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Trudeau M, Mauffette Y, Rochefort S, Han E, Bauce E. Impact of host tree on forest tent caterpillar performance and offspring overwintering mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:498-504. [PMID: 20388280 DOI: 10.1603/en09139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the most damaging insect pests in deciduous forests of North America is the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner. It can feed on a variety of plants, but trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) is its preferred host and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) serves as a secondary one in the northern part of its distribution. Because host plant characteristics influence insect performance and survival, we evaluated the impact of trembling aspen and sugar maple foliage on M. disstria performance. Host effects on insect cold hardiness and overwintering survival of offspring were also studied. Forest tent caterpillar reared on aspen leaves had a shorter development time, higher pupal weights and fecundity, and superior egg parameters (length and weight) compared with those reared on sugar maple leaves. Larvae from the two food treatments had low glucose levels during diapause, whereas glycerol content of insects reared on maple was significantly higher during diapause than larvae fed on aspen. Lower glycerol content may explain the higher overwinter mortality of pharate larvae from aspen-reared parents even though their supercooling points were as low as -36 degrees C. This study shows the influence of host plant on insect life history and the need to consider overwintering success and offspring performance in studies to understand and predict population growth and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trudeau
- Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Blvd, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
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102
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Hill SB, Kotanen PM. Phylogenetically structured damage to Asteraceae: susceptibility of native and exotic species to foliar herbivores. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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103
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McLaughlin ÓB, Jonsson T, Emmerson MC. Temporal Variability in Predator–Prey Relationships of a Forest Floor Food Web. ADV ECOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381363-3.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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104
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To speciate, or not to speciate? Resource heterogeneity, the subjectivity of similarity, and the macroevolutionary consequences of niche-width shifts in plant-feeding insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 85:393-411. [PMID: 20002390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary studies on plants and plant-feeding insects have significantly improved our understanding of the role of niche shifts in the generation of new species. Evolving plant lineages essentially constitute moving islands and archipelagoes in resource space, and host shifts by insects are usually preceded by colonizations of novel resources. Critical to hypotheses concerning ecological speciation is what happens immediately before and after colonization attempts: if an available plant is too similar to the current host(s), it simply will be incorporated into the existing diet, but if it is too different, it will not be colonized in the first place. It thus seems that the probability of speciation is maximized when alternative hosts are at an 'intermediate' distance in resource space. In this review, I wish to highlight the possibility that resource similarity and, thus, the definition of 'intermediate', are subjective concepts that depend on the herbivore lineage's tolerance to dietary variation. This subjectivity of similarity means that changes in tolerance can either decrease or increase speciation probabilities depending on the distribution of plants in resource space: insect lineages with narrow tolerances are likely to speciate by 'island-hopping' on young, species-rich plant groups, whereas more generalized lineages could speciate by shifting among resource archipelagoes formed by higher plant taxa. Repeated and convergent origins of traits known to broaden or to restrict host-plant use in multiple different insect groups provide opportunities for studying how tolerance and resource heterogeneity may interact to determine speciation rates.
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105
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Fonseca CR. The silent mass extinction of insect herbivores in biodiversity hotspots. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009; 23:1507-1515. [PMID: 19775277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Habitat loss is silently leading numerous insects to extinction. Conservation efforts, however, have not been designed specifically to protect these organisms, despite their ecological and evolutionary significance. On the basis of species-host area equations, parameterized with data from the literature and interviews with botanical experts, I estimated the number of specialized plant-feeding insects (i.e., monophages) that live in 34 biodiversity hotspots and the number committed to extinction because of habitat loss. I estimated that 795,971-1,602,423 monophagous insect species live in biodiversity hotspots on 150,371 endemic plant species, which is 5.3-10.6 monophages per plant species. I calculated that 213,830-547,500 monophagous species are committed to extinction in biodiversity hotspots because of reduction of the geographic range size of their endemic hosts. I provided rankings of biodiversity hotspots on the basis of estimated richness of monophagous insects and on estimated number of extinctions of monophagous species. Extinction rates were predicted to be higher in biodiversity hotspots located along strong environmental gradients and on archipelagos, where high spatial turnover of monophagous species along the geographic distribution of their endemic plants is likely. The results strongly support the overall strategy of selecting priority conservation areas worldwide primarily on the basis of richness of endemic plants. To face the global decline of insect herbivores, one must expand the coverage of the network of protected areas and improve the richness of native plants on private lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Fonseca
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil.
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106
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Joppa LN, Bascompte J, Montoya JM, Solé RV, Sanderson J, Pimm SL. Reciprocal specialization in ecological networks. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:961-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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107
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Hill SB, Kotanen PM. Evidence that phylogenetically novel non-indigenous plants experience less herbivory. Oecologia 2009; 161:581-90. [PMID: 19585153 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Burton Hill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada.
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108
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Şen I, Gök A. Leaf Beetle Communities (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Two Mixed Forest Ecosystems Dominated by Pine—Oak—Hawthorn in Isparta Province, Turkey. ANN ZOOL FENN 2009. [DOI: 10.5735/086.046.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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109
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Aphid biodiversity is positively correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia 2009; 160:839-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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110
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Pautasso M, Fontaneto D. A test of the species-people correlation for stream macro-invertebrates in European countries. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 18:1842-1849. [PMID: 19263882 DOI: 10.1890/07-2047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many recent studies have shown that over large scales there are positive correlations between plant and vertebrate species richness and human population presence. It is unknown whether this pattern applies also to Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies) (EPT), which are common bio-indicators of the naturalness of streams. Most local studies report higher species richness of these macro-invertebrates where human influences on water quality are lower. Using a newly collated taxonomic data set, we studied whether the species richness of EPT is related to human population size in European countries. Analyses controlled for country area, plant species richness, and mean annual temperature and precipitation. We found a significant increase in the number of EPT species with increasing human population size, plant species richness, and decreasing temperature. Our analysis confirmed the scale dependence of the human population-biodiversity correlation. Although stream macro-invertebrates are traditionally used as indicators of pristine ecosystems over local to regional scales, over broad scales more populated regions have more EPT species than less populated ones. This finding underlines the importance of scale in ecology and implies that there is a challenge also for the broadscale conservation of EPT diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pautasso
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, High Street, Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom.
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111
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Human population, grasshopper and plant species richness in European countries. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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112
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Brändle M, Kühn I, Klotz S, Belle C, Brandl R. Species richness of herbivores on exotic host plants increases with time since introduction of the host. DIVERS DISTRIB 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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113
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Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that similar suites of plant traits may affect leaf palatability and leaf litter decomposability. However, the possible association between leaf herbivory and litter decomposition rates across species in species-diverse natural ecosystems such as tropical rain forests remains unexplored, despite its importance in estimating the herbivory effects on carbon and nutrient cycling of ecosystems. We found no strong association between leaf herbivory and litter decomposition rates across 40 tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest, even though the leaf and litter traits were tightly correlated. This is because the leaf and litter traits related to herbivory and decomposition rates in the field were inconsistent. Leaf toughness accounted for only a small part of the variation in the herbivory rate, whereas a number of litter traits (the leaf mass per area, lignin to nitrogen ratio, and condensed tannin concentration) accurately predicted the decomposition rate across species. These results suggest that herbivory rate across species may not be strongly related to single leaf traits, probably because plant-herbivore interactions in tropical rain forests are highly diverse; on the other hand, plant-decomposer interactions are less specific and can be governed by litter chemicals. We also investigated two factors, phylogeny and tree functional types, that could affect the relationship between herbivory and decomposition across species. Phylogenetic relatedness among the species did not affect the relationship between herbivory and decomposition. In contrast, when the plants were segregated according to their leaf emergence pattern, we found a significant positive relationship between herbivory and decomposition rates for continuous-leafing species. In these species, the condensed tannin to N ratios in leaves and litter were related to herbivory and decomposition rates, respectively. However, we did not observe a similar trend for synchronous-leafing species. These results suggest that the relationship between herbivory and decomposition may be more greatly affected by functional types than by phylogenetic relatedness among species. In conclusion, our results suggest that well-defended leaves are not necessarily less decomposable litter in a tropical rain forest community, implying that herbivory may not generate positive feedback for carbon and nutrient cycling in this type of ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kurokawa
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan.
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114
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Goane L, Valladares G, Willink E. Preference and performance of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on three citrus hosts: laboratory and field assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 37:1025-1034. [PMID: 18801269 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2008)37[1025:papopc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between preference and performance is crucial to the ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions. Oviposition preference and offspring performance were evaluated for a citrus pest, the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on three of its host plants: lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm.), orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) in Tucumán province (northwest Argentina). Choice and no-choice tests were performed in open and enclosed environments, and performance parameters (development time, survival, pupal size, and sex ratio) were estimated from laboratory rearing and 3-yr field sampling data. Parasitism rates were studied in laboratory choice test and field assessments. Preference trends were inconsistent, with lemon receiving more eggs in some tests, whereas no preference was observed in others. Patterns of host use in the field did not show significant differences among species. Leafminer performance, including parasitism and predation rates, was generally homogeneous among host plants. From these results, lemon, orange, and grapefruit seem to represent intrinsically similar resources for P. citrella populations in northwest Argentina, a trend that was accompanied by a lack of consistent oviposition preferences in foraging females. Ecological conditions might be more important than physiological adaptation in shaping a probably labile host ranking in this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Goane
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Sección Zoología Agrícola, CC 9, Las Talitas (T4101XAC), Tucumán, Argentina.
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115
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Schaffers AP, Raemakers IP, Sýkora KV, Ter Braak CJF. Arthropod assemblages are best predicted by plant species composition. Ecology 2008; 89:782-94. [PMID: 18459341 DOI: 10.1890/07-0361.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insects and spiders comprise more than two-thirds of the Earth's total species diversity. There is wide concern, however, that the global diversity of arthropods may be declining even more rapidly than the diversity of vertebrates and plants. For adequate conservation planning, ecologists need to understand the driving factors for arthropod communities and devise methods, that provide reliable predictions when resources do not permit exhaustive ground surveys. Which factor most successfully predicts arthropod community structure is still a matter of debate, however. The purpose of this study was to identify the factor best predicting arthropod assemblage composition. We investigated the species composition of seven functionally different arthropod groups (epigeic spiders, grasshoppers, ground beetles, weevils, hoppers, hoverflies, and bees) at 47 sites in The Netherlands comprising a range of seminatural grassland types and one heathland type. We then compared the actual arthropod composition with predictions based on plant species composition, vegetation structure, environmental data, flower richness, and landscape composition. For this we used the recently published method of predictive co-correspondence analysis, and a predictive variant of canonical correspondence analysis, depending on the type of predictor data. Our results demonstrate that local plant species composition is the most effective predictor of arthropod assemblage composition, for all investigated groups. In predicting arthropod assemblages, plant community composition consistently outperforms both vegetation structure and environmental conditions (even when the two are combined), and also performs better than the surrounding landscape. These results run against a common expectation of vegetation structure as the decisive factor. Such expectations, however, have always been biased by the fact that until recently no methods existed that could use an entire (plant) species composition in the explanatory role. Although more recent experimental diversity work has reawakened interest in the role of plant species, these studies still have not used (or have not been able to use) entire species compositions. They only consider diversity measures, both for plant and insect assemblages, which may obscure relationships. The present study demonstrates that the species compositions of insect and plant communities are clearly linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Schaffers
- Department of Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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116
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Forero D. Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hadronema Group (Miridae: Orthotylinae: Orthotylini), With Descriptions of New Genera and New Species, and Comments on the Neotropical Genus Tupimiris. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2008. [DOI: 10.1206/312.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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117
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118
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Ricklefs RE. Foliage chemistry and the distribution of Lepidoptera larvae on broad-leaved trees in southern Ontario. Oecologia 2008; 157:53-67. [PMID: 18488251 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the influence of foliage chemistry on the distribution of Lepidoptera larvae across species of trees. I used ordination and analysis of principal coordinates to describe the partitioning of the larvae of 24 species of Lepidoptera over 23 species of host trees taking into account 13 chemical properties of the foliage. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) revealed two significant axes linking the two datasets. The first constrained axis (r(2)=0.83) was associated with increasing amounts of soluble carbohydrates and decreasing amounts of hemicellulose, polyphenols, and potassium per cm(2) leaf area. The second constrained axis (r(2)=0.68) was associated with increasing amounts of soluble carbohydrates and decreasing magnesium. Variation in nitrogen and phosphorus, which are major factors in larval nutrition, were not associated with turnover of Lepidoptera species between species of host tree. Of the total variance in the positions of tree species on the first four constrained CAP axes, 44% was correlated with positions determined by foliage chemistry, 32% on the first two constrained axes. Within the space described by the first two canonical axes, congeneric species of tree clustered together, with the exception that Acer negundo was removed from other species of Acer, which grouped in a tight cluster with species in the order Fagales, as well as with Tilia and Ulmus. Alnus and Prunus also grouped together. No species of tree with a negative score on constrained axis 2 exhibited high Lepidoptera species richness, but the average number of individuals per collection tended to be high. These tree species also contain triterpenes in their leaves and harbored disproportionately more tent- and web-making species of Lepidoptera. These analyses show that patterns of distribution across host tree species within an assemblage of Lepidoptera species can be understood, at least in part, in terms of the qualities of the resources upon which they feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
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119
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Abstract
Most multicellular species alive are tropical arthropods associated with plants. Hence, the host-specificity of these species, and their diversity at different scales, are keys to understanding the assembly structure of global biodiversity. We present a comprehensive scheme in which tropical herbivore megadiversity can be partitioned into the following components: (A) more host plant species per se, (B) more arthropod species per plant species, (C) higher host specificity of herbivores, or (D) higher species turnover (beta diversity) in the tropics than in the temperate zone. We scrutinize recent studies addressing each component and identify methodological differences among them. We find substantial support for the importance of component A, more tropical host species. A meta-analysis of published results reveals intermediate to high correlations between plant and herbivore diversity, accounting for up to 60% of the variation in insect species richness. Support for other factors is mixed, with studies too scarce and approaches too uneven to allow for quantitative summaries. More research on individual components is unlikely to resolve their relative contribution to overall herbivore diversity. Instead, we call for the adoption of more coherent methods that avoid pitfalls for larger-scale comparisons, for studies assessing different components together rather than singly, and for studies that investigate herbivore beta-diversity (component D) in a more comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lewinsohn
- Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas, Depto. Zoologia, IB, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
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120
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Bascompte J, Jordano P. Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks: The Architecture of Biodiversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bascompte
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain; ,
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain; ,
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121
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Poore AGB, Hill NA, Sotka EE. Phylogenetic and geographic variation in host breadth and composition by herbivorous amphipods in the family Ampithoidae. Evolution 2007; 62:21-38. [PMID: 18039329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the host range for herbivores has been a major aim of research into plant-herbivore interactions and an important model system for understanding the evolution of feeding specialization. Among many terrestrial insects, host range is strongly affected by herbivore phylogeny and long historical associations between particular herbivore and plant taxa. For small herbivores in marine environments, it is known that the evolution of host use is sculpted by several ecological factors (e.g., food quality, value as a refuge from predators, and abiotic forces), but the potential for phylogenetic constraints on host use remains largely unexplored. Here, we analyze reports of host use of herbivorous amphipods from the family Ampithoidae (102 amphipod species from 12 genera) to test the hypotheses that host breadth and composition vary among herbivore lineages, and to quantify the extent to which nonpolar secondary metabolites mediate these patterns. The family as a whole, and most individual species, are found on a wide variety of macroalgae and seagrasses. Despite this polyphagous host use, amphipod genera consistently differed in host range and composition. As an example, the genus Peramphithoe rarely use available macrophytes in the order Dictyotales (e.g., Dictyota) and as a consequence, display a more restricted host range than do other genera (e.g., Ampithoe, Cymadusa, or Exampithoe). The strong phylogenetic effect on host use was independent of the uneven distribution of host taxa among geographic regions. Algae that produced nonpolar secondary metabolites were colonized by higher numbers of amphipod species relative to chemically poor genera, consistent with the notion that secondary metabolites do not provide algae an escape from amphipod herbivory. In contrast to patterns described for some groups of phytophagous insects, marine amphipods that use chemically rich algae tended to have broader, not narrower, host ranges. This result suggests that an evolutionary advantage to metabolite tolerance in marine amphipods may be that it increases the availability of appropriate algal hosts (i.e., enlarges the resource base).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair G B Poore
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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122
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Rezende EL, Jordano P, Bascompte J. Effects of phenotypic complementarity and phylogeny on the nested structure of mutualistic networks. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.16029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Dyer LA, Singer MS, Lill JT, Stireman JO, Gentry GL, Marquis RJ, Ricklefs RE, Greeney HF, Wagner DL, Morais HC, Diniz IR, Kursar TA, Coley PD. Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests. Nature 2007; 448:696-9. [PMID: 17687325 DOI: 10.1038/nature05884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For numerous taxa, species richness is much higher in tropical than in temperate zone habitats. A major challenge in community ecology and evolutionary biogeography is to reveal the mechanisms underlying these differences. For herbivorous insects, one such mechanism leading to an increased number of species in a given locale could be increased ecological specialization, resulting in a greater proportion of insect species occupying narrow niches within a community. We tested this hypothesis by comparing host specialization in larval Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) at eight different New World forest sites ranging in latitude from 15 degrees S to 55 degrees N. Here we show that larval diets of tropical Lepidoptera are more specialized than those of their temperate forest counterparts: tropical species on average feed on fewer plant species, genera and families than do temperate caterpillars. This result holds true whether calculated per lepidopteran family or for a caterpillar assemblage as a whole. As a result, there is greater turnover in caterpillar species composition (greater beta diversity) between tree species in tropical faunas than in temperate faunas. We suggest that greater specialization in tropical faunas is the result of differences in trophic interactions; for example, there are more distinct plant secondary chemical profiles from one tree species to the next in tropical forests than in temperate forests as well as more diverse and chronic pressures from natural enemy communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Dyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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124
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Novotny V, Miller SE, Hulcr J, Drew RAI, Basset Y, Janda M, Setliff GP, Darrow K, Stewart AJA, Auga J, Isua B, Molem K, Manumbor M, Tamtiai E, Mogia M, Weiblen GD. Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests. Nature 2007; 448:692-5. [PMID: 17687324 DOI: 10.1038/nature06021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding insect communities in tropical forests have contributed little to our knowledge of large-scale patterns of insect diversity, because incomplete taxonomic knowledge of many tropical species hinders the mapping of their distribution records. This impedes an understanding of global biodiversity patterns and explains why tropical insects are under-represented in conservation biology. Our study of approximately 500 species from three herbivorous guilds feeding on foliage (caterpillars, Lepidoptera), wood (ambrosia beetles, Coleoptera) and fruit (fruitflies, Diptera) found a low rate of change in species composition (beta diversity) across 75,000 square kilometres of contiguous lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea, as most species were widely distributed. For caterpillars feeding on large plant genera, most species fed on multiple host species, so that even locally restricted plant species did not support endemic herbivores. Large plant genera represented a continuously distributed resource easily colonized by moths and butterflies over hundreds of kilometres. Low beta diversity was also documented in groups with differing host specificity (fruitflies and ambrosia beetles), suggesting that dispersal limitation does not have a substantial role in shaping the distribution of insect species in New Guinea lowland rainforests. Similar patterns of low beta diversity can be expected in other tropical lowland rainforests, as they are typically situated in the extensive low basins of major tropical rivers similar to the Sepik-Ramu region of New Guinea studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Yamamoto N, Yokoyama J, Kawata M. Relative resource abundance explains butterfly biodiversity in island communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10524-9. [PMID: 17553963 PMCID: PMC1888573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701583104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists have long been intrigued by the factors that control the pattern of biodiversity, i.e., the distribution and abundance of species. Previous studies have demonstrated that coexisting species partition their resources and/or that the compositional similarity between communities is determined by environmental factors, lending support to the niche-assembly model. However, no attempt has been made to test whether the relative amount of resources that reflects relative niche space controls relative species abundance in communities. Here, we demonstrate that the relative abundance of butterfly species in island communities is significantly related to the relative biomasses of their host plants but not to the geographic distance between communities. In the studied communities, the biomass of particular host plant species positively affected the abundance of the butterfly species that used them, and consequently, influenced the relative abundance of the butterfly communities. This indicated that the niche space of butterflies (i.e., the amount of resources) strongly influences butterfly biodiversity patterns. We present this field evidence of the niche-apportionment model that propose that the relative amount of niche space explains the pattern of the relative abundance of the species in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Yamamoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Yokoyama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Novotny V, Drozd P, Miller SE, Kulfan M, Janda M, Basset Y, Weiblen GD. Why Are There So Many Species of Herbivorous Insects in Tropical Rainforests? Science 2006; 313:1115-8. [PMID: 16840659 DOI: 10.1126/science.1129237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in understanding mechanisms of tree species coexistence in tropical forests, a simple explanation for the even more extensive diversity of insects feeding on these plants has been missing. We compared folivorous insects from temperate and tropical trees to test the hypothesis that herbivore species coexistence in more diverse communities could reflect narrow host specificity relative to less diverse communities. Temperate and tropical tree species of comparable phylogenetic distribution supported similar numbers of folivorous insect species, 29.0 +/- 2.2 and 23.5 +/- 1.8 per 100 square meters of foliage, respectively. Host specificity did not differ significantly between community samples, indicating that food resources are not more finely partitioned among folivorous insects in tropical than in temperate forests. These findings suggest that the latitudinal gradient in insect species richness could be a direct function of plant diversity, which increased sevenfold from our temperate to tropical study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novotny
- Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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127
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
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128
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Lewinsohn TM, Inácio Prado P, Jordano P, Bascompte J, M. Olesen J. Structure in plant-animal interaction assemblages. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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