101
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Lin E, Lin CH, Lane HY. Precision Psychiatry Applications with Pharmacogenomics: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030969. [PMID: 32024055 PMCID: PMC7037937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence now suggests that precision psychiatry, an interdisciplinary field of psychiatry, precision medicine, and pharmacogenomics, serves as an indispensable foundation of medical practices by offering the accurate medication with the accurate dose at the accurate time to patients with psychiatric disorders. In light of the latest advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, numerous biomarkers and genetic loci associated with psychiatric diseases and relevant treatments are being discovered in precision psychiatry research by employing neuroimaging and multi-omics. In this review, we focus on the latest developments for precision psychiatry research using artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches, such as deep learning and neural network algorithms, together with multi-omics and neuroimaging data. Firstly, we review precision psychiatry and pharmacogenomics studies that leverage various artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to assess treatment prediction, prognosis prediction, diagnosis prediction, and the detection of potential biomarkers. In addition, we describe potential biomarkers and genetic loci that have been discovered to be associated with psychiatric diseases and relevant treatments. Moreover, we outline the limitations in regard to the previous precision psychiatry and pharmacogenomics studies. Finally, we present a discussion of directions and challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
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102
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Tanveer M, Richhariya B, Khan RU, Rashid AH, Khanna P, Prasad M, Lin CT. Machine Learning Techniques for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING, COMMUNICATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 16:1-35. [DOI: 10.1145/3344998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly population. Efficient automated techniques are needed for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s. Many novel approaches are proposed by researchers for classification of Alzheimer’s disease. However, to develop more efficient learning techniques, better understanding of the work done on Alzheimer’s is needed. Here, we provide a review on 165 papers from 2005 to 2019, using various feature extraction and machine learning techniques. The machine learning techniques are surveyed under three main categories: support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and deep learning (DL) and ensemble methods. We present a detailed review on these three approaches for Alzheimer’s with possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tanveer
- Discipline of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India
| | - B. Richhariya
- Discipline of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India
| | - R. U. Khan
- Discipline of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, India
| | - A. H. Rashid
- Discipline of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 8 School of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Science and Technology, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - P. Khanna
- PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India
| | - M. Prasad
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C. T. Lin
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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103
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Irie R, Otsuka Y, Hagiwara A, Kamagata K, Kamiya K, Suzuki M, Wada A, Maekawa T, Fujita S, Kato S, Nakajima M, Miyajima M, Motoi Y, Abe O, Aoki S. A Novel Deep Learning Approach with a 3D Convolutional Ladder Network for Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's Disease. Magn Reson Med Sci 2020; 19:351-358. [PMID: 31969525 PMCID: PMC7809147 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2019-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are geriatric diseases and common causes of dementia. Recently, many studies on the segmentation, disease detection, or classification of MRI using deep learning have been conducted. The aim of this study was to differentiate iNPH and AD using a residual extraction approach in the deep learning method. Methods: Twenty-three patients with iNPH, 23 patients with AD and 23 healthy controls were included in this study. All patients and volunteers underwent brain MRI with a 3T unit, and we used only whole-brain three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images. We designed a fully automated, end-to-end 3D deep learning classifier to differentiate iNPH, AD and control. We evaluated the performance of our model using a leave-one-out cross-validation test. We also evaluated the validity of the result by visualizing important areas in the process of differentiating AD and iNPH on the original input image using the Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) technique. Results: Twenty-one out of 23 iNPH cases, 19 out of 23 AD cases and 22 out of 23 controls were correctly diagnosed. The accuracy was 0.90. In the Grad-CAM heat map, brain parenchyma surrounding the lateral ventricle was highlighted in about half of the iNPH cases that were successfully diagnosed. The medial temporal lobe or inferior horn of the lateral ventricle was highlighted in many successfully diagnosed cases of AD. About half of the successful cases showed nonspecific heat maps. Conclusion: Residual extraction approach in a deep learning method achieved a high accuracy for the differential diagnosis of iNPH, AD, and healthy controls trained with a small number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Irie
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yujiro Otsuka
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Milliman, Inc
| | - Akifumi Hagiwara
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Kouhei Kamiya
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Akihiko Wada
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Maekawa
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shohei Fujita
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shimpei Kato
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Masakazu Miyajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
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104
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Rafiei MH, Kelly KM, Borstad AL, Adeli H, Gauthier LV. Predicting Improved Daily Use of the More Affected Arm Poststroke Following Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy. Phys Ther 2019; 99:1667-1678. [PMID: 31504952 PMCID: PMC7105113 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI therapy) produces, on average, large and clinically meaningful improvements in the daily use of a more affected upper extremity in individuals with hemiparesis. However, individual responses vary widely. OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate the extent to which individual characteristics before treatment predict improved use of the more affected arm following CI therapy. DESIGN This study was a retrospective analysis of 47 people who had chronic (> 6 months) mild to moderate upper extremity hemiparesis and were consecutively enrolled in 2 CI therapy randomized controlled trials. METHODS An enhanced probabilistic neural network model predicted whether individuals showed a low, medium, or high response to CI therapy, as measured with the Motor Activity Log, on the basis of the following baseline assessments: Wolf Motor Function Test, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test of touch threshold, Motor Activity Log, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Then, a neural dynamic classification algorithm was applied to improve prognostic accuracy using the most accurate combination obtained in the previous step. RESULTS Motor ability and tactile sense predicted improvement in arm use for daily activities following intensive upper extremity rehabilitation with an accuracy of nearly 100%. Complex patterns of interaction among these predictors were observed. LIMITATIONS The fact that this study was a retrospective analysis with a moderate sample size was a limitation. CONCLUSIONS Advanced machine learning/classification algorithms produce more accurate personalized predictions of rehabilitation outcomes than commonly used general linear models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Rafiei
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristina M Kelly
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alexandra L Borstad
- Department of Physical Therapy, The College of St Scholastica, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Hojjat Adeli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University
| | - Lynne V Gauthier
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomon Way, Weed Hall 218D, Lowell, MA 01854 (USA)
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105
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Liu M, Li F, Yan H, Wang K, Ma Y, Shen L, Xu M. A multi-model deep convolutional neural network for automatic hippocampus segmentation and classification in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2019; 208:116459. [PMID: 31837471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible brain degenerative disorder. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical precursor of AD. Although some treatments can delay its progression, no effective cures are available for AD. Accurate early-stage diagnosis of AD is vital for the prevention and intervention of the disease progression. Hippocampus is one of the first affected brain regions in AD. To help AD diagnosis, the shape and volume of the hippocampus are often measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, these features encode limited information and may suffer from segmentation errors. Additionally, the extraction of these features is independent of the classification model, which could result in sub-optimal performance. In this study, we propose a multi-model deep learning framework based on convolutional neural network (CNN) for joint automatic hippocampal segmentation and AD classification using structural MRI data. Firstly, a multi-task deep CNN model is constructed for jointly learning hippocampal segmentation and disease classification. Then, we construct a 3D Densely Connected Convolutional Networks (3D DenseNet) to learn features of the 3D patches extracted based on the hippocampal segmentation results for the classification task. Finally, the learned features from the multi-task CNN and DenseNet models are combined to classify disease status. Our method is evaluated on the baseline T1-weighted structural MRI data collected from 97 AD, 233 MCI, 119 Normal Control (NC) subjects in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The proposed method achieves a dice similarity coefficient of 87.0% for hippocampal segmentation. In addition, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 88.9% and an AUC (area under the ROC curve) of 92.5% for classifying AD vs. NC subjects, and an accuracy of 76.2% and an AUC of 77.5% for classifying MCI vs. NC subjects. Our empirical study also demonstrates that the proposed multi-model method outperforms the single-model methods and several other competing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhua Liu
- MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of EIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of EIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of EIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kundong Wang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of EIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of EIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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106
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Galán-Mercant A, Ortiz A, Herrera-Viedma E, Tomas MT, Fernandes B, Moral-Munoz JA. Assessing physical activity and functional fitness level using convolutional neural networks. Knowl Based Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2019.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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107
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Miyagi Y, Takehara K, Miyake T. Application of deep learning to the classification of uterine cervical squamous epithelial lesion from colposcopy images. Mol Clin Oncol 2019; 11:583-589. [PMID: 31692958 PMCID: PMC6826263 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2019.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using deep learning as artificial intelligence (AI) to classify cervical squamous epithelial lesions (SIL) from colposcopy images. A total of 330 patients who underwent colposcopy and biopsy by gynecologic oncologists were enrolled in the current study. A total of 97 patients received a pathological diagnosis of low-grade SIL (LSIL) and 213 of high-grade SIL (HSIL). An original AI-classifier with 11 layers of the convolutional neural network was developed and trained. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and Youden's J index of the AI-classifier and oncologists for diagnosing HSIL were 0.823 and 0.797, 0.800 and 0.831, 0.882 and 0.773, and 0.682 and 0.604, respectively. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.826±0.052 (mean ± standard error), and the 95% confidence interval 0.721–0.928. The optimal cut-off point was 0.692. Cohen's Kappa coefficient for AI and colposcopy was 0.437 (P<0.0005). The AI-classifier performed better than oncologists, although not significantly. Although further study is required, the clinical use of AI for the classification of HSIL/LSIL from by colposcopy may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Miyagi
- Medical Data Labo, Okayama 703-8267, Japan.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1298, Japan.,Department of Gynecology, Miyake Ofuku Clinic, Okayama 701-0204, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takehara
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Hospital Organization, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-0208, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miyake Clinic, Okayama 701-0204, Japan
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108
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Ma Z. Reachability Analysis of Neural Masses and Seizure Control Based on Combination Convolutional Neural Network. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 30:1950023. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065719500230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures arise from synchronous firing of multiple spatially separated neural masses; therefore, many synchrony measures are used for seizure detection and characterization. However, synchrony measures reflect only the overall interaction strength among populations of neurons but cannot reveal the coupling strengths among individual populations, which is more important for seizure control. The concepts of reachability and reachable cluster were proposed to denote the coupling strengths of a set of neural masses. Here, we describe a seizure control method based on coupling strengths using combination convolutional neural network (CCNN) modeling. The neurophysiologically based neural mass model (NMM), which can bridge signal processing and neurophysiology, was used to simulate the proposed controller. Although the adjacency matrix and reachability matrix could not be identified perfectly, the vast majority of adjacency values were identified, reaching 95.64% using the CCNN with an optimal threshold. For cases of discrete and continuous coupling strengths, the proposed controller maintained the average reachable cluster strengths at about 0.1, indicating effective seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- Department of Information Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, P. R. China
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109
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Jiang Z, Ardywibowo R, Samereh A, Evans HL, Lober WB, Chang X, Qian X, Wang Z, Huang S. A Roadmap for Automatic Surgical Site Infection Detection and Evaluation Using User-Generated Incision Images. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2019; 20:555-565. [PMID: 31424335 PMCID: PMC6823883 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2019.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging technologies such as smartphones and wearable sensors have enabled the paradigm shift to new patient-centered healthcare, together with recent mobile health (mHealth) app development. One such promising healthcare app is incision monitoring based on patient-taken incision images. In this review, challenges and potential solution strategies are investigated for surgical site infection (SSI) detection and evaluation using surgical site images taken at home. Methods: Potential image quality issues, feature extraction, and surgical site image analysis challenges are discussed. Recent image analysis and machine learning solutions are reviewed to extract meaningful representations as image markers for incision monitoring. Discussions on opportunities and challenges of applying these methods to derive accurate SSI prediction are provided. Conclusions: Interactive image acquisition as well as customized image analysis and machine learning methods for SSI monitoring will play critical roles in developing sustainable mHealth apps to achieve the expected outcomes of patient-taken incision images for effective out-of-clinic patient-centered healthcare with substantially reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Randy Ardywibowo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Aven Samereh
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather L. Evans
- Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - William B. Lober
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xiangyu Chang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center of Data Science and Information Quality, School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Sheng, China
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Zhangyang Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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110
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Fisher CK, Smith AM, Walsh JR. Machine learning for comprehensive forecasting of Alzheimer's Disease progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13622. [PMID: 31541187 PMCID: PMC6754403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most approaches to machine learning from electronic health data can only predict a single endpoint. The ability to simultaneously simulate dozens of patient characteristics is a crucial step towards personalized medicine for Alzheimer's Disease. Here, we use an unsupervised machine learning model called a Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (CRBM) to simulate detailed patient trajectories. We use data comprising 18-month trajectories of 44 clinical variables from 1909 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease to train a model for personalized forecasting of disease progression. We simulate synthetic patient data including the evolution of each sub-component of cognitive exams, laboratory tests, and their associations with baseline clinical characteristics. Synthetic patient data generated by the CRBM accurately reflect the means, standard deviations, and correlations of each variable over time to the extent that synthetic data cannot be distinguished from actual data by a logistic regression. Moreover, our unsupervised model predicts changes in total ADAS-Cog scores with the same accuracy as specifically trained supervised models, additionally capturing the correlation structure in the components of ADAS-Cog, and identifies sub-components associated with word recall as predictive of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Fisher
- Unlearn.AI, Inc., 450 Geary St, San Francisco, CA, 94102, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Aaron M Smith
- Unlearn.AI, Inc., 450 Geary St, San Francisco, CA, 94102, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jonathan R Walsh
- Unlearn.AI, Inc., 450 Geary St, San Francisco, CA, 94102, San Francisco, USA
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111
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Bucholc M, Ding X, Wang H, Glass DH, Wang H, Prasad G, Maguire LP, Bjourson AJ, McClean PL, Todd S, Finn DP, Wong-Lin K. A practical computerized decision support system for predicting the severity of Alzheimer's disease of an individual. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2019; 130:157-171. [PMID: 31402810 PMCID: PMC6688646 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Computerized clinical decision support systems can help to provide objective, standardized, and timely dementia diagnosis. However, current computerized systems are mainly based on group analysis, discrete classification of disease stages, or expensive and not readily accessible biomarkers, while current clinical practice relies relatively heavily on cognitive and functional assessments (CFA). In this study, we developed a computational framework using a suite of machine learning tools for identifying key markers in predicting the severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from a large set of biological and clinical measures. Six machine learning approaches, namely Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), Support Vector Regression, and k-Nearest Neighbor for regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbor for classification, were used for the development of predictive models. We demonstrated high predictive power of CFA. Predictive performance of models incorporating CFA was shown to consistently have higher accuracy than those based solely on biomarker modalities. We found that KRR and SVM were the best performing regression and classification methods respectively. The optimal SVM performance was observed for a set of four CFA test scores (FAQ, ADAS13, MoCA, MMSE) with multi-class classification accuracy of 83.0%, 95%CI = (72.1%, 93.8%) while the best performance of the KRR model was reported with combined CFA and MRI neuroimaging data, i.e., R 2 = 0.874, 95%CI = (0.827, 0.922). Given the high predictive power of CFA and their widespread use in clinical practice, we then designed a data-driven and self-adaptive computerized clinical decision support system (CDSS) prototype for evaluating the severity of AD of an individual on a continuous spectrum. The system implemented an automated computational approach for data pre-processing, modelling, and validation and used exclusively the scores of selected cognitive measures as data entries. Taken together, we have developed an objective and practical CDSS to aid AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Bucholc
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Magee campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Cognitive Analytics Research Lab, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Magee campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Public Service Big Data Mining and Application, College of Mathematics and Informatics, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Ulster University, Jordanstown campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Glass
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Ulster University, Jordanstown campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Ulster University, Jordanstown campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Girijesh Prasad
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Magee campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P. Maguire
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Magee campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paula L. McClean
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Todd
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Magee campus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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112
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Cui R, Liu M. Hippocampus Analysis by Combination of 3-D DenseNet and Shapes for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 23:2099-2107. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2882392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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113
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Mirzaei G, Adeli H. Segmentation and clustering in brain MRI imaging. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:31-44. [PMID: 30265656 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clustering is a vital task in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain imaging and plays an important role in the reliability of brain disease detection, diagnosis, and effectiveness of the treatment. Clustering is used in processing and analysis of brain images for different tasks, including segmentation of brain regions and tissues (grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid) and clustering of the atrophy in different parts of the brain. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of brain MRI studies that use clustering techniques for different tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golrokh Mirzaei
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Marion, OH 43302, USA
| | - Hojjat Adeli
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Neurology, Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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114
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Gorji HT, Kaabouch N. A Deep Learning approach for Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on MRI Images. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E217. [PMID: 31466398 PMCID: PMC6770590 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediary stage condition between healthy people and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and other dementias. AD is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder, which is a significant threat to people, age 65 and older. Although MCI does not always lead to AD, an early diagnosis at the stage of MCI can be very helpful in identifying people who are at risk of AD. Moreover, the early diagnosis of MCI can lead to more effective treatment, or at least, significantly delay the disease's progress, and can lead to social and financial benefits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has become a significant tool for the diagnosis of MCI and AD, can provide neuropsychological data for analyzing the variance in brain structure and function. MCI is divided into early and late MCI (EMCI and LMCI) and sadly, there is no clear differentiation between the brain structure of healthy people and MCI patients, especially in the EMCI stage. This paper aims to use a deep learning approach, which is one of the most powerful branches of machine learning, to discriminate between healthy people and the two types of MCI groups based on MRI results. The convolutional neural network (CNN) with an efficient architecture was used to extract high-quality features from MRIs to classify people into healthy, EMCI, or LMCI groups. The MRIs of 600 individuals used in this study included 200 control normal (CN) people, 200 EMCI patients, and 200 LMCI patients. This study randomly selected 70 percent of the data to train our model and 30 percent for the test set. The results showed the best overall classification between CN and LMCI groups in the sagittal view with an accuracy of 94.54 percent. In addition, 93.96 percent and 93.00 percent accuracy were reached for the pairs of EMCI/LMCI and CN/EMCI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Taheri Gorji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7165, USA
| | - Naima Kaabouch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7165, USA.
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115
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Kwak K, Yun HJ, Park G, Lee JM. Multi-Modality Sparse Representation for Alzheimer's Disease Classification. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:807-817. [PMID: 29562503 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are age-related neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive loss of memory and irreversible cognitive functions. The hippocampus, a brain area critical for learning and memory processes, is especially susceptible to damage at early stages of AD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop prediction model using a multi-modality sparse representation approach. METHODS We proposed a sparse representation approach to the hippocampus using structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to distinguish AD/MCI from healthy control subjects (HCs). We considered structural and function information for the hippocampus and applied a sparse patch-based approach to effectively reduce the dimensions of neuroimaging biomarkers. RESULTS In experiments using Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data, our proposed method demonstrated more reliable than previous classification studies. The effects of different parameters on segmentation accuracy were also evaluated. The mean classification accuracy obtained with our proposed method was 0.94 for AD/HCs, 0.82 for MCI/HCs, and 0.86 for AD/MCI. CONCLUSION We extracted multi-modal features from automatically defined hippocampal regions of training subjects and found this method to be discriminative and robust for AD and MCI classification. The extraction of features in T1 and FDG-PET images is expected to improve classification performance due to the relationship between brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichang Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Yun
- Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gilsoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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116
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Ruiz E, Ramírez J, Górriz JM, Casillas J. Alzheimer's Disease Computer-Aided Diagnosis: Histogram-Based Analysis of Regional MRI Volumes for Feature Selection and Classification. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:819-842. [PMID: 29966190 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel fully automatic computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on supervised machine learning methods. The novelty of the approach, which is based on histogram analysis, is twofold: 1) a feature extraction process that aims to detect differences in brain regions of interest (ROIs) relevant for the recognition of subjects with AD and 2) an original greedy algorithm that predicts the severity of the effects of AD on these regions. This algorithm takes account of the progressive nature of AD that affects the brain structure with different levels of severity, i.e., the loss of gray matter in AD is found first in memory-related areas of the brain such as the hippocampus. Moreover, the proposed feature extraction process generates a reduced set of attributes which allows the use of general-purpose classification machine learning algorithms. In particular, the proposed feature extraction approach assesses the ROI image separability between classes in order to identify the ones with greater discriminant power. These regions will have the highest influence in the classification decision at the final stage. Several experiments were carried out on segmented magnetic resonance images from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) in order to show the benefits of the overall method. The proposed CAD system achieved competitive classification results in a highly efficient and straightforward way.
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117
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Li F, Liu M. A hybrid Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Network for Hippocampus Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 323:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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118
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A novel methodology for automated differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and the Alzheimer’s disease using EEG signals. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 322:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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119
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Bergner AS, Oppenheimer DM, Detre G. VAMP (Voting Agent Model of Preferences): A computational model of individual multi-attribute choice. Cognition 2019; 192:103971. [PMID: 31234078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an original account of decision anomalies and a computational alternative to existing dynamic models of multi-attribute choice. To date, most models attempting to account for the "Big Three" decision anomalies (similarity, attraction, and compromise effects) are variants of evidence accumulation models, or rational Bayesian analysis. This paper provides an existence proof of a new approach in the form of a multi-agent system based on the principles of voting geometry. Assuming there are a number of neural systems (agents) within an individual's brain, the Big Three decision anomalies can arise as a natural consequence of aggregating preferences across these agents. We operationalize these principles in VAMP, (Voting Agent Model of Preferences), and compare its performance to existing computational models as well as to empirical data. This provides a fundamentally different lens for understanding decision anomalies in multi-attribute choice.
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120
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Martinez-Murcia FJ, Ortiz A, Gorriz JM, Ramirez J, Castillo-Barnes D. Studying the Manifold Structure of Alzheimer's Disease: A Deep Learning Approach Using Convolutional Autoencoders. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 24:17-26. [PMID: 31217131 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many classical machine learning techniques have been used to explore Alzheimer's disease (AD), evolving from image decomposition techniques such as principal component analysis toward higher complexity, non-linear decomposition algorithms. With the arrival of the deep learning paradigm, it has become possible to extract high-level abstract features directly from MRI images that internally describe the distribution of data in low-dimensional manifolds. In this work, we try a new exploratory data analysis of AD based on deep convolutional autoencoders. We aim at finding links between cognitive symptoms and the underlying neurodegeneration process by fusing the information of neuropsychological test outcomes, diagnoses, and other clinical data with the imaging features extracted solely via a data-driven decomposition of MRI. The distribution of the extracted features in different combinations is then analyzed and visualized using regression and classification analysis, and the influence of each coordinate of the autoencoder manifold over the brain is estimated. The imaging-derived markers could then predict clinical variables with correlations above 0.6 in the case of neuropsychological evaluation variables such as the MMSE or the ADAS11 scores, achieving a classification accuracy over 80% for the diagnosis of AD.
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121
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Amoroso N, La Rocca M, Bellantuono L, Diacono D, Fanizzi A, Lella E, Lombardi A, Maggipinto T, Monaco A, Tangaro S, Bellotti R. Deep Learning and Multiplex Networks for Accurate Modeling of Brain Age. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:115. [PMID: 31178715 PMCID: PMC6538815 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent works have extensively investigated the possibility to predict brain aging from T1-weighted MRI brain scans. The main purposes of these studies are the investigation of subject-specific aging mechanisms and the development of accurate models for age prediction. Deviations between predicted and chronological age are known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases; as a consequence, reaching higher levels of age prediction accuracy is of paramount importance to develop diagnostic tools. In this work, we propose a novel complex network model for brain based on segmenting T1-weighted MRI scans in rectangular boxes, called patches, and measuring pairwise similarities using Pearson's correlation to define a subject-specific network. We fed a deep neural network with nodal metrics, evaluating both the intensity and the uniformity of connections, to predict subjects' ages. Our model reaches high accuracies which compare favorably with state-of-the-art approaches. We observe that the complex relationships involved in this brain description cannot be accurately modeled with standard machine learning approaches, such as Ridge and Lasso regression, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machines, instead a deep neural network has to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Amoroso
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna La Rocca
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Loredana Bellantuono
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Eufemia Lella
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Maggipinto
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Bellotti
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Bari, Italy
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122
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Miyagi Y, Habara T, Hirata R, Hayashi N. Feasibility of artificial intelligence for predicting live birth without aneuploidy from a blastocyst image. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:204-211. [PMID: 30996684 PMCID: PMC6452008 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To make the artificial intelligence (AI) classifiers of the image of the blastocyst implanted later in order to predict the probability of achieving live birth. METHODS A system for using the machine learning approaches, which are logistic regression, naive Bayes, nearest neighbors, random forest, neural network, and support vector machine, of artificial intelligence to predict the probability of live birth from a blastocyst image was developed. Eighty images of blastocysts that led to live births and 80 images of blastocysts that led to aneuploid miscarriages were used to create an AI-based method with 5-fold cross-validation retrospectively for classifying embryos. RESULTS The logistic regression method showed the best results. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.65, 0.60, 0.70, 0.67, and 0.64, respectively. Area under the curve was 0.65 ± 0.04 (mean ± SE). Estimated probability of belonging to the live birth category was found significantly related to the probability of live birth (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Classifiers using artificial intelligence applied toward a blastocyst image have a potential to show the probability of live birth being the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Miyagi
- Medical Data LaboOkayama CityJapan
- Department of Gynecologic OncologySaitama Medical University International Medical CenterHidaka CityJapan
| | | | - Rei Hirata
- Okayama Couple’s ClinicOkayama CityJapan
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123
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Miyagi Y, Habara T, Hirata R, Hayashi N. Feasibility of deep learning for predicting live birth from a blastocyst image in patients classified by age. Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:190-203. [PMID: 30996683 PMCID: PMC6452012 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify artificial intelligence (AI) classifiers in images of blastocysts to predict the probability of achieving a live birth in patients classified by age. Results are compared to those obtained by conventional embryo (CE) evaluation. METHODS A total of 5691 blastocysts were retrospectively enrolled. Images captured 115 hours after insemination (or 139 hours if not yet large enough) were classified according to maternal age as follows: <35, 35-37, 38-39, 40-41, and ≥42 years. The classifiers for each category and a classifier for all ages were related to convolutional neural networks associated with deep learning. Then, the live birth functions predicted by the AI and the multivariate logistic model functions predicted by CE were tested. The feasibility of the AI was investigated. RESULTS The accuracies of AI/CE for predicting live birth were 0.64/0.61, 0.71/0.70, 0.78/0.77, 0.81/0.83, 0.88/0.94, and 0.72/0.74 for the age categories <35, 35-37, 38-39, 40-41, and ≥42 years and all ages, respectively. The sum value of the sensitivity and specificity revealed that AI performed better than CE (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AI classifiers categorized by age can predict the probability of live birth from an image of the blastocyst and produced better results than were achieved using CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Miyagi
- Medical Data LaboOkayama CityJapan
- Department of Gynecologic OncologySaitama Medical University International Medical CenterHidaka CityJapan
| | | | - Rei Hirata
- Okayama Couple’s ClinicOkayama CityJapan
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124
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Pahuja G, Nagabhushan TN, Prasad B. Early Detection of Parkinson’s Disease by Using SPECT Imaging and Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/jisys-2018-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Precise and timely diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is important to control its progression among subjects. Currently, a neuroimaging technique called dopaminergic imaging that uses single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 123I-Ioflupane is popular among clinicians for detecting Parkinson’s disease in early stages. Unlike other studies, which consider only low-level features like gray matter, white matter, or cerebrospinal fluid, this study explores the non-linear relation between different biomarkers (SPECT + biological) using deep learning and multivariate logistic regression. Striatal binding ratios are obtained using 123I-Ioflupane SPECT scans from four brain regions which are further integrated with five biological biomarkers to increase the diagnostic accuracy. Experimental results indicate that this investigated approach can differentiate subjects with 100% accuracy. The obtained results outperform the ones reported in the literature. Furthermore, logistic regression model has been developed for estimating the Parkinson’s disease onset probability. Such models may aid clinicians in diagnosing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Pahuja
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida 201301, India
- Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India
| | - T. N. Nagabhushan
- Department of Information Science and Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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125
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Pereira DR, Piteri MA, Souza AN, Papa JP, Adeli H. FEMa: a finite element machine for fast learning. Neural Comput Appl 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-019-04146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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126
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Segovia F, Górriz JM, Ramírez J, Martínez-Murcia FJ, Castillo-Barnes D. Assisted Diagnosis of Parkinsonism Based on the Striatal Morphology. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 29:1950011. [PMID: 31084232 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065719500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of striatal dopamine. Its diagnosis is usually corroborated by neuroimaging data such as DaTSCAN neuroimages that allow visualizing the possible dopamine deficiency. During the last decade, a number of computer systems have been proposed to automatically analyze DaTSCAN neuroimages, eliminating the subjectivity inherent to the visual examination of the data. In this work, we propose a computer system based on machine learning to separate Parkinsonian patients and control subjects using the size and shape of the striatal region, modeled from DaTSCAN data. First, an algorithm based on adaptative thresholding is used to parcel the striatum. This region is then divided into two according to the brain hemisphere division and characterized with 152 measures, extracted from the volume and its three possible 2-dimensional projections. Afterwards, the Bhattacharyya distance is used to discard the least discriminative measures and, finally, the neuroimage category is estimated by means of a Support Vector Machine classifier. This method was evaluated using a dataset with 189 DaTSCAN neuroimages, obtaining an accuracy rate over 94%. This rate outperforms those obtained by previous approaches that use the intensity of each striatal voxel as a feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Segovia
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, DASCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Juan M. Górriz
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, DASCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Javier Ramírez
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, DASCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Murcia
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, DASCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Diego Castillo-Barnes
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, DASCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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127
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Collazos-Huertas D, Cárdenas-Peña D, Castellanos-Dominguez G. Instance-Based Representation Using Multiple Kernel Learning for Predicting Conversion to Alzheimer Disease. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 29:1850042. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and quantification of its progression poses multiple difficulties for machine learning algorithms. Two of the most relevant issues are related to missing data and results interpretability. To deal with both issues, we introduce a methodology to predict conversion of mild cognitive impairment patients to Alzheimer’s from structural brain MRI volumes. First, we use morphological measures of each brain structure to build an instance-based feature mapping that copes with missed follow-up visits. Then, the extracted multiple feature mappings are combined into a single representation through the convex combination of reproducing kernels. The weighting parameters per structure are tuned based on the maximization of the centered-kernel alignment criterion. We evaluate the proposed methodology on a couple of well-known classification machines employing the ADNI database devoted to assessing the combined prognostic value of several AD biomarkers. The obtained experimental results show that our proposed method of Instance-based representation using multiple kernel learning enables detecting mild cognitive impairment as well as predicting conversion to Alzheimers disease within three years from the initial screening. Besides, the brain structures with larger combination weights are directly related to memory and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Collazos-Huertas
- Signal Processing and Recognition Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Km 9 Vía al Aeropuerto la Nubia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - D. Cárdenas-Peña
- Signal Processing and Recognition Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Km 9 Vía al Aeropuerto la Nubia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - G. Castellanos-Dominguez
- Signal Processing and Recognition Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Km 9 Vía al Aeropuerto la Nubia, Manizales, Colombia
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128
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Ortiz A, Munilla J, Martínez-Murcia FJ, Górriz JM, Ramírez J. Empirical Functional PCA for 3D Image Feature Extraction Through Fractal Sampling. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 29:1850040. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medical image classification is currently a challenging task that can be used to aid the diagnosis of different brain diseases. Thus, exploratory and discriminative analysis techniques aiming to obtain representative features from the images play a decisive role in the design of effective Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems, which is especially important in the early diagnosis of dementia. In this work, we present a technique that allows using specific time series analysis techniques with 3D images. This is achieved by sampling the image using a fractal-based method which preserves the spatial relationship among voxels. In addition, a method called Empirical functional PCA (EfPCA) is presented, which combines Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with functional PCA to express an image in the space spanned by a basis of empirical functions, instead of using components computed by a predefined basis as in Fourier or Wavelet analysis. The devised technique has been used to classify images from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), achieving accuracies up to 93% and 92% differential diagnosis tasks (AD versus controls and PD versus Controls, respectively). The results obtained validate the method, proving that the information retrieved by our methodology is significantly linked to the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ortiz
- Communications Engineering Department, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Jorge Munilla
- Communications Engineering Department, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | | | - Juan M. Górriz
- Department of Signal Theory, Communications and Networking, University of Granada, Granada 18060, Spain
| | - Javier Ramírez
- Department of Signal Theory, Communications and Networking, University of Granada, Granada 18060, Spain
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129
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Lin LC, Ouyang CS, Wu RC, Yang RC, Chiang CT. Alternative Diagnosis of Epilepsy in Children Without Epileptiform Discharges Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 30:1850060. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous nonepileptic paroxysmal events, such as syncope and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, may imitate seizures and impede diagnosis. Misdiagnosis can lead to mistreatment, affecting patients’ lives considerably. Electroencephalography is commonly used for diagnosing epilepsy. Although on electroencephalograms (EEGs), epileptiform discharges (ED) specifically indicate epilepsy, only approximately 50% of patients with epilepsy have ED in their first EEG. In this study, we developed a deep convolutional neural network (ConvNet)-based classifier to distinguish EEG between patients with epilepsy without ED and controls. Overall, 25 patients with epilepsy without ED in their EEGs and 25 age-matched patients with Tourette syndrome or syncope were enrolled. Their EEGs were classified using the deep ConvNet. When the EEG data without overlapping were used, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 65.00%, 48.00%, and 82.00%, respectively. The performance measures improved when the input EEG data were augmented through overlapping. With 95% EEG data overlapping, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity increased to 80.00%, 70.00%, and 90.00%, respectively. The proposed method could be regarded as a pilot study to demonstrate a proof of concept of a potential diagnostic value of deep ConvNet in patients with epilepsy without ED. Further studies are needed to assist neurologists in distinguishing nonepileptic paroxysmal events from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Chang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung, Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sen Ouyang
- Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Section 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ching Wu
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Section 1, Syuecheng Road, Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Cheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung, Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Chiang
- Department of Computer and Communication, National Pingtung University, 51 Min Sheng East Road, Pingtung, 90003, Taiwan
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130
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Ortiz A, Martínez Murcia FJ, Munilla J, Górriz JM, Ramírez J. Label aided deep ranking for the automatic diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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131
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Hu X, Yu Z. Diagnosis of mesothelioma with deep learning. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1483-1490. [PMID: 30675203 PMCID: PMC6341823 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare but aggressive cancer. The definitive diagnosis of MM is critical for effective treatment and has important medicolegal significance. However, the definitive diagnosis of MM is challenging due to its composite epithelial/mesenchymal pattern. The aim of the current study was to develop a deep learning method to automatically diagnose MM. A retrospective analysis of 324 participants with or without MM was performed. Significant features were selected using a genetic algorithm (GA) or a ReliefF algorithm performed in MATLAB software. Subsequently, the current study constructed and trained several models based on a backpropagation (BP) algorithm, extreme learning machine algorithm and stacked sparse autoencoder (SSAE) to diagnose MM. A confusion matrix, F-measure and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the performance of each model. A total of 34 potential variables were analyzed, while the GA and ReliefF algorithms selected 19 and 5 effective features, respectively. The selected features were used as the inputs of the three models. SSAE and GA+SSAE demonstrated the highest performance in terms of classification accuracy, specificity, F-measure and the area under the ROC curve. Overall, the GA+SSAE model was the preferred model since it required a shorter CPU time and fewer variables. Therefore, the SSAE with GA feature selection was selected as the most accurate model for the diagnosis of MM. The deep learning methods developed based on the GA+SSAE model may assist physicians with the diagnosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zebo Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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132
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Hua C, Wang H, Wang H, Lu S, Liu C, Khalid SM. A Novel Method of Building Functional Brain Network Using Deep Learning Algorithm with Application in Proficiency Detection. Int J Neural Syst 2019; 29:1850015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional brain network (FBN) has become very popular to analyze the interaction between cortical regions in the last decade. But researchers always spend a long time to search the best way to compute FBN for their specific studies. The purpose of this study is to detect the proficiency of operators during their mineral grinding process controlling based on FBN. To save the search time, a novel semi-data-driven method of computing functional brain connection based on stacked autoencoder (BCSAE) is proposed in this paper. This method uses stacked autoencoder (SAE) to encode the multi-channel EEG data into codes and then computes the dissimilarity between the codes from every pair of electrodes to build FBN. The highlight of this method is that the SAE has a multi-layered structure and is semi-supervised, which means it can dig deeper information and generate better features. Then an experiment was performed, the EEG of the operators were collected while they were operating and analyzed to detect their proficiency. The results show that the BCSAE method generated more number of separable features with less redundancy, and the average accuracy of classification (96.18%) is higher than that of the control methods: PLV (92.19%) and PLI (78.39%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Control System Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shaowen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Syed Madiha Khalid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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133
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Machine Learning in Neural Networks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:127-137. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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134
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Qiao J, Lv Y, Cao C, Wang Z, Li A. Multivariate Deep Learning Classification of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Hierarchical Partner Matching Independent Component Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:417. [PMID: 30618723 PMCID: PMC6304436 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning and pattern recognition have been widely investigated in order to look for the biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, most existing methods extract features by seed-based correlation, which not only requires prior information but also ignores the relationship between resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) voxels. In this study, we proposed a deep learning classification framework with multivariate data-driven based feature extraction for automatic diagnosis of AD. Specifically, a three-level hierarchical partner matching independent components analysis (3LHPM-ICA) approach was proposed first in order to address the issues in spatial individual ICA, including the uncertainty of the numbers of components, the randomness of initial values, and the correspondence of ICs of multiple subjects, resulting in stable and reliable ICs which were applied as the intrinsic brain functional connectivity (FC) features. Second, Granger causality (GC) was utilized to infer directional interaction between the ICs that were identified by the 3LHPM-ICA method and extract the effective connectivity features. Finally, a deep learning classification framework was developed to distinguish AD from controls by fusing the functional and effective connectivities. A resting state fMRI dataset containing 34 AD patients and 34 normal controls (NCs) was applied to the multivariate deep learning platform, leading to a classification accuracy of 95.59%, with a sensitivity of 97.06% and a specificity of 94.12% with leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV). The experimental results demonstrated that the measures of neural connectivities of ICA and GC followed by deep learning classification represented the most powerful methods of distinguishing AD clinical data from NCs, and these aberrant brain connectivities might serve as robust brain biomarkers for AD. This approach also allows for expansion of the methodology to classify other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Qiao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Data Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingru Lv
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongfeng Cao
- Department of Emergency, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhishun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anning Li
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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135
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Li W, Li M, Zhou H, Chen G, Jin J, Duan F. A Dual Stimuli Approach Combined with Convolutional Neural Network to Improve Information Transfer Rate of Event-Related Potential-Based Brain-Computer Interface. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850034. [DOI: 10.1142/s012906571850034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing command generation rate of an event-related potential-based brain-robot system is challenging, because of limited information transfer rate of a brain-computer interface system. To improve the rate, we propose a dual stimuli approach that is flashing a robot image and is scanning another robot image simultaneously. Two kinds of event-related potentials, N200 and P300 potentials, evoked in this dual stimuli condition are decoded by a convolutional neural network. Compared with the traditional approaches, this proposed approach significantly improves the online information transfer rate from 23.0 or 17.8 to 39.1 bits/min at an accuracy of 91.7%. These results suggest that combining multiple types of stimuli to evoke distinguishable ERPs might be a promising direction to improve the command generation rate in the brain-computer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Bakersfield, California 93311, USA
| | - Mengfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Genshe Chen
- Intelligent Fusion Technology, Germantown 41061, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Feng Duan
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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136
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Lin W, Tong T, Gao Q, Guo D, Du X, Yang Y, Guo G, Xiao M, Du M, Qu X. Convolutional Neural Networks-Based MRI Image Analysis for the Alzheimer's Disease Prediction From Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:777. [PMID: 30455622 PMCID: PMC6231297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying MCI subjects who are at high risk of converting to AD is crucial for effective treatments. In this study, a deep learning approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), is designed to accurately predict MCI-to-AD conversion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. First, MRI images are prepared with age-correction and other processing. Second, local patches, which are assembled into 2.5 dimensions, are extracted from these images. Then, the patches from AD and normal controls (NC) are used to train a CNN to identify deep learning features of MCI subjects. After that, structural brain image features are mined with FreeSurfer to assist CNN. Finally, both types of features are fed into an extreme learning machine classifier to predict the AD conversion. The proposed approach is validated on the standardized MRI datasets from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) project. This approach achieves an accuracy of 79.9% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 86.1% in leave-one-out cross validations. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed one outperforms others with higher accuracy and AUC, while keeping a good balance between the sensitivity and specificity. Results demonstrate great potentials of the proposed CNN-based approach for the prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion with solely MRI data. Age correction and assisted structural brain image features can boost the prediction performance of CNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Lin
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Fujian Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou, China
- Imperial Vision Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinquan Gao
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou, China
- Imperial Vision Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Di Guo
- School of Computer & Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- School of Computer & Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Yonggui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Xiamen 2nd Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xiamen 2nd Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Du
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Nanping, China
| | - Xiaobo Qu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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137
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Acharya UR, Hagiwara Y, Adeli H. Automated seizure prediction. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 88:251-261. [PMID: 30317059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, significant advances have been made on automated electroencephalogram (EEG)-based diagnosis of epilepsy and seizure detection. A number of innovative algorithms have been introduced that can aid in epilepsy diagnosis with a high degree of accuracy. In recent years, the frontiers of computational epilepsy research have moved to seizure prediction, a more challenging problem. While antiepileptic medication can result in complete seizure freedom in many patients with epilepsy, up to one-third of patients living with epilepsy will have medically intractable epilepsy, where medications reduce seizure frequency but do not completely control seizures. If a seizure can be predicted prior to its clinical manifestation, then there is potential for abortive treatment to be given, either self-administered or via an implanted device administering medication or electrical stimulation. This will have a far-reaching impact on the treatment of epilepsy and patient's quality of life. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of recent efforts and journal articles on seizure prediction. The technologies developed for epilepsy diagnosis and seizure detection are being adapted and extended for seizure prediction. The paper ends with some novel ideas for seizure prediction using the increasingly ubiquitous machine learning technology, particularly deep neural network machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rajendra Acharya
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Yuki Hagiwara
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Hojjat Adeli
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States.
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138
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Wu C, Guo S, Hong Y, Xiao B, Wu Y, Zhang Q. Discrimination and conversion prediction of mild cognitive impairment using convolutional neural networks. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:992-1003. [PMID: 30598877 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently, studies have demonstrated that machine learning techniques, particularly cutting-edge deep learning technology, have achieved significant progression on the classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its prodromal phase, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Moreover, accurate prediction of the progress and the conversion risk from MCI to probable AD has been of great importance in clinical application. Methods In this study, the baseline MR images and follow-up information during 3 years of 150 normal controls (NC), 150 patients with stable MCI (sMCI) and 157 converted MCI (cMCI) were collected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). The deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were adopted to distinguish different stages of MCI from the NC group, and predict the conversion time from MCI to AD. Two CNN architectures including GoogleNet and CaffeNet were explored and evaluated in multiple classifications and estimations of conversion risk using transfer learning from pre-trained ImageNet (via fine-tuning) and five-fold cross-validation. A novel data augmentation approach using random views aggregation was applied to generate abundant image patches from the original MR scans. Results The GoogleNet acquired accuracies with 97.58%, 67.33% and 84.71% in three-way discrimination among the NC, sMCI and cMCI groups respectively, whereas the CaffeNet obtained promising accuracies of 98.71%, 72.04% and 92.35% in the NC, sMCI and cMCI classifications. Furthermore, the accuracy measures of conversion risk of patients with cMCI ranged from 71.25% to 83.25% in different time points using GoogleNet, whereas the CaffeNet achieved remarkable accuracy measures from 95.42% to 97.01% in conversion risk prediction. Conclusions The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methods had prominent capability in classification among the 3 groups such as sMCI, cMCI and NC, and exhibited significant ability in conversion risk prediction of patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congling Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengwen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanjia Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Benheng Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yupeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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139
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García-Betances RI, Cabrera-Umpiérrez MF, Arredondo MT. Computerized neurocognitive interventions in the context of the brain training controversy. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:55-69. [PMID: 28822228 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article presents, in the form of an analytic narrative review, a complete picture of the state-of-the-art, challenges, and perspectives in the field of information and communication technology (ICT)-based neurocognitive interventions for older adults. The narrative particularly focuses on applications aimed at mild cognitive impairment and similar age-related cognitive deficits, which are analyzed in the context of the brain training controversy. Clarifying considerations are provided about the nature and present extent of the brain training debate, regarding the possible influence it has on the support received by research and development initiatives dealing with innovative computerized neurocognitive interventions. It is recommended that, because of the preliminary nature of most data currently available in this area, further research initiatives must be supported in the quest for better effectiveness of computer-based interventions intended for age-related cognitive impairment. The conclusion suggests that advanced ICT-based tools, such as virtual and augmented reality technologies, are the most fitting platforms for applying nonpharmacological computerized neurocognitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Isabel García-Betances
- Life Supporting Technologies (LifeSTech), Superior Technical School of Telecommunications Engineers (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense no. 30, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Cabrera-Umpiérrez
- Life Supporting Technologies (LifeSTech), Superior Technical School of Telecommunications Engineers (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense no. 30, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María T Arredondo
- Life Supporting Technologies (LifeSTech), Superior Technical School of Telecommunications Engineers (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense no. 30, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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140
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Zamora-Martinez F, Castro-Bleda MJ. Efficient Embedded Decoding of Neural Network Language Models in a Machine Translation System. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850007. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural Network Language Models (NNLMs) are a successful approach to Natural Language Processing tasks, such as Machine Translation. We introduce in this work a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system which fully integrates NNLMs in the decoding stage, breaking the traditional approach based on [Formula: see text]-best list rescoring. The neural net models (both language models (LMs) and translation models) are fully coupled in the decoding stage, allowing to more strongly influence the translation quality. Computational issues were solved by using a novel idea based on memorization and smoothing of the softmax constants to avoid their computation, which introduces a trade-off between LM quality and computational cost. These ideas were studied in a machine translation task with different combinations of neural networks used both as translation models and as target LMs, comparing phrase-based and [Formula: see text]-gram-based systems, showing that the integrated approach seems more promising for [Formula: see text]-gram-based systems, even with nonfull-quality NNLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Jose Castro-Bleda
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Computación, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
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141
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Valenzuela O, Jiang X, Carrillo A, Rojas I. Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms to Find Most Relevant Volumes of the Brain Related to Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) represents a relevant instrument to automatically classify between patients with and without Alzheimer's Disease (AD) using several actual imaging techniques. This study analyzes the optimization of volumes of interest (VOIs) to extract three-dimensional (3D) textures from Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) in order to diagnose AD, Mild Cognitive Impairment converter (MCIc), Mild Cognitive Impairment nonconverter (MCInc) and Normal subjects. A relevant feature of the proposed approach is the use of 3D features instead of traditional two-dimensional (2D) features, by using 3D discrete wavelet transform (3D-DWT) approach for performing feature extraction from T-1 weighted MRI. Due to the high number of coefficients when applying 3D-DWT to each of the VOIs, a feature selection algorithm based on mutual information is used, as is the minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) algorithm. Region optimization has been performed in order to discover the most relevant regions (VOIs) in the brain with the use of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms, being one of the objectives to be optimize the accuracy of the system. The error index of the system is computed by the confusion matrix obtained by the multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used with the purpose of reducing the number of features to the classifier. The cohort of subjects used in the study consisted of 296 different patients. A first group of 206 patients was used to optimize VOI selection and another group of 90 independent subjects (that did not belong to the first group) was used to test the solutions yielded by the genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology obtains excellent results in multi-class classification achieving accuracies of 94.4% and also extracting significant information on the location of the most relevant points of the brain. This suggests that the proposed method could aid in the research of other neurodegenerative diseases, improving the accuracy of the diagnosis and finding the most relevant regions of the brain associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Valenzuela
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Munster, Germany
| | - Antonio Carrillo
- Department of Computer Architecture and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rojas
- Department of Computer Architecture and Computer Technology, CITIC-UGR, University of Granada, Spain
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142
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Bi XA, Jiang Q, Sun Q, Shu Q, Liu Y. Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Based on the Random Neural Network Cluster in fMRI. Front Neuroinform 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 30245623 PMCID: PMC6137384 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is featured with degeneration and irreversibility, the diagnosis of AD at early stage is important. In recent years, some researchers have tried to apply neural network (NN) to classify AD patients from healthy controls (HC) based on functional MRI (fMRI) data. But most study focus on a single NN and the classification accuracy was not high. Therefore, this paper used the random neural network cluster which was composed of multiple NNs to improve classification performance. Sixty one subjects (25 AD and 36 HC) were acquired from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. This method not only could be used in the classification, but also could be used for feature selection. Firstly, we chose Elman NN from five types of NNs as the optimal base classifier of random neural network cluster based on the results of feature selection, and the accuracies of the random Elman neural network cluster could reach to 92.31% which was the highest and stable. Then we used the random Elman neural network cluster to select significant features and these features could be used to find out the abnormal regions. Finally, we found out 23 abnormal regions such as the precentral gyrus, the frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area. These results fully show that the random neural network cluster is worthwhile and meaningful for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-An Bi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Shu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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143
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Fang C, Li C, Cabrerizo M, Barreto A, Andrian J, Rishe N, Loewenstein D, Duara R, Adjouadi M. Gaussian Discriminant Analysis for Optimal Delineation of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850017. [DOI: 10.1142/s012906571850017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, several approaches have been proposed to assist in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Using multimodal biomarkers for this high-dimensional classification problem, the widely used algorithms include Support Vector Machines (SVM), Sparse Representation-based classification (SRC), Deep Belief Networks (DBN) and Random Forest (RF). These widely used algorithms continue to yield unsatisfactory performance for delineating the MCI participants from the cognitively normal control (CN) group. A novel Gaussian discriminant analysis-based algorithm is thus introduced to achieve a more effective and accurate classification performance than the aforementioned state-of-the-art algorithms. This study makes use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data uniquely as input to two separate high-dimensional decision spaces that reflect the structural measures of the two brain hemispheres. The data used include 190 CN, 305 MCI and 133 AD subjects as part of the AD Big Data DREAM Challenge #1. Using 80% data for a 10-fold cross-validation, the proposed algorithm achieved an average F1 score of 95.89% and an accuracy of 96.54% for discriminating AD from CN; and more importantly, an average F1 score of 92.08% and an accuracy of 90.26% for discriminating MCI from CN. Then, a true test was implemented on the remaining 20% held-out test data. For discriminating MCI from CN, an accuracy of 80.61%, a sensitivity of 81.97% and a specificity of 78.38% were obtained. These results show significant improvement over existing algorithms for discriminating the subtle differences between MCI participants and the CN group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fang
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Chunfei Li
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Mercedes Cabrerizo
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Armando Barreto
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Jean Andrian
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Naphtali Rishe
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - David Loewenstein
- Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease & Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease & Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA
- Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Malek Adjouadi
- Center for Advanced Technology and Education (CATE), Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St., Miami, Florida 33174, USA
- Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
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144
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Antoniades A, Spyrou L, Martin-Lopez D, Valentin A, Alarcon G, Sanei S, Took CC. Deep Neural Architectures for Mapping Scalp to Intracranial EEG. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850009. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Data is often plagued by noise which encumbers machine learning of clinically useful biomarkers and electroencephalogram (EEG) data is no exemption. Intracranial EEG (iEEG) data enhances the training of deep learning models of the human brain, yet is often prohibitive due to the invasive recording process. A more convenient alternative is to record brain activity using scalp electrodes. However, the inherent noise associated with scalp EEG data often impedes the learning process of neural models, achieving substandard performance. Here, an ensemble deep learning architecture for nonlinearly mapping scalp to iEEG data is proposed. The proposed architecture exploits the information from a limited number of joint scalp-intracranial recording to establish a novel methodology for detecting the epileptic discharges from the sEEG of a general population of subjects. Statistical tests and qualitative analysis have revealed that the generated pseudo-intracranial data are highly correlated with the true intracranial data. This facilitated the detection of IEDs from the scalp recordings where such waveforms are not often visible. As a real-world clinical application, these pseudo-iEEGs are then used by a convolutional neural network for the automated classification of intracranial epileptic discharges (IEDs) and non-IED of trials in the context of epilepsy analysis. Although the aim of this work was to circumvent the unavailability of iEEG and the limitations of sEEG, we have achieved a classification accuracy of 68% an increase of 6% over the previously proposed linear regression mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Antoniades
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Loukianos Spyrou
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - David Martin-Lopez
- Kingston Hospital NHS FT, London, SE5 9RS, UK
- King’s College London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antonio Valentin
- King’s College London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gonzalo Alarcon
- King’s College London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saeid Sanei
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Cheong Took
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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145
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Amezquita-Sanchez JP, Valtierra-Rodriguez M, Adeli H, Perez-Ramirez CA. A Novel Wavelet Transform-Homogeneity Model for Sudden Cardiac Death Prediction Using ECG Signals. J Med Syst 2018; 42:176. [PMID: 30117048 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-018-1031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the main causes of death among people. A new methodology is presented for predicting the SCD based on ECG signals employing the wavelet packet transform (WPT), a signal processing technique, homogeneity index (HI), a nonlinear measurement for time series signals, and the Enhanced Probabilistic Neural Network classification algorithm. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method is evaluated using a database of measured ECG data acquired from 20 SCD and 18 normal patients. The proposed methodology presents the following significant advantages: (1) compared with previous works, the proposed methodology achieves a higher accuracy using a single nonlinear feature, HI, thus requiring low computational resource for predicting an SCD onset in real-time, unlike other methodologies proposed in the literature where a large number of nonlinear features are used to predict an SCD event; (2) it is capable of predicting the risk of developing an SCD event up to 20 min prior to the onset with a high accuracy of 95.8%, superseding the prior 12 min prediction time reported recently, and (3) it uses the ECG signal directly without the need for transforming the signal to a heart rate variability signal, thus saving time in the processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Amezquita-Sanchez
- Faculty of Engineering, Departments Biomedical and Electromechanical, ENAP-RG, Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ), Campus San Juan del Río, Río Moctezuma 249, Col. San Cayetano, C. P, 76807, San Juan del Río, Qro., Mexico
| | - Martin Valtierra-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Engineering, Departments Biomedical and Electromechanical, ENAP-RG, Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ), Campus San Juan del Río, Río Moctezuma 249, Col. San Cayetano, C. P, 76807, San Juan del Río, Qro., Mexico
| | - Hojjat Adeli
- Departments Biomedical Informatics, Neuroscience, and Neurology, The Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Carlos A Perez-Ramirez
- Faculty of Engineering, Departments Biomedical and Electromechanical, ENAP-RG, Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ), Campus San Juan del Río, Río Moctezuma 249, Col. San Cayetano, C. P, 76807, San Juan del Río, Qro., Mexico
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146
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Zhang H, Zhu F, Dodge HH, Higgins GA, Omenn GS, Guan Y. A similarity-based approach to leverage multi-cohort medical data on the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Gigascience 2018; 7:5052206. [PMID: 30010762 PMCID: PMC6054197 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Heterogeneous diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifest a variety of phenotypes among populations. Early diagnosis and effective treatment offer cost benefits. Many studies on biochemical and imaging markers have shown potential promise in improving diagnosis, yet establishing quantitative diagnostic criteria for ancillary tests remains challenging. Results We have developed a similarity-based approach that matches individuals to subjects with similar conditions. We modeled the disease with a Gaussian process, and tested the method in the Alzheimer's Disease Big Data DREAM Challenge. Ranked the highest among submitted methods, our diagnostic model predicted cognitive impairment scores in an independent dataset test with a correlation score of 0.573. It differentiated AD patients from control subjects with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.920. Without knowing longitudinal information about subjects, the model predicted patients who are vulnerable to conversion from mild-cognitive impairment to AD through the similarity network. This diagnostic framework can be applied to other diseases with clinical heterogeneity, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Shuitu Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shuitu Town, Beibei District, Chongqing, China 400714
| | - Hiroko H Dodge
- Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48105
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., 1914 Taubman Center SPC 5316, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, L226, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3110 Taubman Center, SPC 5368, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4909 Buhl Building, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3110 Taubman Center, SPC 5368, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Bob and Betty Beyster Building, 2260 Hayward Street, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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147
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Maudsley S, Devanarayan V, Martin B, Geerts H. Intelligent and effective informatic deconvolution of “Big Data” and its future impact on the quantitative nature of neurodegenerative disease therapy. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:961-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- VIB Center for Molecular NeurologyAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Bronwen Martin
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
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148
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Wang S, Hu Y, Shen Y, Li H. Classification of Diffusion Tensor Metrics for the Diagnosis of a Myelopathic Cord Using Machine Learning. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1750036. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065717500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose an automated framework that combines diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics with machine learning algorithms to accurately classify control groups and groups with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in the spinal cord. The comparison between selected voxel-based classification and mean value-based classification were performed. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier using a selected voxel-based dataset produced an accuracy of 95.73%, sensitivity of 93.41% and specificity of 98.64%. The efficacy of each index of diffusion for classification was also evaluated. Using the proposed approach, myelopathic areas in CSM are detected to provide an accurate reference to assist spine surgeons in surgical planning in complicated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, 12 Sandy Bay Road, Hong Kong, Duchess of Kent Children’s Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
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149
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Multiscale deep neural network based analysis of FDG-PET images for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Med Image Anal 2018; 46:26-34. [PMID: 29502031 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases with a commonly seen prodromal mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase where memory loss is the main complaint progressively worsening with behavior issues and poor self-care. However, not all individuals clinically diagnosed with MCI progress to AD. A fraction of subjects with MCI either progress to non-AD dementia or remain stable at the MCI stage without progressing to dementia. Although a curative treatment of AD is currently unavailable, it is extremely important to correctly identify the individuals in the MCI phase that will go on to develop AD so that they may benefit from a curative treatment when one becomes available in the near future. At the same time, it would be highly desirable to also correctly identify those in the MCI phase that do not have AD pathology so they may be spared from unnecessary pharmocologic interventions that, at best, may provide them no benefit, and at worse, could further harm them with adverse side-effects. Additionally, it may be easier and simpler to identify the cause of the cognitive impairment in these non-AD cases, and hence proper identification of prodromal AD will be of benefit to these individuals as well. Fluorodeoxy glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) captures the metabolic activity of the brain, and this imaging modality has been reported to identify changes related to AD prior to the onset of structural changes. Prior work on designing classifier using FDG-PET imaging has been promising. Since deep-learning has recently emerged as a powerful tool to mine features and use them for accurate labeling of the group membership of given images, we propose a novel deep-learning framework using FDG-PET metabolism imaging to identify subjects at the MCI stage with presymptomatic AD and discriminate them from other subjects with MCI (non-AD / non-progressive). Our multiscale deep neural network obtained 82.51% accuracy of classification just using measures from a single modality (FDG-PET metabolism data) outperforming other comparable FDG-PET classifiers published in the recent literature.
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150
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Mammone N, Ieracitano C, Adeli H, Bramanti A, Morabito FC. Permutation Jaccard Distance-Based Hierarchical Clustering to Estimate EEG Network Density Modifications in MCI Subjects. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2018; 29:5122-5135. [PMID: 29994428 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2018.2791644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electroencephalographic (EEG)-based method is introduced for the quantification of brain-electrical connectivity changes over a longitudinal evaluation of mild cognitive impaired (MCI) subjects. In the proposed method, a dissimilarity matrix is constructed by estimating the coupling strength between every pair of EEG signals, Hierarchical clustering is then applied to group the related electrodes according to the dissimilarity estimated on pairs of EEG recordings. Subsequently, the connectivity density of the electrodes network is calculated. The technique was tested over two different coupling strength descriptors: wavelet coherence (WC) and permutation Jaccard distance (PJD), a novel metric of coupling strength between time series introduced in this paper. Twenty-five MCI patients were enrolled within a follow-up program that consisted of two successive evaluations, at time T0 and at time T1, three months later. At T1, four subjects were diagnosed to have converted to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). When applying the PJD-based method, the converted patients exhibited a significantly increased PJD (p < 0.05), i.e., a reduced overall coupling strength, specifically in delta and θ bands and in the overall range (0.5-32 Hz). In addition, in contrast to stable MCI patients, converted patients exhibited a network density reduction in every subband (delta, θ, alpha, and beta). When WC was used as coupling strength descriptor, the method resulted in a less sensitive and specific outcome. The proposed method, mixing nonlinear analysis to a machine learning approach, appears to provide an objective evaluation of the connectivity density modifications associated to the MCI-AD conversion, just processing noninvasive EEG signals.
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