assess interventions provided, and evaluate outcomes in the context of acute hospital presentation or elective admission with chronic symptoms (>3 months). METHODS A scoping review was performed. Included articles described adult patients admitted with FND to an inpatient care setting. Articles focusing on psychogenic non-epileptic attacks (PNEA) were excluded. RESULTS The search strategy identified 1963 citations. A total of 34 articles met inclusion criteria, with 458 patients (66% female) described. The pooled mean age of patients in all studies was 40.6 years. Eleven studies described patients with acute presentation, and 16 studies described patients with chronic FND symptoms admitted to the hospital. Motor symptoms were most common. Interventions were most commonly physiotherapy and psychotherapy. Most studies reported partial or complete resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review summarizes the literature on the characteristics of patients admitted to the hospital, both with acute and chronic symptoms, for inpatient treatment of FND. When comparing patients with acute to those with chronic symptoms, we found that acute presentations were older (46.9 vs. 43.7 years) and had a higher representation of men (33% vs. 30%). Those presenting with chronic symptoms were more likely to not improve or relapse. We postulate that early diagnosis and inpatient rehabilitation could have a positive impact on outcomes for patients with FND.
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110
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Gelauff JM, Rosmalen JGM, Carson A, Dijk JM, Ekkel M, Nielsen G, Stone J, Tijssen MAJ. Internet-based self-help randomized trial for motor functional neurologic disorder (SHIFT). Neurology 2020; 95:e1883-e1896. [PMID: 32690783 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether self-rated health of patients with motor functional neurologic disorder (FND) can be improved by unguided Internet-based self-help and education. METHODS In this nonblinded randomized controlled trial, patients were allocated 1:1 unbiased to an unguided education and self-help website in addition to usual care or usual care only. Patients over 17 years of age with a functional motor symptom that caused distress or disability were included. The primary outcome was self-rated health on the Clinical Global Improvement scale at 3 and 6 months. Secondary outcomes were severity of motor symptoms, other physical and psychiatric symptoms, physical functioning, quality of life, work and social adjustment, illness beliefs, and satisfaction with care. RESULTS A total of 186 patients were randomized, with a follow-up rate of 87% at 6 months. There was no difference in improvement of self-rated health at 3 months (44% vs 40%, p = 0.899) or 6 months (42% vs 43%, p = 0.435). Secondary outcomes did not differ between groups, with a threshold of p < 0.01. Satisfaction was high, with 86% of patients recommending the website to other patients. CONCLUSION We found no significant effect of the intervention added to usual care on self-rated health or secondary outcome measures, despite high patient satisfaction with the intervention. These results suggest that online education and nonguided self-help could be valuable additions to stepped care for motor FND, but are not effective treatments as interventions in their own right. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02589886. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with motor FND, online education and self-help intervention does not significantly improve self-rated health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Gelauff
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Judith G M Rosmalen
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Alan Carson
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Joke M Dijk
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Martijn Ekkel
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Glenn Nielsen
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Jon Stone
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.M.G., M.E., M.A.J.T.), Psychiatry (J.G.M.R.), and Internal Medicine (J.G.M.R.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C., J.S.), University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurology (J.M.D.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Neurosciences Research Centre (G.N.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK.
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111
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Misdiagnosis of an underlying medical condition as Conversion Disorder/Functional Neurological Disorder (CD/FND) still occurs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 65:43-46. [PMID: 32464427 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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112
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Joos A, Halmer R. Chronic Functional Tremor: Positive Signs in the Management, Including Mirror Therapy. Case Rep Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.1159/000507567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tremor (FT) is a common functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD) and difficult to treat. Diagnosis is often delayed in FNSD, which reinforces maladaptation and chronicity. The presented case, who had suffered from FT for 2 years, demonstrates the value of positive neurological symptoms in the diagnosis and treatment of FNSD, even in a chronic case. The patient improved well during integrated inpatient rehabilitation, which included mirror therapy (MT). He had complete suppressibility of the tremor during distraction, which was shown to him, and reversibility of the FT was emphasized. Due do the suppressibility when focusing on the contralateral arm, we installed MT as part of a combined inpatient neurological-psychotherapeutic rehabilitation treatment lasting 8 weeks. During treatment, some strong emotional themes came up. At the end of rehabilitation, the tremor almost completely subsided. Possible pathomechanisms are discussed. Future studies are recommended for determining the effectiveness of MT in FNSD with one-sided symptoms.
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Pick S, Anderson DG, Asadi-Pooya AA, Aybek S, Baslet G, Bloem BR, Bradley-Westguard A, Brown RJ, Carson AJ, Chalder T, Damianova M, David AS, Edwards MJ, Epstein SA, Espay AJ, Garcin B, Goldstein LH, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Joyce EM, Kanaan RA, Keynejad RC, Kozlowska K, LaFaver K, LaFrance WC, Lang AE, Lehn A, Lidstone S, Maurer CW, Mildon B, Morgante F, Myers L, Nicholson C, Nielsen G, Perez DL, Popkirov S, Reuber M, Rommelfanger KS, Schwingenshuh P, Serranova T, Shotbolt P, Stebbins GT, Stone J, Tijssen MA, Tinazzi M, Nicholson TR. Outcome measurement in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and recommendations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:638-649. [PMID: 32111637 PMCID: PMC7279198 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify existing outcome measures for functional neurological disorder (FND), to inform the development of recommendations and to guide future research on FND outcomes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify existing FND-specific outcome measures and the most common measurement domains and measures in previous treatment studies. Searches of Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO were conducted between January 1965 and June 2019. The findings were discussed during two international meetings of the FND-Core Outcome Measures group. RESULTS Five FND-specific measures were identified-three clinician-rated and two patient-rated-but their measurement properties have not been rigorously evaluated. No single measure was identified for use across the range of FND symptoms in adults. Across randomised controlled trials (k=40) and observational treatment studies (k=40), outcome measures most often assessed core FND symptom change. Other domains measured commonly were additional physical and psychological symptoms, life impact (ie, quality of life, disability and general functioning) and health economics/cost-utility (eg, healthcare resource use and quality-adjusted life years). CONCLUSIONS There are few well-validated FND-specific outcome measures. Thus, at present, we recommend that existing outcome measures, known to be reliable, valid and responsive in FND or closely related populations, are used to capture key outcome domains. Increased consistency in outcome measurement will facilitate comparison of treatment effects across FND symptom types and treatment modalities. Future work needs to more rigorously validate outcome measures used in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Pick
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David G Anderson
- Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Islamic Republic of.,Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Selma Aybek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern & University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaston Baslet
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard J Brown
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Carson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Damianova
- Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University, London, UK
| | - Steven A Epstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Béatrice Garcin
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Laura H Goldstein
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Richard A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roxanne C Keynejad
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kasia Kozlowska
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - W Curt LaFrance
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Lehn
- Mater Neurosciences Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Lidstone
- Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carine W Maurer
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Francesca Morgante
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University, London, UK
| | - Lorna Myers
- Northeast Regional Epilepsy Group, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clare Nicholson
- Therapy Services, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Glenn Nielsen
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University, London, UK
| | - David L Perez
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Therapy Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stoyan Popkirov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Karen S Rommelfanger
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory Centre for Ethics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Tereza Serranova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Shotbolt
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jon Stone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marina Aj Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Linden SC. Triggers and Clinical Presentations of Functional Neurological Disorders: Lessons from World War 1. Eur Neurol 2020; 83:174-181. [PMID: 32454481 DOI: 10.1159/000507698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The psychological contribution to functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders is a major topic in current medical debate. OBJECTIVE For an understanding of the processes leading to functional somatic symptoms, it is paramount to explore their relationship with stress and life events and to elucidate the contribution of cultural factors. METHODS A total of 937 case records of civilian and military patients with functional somatic disorders treated in London during World War 1 were analysed. Group differences in symptom profiles and contemporaneous diagnoses were tested with χ2 tests. RESULTS Paralyses and speech disturbances were significantly more common in soldiers (43.3 and 17.2% of cases) than in civilian male (28.1 and 6.5%) and female patients (32.4 and 7.5%), whereas female patients had the highest rates of pain (48.6%) and somatic symptoms (67%). Triggers were identified in around two-thirds of cases and included accidents, physical illness, and work stress, in addition to the combat experience of the soldier patients. The nature of the trigger influenced symptom expression, with acute (combat and noncombat) events being particularly prone to trigger loss of motor function. Symptom profiles showed a great deal of multi-morbidity and overlap, although some symptom clusters were more (motor and speech disturbance) or less common (pain and loss of energy) in soldiers than civilians. Triggering life events in civilians were similar to those reported by patients with somatic symptom disorders today, with an important role of physical factors. Patterns of multi-morbidity and symptom clusters also resembled those of modern cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of historical records, illness trajectories, and treatments can enhance the understanding of the presentation, mechanisms, and course of functional neurological and related disorders and their consistency over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Caroline Linden
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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115
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Park JE. Psychogenic Paroxysmal Hemifacial Spasm. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:14-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung E. Park
- Department of Neurology Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang‐si Korea
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116
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Functional movement disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:244-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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118
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Jones A, Smakowski A, O'Connell N, Chalder T, David AS. Functional stroke symptoms: A prospective observational case series. J Psychosom Res 2020; 132:109972. [PMID: 32126339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional symptoms are a common mimic of stroke in acute stroke settings, but there are no guidelines on how to manage such patients and scant research on their clinical profile. We explore the presentation of patients with functional stroke symptoms at admission and 2-month follow-up. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study across four SE London acute stroke units, with two-month follow-up. Demographic information, clinical data and GP attendances were recorded. Patients completed self-report measures: Cognitive Behavioural Responses Questionnaire short version, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Work and Social Adjustment Scale and Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (mean age: 50.9 years) were recruited at baseline; 40 with isolated functional symptoms, the remaining functional symptoms in addition to stroke. Thirty-one completed self-report follow-up measures. Of 56 participants, 63% were female. Patients presented symptoms across modalities, with unilateral and limb weakness the most frequent. There was inconsistent and ambiguous recording of symptoms on medical records. Approximately 40% of patients reported levels of anxiety and depression above the threshold indicating a probable diagnosis. Higher anxiety was associated with greater resting or all-or-nothing behaviours, embarrassment avoidance and symptom focussing on the CBRQ. Only SF-36 physical functioning improved at follow-up. Less than 50% who responded at follow-up were accessing a treatment, though 82% had ongoing symptoms. CONCLUSION Patients with functional symptoms in stroke settings report substantial distress, associated with cognitive-behavioural responses to symptoms. Follow-up data suggest recovery can be slow, indicating access to supportive interventions should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbeygail Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Smakowski
- Persitent Physical Symptoms Clinical Research and Treatment Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola O'Connell
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S David
- UCL Institute of Mental Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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119
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Gilmour GS, Nielsen G, Teodoro T, Yogarajah M, Coebergh JA, Dilley MD, Martino D, Edwards MJ. Management of functional neurological disorder. J Neurol 2020; 267:2164-2172. [PMID: 32193596 PMCID: PMC7320922 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of persistent and disabling neurological symptoms. These symptoms are varied and include abnormal control of movement, episodes of altered awareness resembling epileptic seizures and abnormal sensation and are often comorbid with chronic pain, fatigue and cognitive symptoms. There is increasing evidence for the role of neurologists in both the assessment and management of FND. The aim of this review is to discuss strategies for the management of FND by focusing on the diagnostic discussion and general principles, as well as specific treatment strategies for various FND symptoms, highlighting the role of the neurologist and proposing a structure for an interdisciplinary FND service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Gilmour
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Glenn Nielsen
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Tiago Teodoro
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.,Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mahinda Yogarajah
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jan Adriaan Coebergh
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael D Dilley
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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120
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Joos A, Halmer R, Leiprecht N, Schörner K, Lahmann C, Blahak C. [Functional neurological disorders: update and example of integrated inpatient treatment including mirror therapy]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 91:252-256. [PMID: 31690969 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-019-00827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Joos
- Zentrum für Psychische Erkrankungen, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland.
- Psychotherapeutische Neurologie, Kliniken Schmieder, Gailingen, Deutschland.
| | - R Halmer
- Psychotherapeutische Neurologie, Kliniken Schmieder, Gailingen, Deutschland
| | - N Leiprecht
- Psychotherapeutische Neurologie, Kliniken Schmieder, Gailingen, Deutschland
| | - K Schörner
- Psychotherapeutische Neurologie, Kliniken Schmieder, Gailingen, Deutschland
| | - C Lahmann
- Zentrum für Psychische Erkrankungen, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - C Blahak
- Klinik für Neurologie und Neurogeriatrie, Ortenau-Klinikum Lahr-Ettenheim, Lahr, Deutschland
- Neurologische Klinik, UniversitätsMedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland
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121
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Van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Allen SF, Van Eck van der Sluijs JF. Childhood sexual abuse predicts treatment outcome in conversion disorder/functional neurological disorder. An observational longitudinal study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01558. [PMID: 32031757 PMCID: PMC7066336 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Explore trauma, stress, and other predictive factors for treatment outcome in conversion disorder/functional neurological disorder (CD/FND). METHODS Prospective observational design. Clinical cohort study among consecutive outpatients with DSM-IV CD/FND in a specialized mental health institution for somatic symptom disorders and related disorders (SSRD), presented between 1 February 2010 and 31 December 2017. Patient files were assessed for early childhood trauma, childhood sexual abuse, current stress, and other predictive factors. Patient-related routine outcome monitoring (PROM) data were evaluated for treatment outcome at physical (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ15], Physical Symptoms Questionnaire [PSQ]) level as primary outcome, and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ9]), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder [GAD7]), general functioning (Short Form 36 Health Survey [SF36]), and pain (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]) as secondary outcome. RESULTS A total of 64 outpatients were included in the study. 70.3% of the sample reported childhood trauma and 64.1% a recent life event. Mean scores of patients proceeding to treatment improved. Sexual abuse in childhood (F(1, 28) = 30.068, β = 0.608 p < .001) was significantly associated with worse physical (PHQ15, PSQ) treatment outcome. 42.2% reported comorbid depression, and this was significantly associated with worse concomitant depressive (PHQ9) (F[1, 39] = 11.526, β = 0.478, p = .002) and anxiety (GAD7) (F[1,34] = 7.950, β = 0.435, p = .008) outcome. CONCLUSION Childhood sexual abuse is significantly associated with poor treatment outcome in CD/FND. Randomized clinical trials evaluating treatment models addressing childhood sexual abuse in CD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van der Feltz-Cornelis
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Health Sciences, HYMS, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sarah F Allen
- Department of Health Sciences, HYMS, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jonna F Van Eck van der Sluijs
- Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Tranzo Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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122
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Ranford J, MacLean J, Alluri PR, Comeau O, Godena E, LaFrance WC, Hunt A, Stephen CD, Perez DL. Sensory Processing Difficulties in Functional Neurological Disorder: A Possible Predisposing Vulnerability? PSYCHOSOMATICS 2020; 61:343-352. [PMID: 32284249 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric condition characterized by sensorimotor difficulties. Patients with FND at times report that sensory experiences trigger and/or exacerbate their symptoms. Sensory processing difficulties are also commonly reported in other psychiatric disorders frequently comorbid in FND, suggesting that contextualizing sensory profiles in FND within a biopsychosocial model may be clinically relevant. OBJECTIVE To address this literature gap, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine sensory processing patterns and their relationship to other neuropsychiatric characteristics in patients with FND. METHODS A retrospective chart review design was used to investigate sensory processing patterns, established with the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile self-report questionnaire, in 44 patients with FND. Univariate analyses of cross-sectional screening tests followed by multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify clinical factors associated with sensory processing scores in the FND cohort. RESULTS Compared to normative data, most patients with FND reported sensory processing tendencies toward low registration, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding. In multivariate regression analyses, the presence of a lifetime anxiety disorder independently predicted elevated low registration scores, while female gender and number of current medications independently predicted increased sensory sensitivity scores. In uncorrected univariate analyses only, individuals with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures were more likely to report increased sensory sensitivity and elevated low registration. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings support sensory processing difficulties in some patients with FND. Prospective and large sample size studies are needed to investigate relationships between sensory processing profiles and neuropsychiatric comorbidities, FND subtypes, and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ranford
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julie MacLean
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Priyanka R Alluri
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olivia Comeau
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ellen Godena
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - W Curt LaFrance
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology Division, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ann Hunt
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher D Stephen
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David L Perez
- Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Lidstone SC, MacGillivray L, Lang AE. Integrated Therapy for Functional Movement Disorders: Time for a Change. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:169-174. [PMID: 32071934 PMCID: PMC7011811 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
View Supplementary Video 1View Supplementary Video 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Lidstone
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Lindsey MacGillivray
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity Health Network and the University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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124
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Simhan S, Thijs V, Mancuso S, Tsivgoulis G, Katsanos A, Alexandrov AV, Kanaan RA. The outcome of acute functional neurological disorder: a meta-analysis of stroke-mimic presentations. J Neurol 2020; 267:1353-1357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Butler M, Seynaeve M, Nicholson TR, Pick S, Kanaan RA, Lees A, Young AH, Rucker J. Psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320912125. [PMID: 32435447 PMCID: PMC7225815 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320912125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neurological disorder (FND), formerly known as conversion disorder, causes a high burden of disability and distress, and is amongst the most commonly encountered conditions in neurology clinics and neuropsychiatric services, yet the therapeutic evidence base is somewhat limited. There has been recent interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and in recent studies psychedelics have shown promise in treating a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. Modification of neural circuits associated with self-representation is thought to underlie some of this effect, and as some contemporary theories of FND focus on aberrant somatic self-representation, psychedelics may therefore represent an unexplored treatment option for FND. We systematically reviewed studies involving the use of psychedelics in FND. Nine studies published between 1954 and 1967, with a total of 26 patients, were identified. Due to restriction of licencing of psychedelic drugs since this period, no modern studies were identified. In most cases, patients received a course of psychotherapy with variable adjunctive administration of psychedelics (in a combination known as 'psycholytic therapy'), with protocols varying between studies. Of those treated, 69% (n = 18) were found to have made at least some recovery on heterogeneous and subjective clinician-rated criteria. Adverse events were mostly mild and transient; however, at least one patient terminated the study due to distressing effects. All included studies were of low quality, often lacking control groups and valid outcome measures. Although no conclusions on efficacy may be drawn from these data, further research may help to determine whether psychedelics offer a feasible, safe and effective treatment for FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Butler
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mathieu Seynaeve
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susannah Pick
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard A Kanaan
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lees
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - Allan H Young
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Rucker
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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126
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Raper J, Currigan V, Fothergill S, Stone J, Forsyth RJ. Long-term outcomes of functional neurological disorder in children. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104:1155-1160. [PMID: 31326916 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the incidence and long-term outcomes (up to 21 years) of children presenting to a University hospital paediatric neurology service with symptoms due to functional neurological disorder (FND) with particular reference to occurrence of FND or similar symptoms in adulthood. METHODS Retrospective chart review to determine characteristics of the original paediatric FND presentation plus record-linkage with providers of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Chart review of adult medical records for documentation of functional symptoms in adulthood. RESULTS 124 individuals (56% female) met entry criteria. The most common presentations were seizures (18%), sensory loss (18%) and motor symptoms (16%). Frequency gradually increased with age of onset with an incidence in paediatric neurological services of 6 per 100 000 children under 16. In up to 21 years' follow-up (median 8.3 years), 114/124 attained their 16th birthdays by the study census date and were thus eligible for inclusion in an analysis of symptom persistence/recurrence in adulthood. 26/114 (23%) showed evidence of FND in adulthood of sufficient significance to be recorded in medical records. CONCLUSION Paediatric FND is commoner than previous estimates. Even in this selected population of children reaching specialist paediatric neurology services, a high long-term remission rate is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Raper
- Paediatric Neurology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Victoria Currigan
- Paediatric Neurology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Fothergill
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Division of Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob J Forsyth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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127
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Dreissen YEM, Dijk JM, Gelauff JM, Zoons E, van Poppelen D, Contarino MF, Zutt R, Post B, Munts AG, Speelman JD, Cath DC, de Haan RJ, Koelman JH, Tijssen MAJ. Botulinum neurotoxin treatment in jerky and tremulous functional movement disorders: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:1244-1250. [PMID: 31221722 PMCID: PMC6860905 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment in jerky and tremulous functional movement disorders (FMD). METHODS Patients with invalidating, chronic (>1 year) symptoms were randomly assigned to two subsequent treatments with BoNT or placebo every 3 months with stratification according to symptom localisation. Improvement on the dichotomised Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) (improvement vs no change or worsening) at 4 months, assessed by investigators blinded to the allocated treatment was the primary outcome. Subsequently all patients were treated with BoNT in a ten month open-label phase. RESULTS Between January 2011 and February 2015 a total of 239 patients were screened for eligibility of whom 48 patients were included. No difference was found on the primary outcome (BoNT 16 of 25 (64.0%) vs Placebo 13 of 23 patients (56.5%); proportional difference 0.075 (95% CI -0.189 to 0.327; p=0.77). Secondary outcomes (symptom severity, disease burden, disability, quality of life and psychiatric symptoms) showed no between-group differences. The open-label phase showed improvement on the CGI-I in 19/43 (44.2%) of remaining patients, with a total of 35/43 (81.4%) improvement compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS In this double-blind randomised controlled trial of BoNT for chronic jerky and tremulous FMD, we found no evidence of improved outcomes compared with placebo. Motor symptoms improved in a large proportion in both groups which was sustained in the open-label phase. This study underlines the substantial potential of chronic jerky and tremulous FMD patients to recover and may stimulate further exploration of placebo-therapies in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR2478.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Emma Maria Dreissen
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M Dijk
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Evelien Zoons
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van Poppelen
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Fiorella Contarino
- Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Neurology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rodi Zutt
- Neurology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Neurology, Haga teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Post
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes D Speelman
- Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Altrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Haan
- Clinical Research Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Htm Koelman
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Neurology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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128
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McWhirter L, Miller N, Campbell C, Hoeritzauer I, Lawton A, Carson A, Stone J. Understanding foreign accent syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:1265-1269. [PMID: 30826739 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is widely understood as an unusual consequence of structural neurological damage, but may sometimes represent a functional neurological disorder. This observational study aimed to assess the prevalence and utility of positive features of functional FAS in a large group of individuals reporting FAS. METHODS Participants self-reporting FAS recruited from informal unmoderated online support forums and via professional networks completed an online survey. Speech samples were analysed in a subgroup. RESULTS Forty-nine respondents (24 UK, 23 North America, 2 Australia) reported FAS of mean duration 3 years (range 2 months to 18 years). Common triggers were: migraine/severe headache (15), stroke (12), surgery or injury to mouth or face (6) and seizure (5, including 3 non-epileptic). High levels of comorbidity included migraine (33), irritable bowel syndrome (17), functional neurological disorder (12) and chronic pain (12). Five reported structural lesions on imaging. Author consensus on aetiology divided into, 'probably functional (n=35.71%), 'possibly structural' (n=4.8%) and 'probably structural' (n=10.20%), but positive features of functional FAS were present in all groups. Blinded analysis of speech recordings supplied by 13 respondents correctly categorised 11 (85%) on the basis of probable aetiology (functional vs structural) in agreement with case history assignment. CONCLUSIONS This largest case series to date details the experience of individuals with self-reported FAS. Although conclusions are limited by the recruitment methods, high levels of functional disorder comorbidity, symptom variability and additional linguistic and behavioural features suggest that chronic FAS may in some cases represent a functional neurological disorder, even when a structural lesion is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McWhirter
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick Miller
- Speech and Language Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catriona Campbell
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Hoeritzauer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Lawton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Carson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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129
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Nielsen G, Stone J, Buszewicz M, Carson A, Goldstein LH, Holt K, Hunter R, Marsden J, Marston L, Noble H, Reuber M, Edwards MJ. Physio4FMD: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial of specialist physiotherapy for functional motor disorder. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:242. [PMID: 31638942 PMCID: PMC6802344 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with functional motor disorder (FMD) experience persistent and disabling neurological symptoms such as weakness, tremor, dystonia and disordered gait. Physiotherapy is usually considered an important part of treatment; however, sufficiently-powered controlled studies are lacking. Here we present the protocol of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that aims to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of a specialist physiotherapy programme for FMD. METHODS/DESIGN The trial is a pragmatic, multicentre, single blind parallel arm randomised controlled trial (RCT). 264 Adults with a clinically definite diagnosis of FMD will be recruited from neurology clinics and randomised to receive either the trial intervention (a specialist physiotherapy protocol) or treatment as usual control (referral to a community physiotherapy service suitable for people with neurological symptoms). Participants will be followed up at 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome is the Physical Function domain of the Short Form 36 questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary domains of measurement will include participant perception of change, mobility, health-related quality of life, health service utilisation, anxiety and depression. Health economic analysis will evaluate the cost impact of trial and control interventions from a health and social care perspective as well as societal perspective. DISCUSSION This trial will be the first adequately-powered RCT of physical-based rehabilitation for FMD. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number ISRCTN56136713 . Registered 27 March 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Nielsen
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Buszewicz
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alan Carson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura H. Goldstein
- King’s College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Kate Holt
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Marsden
- School of Health Professions, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Louise Marston
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
- Priment Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Hayley Noble
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark J. Edwards
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
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130
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Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M, LaFaver K, LaFrance WC, Lang AE, Nicholson T, Nielsen G, Reuber M, Voon V, Stone J, Morgante F. Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Neurological Disorders. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1132-1141. [PMID: 29868890 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Functional neurological disorders (FND) are common sources of disability in medicine. Patients have often been misdiagnosed, correctly diagnosed after lengthy delays, and/or subjected to poorly delivered diagnoses that prevent diagnostic understanding and lead to inappropriate treatments, iatrogenic harm, unnecessary and costly evaluations, and poor outcomes. Observations Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder/Conversion Disorder was adopted by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, replacing the term psychogenic with functional and removing the criterion of psychological stress as a prerequisite for FND. A diagnosis can now be made in an inclusionary manner by identifying neurological signs that are specific to FNDs without reliance on presence or absence of psychological stressors or suggestive historical clues. The new model highlights a wider range of past sensitizing events, such as physical trauma, medical illness, or physiological/psychophysiological events. In this model, strong ideas and expectations about these events correlate with abnormal predictions of sensory data and body-focused attention. Neurobiological abnormalities include hypoactivation of the supplementary motor area and relative disconnection with areas that select or inhibit movements and are associated with a sense of agency. Promising evidence has accumulated for the benefit of specific physical rehabilitation and psychological interventions alone or in combination, but clinical trial evidence remains limited. Conclusions and Relevance Functional neurological disorders are a neglected but potentially reversible source of disability. Further research is needed to determine the dose and duration of various interventions, the value of combination treatments and multidisciplinary therapy, and the therapeutic modality best suited for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Espay
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Selma Aybek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan Carson
- Neuropsychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura H Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - W Curt LaFrance
- Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Nicholson
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn Nielsen
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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131
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Jones AT, O'Connell NK, David AS. Epidemiology of functional stroke mimic patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Neurol 2019; 27:18-26. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Jones
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - N. K. O'Connell
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care Institute of Population Health Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - A. S. David
- Institute of Mental Health University College London London UK
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132
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Klinke ME, Hjartardóttir TE, Hauksdóttir A, Jónsdóttir H, Hjaltason H, Andrésdóttir GT. Moving from stigmatization toward competent interdisciplinary care of patients with functional neurological disorders: focus group interviews. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 43:1237-1246. [PMID: 31526059 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1661037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore facilitating and inhibiting factors in the inpatient care of patients with functional neurological disorders as experienced by interdisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals. METHOD Qualitative focus group interviews were conducted with 18 healthcare professionals of various professions. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with inductive coding of data. RESULTS Two main categories were formulated: (a) Giving the diagnosis to patients - a moment of fragility and opportunities, and (b) Organization of care - ensuring the continuity and protecting patients' self-image. One overarching theme tied the two categories together: Establishing coherence in the inpatient trajectory - moving from stigmatization toward competent care. Coherence and steadiness in care was a prerequisite for transparency in goalsetting and for designating the responsibilities of individual healthcare professionals. Stigma and having clinical experience and knowledge of functional neurological disorders, as two counter-factors, influenced the extent to which this was achieved. Examples of facilitating factors for enhancing competent care were documentation of symptoms, effective ways of passing on clinical information, education, professional dialog, and organizational support. DISCUSSION To nurture competent care, guidelines, structured educational initiatives and other supportive actions should be promoted. We provide ideas for the next logical steps for clinical practice and research.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONClose collaboration between interdisciplinary healthcare professionals plays an important role for reaching optimal results in the rehabilitation of inpatients with functional neurological disorder.There is currently limited knowledge regarding the facilitating and inhibiting features encountered by interdisciplinary healthcare professionals in the provision of care for patients with a functional neurological disorder.The findings show that a working environment that endorses a skillful culture of practice and which facilitates actions to reduce problems that hamper effective teamwork needs to be promoted.Solutions that help to solve many obstacles encountered by the team of healthcare professionals in the care provision of patients with functional neurological disorders include open dialog regarding symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, effective ways of documenting and reporting symptoms, and availability of guidelines and supporting educational material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Klinke
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Helga Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Haukur Hjaltason
- The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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133
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Survey of the perceptions of health practitioners regarding Functional Neurological Disorders in Australia. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 67:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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134
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Edwards MJ. Functional neurological disorder: an ethical turning point for neuroscience. Brain 2019; 142:1855-1857. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cell Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK
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135
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Ozdemir D, Sahni S. Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) Masquerading as Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e4893. [PMID: 31423372 PMCID: PMC6689484 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion disorder, also referred to as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a DSM-5 identified somatic disorder that presents with one or more neurological symptoms that does not clinically correlate with recognized neurological or medical conditions brought on by intense stress, emotions, or an associated psychiatric disorder. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and usually presents in young adults with clinical manifestations that range from cognitive abnormalities, eye movement problems, motor and sensory impairments such as weakness and numbness, bowel/bladder dysfunction, fatigue, and/or pain. This case report presents a patient with functional neurological symptom disorder presenting with clinical signs associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derman Ozdemir
- Internal Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Sonu Sahni
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, New York, USA
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136
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Gelauff JM, Carson A, Ludwig L, Tijssen MAJ, Stone J. The prognosis of functional limb weakness: a 14-year case-control study. Brain 2019; 142:2137-2148. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Reliable data on the prognosis of functional motor disorder are scarce, as existing studies of the prognosis of functional motor disorder are nearly all retrospective, small and uncontrolled. In this study we used a prospectively recruited, controlled cohort design to assess misdiagnosis, mortality and symptomatic and health outcome in patients with functional limb weakness compared to neurological disease and healthy control subjects. We also carried out an exploratory analysis for baseline factors predicting outcome. One hundred and seven patients with functional limb weakness, 46 neurological and 38 healthy control subjects from our previously studied prospective cohort were traced for follow-up after an average of 14 years. Misdiagnosis was determined in a consensus meeting using information from records, patients and their GPs. Numbers and causes of death were collected via death certificates. Outcome of limb weakness, physical and psychiatric symptoms, disability/quality of life and illness perception were recorded with self-rated questionnaires. Outcome measures were compared within and between groups. Seventy-six patients (71%) with functional limb weakness, 31 (67%) neurological and 23 (61%) healthy controls were included in follow-up. Misdiagnosis was found in one patient in the functional limb weakness group (1%) and in one neurological control (2%). Eleven patients with functional limb weakness, eight neurological control subjects and one healthy control subject had died. Weakness had completely remitted in 20% of patients in the functional limb weakness group and in 18% of the neurological controls (P = 0.785) and improved in a larger proportion of functional limb weakness patients (P = 0.011). Outcomes were comparable between patient groups, and worse than the healthy control group. No baseline factors were independent predictors of outcome, although somatization disorder, general health, pain and total symptoms at baseline were univariably correlated to outcome. This study is the largest and longest follow-up study of functional limb weakness. Misdiagnosis in functional limb weakness is rare after long-term follow-up. The disorder is associated with a higher mortality rate than expected, and symptoms are persistent and disabling. It appears difficult to predict outcome based on common baseline variables. These data should help inform clinicians to provide a more realistic outlook of the outcome and emphasize the importance of active and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Gelauff
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Edinburgh, UK
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Neurology, Hanzeplein 1, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Carson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lea Ludwig
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Neurology, Hanzeplein 1, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Edinburgh, UK
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137
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Vizcarra JA, Lopez-Castellanos JR, Dwivedi AK, Schmerler DA, Ries S, Espay AJ. OnabotulinumtoxinA and cognitive behavioral therapy in functional dystonia: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 63:174-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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138
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Murgai RR, VandenBerg C, Stevanovic M, Lightdale-Miric N. Upper extremity conversion disorder in children. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:e175-e181. [PMID: 30685281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion disorder in children presents a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. The condition is frequently associated with unnecessary diagnostic tests, treatments, and cost. The purpose of this study was to report a series of children with upper extremity conversion disorder to raise awareness for this uncommon condition and to assist with its diagnosis and management. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of 4 pediatric patients with upper extremity conversion disorder at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2015 to 2017. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, including psychiatric history, clinical findings, diagnostic studies, treatment, and cost of care. RESULTS Patients presented with upper extremity muscle stiffness, unremitting dysmorphic muscle spasms, weakness, pain, very limited shoulder range of motion, and complaints of recurrent shoulder dislocations. All patients had been evaluated by multiple specialists and had an extensive prior diagnostic workup that was inconclusive. Two patients had a history of prior psychiatric illness and suicidal ideation, and all patients expressed despair and depression. All patients had normal physical examination findings under anesthesia. Two patients with muscle stiffness were treated with botulism injections and improved their shoulder range of motion. The average total charge for care since presentation was $42,729. CONCLUSIONS Conversion disorder should be considered in patients with an extensive prior diagnostic workup, deficits inconsistent with anatomic patterns or imaging findings, and a history of prior psychiatric illness. Examination under anesthesia is a successful diagnostic approach in children with suspected conversion disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan R Murgai
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Curtis VandenBerg
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milan Stevanovic
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nina Lightdale-Miric
- Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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139
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Hanzlíková Z, Kofler M, Slovák M, Věchetová G, Fečíková A, Kemlink D, Sieger T, Růžička E, Valls‐Solé J, Edwards MJ, Serranová T. Prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex is abnormal in functional movement disorders. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1022-1030. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hanzlíková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of NeurologyHochzirl Hospital Hochzirl Austria
| | - Matěj Slovák
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Věchetová
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fečíková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Sieger
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical EngineeringCzech Technical University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Josep Valls‐Solé
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clíınic, Facultad de MedicinaUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Mark J. Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical SciencesSt George's University of London London United Kingdom
| | - Tereza Serranová
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical NeuroscienceCharles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
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O'Connell N, Nicholson T, Blackman G, Tavener J, David AS. Medication prescriptions in 322 motor functional neurological disorder patients in a large UK mental health service: A case control study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 58:94-102. [PMID: 31031213 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes medication prescribing patterns in patients with motor functional neurological disorder (mFND) treated in South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM), comparing outcomes to a control group of psychiatric patients from the same hospital trust. METHOD This is a retrospective case-control study using a psychiatric case register. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 322 mFND patients and 644 psychiatry controls who had had contact with SLaM between 1st January 2006 and 31st December 2016. RESULTS A slightly lower proportion of mFND patients received medication compared to controls (76.6% v. 83.4%, OR: 0.59, CI: 0.39-0.89, p < 0.05). Of medication recipients, mFND patients were prescribed a higher number of agents (mean: 4.7 v 2.9, p = 0.001) and had higher prescription rates of antidepressants, anti-epileptics, analgesics, and certain non-psychotropic medications. Higher numbers of prescriptions were associated with co-morbid physical conditions, and previous psychiatric admissions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe medication prescriptions in a large cohort of mFND patients. Patients were prescribed a wide range of psychiatric and physical health medications, with higher rates of polypharmacy than controls. Psychotropic medication prescription is not necessarily the first line treatment for mFND, where physiotherapy and psychotherapy may be offered initially. There is limited, early-phase evidence for pharmacological therapies for mFND, and as such, the benefit-to-risk ratio of prescribing in this complex and poorly understood disorder should be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola O'Connell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom. nicola.k.o'
| | - Timothy Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham Blackman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer Tavener
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7BN, United Kingdom.
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141
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Shipston-Sharman O, Hoeritzauer I, Edwards M, Reuber M, Carson A, Stone J. Screening for functional neurological disorders by questionnaire. J Psychosom Res 2019; 119:65-73. [PMID: 30947820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic screening for functional neurological disorders (FNDs) continues to pose a challenge. Simple symptom counts fail clearly to discriminate patients with FND but there is increasing recognition of 'positive' features which are useful diagnostically during face-to-face assessments. A self-completed questionnaire evaluating specific features of FNDs would be useful for screening purposes in clinical and research settings. METHODS The Edinburgh Neurosymptoms Questionnaire (ENS) is a 30-item survey of presence and nature of: blackouts, weakness, hemisensory syndrome, memory problems, tremor, pain, fatigue, globus, multiple medical problems, and operations constructed via literature review and expert consensus. We conducted a pilot of the ENS on new general neurology clinic attendees at a large regional neuroscience centre. Patients were grouped according to consultant neurologist impression as having symptoms that were 'Not at all', 'Somewhat', 'Largely' or 'Completely' due to a functional disorder. RESULTS Blackouts, weakness and memory questions provided reasonable diagnostic utility (AUROC = 0.94, 0.71, 0.74 respectively) in single symptom analysis. All other symptoms lacked discriminating features. A multivariate linear model with all symptoms predicted functional classification with moderate diagnostic utility (AUROC = 0.83), specificity of 0.97, sensitivity of 0.47. Pain and blackout scores provided the most accurate predictor of functional classification. CONCLUSION The ENS questionnaire provides some utility in differentiating patients presenting with functional blackouts but failed to provide diagnostic value in other types of FND, highlighting the limitations of this self-report tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Hoeritzauer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Carson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Neurobehavioural Rehabilitation Unit, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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142
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Burke MJ, Lizano P, Jacobs C, Stern TA. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Substitution as a Cause of Functional Neurological Disorder. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2019; 61:81-85. [PMID: 31005267 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burke
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claire Jacobs
- Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Theodore A Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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143
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Nielsen G, Buszewicz M, Edwards MJ, Stevenson F. A qualitative study of the experiences and perceptions of patients with functional motor disorder. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:2043-2048. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1550685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Nielsen
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Marta Buszewicz
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Mark J. Edwards
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Stevenson
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
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144
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Serranová T, Slovák M, Kemlink D, Šonka K, Hallett M, Růžička E. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in functional movement disorders: a case-control study from the Czech Republic. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024236. [PMID: 30670516 PMCID: PMC6347872 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in functional movement disorders (FMD) is not known. Patients with FMD often present with multiple motor and sensory symptoms. Some of these symptoms might be due to comorbid RLS. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate possible association between FMD and RLS. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Movement Disorders Center, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic. PARTICIPANTS 96 consecutive patients with clinically established FMD (80 females, mean age (SD) 45.0 (13) years), and 76 matched controls. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was prevalence of RLS based on updated International RLS Study Group criteria. Secondary outcome measures included prevalence of periodic limb movements (PLM) using actigraphy; pain, motor and sensory symptoms in lower limbs; organic comorbidities and medication affecting RLS. RESULTS RLS criteria were fulfilled in 43.8% of patients (95% CI 34 to 54) and in 7.9% of controls (95% CI 3 to 17, p<0.00001). Both RLS and PLM indices (PLMi) ≥22.5/hour were found in 21.2% of patients with FMD and 2.6% of controls. Patients with FMD with RLS had a higher mean PLMi (p<0.001) and a higher proportion of PLMi ≥22.5/hour (p<0.01) than RLS-negative patients. Patients with RLS had higher prevalence of pain and sensory symptoms in lower limbs, no difference was found in medication and prevalence of organic comorbidities in patients with FMD with and without RLS. CONCLUSIONS We found an increased prevalence of RLS in patients with FMD. Clinical diagnosis of RLS was supported by actigraphic measurement of clinically relevant PLM in a significant proportion of patients with FMD. Although functional motor and sensory symptoms may mimic RLS, RLS may be unrecognised in patients with FMD. This finding may have clinical implications in management of FMD, and it raises the possibility of common pathophysiological mechanisms of FMD and RLS/PLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Serranová
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Slovák
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šonka
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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146
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Gendre T, Carle G, Mesrati F, Hubsch C, Mauras T, Roze E, Houot M, Degos B, Garcin B. Quality of life in functional movement disorders is as altered as in organic movement disorders. J Psychosom Res 2019; 116:10-16. [PMID: 30654984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with functional movement disorders (FMD) often report a disability and psychiatric comorbidities. However, few studies have compared these aspects in FMD and in organic movement disorders (OMD). The objectives were to compare QoL and psychiatric comorbidities of FMD and OMD patients. METHODS Twenty-one and 30 FMD patients were compared to 21 and 30 sex- and age-matched dystonia and Parkinson patients respectively. QoL was assessed using the Parkinson's Disease Summary Index (PDSI). Psychiatric comorbidities were screened with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview questionnaire. RESULTS QoL was more altered in FMD than in dystonia on PDSI (42.1 vs 25.1; p = .003). No significant difference was observed in QoL in FMD and Parkinson's disease on PDSI (38.3 vs 32.2; p = .61). Moreover, FMD patients were more often unemployed because of their condition than dystonia (61.9% vs 14.3%; p = .01) and Parkinson patients (53.3% vs 13.3%; p = .005). The occurrence of anxiety (p = .58 and > 0.99), depression (p = .77 and 0.77), and traumatic events (p = .58 and 0.75) was not different between groups. FMD patients reported more often sexual abuse than dystonia (28,6% vs 4.8%; p = .13) and Parkinson patients (23.3% vs 0.0%; p = .02). CONCLUSION FMD patients presented a significant alteration of QoL and no increased psychiatric comorbidities compared to OMD patients. These results highlight the impact of FMD and suggest that neurologists should be as involved in the management of FMD as they are in OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gendre
- Department of Neurology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France; Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Guilhem Carle
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC UMRS 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Francine Mesrati
- Department of Neurophysiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Mauras
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC UMRS 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Sorbonne University, GRC n°21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Avicenne University Hospital, Paris - Seine Saint-Denis University Hospitals, Bobigny, France
| | - Béatrice Garcin
- Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC UMRS 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Avicenne University Hospital, Paris - Seine Saint-Denis University Hospitals, Bobigny, France
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147
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Kaas BM, Humbyrd CJ, Pantelyat A. Functional Movement Disorders and Placebo: A Brief Review of the Placebo Effect in Movement Disorders and Ethical Considerations for Placebo Therapy. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5:471-478. [PMID: 30515436 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional movement disorders are common and disabling neurologic conditions. Patients with functional neurologic disorders represent a large proportion of neurology clinic referrals, and limited availability of subspecialty care creates a considerable burden for the healthcare system. These conditions are currently treated with a combination of physical therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, with variable success. Methods We searched the Medline database for studies on the epidemiology and physiology of functional movement disorders, as well as those on the placebo effect in movement disorders. We reviewed and summarized the literature on these topics and explored ethical issues concerning the administration of placebos to patients with functional movement disorders. Results Studies of placebos, particularly in patients with movement disorders, have shown that these "inert" agents can provide demonstrable neurophysiologic benefits, even in open-label studies. Physician surveys have shown that many administer placebos for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, although there are ethical concerns about this practice. We used a principle-based approach and reviewed ethical arguments for (justice and beneficence) and against (non-maleficence and autonomy) the use of placebos in functional movement disorders. In this context, we argue for the importance of the therapeutic alliance in preserving patient autonomy while exploring the potential benefits of placebo therapy. Conclusions An ethical argument is presented in support of nondeceptive clinical placebo use for the treatment of functional movement disorders. Patient and clinician attitudes regarding the use of placebos should be investigated before placebo-therapy trials are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M Kaas
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Casey Jo Humbyrd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD.,The Berman Institute of Bioethics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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Věchetová G, Slovák M, Kemlink D, Hanzlíková Z, Dušek P, Nikolai T, Růžička E, Edwards MJ, Serranová T. The impact of non-motor symptoms on the health-related quality of life in patients with functional movement disorders. J Psychosom Res 2018; 115:32-37. [PMID: 30470314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain, fatigue, cognitive complaints and psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with functional movement disorder and may significantly affect their quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of motor and non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life in patients with functional movement disorder. METHODS Sixty-one patients with clinically established functional movement disorder and 61 matched healthy controls completed standardized questionnaires for depression, anxiety, cognitive complaints, fatigue, pain, sleepiness, apathy and health-related quality of life. Motor disorder severity was assessed using The Simplified Functional Movement Disorders Rating Scale. Personality traits were assessed using the 44-Item Big Five Inventory. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients reported significantly lower health-related quality of life and higher levels of all assessed non-motor symptoms except for apathy. No difference was found in personality traits. In both groups, health-related quality of life scores negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, pain, cognitive complaints, apathy, and neuroticism. No correlation was found between health-related quality of life and motor symptom severity in patients with functional movement disorder. Multiple regression analysis of the predictors of health-related quality of life showed significant impact of trait anxiety and cognitive complaints scores. CONCLUSIONS Multiple non-motor symptoms but not motor symptom severity correlated with impaired health-related quality of life in patients with functional movement disorder. Impaired health-related quality of life was predicted by anxiety and cognitive complaints. Our results highlight the importance of assessing and treating both motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with functional movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Věchetová
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Slovák
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hanzlíková
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dušek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Nikolai
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Tereza Serranová
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Williams B, Botero JPO, Jalilianhasanpour R, Fricchione GL, Perez DL. Fearful Attachment Linked to Childhood Abuse, Alexithymia, and Depression in Motor Functional Neurological Disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 31:65-69. [PMID: 30376786 PMCID: PMC6349486 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insecure attachment is a predisposing risk factor for the development of functional neurological disorder (FND). There is limited research investigating connections between attachment styles, other predisposing vulnerabilities, and symptom severity in patients with motor FND. By using a within-group design with prospective data collection, the authors performed univariate tests followed by multivariate linear regressions to investigate neuropsychiatric factors associated with four attachment styles (secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing) among 56 patients with motor FND (mean age=40.2 years [SD=13.0]; women, N=41; men, N=15). In univariate analyses, fearful attachment style was associated with self-reported adverse life event burden, alexithymia, dissociation, depression, anxiety, impaired stress coping skills, functional neurologic symptom severity, and marital status. In a multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis, childhood abuse, alexithymia, depression, and not being married independently predicted fearful attachment. In a post hoc analysis, childhood sexual and emotional abuse were each independently associated with fearful attachment tendencies. There were no independent predictors of secure, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles in this study population. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to investigate nuanced relationships among predisposing vulnerabilities for the development of FND, as well as potential links between risk factors, functional neurologic symptom severity, and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Williams
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Ospina Botero
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rozita Jalilianhasanpour
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory L. Fricchione
- Department of Psychiatry, Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Perez
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hyperventilation-Induced Non-epileptic Seizures in an Adolescent Boy with Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2018; 25:180-190. [PMID: 28471819 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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