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Assessment of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies in Oral and Nasal Compartments of Volunteers From 3 Different Populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 73:130-7. [PMID: 27243901 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the feasibility of collecting standardized nasal and salivary samples at centers in Nairobi (Kenya), Kigali (Rwanda), and London (United Kingdom) using different collection devices and media (synthetic absorptive matrices versus flocked swabs, and Salimetrics oral swabs versus whole oral fluid collection). We detected anti-Gag (p24) and envelope (gp140) antibodies in both nasal fluid and salivary collections from all HIV-infected individuals, and cross-reactive anti-p24 antibodies were detected in 10% of HIV-uninfected individuals enrolled at one site. Collections from the nasal turbinates were comparable with samples collected deeper in the nasopharyngeal tract, and the yield of anti-p24 IgA in the whole oral fluid samples was higher than in samples collected from the parotid gland. We noted a trend toward reduced levels of anti-HIV antibody in the volunteers receiving anti-retroviral therapy. Levels of antibodies were stable over multiple collection visits. Overall, this study shows that nasal and salivary samples can be collected in a standardized manner over repeated visits in both low- and high-resource settings. These methods may be used in support for future HIV vaccine clinical trials.
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Humoral responses against HIV in male genital tract: role in sexual transmission and perspectives for preventive strategies. AIDS 2017; 31:1055-1064. [PMID: 28323750 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
: Most new HIV infections occur via sexual routes. The induction of protective anti-HIV antibodies in genital mucosa is an important step toward reducing HIV transmission. Mucosal anti-HIV antibodies may play a dual role by either protecting against HIV transmission or facilitating it. Protective properties against HIV of mucosal IgGs and IgAs exhibiting neutralizing or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities have been described in highly exposed seronegative individuals. Conversely, some IgGs may facilitate the crossing of HIV free-particles through epithelial barriers by transcytosis. Hence knowledge of the mechanisms underlying anti-HIV antibody production in the genital tract and their exact role in sexual transmission may help to develop appropriate preventive strategies based on passive immunization or mucosal vaccination approaches. Our review focuses on the characteristics of the humoral immune responses against HIV in the male genital tract and related prevention strategies.
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Gilbert PB, Excler JL, Tomaras GD, Carpp LN, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Kijak GH, Tovanabutra S, Francis DP, Lee C, Sinangil F, Berman PW, Premsri N, Kunasol P, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Morrow R, Corey L, Kim JH. Antibody to HSV gD peptide induced by vaccination does not protect against HSV-2 infection in HSV-2 seronegative women. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176428. [PMID: 28493891 PMCID: PMC5426618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the HIV-1 vaccine trial RV144, ALVAC-HIV prime with an AIDSVAX® B/E boost reduced HIV-1 acquisition by 31% at 42 months post first vaccination. The bivalent AIDSVAX® B/E vaccine contains two gp120 envelope glycoproteins, one from the subtype B HIV-1 MN isolate and one from the subtype CRF01_AE A244 isolate. Each envelope glycoprotein harbors a highly conserved 27-amino acid HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) tag sequence that shares 93% sequence identity with the HSV-2 gD sequence. We assessed whether vaccine-induced anti-gD antibodies protected females against HSV-2 acquisition in RV144. METHODS Of the women enrolled in RV144, 777 vaccine and 807 placebo recipients were eligible and randomly selected according to their pre-vaccination HSV-1 and HSV-2 serostatus for analysis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses to gD were determined by a binding antibody multiplex assay and HSV-2 serostatus was determined by Western blot analysis. Ninety-three percent and 75% of the vaccine recipients had anti-gD IgG and IgA responses two weeks post last vaccination, respectively. There was no evidence of reduction in HSV-2 infection by vaccination compared to placebo recipients over 78 weeks of follow-up. The annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in individuals who were HSV-2 negative at baseline or HSV-1 positive and HSV-2 indeterminate at baseline were 4.38/100 person-years (py) and 3.28/100 py in the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Baseline HSV-1 status did not affect subsequent HSV-2 acquisition. Specifically, the estimated odds ratio of HSV-2 infection by Week 78 for female placebo recipients who were baseline HSV-1 positive (n = 422) vs. negative (n = 1120) was 1.14 [95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.94, p = 0.64)]. No evidence of reduction in the incidence of HSV-2 infection by vaccination was detected. CONCLUSIONS AIDSVAX® B/E containing gD did not confer protection from HSV-2 acquisition in HSV-2 seronegative women, despite eliciting anti-gD serum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gustavo H. Kijak
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Nakorn Premsri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Prayura Kunasol
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rhoda Morrow
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Karnasuta C, Akapirat S, Madnote S, Savadsuk H, Puangkaew J, Rittiroongrad S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Tartaglia J, Sinangil F, Francis DP, Robb ML, de Souza MS, Michael NL, Excler JL, Kim JH, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N. Comparison of Antibody Responses Induced by RV144, VAX003, and VAX004 Vaccination Regimens. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:410-423. [PMID: 28006952 PMCID: PMC5439458 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 prime-boost regimen demonstrated efficacy against HIV acquisition while VAX003 and VAX004 did not. Although these trials differed by risk groups, immunization regimens, and immunogens, antibody responses may have contributed to the differences observed in vaccine efficacy. We assessed HIV-specific IgG, both total and subclass, and IgA binding to HIV envelope (Env): gp120 proteins and Cyclic V2 (CycV2) and CycV3 peptides and gp70 V1 V2 scaffolds in these 3 HIV vaccine trials. After two protein immunizations, IgG responses to 92TH023 gp120 (contained in ALVAC-HIV vaccine) were significantly higher in RV144 but responses to other Env were higher in the VAX trials lacking ALVAC-HIV. IgG responses declined significantly between vaccinations. All trials induced antibodies to gp70 V1 V2 but VAX004 responses to 92TH023 gp70 V1 V2 were weak. All CycV2 responses were undetectable in VAX004 while 92TH023 gp70 V1 V2 was detected in both RV144 and VAX003 but MN CycV2 was detected only in VAX003. Multiple protein vaccinations in VAX trials did not improve magnitude or durability of V1 V2 and CycV2 antibodies. Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) peptide at the N terminus of AIDSVAX® B/E and B/B gp120 proteins induced antibodies in all trials, although significantly higher in VAX trials. gD peptide induced IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 but not IgG4. Multiple protein vaccinations decreased IgG3 and increased IgG4 changing subclass contribution to total IgG. Although confounded by different modes of HIV transmission, higher Env-specific IgA and IgG4 binding antibodies induced in the VAX trials compared to RV144 raises the hypothesis that these differences may have contributed to different vaccine efficacy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitraporn Karnasuta
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinan Madnote
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hathairat Savadsuk
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Puangkaew
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surawach Rittiroongrad
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California
| | - Donald P. Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine is needed to curtail the HIV epidemic. Only one (RV144) out of the 6 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials performed showed efficacy. A potential mechanism of protection is the induction of functional antibodies to V1V2 region of HIV envelope. The 2 main current approaches to the generation of protective immunity are through broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) and induction of functional antibodies (non-neutralizing Abs with other potential anti-viral functions). Passive immunization using bnAb has advanced into phase II clinical trials. The induction of bnAb using mimics of the natural Env trimer or B-cell lineage vaccine design is still in pre-clinical phase. An attempt at optimization of protective functional antibodies will be assessed next with the efficacy trial (HVTN702) about to start. With on-going optimization of prime/boost strategies, the development of mosaic immunogens, replication competent vectors, and emergence of new strategies designed to induce bnAb, the prospects for a preventive HIV vaccine have never been more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Hsu
- a Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok , Thailand.,b US Military HIV Research Program , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,c Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- a Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok , Thailand.,b US Military HIV Research Program , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Wang N, Yuan Z, Niu W, Li Q, Guo J. Synthetic biology approach for the development of conditionally replicating HIV-1 vaccine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2017; 92:455-462. [PMID: 28983143 PMCID: PMC5624719 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the combined antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-1 related morbidity and mortality, the HIV-1 pandemic has not been substantially averted. To curtail the 2.4 million new infections each year, a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is urgently needed. This review first summarizes four major completed clinical efficacy trials of prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine and their outcomes. Next, it discusses several other approaches that have not yet advanced to clinical efficacy trials, but provided valuable insights into vaccine design. Among them, live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) provided excellent protection in a non-human primate model. However, safety concerns have precluded the current version of LAVs from clinical application. As the major component of this review, two synthetic biology approaches for improving the safety of HIV-1 LAVs through controlling HIV-1 replication are discussed. Particular focus is on a novel approach that uses unnatural amino acid-mediated suppression of amber nonsense codon to generate conditionally replicating HIV-1 variants. The objective is to attract more attention towards this promising research field and to provoke creative designs and innovative utilization of the two control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Nebraska Center for Virology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
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107
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Adjuvanting a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine with Toll-Like Receptor Ligands Encapsulated in Nanoparticles Induces Persistent Antibody Responses and Enhanced Protection in TRIM5α Restrictive Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01844-16. [PMID: 27928002 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01844-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has shown that antigens adjuvanted with ligands specific for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7/8 encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) induce robust and durable immune responses in mice and macaques. We investigated the efficacy of these NP adjuvants in inducing protective immunity against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Rhesus macaques (RMs) were immunized with NPs containing TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists mixed with soluble recombinant SIVmac239-derived envelope (Env) gp140 and Gag p55 (protein) or with virus-like particles (VLPs) containing SIVmac239 Env and Gag. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced robust innate responses, antigen-specific antibody responses of a greater magnitude and persistence, and enhanced plasmablast responses compared to those achieved with alum-adjuvanted vaccines. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced antigen-specific, long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), which persisted in the bone marrow for several months after vaccination. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced immune responses that were associated with enhanced protection against repeated low-dose, intravaginal challenges with heterologous SIVsmE660 in animals that carried TRIM5α restrictive alleles. The protection induced by immunization with protein-NP correlated with the prechallenge titers of Env-specific IgG antibodies in serum and vaginal secretions. However, no such correlate was apparent for immunization with VLP-NP or alum as the adjuvant. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated within the first few hours to days after primary vaccination revealed that NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced a molecular signature similar to that induced by the live attenuated yellow fever viral vaccine. This systems approach identified early blood transcriptional signatures that correlate with Env-specific antibody responses in vaginal secretions and protection against infection. These results demonstrate the adjuvanticity of the NP adjuvant in inducing persistent and protective antibody responses against SIV in RMs with implications for the design of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). IMPORTANCE The results of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial, which demonstrated a rapid waning of protective immunity with time, have underscored the need to develop strategies to enhance the durability of protective immune responses. Our recent work in mice has highlighted the capacity of nanoparticle-encapsulated TLR ligands (NP) to induce potent and durable antibody responses that last a lifetime in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of these NP adjuvants to promote robust and durable protective immune responses against SIV in nonhuman primates. Our results demonstrate that immunization of rhesus macaques with NP adjuvants mixed with soluble SIV Env or a virus-like particle form of Env (VLP) induces potent and durable Env-specific antibody responses in the serum and in vaginal secretions. These responses were superior to those induced by alum adjuvant, and they resulted in enhanced protection against a low-dose intravaginal challenge with a heterologous strain of SIV in animals with TRIM5a restrictive alleles. These results highlight the potential for such NP TLR L adjuvants in promoting robust and durable antibody responses against HIV in the next generation of HIV immunogens currently being developed.
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108
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Chege GK, Burgers WA, Müller TL, Gray CM, Shephard EG, Barnett SW, Ferrari G, Montefiori D, Williamson C, Williamson AL. DNA-MVA-protein vaccination of rhesus macaques induces HIV-specific immunity in mucosal-associated lymph nodes and functional antibodies. Vaccine 2017; 35:929-937. [PMID: 28069361 PMCID: PMC5287223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful future HIV vaccines are expected to generate an effective cellular and humoral response against the virus in both the peripheral blood and mucosal compartments. We previously reported the development of DNA-C and MVA-C vaccines based on HIV-1 subtype C and demonstrated their immunogenicity when given in a DNA prime-MVA boost combination in a nonhuman primate model. In the current study, rhesus macaques previously vaccinated with a DNA-C and MVA-C vaccine regimen were re-vaccinated 3.5 years later with MVA-C followed by a protein vaccine based on HIV-1 subtype C envelope formulated with MF59 adjuvant (gp140Env/MF59), and finally a concurrent boost with both vaccines. A single MVA-C re-vaccination elicited T cell responses in all animals similar to previous peak responses, with 4/7 demonstrating responses >1000 SFU/106 PBMC. In contrast to an Env/MF59-only vaccine, concurrent boosting with MVA-C and Env/MF59 induced HIV-specific cellular responses in multiple mucosal associated lymph nodes in 6/7 animals, with high magnitude responses in some animals. Both vaccine regimens induced high titer Env-specific antibodies with ADCC activity, as well as neutralization of Tier 1 viruses and modest Tier 2 neutralization. These data demonstrate the feasibility of inducing HIV-specific immunity in the blood and mucosal sites of viral entry by means of DNA and poxvirus-vectored vaccines, in combination with a HIV envelope-based protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald K Chege
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracey L Müller
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Enid G Shephard
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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109
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Virus-Like Particles Displaying Trimeric Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Envelope gp160 Enhance the Breadth of DNA/Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara SIV Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:8842-54. [PMID: 27466414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01163-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The encouraging results of the RV144 vaccine trial have spurred interest in poxvirus prime-protein boost human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine modalities as a strategy to induce protective immunity. Because vaccine-induced protective immunity is critically determined by HIV envelope (Env) conformation, significant efforts are directed toward generating soluble trimeric Env immunogens that assume native structures. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-macaque model, we tested the immunogenicity and efficacy of sequential immunizations with DNA (D), modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (M), and protein immunogens, all expressing virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying membrane-anchored trimeric Env. A single VLP protein boost displaying trimeric gp160 adjuvanted with nanoparticle-encapsulated Toll-like receptor 4/7/8 (TLR4/7/8) agonists, administered 44 weeks after the second MVA immunization, induced up to a 3-fold increase in Env-specific IgG binding titers in serum and mucosa. Importantly, the VLP protein boost increased binding antibody against scaffolded V1V2, antibody-dependent phagocytic activity against VLP-coated beads, and antibody breadth and neutralizing antibody titers against homologous and heterologous tier 1 SIVs. Following 5 weekly intrarectal SIVmac251 challenges, two of seven DNA/MVA and VLP (DM+VLP)-vaccinated animals were completely protected compared to productive infection in all seven DM-vaccinated animals. Vaccinated animals demonstrated stronger acute viral pulldown than controls, but a trend for higher acute viremia was observed in the DM+VLP group, likely due to a slower recall of Gag-specific CD8 T cells. Our findings support immunization with VLPs containing trimeric Env as a strategy to augment protective antibody but underscore the need for optimal engagement of CD8 T cells to achieve robust early viral control. IMPORTANCE The development of an effective HIV vaccine remains a global necessity for preventing HIV infection and reducing the burden of AIDS. While this goal represents a formidable challenge, the modest efficacy of the RV144 trial indicates that multicomponent vaccination regimens that elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses can prevent HIV infection in humans. However, whether protein immunizations synergize with DNA prime-viral vector boosts to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses remains poorly understood. We addressed this question in a nonhuman primate model, and our findings show benefit for sequential protein immunization combined with a potent adjuvant in boosting antibody titers induced by a preceding DNA/MVA immunization. This promising strategy can be further developed to enhance neutralizing antibody responses and boost CD8 T cells to provide robust protection and viral control.
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110
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Moyo S, Vandormael A, Wilkinson E, Engelbrecht S, Gaseitsiwe S, Kotokwe KP, Musonda R, Tanser F, Essex M, Novitsky V, de Oliveira T. Analysis of Viral Diversity in Relation to the Recency of HIV-1C Infection in Botswana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160649. [PMID: 27552218 PMCID: PMC4994946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional, biomarker methods to determine HIV infection recency present a promising and cost-effective alternative to the repeated testing of uninfected individuals. We evaluate a viral-based assay that uses a measure of pairwise distances (PwD) to identify HIV infection recency, and compare its performance with two serologic incidence assays, BED and LAg. In addition, we assess whether combination BED plus PwD or LAg plus PwD screening can improve predictive accuracy by reducing the likelihood of a false-recent result. METHODS The data comes from 854 time-points and 42 participants enrolled in a primary HIV-1C infection study in Botswana. Time points after treatment initiation or with evidence of multiplicity of infection were excluded from the final analysis. PwD was calculated from quasispecies generated using single genome amplification and sequencing. We evaluated the ability of PwD to correctly classify HIV infection recency within <130, <180 and <360 days post-seroconversion using Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) methods. Following a secondary PwD screening, we quantified the reduction in the relative false-recency rate (rFRR) of the BED and LAg assays while maintaining a sensitivity of either 75, 80, 85 or 90%. RESULTS The final analytic sample consisted of 758 time-points from 40 participants. The PwD assay was more accurate in classifying infection recency for the 130 and 180-day cut-offs when compared with the recommended LAg and BED thresholds. A higher AUC statistic confirmed the superior predictive performance of the PwD assay for the three cut-offs. When used for combination screening, the PwD assay reduced the rFRR of the LAg assay by 52% and the BED assay by 57.8% while maintaining a 90% sensitivity for the 130 and 180-day cut-offs respectively. CONCLUSION PwD can accurately determine HIV infection recency. A secondary PwD screening reduces misclassification and increases the accuracy of serologic-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikhulile Moyo
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Vandormael
- Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Dorris Duke Medical Research Centre, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Dorris Duke Medical Research Centre, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, South Africa
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frank Tanser
- Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Dorris Duke Medical Research Centre, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Novitsky
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, Dorris Duke Medical Research Centre, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Research Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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111
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Guillaume-Vasselin V, Lemaitre L, Dhondt KP, Tedeschi L, Poulard A, Charreyre C, Horvat B. Protection from Hendra virus infection with Canarypox recombinant vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2016; 1:16003. [PMID: 29263849 PMCID: PMC5707888 DOI: 10.1038/npjvaccines.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, which causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans and horses. Since its first appearance in 1994, spillovers of HeV from its natural reservoir fruit bats occur on almost an annual basis. The high mortality rate in both humans and horses and the wide-ranging reservoir distribution are making HeV a serious public health problem, especially for people exposed to sick horses. This study has aimed to develop an efficient low-cost HeV vaccine for horses based on Canarypox recombinant vector expressing HeV glycoproteins, attachment glycoprotein (G) and fusion protein (F). This vaccine was used to immunise hamsters and then challenged intraperitoneally with HeV 3 weeks later. The higher tested dose of the vaccine efficiently prevented oropharyngeal virus shedding and protected animals from clinical disease and virus-induced mortality. Vaccine induced generation of seroneutralising antibodies and prevented virus-induced histopathological changes and a production of viral RNA and antigens in animal tissues. Interestingly, some vaccinated animals, including those immunised at a lower dose, were protected in the absence of detectable specific antibodies, suggesting the induction of an efficient virus-specific cellular immunity. Finally, ponies immunised using the same vaccination protocol as hamsters developed strong seroneutralising titres against both HeV and closely related Nipah virus, indicating that this vaccine may have the ability to induce cross-protection against Henipavirus infection. These data suggest that Canarypox-based vectors encoding for HeV glycoproteins present very promising new vaccine candidate to prevent infection and shedding of the highly lethal HeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Guillaume-Vasselin
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Kévin P Dhondt
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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112
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Cosgrove CA, Lacey CJ, Cope AV, Bartolf A, Morris G, Yan C, Baden S, Cole T, Carter D, Brodnicki E, Shen X, Joseph S, DeRosa SC, Peng L, Yu X, Ferrari G, Seaman M, Montefiori DC, Frahm N, Tomaras GD, Stöhr W, McCormack S, Shattock RJ. Comparative Immunogenicity of HIV-1 gp140 Vaccine Delivered by Parenteral, and Mucosal Routes in Female Volunteers; MUCOVAC2, A Randomized Two Centre Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152038. [PMID: 27159166 PMCID: PMC4861263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defining optimal routes for induction of mucosal immunity represents an important research priority for the HIV-1 vaccine field. In particular, it remains unclear whether mucosal routes of immunization can improve mucosal immune responses. Methods In this randomized two center phase I clinical trial we evaluated the systemic and mucosal immune response to a candidate HIV-1 Clade C CN54gp140 envelope glycoprotein vaccine administered by intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN) and intravaginal (IVAG) routes of administration in HIV negative female volunteers. IM immunizations were co-administered with Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA), IN immunizations with 0.5% chitosan and IVAG immunizations were administered in an aqueous gel. Results Three IM immunizations of CN54 gp140 at either 20 or 100 μg elicited significantly greater systemic and mucosal antibodies than either IN or IVAG immunizations. Following additional intramuscular boosting we observed an anamnestic antibody response in nasally primed subjects. Modest neutralizing responses were detected against closely matched tier 1 clade C virus in the IM groups. Interestingly, the strongest CD4 T-cell responses were detected after IN and not IM immunization. Conclusions These data show that parenteral immunization elicits systemic and mucosal antibodies in women. Interestingly IN immunization was an effective prime for IM boost, while IVAG administration had no detectable impact on systemic or mucosal responses despite IM priming. Clinical Trials Registration EudraCT 2010-019103-27 and the UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN) Number 11679
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J. Lacey
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea V. Cope
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Bartolf
- Centre for Infection, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Morris
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Yan
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Baden
- Centre for Infection, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Brodnicki
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Sarah Joseph
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lili Peng
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xuesong Yu
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mike Seaman
- CAVD Neutralizing Antibody Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena McCormack
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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113
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Prentice HA, Tomaras GD, Geraghty DE, Apps R, Fong Y, Ehrenberg PK, Rolland M, Kijak GH, Krebs SJ, Nelson W, DeCamp A, Shen X, Yates NL, Zolla-Pazner S, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Ferrari G, McElrath MJ, Montefiori DC, Bailer RT, Koup RA, O'Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Gilbert PB, Kim JH, Thomas R. HLA class II genes modulate vaccine-induced antibody responses to affect HIV-1 acquisition. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:296ra112. [PMID: 26180102 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the RV144 vaccine trial, two antibody responses were found to correlate with HIV-1 acquisition. Because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells are involved in antibody production, we tested whether HLA class II genotypes affected HIV-1-specific antibody levels and HIV-1 acquisition in 760 individuals. Indeed, antibody responses correlated with acquisition only in the presence of single host HLA alleles. Envelope (Env)-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies were associated with increased risk of acquisition specifically in individuals with DQB1*06. IgG antibody responses to Env amino acid positions 120 to 204 were higher and were associated with decreased risk of acquisition and increased vaccine efficacy only in the presence of DPB1*13. Screening IgG responses to overlapping peptides spanning Env 120-204 and viral sequence analysis of infected individuals defined differences in vaccine response that were associated with the presence of DPB1*13 and could be responsible for the protection observed. Overall, the underlying genetic findings indicate that HLA class II modulated the quantity, quality, and efficacy of antibody responses in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Prentice
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philip K Ehrenberg
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Wyatt Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan DeCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Department of Retrovirology, U.S. Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics (BIOPHICS), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, U.S. Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA.
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114
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He X, Simoneau CR, Granoff ME, Lunemann S, Dugast AS, Shao Y, Altfeld M, Körner C. Assessment of the antiviral capacity of primary natural killer cells by optimized in vitro quantification of HIV-1 replication. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:53-60. [PMID: 27094484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of studies investigating the impact of natural killer (NK) cells on HIV-1 pathogenesis, the exact mechanism by which NK cells recognize HIV-1-infected cells and exert immunological pressure on HIV-1 remains unknown. Previously several groups including ours have introduced autologous HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells as suitable target cells to study NK-cell function in response to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Here, we re-evaluated and optimized a standardized in vitro assay that allows assessing the antiviral capacity of NK cells. This includes the implementation of HIV-1 RNA copy numbers as readout for NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication and the investigation of inter-assay variation in comparison to previous methods, such as HIV-1 p24 Gag production and frequency of p24(+) CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we investigated the possibility to hasten the duration of the assay and provide concepts for downstream applications. Autologous CD4(+) T cells and NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood of HIV-negative healthy individuals and were separately enriched through negative selection. CD4(+) T cells were infected with the HIV-1 strain JR-CSF at an MOI of 0.01. Infected CD4(+) T cells were then co-cultured with primary NK cells at various effector:target ratios for up to 14days. Supernatants obtained from media exchanged at days 4, 7, 11 and 14 were used for quantification of HIV-1 p24 Gag and HIV-1 RNA copy numbers. In addition, frequency of infected CD4(+) T cells was determined by flow cytometric detection of intracellular p24 Gag. The assay displayed minimal inter-assay variation when utilizing viral RNA quantification or p24 Gag concentration for the assessment of viral replication. Viral RNA quantification was more rigorous to display magnitude and kinetics of NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication, longitudinally and between tested individuals. The results of this study demonstrate that NK-cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication can be reliably quantified in vitro, and that viral RNA quantification is comparable to p24 Gag quantification via ELISA, providing a robust measurement for NK-cell-mediated inhibition of viral replication. Overall, the described assay provides an optimized tool to study the antiviral capacity of NK cells against HIV-1 and an additional experimental tool to investigate the molecular determinants of NK-cell recognition of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Camille R Simoneau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mitchell E Granoff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Dugast
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Körner
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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115
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Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Justification for the inclusion of Gag in HIV vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:585-98. [PMID: 26645951 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1129904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines need to elicit a range of responses, including neutralising antibodies and T-cells. In natural HIV infections, immune responses to Gag are associated with lower viral load in infected individuals, and these responses can be measured against infected cells before the replication of HIV. Priming immune responses to Gag with DNA or recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, and boosting with Gag virus-like particles as subunit vaccines or Gag produced in vivo by other vaccine vectors, elicits high-magnitude, broad polyfunctional responses, with memory T-cell responses appropriate for virus control. This review provides justification for the inclusion of HIV Gag in vaccine regimens, either as a transgene expressing protein that may assemble to form budded particles, or as purified virus-like particles. Possible benefits would include early control via CD8(+) T-cells at the site of infection, control of spread from the entry portal, and control of viraemia if infection is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lise Williamson
- a Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town and Department of Pathology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- a Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,c Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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116
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Sheets RL, Zhou T, Knezevic I. Scientific and regulatory challenges in evaluating clinical trial protocols for HIV-1/AIDS vaccines - A review from a regulatory perspective. Biologicals 2015; 44:90-110. [PMID: 26732973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of prophylactic HIV/AIDS vaccines presents many scientific challenges that result in challenges for regulators reviewing clinical trial applications (CTAs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has the responsibility to provide technical support to these regulators. The search for an HIV/AIDS vaccine will only succeed through well-designed, -conducted and -controlled human efficacy studies reviewed and approved by regulators in countries worldwide, particularly in countries where the epidemic has hit hardest, such as in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. This review summarizes the current candidates in development and focuses on challenges regulators face when reviewing CTAs, such as the evolving landscape of "standard of prevention," trials in adolescents, adaptive trial designs, correlates of protection and their analysis, and access to successful vaccines. There are many unknowns in the field of HIV/AIDS vaccine development and often, there is not a clear right or wrong approach because of the scientific challenges described in this review. Consequently, regulators should not feel that decisions need be made in isolation, when there are many available international collaborative efforts and opportunities to seek expert advice. The WHO provides many such opportunities and support to regulators across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - TieQun Zhou
- Technologies Standards and Norms Team, Regulation of Medicines and Other Health Technologies, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Health Systems and Innovation, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- Technologies Standards and Norms Team, Regulation of Medicines and Other Health Technologies, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Health Systems and Innovation, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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117
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Abstract
A globally effective vaccine strategy must cope with the broad genetic diversity of HIV and contend with multiple transmission modalities. Understanding correlates of protection and the role of diversity in limiting protective vaccines with those correlates is key. RV144 was the first HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 infection. A correlates analysis comparing vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated-infected and vaccinated-uninfected volunteers suggested that IgG specific for the V1V2 region of gp120 was associated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection and that plasma Env IgA was directly correlated with infection risk. RV144 and recent non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies suggest that Env is essential and perhaps sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against mucosally acquired HIV-1. Whether RV144 immune correlates can apply to different HIV vaccines, to populations with different modes and intensity of transmission, or to divergent HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown. Newer prime-boost mosaic and conserved sequence immunization strategies aiming at inducing immune responses of greater breadth and depth as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies should be actively pursued. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and men who have sex with men in Thailand. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key to answer the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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118
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program 6720-A Rockledge Drive, Suite 400 Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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119
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Sheets RL, Zhou T, Knezevic I. Review of efficacy trials of HIV-1/AIDS vaccines and regulatory lessons learned: A review from a regulatory perspective. Biologicals 2015; 44:73-89. [PMID: 26776940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical development of prophylactic HIV-1/AIDS vaccines is confounded by numerous scientific challenges and these in turn result in challenges to regulators reviewing clinical trial applications (CTAs). The search for an HIV-1/AIDS vaccine will only succeed through the conduct of well-designed, well-conducted and well-controlled human efficacy studies. This review summarizes relevant context in which HIV vaccines are being investigated and the six completed efficacy trials of various candidate vaccines and regimens, as well as the lessons learned from them relevant to regulatory evaluation. A companion review focuses on the scientific challenges regulators face and summarizes some current candidates in development. The lessons learned from the completed efficacy trials will enable the development of better designed, potentially more efficient efficacy trials in future. This summary, supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), is unique in that it is meant to aid regulators in understanding the valuable lessons gained from experience in the field to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - TieQun Zhou
- Technologies Standards and Norms Team, Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Health Systems and Innovation, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- Technologies Standards and Norms Team, Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Health Systems and Innovation, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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120
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Sealy RE, Jones BG, Surman SL, Branum K, Howlett NM, Flynn PM, Hurwitz JL. Murine Monoclonal Antibodies for Antigenic Discrimination of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:64-70. [PMID: 26544795 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the influenza virus field, antibody reagents from research animals have been instrumental in the characterization of antigenically distinct hemagglutinin and neuraminidase membrane molecules. These small animal reagents continue to support the selection of components for inclusion in human influenza virus vaccines. Other cocktail vaccines against variant pathogens (e.g., polio virus, pneumococcus) are similarly designed to represent variant antigens, as defined by antibody reactivity patterns. However, a vaccine cocktail comprising diverse viral membrane antigens defined in this way has not yet been advanced to a clinical efficacy study in the HIV-1 field. In this study, we describe the preparation of mouse antibodies specific for HIV-1 gp140 or gp120 envelope molecules. Our experiments generated renewable reagents able to discriminate HIV-1 envelopes from one another. Monoclonals yielded more precise discriminatory capacity against their respective immunogens than did a small panel of polyclonal human sera derived from recently HIV-1-infected patients. Perhaps these and other antibody reagents will ultimately support high-throughput cartography studies with which antigenically-distinct envelope immunogens may be formulated into a successful HIV-1 envelope cocktail vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sealy
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bart G Jones
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sherri L Surman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kristen Branum
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nanna M Howlett
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Patricia M Flynn
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee.,3 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,4 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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Martin AR, Siliciano RF. Progress Toward HIV Eradication: Case Reports, Current Efforts, and the Challenges Associated with Cure. Annu Rev Med 2015; 67:215-28. [PMID: 26526767 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-011514-023043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 35 million people worldwide are infected with HIV, yet a widely applicable cure strategy remains elusive. Recent case reports have suggested that curing HIV infection is possible, renewing excitement about research efforts. We describe those cases and discuss their relevance to the global HIV epidemic. We also review ongoing cure strategies that are transitioning from the lab to the clinic, and the assays and clinical assessments that can be used to evaluate cure interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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122
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Rationally Targeted Mutations at the V1V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope to Augment Virus Neutralization by Anti-V1V2 Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141233. [PMID: 26491873 PMCID: PMC4619609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are the only viral antigens present on the virus surface and serve as the key targets for virus-neutralizing antibodies. However, HIV-1 deploys multiple strategies to shield the vulnerable sites on its Env from neutralizing antibodies. The V1V2 domain located at the apex of the HIV-1 Env spike is known to encompass highly variable loops, but V1V2 also contains immunogenic conserved elements recognized by cross-reactive antibodies. This study evaluates human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against V2 epitopes which overlap with the conserved integrin α4β7-binding LDV/I motif, designated as the V2i (integrin) epitopes. We postulate that the V2i Abs have weak or no neutralizing activities because the V2i epitopes are often occluded from antibody recognition. To gain insights into the mechanisms of the V2i occlusion, we evaluated three elements at the distal end of the V1V2 domain shown in the structure of V2i epitope complexed with mAb 830A to be important for antibody recognition of the V2i epitope. Amino-acid substitutions at position 179 that restore the LDV/I motif had minimal effects on virus sensitivity to neutralization by most V2i mAbs. However, a charge change at position 153 in the V1 region significantly increased sensitivity of subtype C virus ZM109 to most V2i mAbs. Separately, a disulfide bond introduced to stabilize the hypervariable region of V2 loop also enhanced virus neutralization by some V2i mAbs, but the effects varied depending on the virus. These data demonstrate that multiple elements within the V1V2 domain act independently and in a virus-dependent fashion to govern the antibody recognition and accessibility of V2i epitopes, suggesting the need for multi-pronged strategies to counter the escape and the shielding mechanisms obstructing the V2i Abs from neutralizing HIV-1.
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123
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Julien JP. Origins of a Vaccine-Induced, Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:632-3. [PMID: 26288832 PMCID: PMC4534699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
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124
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Tuero I, Mohanram V, Musich T, Miller L, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Demberg T, Venzon D, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman VS, Pal R, Ferrari MG, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Rao M, Vaccari M, Franchini G, Barnett SW, Robert-Guroff M. Mucosal B Cells Are Associated with Delayed SIV Acquisition in Vaccinated Female but Not Male Rhesus Macaques Following SIVmac251 Rectal Challenge. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005101. [PMID: 26267144 PMCID: PMC4534401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral infections, including HIV, exhibit sex-based pathogenic differences. However, few studies have examined vaccine-related sex differences. We compared immunogenicity and protective efficacy of monomeric SIV gp120 with oligomeric SIV gp140 in a pre-clinical rhesus macaque study and explored a subsequent sex bias in vaccine outcome. Each immunization group (16 females, 8 males) was primed twice mucosally with replication-competent Ad-recombinants encoding SIVsmH4env/rev, SIV239gag and SIV239nefΔ1–13 and boosted twice intramuscularly with SIVmac239 monomeric gp120 or oligomeric gp140 in MF59 adjuvant. Controls (7 females, 5 males) received empty Ad and MF59. Up to 9 weekly intrarectal challenges with low-dose SIVmac251 were administered until macaques became infected. We assessed vaccine-induced binding, neutralizing, and non-neutralizing antibodies, Env-specific memory B cells and plasmablasts/plasma cells (PB/PC) in bone marrow and rectal tissue, mucosal Env-specific antibodies, and Env-specific T-cells. Post-challenge, only one macaque (gp140-immunized) remained uninfected. However, SIV acquisition was significantly delayed in vaccinated females but not males, correlated with Env-specific IgA in rectal secretions, rectal Env-specific memory B cells, and PC in rectal tissue. These results extend previous correlations of mucosal antibodies and memory B cells with protective efficacy. The gp140 regimen was more immunogenic, stimulating elevated gp140 and cyclic V2 binding antibodies, ADCC and ADCP activities, bone marrow Env-specific PB/PC, and rectal gp140-specific IgG. However, immunization with gp120, the form of envelope immunogen used in RV144, the only vaccine trial to show some efficacy, provided more significant acquisition delay. Further over 40 weeks of follow-up, no gp120 immunized macaques met euthanasia criteria in contrast to 7 gp140-immunized and 2 control animals. Although males had higher binding antibodies than females, ADCC and ADCP activities were similar. The complex challenge outcomes may reflect differences in IgG subtypes, Fc glycosylation, Fc-R polymorphisms, and/or the microbiome, key areas for future studies. This first demonstration of a sex-difference in SIV vaccine-induced protection emphasizes the need for sex-balancing in vaccine trials. Our results highlight the importance of mucosal immunity and memory B cells at the SIV exposure site for protection. Viral infections can have different disease courses in men and women. Following HIV infection, women generally exhibit lower viral loads and higher CD4 counts than men, but paradoxically progress faster to AIDS. Sex differences result from effects of X-linked genes and hormonal influences, and are believed to be largely based on immune response differences. Nevertheless, little is known about potential sex differences following vaccination. Here we report for the first time a sex bias in response to a SIV vaccine in rhesus macaques, showing that female animals were better protected against acquisition of SIV compared to males. The vaccine-induced immune responses that contributed to this better protection were viral-specific antibodies and immune antibody-secreting B cells, both at the local rectal site of SIV exposure. These results suggest that HIV/SIV vaccines should be better designed to target mucosal exposure sites. Additionally, they indicate that more vaccine studies should include animals of both sexes to address potential differences. Our study also illustrates that inclusion of both sexes can lead to greater complexity in vaccine trial outcomes, necessitating more in depth analyses. However, we believe sex balancing to be particularly important, as approximately 50% of HIV infections worldwide occur in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Musich
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leia Miller
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - V. S. Kalyanaraman
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Grazia Ferrari
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- USMHRP, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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125
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Breakthrough of SIV strain smE660 challenge in SIV strain mac239-vaccinated rhesus macaques despite potent autologous neutralizing antibody responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10780-5. [PMID: 26261312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509731112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlates of immunological protection from human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus infection remain incompletely understood, it is generally believed that medium to high titers of serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the challenge virus will prevent infection. This paradigm is based on a series of studies in which passive transfer of HIV-specific nAbs protected rhesus macaques (RMs) from subsequent mucosal challenge with a chimeric human/simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown whether nAb titers define protection in the setting of active immunization. Here we determined serum nAb titers against breakthrough transmitted/founder (T/F) SIVsmE660-derived envelope glycoprotein (Env) variants from 14 RMs immunized with SIVmac239-based DNA-prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara-boost vaccine regimens that included GM-CSF or CD40L adjuvants and conferred significant but incomplete protection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge. A single Env variant established infection in all RMs except one, with no identifiable genetic signature associated with vaccination breakthrough compared with T/F Envs from four unvaccinated monkeys. Breakthrough T/F Env pseudoviruses were potently neutralized in vitro by heterologous pooled serum from chronically SIVsmE660-infected monkeys at IC50 titers exceeding 1:1,000,000. Remarkably, the T/F Env pseudoviruses from 13 of 14 monkeys were also susceptible to neutralization by autologous prechallenge serum at in vitro IC50 titers ranging from 1:742-1:10,832. These titers were similar to those observed in vaccinated RMs that remained uninfected. These data suggest that the relationship between serum nAb titers and protection from mucosal SIV challenge in the setting of active immunization is more complex than previously recognized, warranting further studies into the balance between immune activation, target cell availability, and protective antibody responses.
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126
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Zak DE, Aderem A. Systems integration of innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 2015; 33:5241-8. [PMID: 26102534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogens causing AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis have proven too complex to be overcome by classical approaches to vaccination. The complexities of human immunology and pathogen-induced modulation of the immune system mandate new approaches to vaccine discovery and design. A new field, systems vaccinology, weds holistic analysis of innate and adaptive immunity within a quantitative framework to enable rational design of new vaccines that elicit tailored protective immune responses. A key step in the approach is to discover relationships between the earliest innate inflammatory responses to vaccination and the subsequent vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses and efficacy. Analysis of these responses in clinical studies is complicated by the inaccessibility of relevant tissue compartments (such as the lymph node), necessitating reliance upon peripheral blood responses as surrogates. Blood transcriptomes, although indirect to vaccine mechanisms, have proven very informative in systems vaccinology studies. The approach is most powerful when innate and adaptive immune responses are integrated with vaccine efficacy, which is possible for malaria with the advent of a robust human challenge model. This is more difficult for AIDS and tuberculosis, given that human challenge models are lacking and efficacy observed in clinical trials has been low or highly variable. This challenge can be met by appropriate clinical trial design for partially efficacious vaccines and by analysis of natural infection cohorts. Ultimately, systems vaccinology is an iterative approach in which mechanistic hypotheses-derived from analysis of clinical studies-are evaluated in model systems, and then used to guide the development of new vaccine strategies. In this review, we will illustrate the above facets of the systems vaccinology approach with case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Zak
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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127
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Excler JL, Robb ML, Kim JH. Prospects for a globally effective HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 4:D4-12. [PMID: 26100921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A globally effective vaccine strategy must cope with the broad genetic diversity of HIV and contend with multiple transmission modalities. Understanding correlates of protection and the role of diversity in limiting protective vaccines with those correlates is key. RV144 was the first HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 infection. A correlates analysis compared vaccine-induced immune responses in vaccinated-infected and vaccinated-uninfected volunteers suggested that IgG specific for the V1V2 region of gp120 was associated with reduced risk of HIV-1 infection and that plasma Env IgA was directly correlated with infection risk. RV144 and recent NHP challenge studies suggest that Env is essential and perhaps sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against mucosally acquired HIV-1. Whether RV144 immune correlates can apply to different HIV vaccines, to populations with different modes and intensity of transmission, or to divergent HIV-1 subtypes remains unknown. Newer prime-boost mosaic and conserved sequence immunization strategies aiming at inducing immune responses of greater breadth and depth as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies should be actively pursued. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and MSM in Thailand. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key to answer the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
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128
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Matsuda Z. Recent advance in the structural analysis of HIV-1 envelope protein. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:420-4. [PMID: 25921945 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), a causative agent of AIDS, is affecting today more than 35 millions of people worldwide. The advance of anti-HIV chemotherapy has made AIDS a chronic non-fatal disease in resourceful countries. Long-awaited anti-HIV-1 vaccine is still not with us yet; however, great progress in structural analyses of the envelope protein of HIV-1 in recent years starts to shed light on rational intervention targeted at the envelope protein, as will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zene Matsuda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan,
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129
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Doria-Rose NA, Joyce MG. Strategies to guide the antibody affinity maturation process. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:137-47. [PMID: 25913818 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies with protective activity are critical for vaccine efficacy. Affinity maturation increases antibody activity through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in the germinal center. Identification of HIV-1 specific and influenza-specific antibody developmental pathways, as well as characterization of B cell and virus co-evolution in patients, has informed our understanding of antibody development. In order to counteract HIV-1 and influenza viral diversity, broadly neutralizing antibodies precisely target specific sites of vulnerability and require high levels of affinity maturation. We present immunization strategies that attempt to recapitulate these natural processes and guide the affinity maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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130
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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