101
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Modulation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Survival and Virulence in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040115. [PMID: 30463258 PMCID: PMC6313751 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for human diseases ranging from diarrhoea to life-threatening complications. Survival of the pathogen and modulation of virulence gene expression along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are key features in bacterial pathogenesis, but remain poorly described, due to a paucity of relevant model systems. This review will provide an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effect of abiotic (e.g., gastric acid, bile, low oxygen concentration or fluid shear) and biotic (e.g., gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids or host hormones) parameters of the human gut on EHEC survival and/or virulence (especially in relation with motility, adhesion and toxin production). Despite their relevance, these studies display important limitations considering the complexity of the human digestive environment. These include the evaluation of only one single digestive parameter at a time, lack of dynamic flux and compartmentalization, and the absence of a complex human gut microbiota. In a last part of the review, we will discuss how dynamic multi-compartmental in vitro models of the human gut represent a novel platform for elucidating spatial and temporal modulation of EHEC survival and virulence along the GIT, and provide new insights into EHEC pathogenesis.
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102
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) represents the largest interface between the human organism and the external environment. In the lumen and upper part of the mucus layer, this organ hosts an enormous number of microorganisms whose composition affects the functions of the epithelial barrier and the gut immune system. Consequentially, the microorganisms in the GIT influence the health status of the organism. Probiotics are living microorganisms which, in specific conditions, confer a health benefit to the host. Among others, probiotics have immunomodulatory properties that usually act directly by (a) increasing the activity of macrophages or natural killer cells, (b) modulating the secretion of immunoglobulins or cytokines, or indirectly by (c) enhancing the gut epithelial barrier, (d) altering the mucus secretion, and (e) competitive exclusion of other (pathogenic) bacteria. This review focuses on specific bacteria strains with indirect immunomodulatory properties. Particularly, we describe here the mechanisms through which specific probiotics enhance the gut epithelial barrier and modulate mucus production. Moreover, we describe the antimicrobial properties of specific bacteria strains. Recent data suggest that multiple pathologies are associated with an unbalanced gut microflora (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between pathology and gut microflora is not yet well established, consumption of specific probiotics may represent a powerful tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio La Fata
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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103
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Teng PY, Kim WK. Review: Roles of Prebiotics in Intestinal Ecosystem of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:245. [PMID: 30425993 PMCID: PMC6218609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, prebiotics have been considered as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Mechanisms by which prebiotics modulate the ecosystem of the gut include alternation of the intestinal microbiota, improvement of the epithelium, and stimulation of the immune system. It is suggested that the administration of prebiotics not only influences these aspects but also regulates the interaction between the host and the intestinal microbiota comprehensively. In this review, we will discuss how each prebiotic ameliorates the ecosystem by direct or indirect mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on the effects of prebiotics, including mannan oligosaccharides, β-glucans, and fructans, on the interaction between the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, and the immunity of broilers. We will highlight how the prebiotics modulate microbial community and regulate production of cytokines and antibodies, improving gut development and the overall broiler health. Understanding the cross talk between prebiotics and the intestinal ecosystem may provide us with novel insights and strategies for preventing pathogen invasion and improving health and productivity of broilers. However, further studies need to be conducted to identify the appropriate dosages and better resources of prebiotics for refinement of administration, as well as to elucidate the unknown mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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104
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Lim CL. Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke-A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E149. [PMID: 30366410 PMCID: PMC6262330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke (HS) is an ancient illness dating back more than 2000 years and continues to be a health threat and to cause fatality during physical exertion, especially in military personnel, fire-fighters, athletes, and outdoor laborers. The current paradigm in the pathophysiology and prevention of HS focuses predominantly on heat as the primary trigger and driver of HS, which has not changed significantly for centuries. However, pathological and clinical reports from HS victims and research evidence from animal and human studies support the notion that heat alone does not fully explain the pathophysiology of HS and that HS may also be triggered and driven by heat- and exercise-induced endotoxemia. Exposure to heat and exercise stresses independently promote the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria in the gut to blood in the circulatory system. Blood concentration of LPS can increase to a threshold that triggers the systemic inflammatory response, leading to the downstream ramifications of cellular and organ damage with sepsis as the end point i.e., heat sepsis. The dual pathway model (DPM) of HS proposed that HS is triggered by two independent pathways sequentially along the core temperature continuum of >40 °C. HS is triggered by heat sepsis at Tc < 42 °C and by the heat toxicity at Tc > 42 °C, where the direct effects of heat alone can cause cellular and organ damage. Therefore, heat sepsis precedes heat toxicity in the pathophysiology of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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105
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Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Reduces the Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection in Nephrology and Transplantation Ward-Results of One Year Extended Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111574. [PMID: 30355985 PMCID: PMC6266863 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (LP299v) is a probiotic strain which influences on the intestinal bacterial flora. This is why, it has been introduced into clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of diarrheal disorders and alleviation of their symptoms in patients during antibiotic therapy. However, the use of probiotics in the prophylaxis of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in these patients is problematic. The aim of this clinical, retrospective, single-centre study was to analyse the incidence of CDI among patients hospitalized in the nephrology and transplantation ward in the period before, during and after stopping of LP299v prophylaxis. Methods: Among 5341 patients hospitalized in the nephrology and transplantation ward over a three year period, 34 patients with CDI were diagnosed and included in this analysis. From December 2013 to December 2014 all patients under antibiotic and immunosuppressive therapies received LP299v as a prophylaxis of CDI. The observation period consisted of three twelve-months periods: before, during LP299v use and after stopping of such method of CDI prevention. Results: A significant (p = 0.0003) reduction of CDI incidence during LP299v use (0.11%) was observed compared to two other periods, that is, before and after LP299v use (1.03% and 0.77%, respectively). Conclusions: Routine use of LP299v as a CDI prophylaxis may prevent CDI during antibiotics therapy in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents in nephrology and transplantation ward.
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106
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Ma T, Suzuki Y, Guan LL. Dissect the mode of action of probiotics in affecting host-microbial interactions and immunity in food producing animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:35-48. [PMID: 30459000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prophylactic antimicrobials have been widely used in food animal production with the aim to prevent infectious diseases, enhance feed efficiency, and promote growth. However, the extensive use of antimicrobials in food animal production systems has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, which are potential threats to human and animal health. Probiotics have been proposed to be a promising alternative of prophylactic antimicrobials, with potential beneficial effects on the host animal by improving the balance of intestinal microbiota and host immunity. Although an increasing body of evidence shows that probiotics could directly or indirectly affect gut microbiota and host immune functions, the lack of the understanding of how probiotics influence host-microbial interaction and immunity is one of the reasons for controversial findings from many animal trials, especially in food production animals. Therefore, in this review we focused on the most recent (last ten years) studies on how gut microbiota and host immune function changes in response to probiotics in food production animals (swine, poultry, and ruminant). In addition, the relationship between microbial changes and host immune function was illustrated, and how such relationship differs among animal species was further compared. Moreover, the future directions concerning the mechanisms of how probiotics modulate host-microbial interactions and host immunity were highlighted, which may assist in the optimal supplementation strategy to maximize the efficacy of probiotics to improve animal gut health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Laboratory of Animal Function and Nutrition, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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107
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Wan MLY, Forsythe SJ, El-Nezami H. Probiotics interaction with foodborne pathogens: a potential alternative to antibiotics and future challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3320-3333. [PMID: 29993263 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1490885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are a key tool used nowadays in health care industry to fight against bacterial infections; however, repeated antibiotic use or misuses, have led to bacterial resistance, causing significant threats for many people with common bacterial infections. The use of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal health has been proposed for many years. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of probiotic bacteria as alternatives for antibiotics for preventing or treating various intestinal infections. Several important underlying mechanisms responsible for the antagonistic effects of probiotics on different microorganisms include: (1) competitive exclusion for adhesion sites and nutritional sources; (2) secretion of antimicrobial substances; (3) enhancement of intestinal barrier function; and (4) immunomodulation. However, their mode of action is not very well understood and therefore a clearer understanding of these mechanisms is necessitated. This will enable appropriate probiotic strains to be selected for particular applications and may reveal new probiotic functions. The goal of this review was to highlight some studies from literature describing the probiotic interaction with several major foodborne pathogens, as well as explore the mechanisms for such probiotic-pathogen interaction. The review will conclude by presenting future perspective and challenges of probiotic application in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | | | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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108
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Clostridium difficile, the Difficult "Kloster" Fuelled by Antibiotics. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:774-782. [PMID: 30084095 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is normally present in low numbers in a healthy adult gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Drastic changes in the microbial population, e.g., dysbiosis caused by extensive treatment with antibiotics, stimulates the growth of resistant strains and the onset of C. difficile infection (CDI). Symptoms of infection varies from mild diarrhea to colitis (associated with dehydration and bleeding), pseudomembranous colitis with yellow ulcerations in the mucosa of the colon, to fulminant colitis (perforation of the gut membrane), and multiple organ failure. Inflamed epithelial cells and damaged mucosal tissue predisposes the colon to other opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Candida spp., and Salmonella spp. This may lead to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), sepsis, toxic megacolon, and even colorectal cancer. Many stains of C. difficile are resistant to metronidazole and vancomycin. Vaccination may be an answer to CDI, but requires more research. Success in treatment with probiotics depends on the strains used. Oral or rectal fecal transplants are partly effective, as spores in the small intestine may germinate and colonize the colon. The effect of antibiotics on C. difficile and commensal gut microbiota is summarized and changes in gut physiology are discussed. The need to search for non-antibiotic methods in the treatment of CDI and C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is emphasized.
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109
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Rios-Arce ND, Collins FL, Schepper JD, Steury MD, Raehtz S, Mallin H, Schoenherr DT, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR. Epithelial Barrier Function in Gut-Bone Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1033:151-183. [PMID: 29101655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier plays an essential role in maintaining host homeostasis. The barrier regulates nutrient absorption as well as prevents the invasion of pathogenic bacteria in the host. It is composed of epithelial cells, tight junctions, and a mucus layer. Several factors, such as cytokines, diet, and diseases, can affect this barrier. These factors have been shown to increase intestinal permeability, inflammation, and translocation of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, dysregulation of the epithelial barrier can result in inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Our lab and others have also shown that barrier disruption can have systemic effects including bone loss. In this chapter, we will discuss the current literature to understand the link between intestinal barrier and bone. We will discuss how inflammation, aging, dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases can affect intestinal barrier-bone link. In addition, we will highlight the current suggested mechanism between intestinal barrier and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiomy Deliz Rios-Arce
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fraser L Collins
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael D Steury
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sandi Raehtz
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Heather Mallin
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Danny T Schoenherr
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology and Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Research Centre, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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110
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Nath A, Haktanirlar G, Varga Á, Molnár MA, Albert K, Galambos I, Koris A, Vatai G. Biological Activities of Lactose-Derived Prebiotics and Symbiotic with Probiotics on Gastrointestinal System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54020018. [PMID: 30344249 PMCID: PMC6037253 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactose-derived prebiotics provide wide ranges of gastrointestinal comforts. In this review article, the probable biochemical mechanisms through which lactose-derived prebiotics offer positive gastrointestinal health are reported along with the up-to-date results of clinical investigations; this might be the first review article of its kind, to the best of our knowledge. Lactose-derived prebiotics have unique biological and functional values, and they are confirmed as ‘safe’ by the Food and Drug Administration federal agency. Medical practitioners frequently recommend them as therapeutics as a pure form or combined with dairy-based products (yoghurt, milk and infant formulas) or fruit juices. The biological activities of lactose-derived prebiotics are expressed in the presence of gut microflora, mainly probiotics (Lactobacillus spp. in the small intestine and Bifidobacterium spp. in the large intestine). Clinical investigations reveal that galacto-oligosaccharide reduces the risks of several types of diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea and Clostridium difficile associated relapsing diarrhea). Lactulose and lactosucrose prevent inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis). Lactulose and lactitol reduce the risk of hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore, lactulose, galacto-oligosaccharide and lactitol prevent constipation in individuals of all ages. It is expected that the present review article will receive great attention from medical practitioners and food technologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi M. u. 18, H-8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Gokce Haktanirlar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Áron Varga
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Máté András Molnár
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Albert
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Galambos
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi M. u. 18, H-8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Vatai
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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111
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Salim HMD, Huque KS, Kamaruddin KM, Haque Beg A. Global restriction of using antibiotic growth promoters and alternative strategies in poultry production. Sci Prog 2018; 101:52-75. [PMID: 29467062 PMCID: PMC10365203 DOI: 10.3184/003685018x15173975498947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A growing global concern of antibiotic use in poultry diets due to its potential adverse effects on birds and human health, food safety and the environment has led to a complete ban or restricted use in some countries, and, at the same time, expanding options for the use of alternative feed additives. Multiple, rather than a single additive may replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry. Blending of feeding additives and hygienic farm management, vaccination and biosecurity may help achieve good intestinal health, stabilise enteric ecosystems and result in sustainable and cost effective production performance of birds. Moreover, controlling unsolicited ingredients at the production level must have the support of different markets responsible for the supply of safe and quality poultry products for consumers. This requires the further increase and diversification of value added poultry products and the expansion of their markets through strategic planning and gradual limitation of live bird markets. More research is warranted in order to explore suitable, reliable and cost effective alternatives to AGPs for commercial use, and strategic poultry value chain development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khan Shahidul Huque
- Animal nutrition and feeding, and environment and improved livestock manure (ILM)
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112
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Mullineaux-Sanders C, Suez J, Elinav E, Frankel G. Sieving through gut models of colonization resistance. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:132-140. [PMID: 29358683 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative high-throughput genomics and metabolomics technologies has considerably expanded our understanding of the commensal microorganisms residing within the human body, collectively termed the microbiota. In recent years, the microbiota has been reported to have important roles in multiple aspects of human health, pathology and host-pathogen interactions. One function of commensals that has attracted particular interest is their role in protection against pathogens and pathobionts, a concept known as colonization resistance. However, pathogens are also able to sense and exploit the microbiota during infection. Therefore, obtaining a holistic understanding of colonization resistance mechanisms is essential for the development of microbiome-based and microbiome-targeting therapies for humans and animals. Achieving this is dependent on utilizing physiologically relevant animal models. In this Perspective, we discuss the colonization resistance functions of the gut microbiota and sieve through the advantages and limitations of murine models commonly used to study such mechanisms within the context of enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mullineaux-Sanders
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jotham Suez
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
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113
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RETRACTED CHAPTER: Changing Paradigm of Probiotics from Functional Foods to Biotherapeutic Agents. Microb Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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114
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Chiu L, Bazin T, Truchetet ME, Schaeverbeke T, Delhaes L, Pradeu T. Protective Microbiota: From Localized to Long-Reaching Co-Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1678. [PMID: 29270167 PMCID: PMC5725472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microbiota do not just shape host immunity, they can also contribute to host protection against pathogens and infectious diseases. Previous reviews of the protective roles of the microbiota have focused exclusively on colonization resistance localized within a microenvironment. This review shows that the protection against pathogens also involves the mitigation of pathogenic impact without eliminating the pathogens (i.e., “disease tolerance”) and the containment of microorganisms to prevent pathogenic spread. Protective microorganisms can have an impact beyond their niche, interfering with the entry, establishment, growth, and spread of pathogenic microorganisms. More fundamentally, we propose a series of conceptual clarifications in support of the idea of a “co-immunity,” where an organism is protected by both its own immune system and components of its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Chiu
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcept, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Bazin
- University of Bordeaux, INRA, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, EA 3671, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Pessac, France
| | | | - Thierry Schaeverbeke
- University of Bordeaux, INRA, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, EA 3671, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Rheumatology, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Delhaes
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Cardio-Thoracic Research Centre of Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcept, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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115
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Sicard JF, Le Bihan G, Vogeleer P, Jacques M, Harel J. Interactions of Intestinal Bacteria with Components of the Intestinal Mucus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:387. [PMID: 28929087 PMCID: PMC5591952 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is colonized by a variety of large amounts of microbes that are collectively called intestinal microbiota. Most of these microbial residents will grow within the mucus layer that overlies the gut epithelium and will act as the first line of defense against both commensal and invading microbes. This mucus is essentially formed by mucins, a family of highly glycosylated protein that are secreted by specialize cells in the gut. In this Review, we examine how commensal members of the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria use mucus to their advantage to promote their growth, develop biofilms and colonize the intestine. We also discuss how mucus-derived components act as nutrient and chemical cues for adaptation and pathogenesis of bacteria and how bacteria can influence the composition of the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Félix Sicard
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Le Bihan
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Vogeleer
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Regroupement de Recherche Pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+Lait), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Harel
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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116
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The importance of appropriate initial bacterial colonization of the intestine in newborn, child, and adult health. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:387-395. [PMID: 28426649 PMCID: PMC5570628 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fetus does not reside in a sterile intrauterine environment and is exposed to commensal bacteria from the maternal gut/blood stream that cross the placenta and enter the amniotic fluid. This intestinal exposure to colonizing bacteria continues at birth and during the first year of life and has a profound influence on lifelong health. Why is this important? Intestinal crosstalk with colonizing bacteria in the developing intestine affects the infant's adaptation to extrauterine life (immune homeostasis) and provides protection against disease expression (allergy, autoimmune disease, obesity, etc.) later in life. Colonizing intestinal bacteria are critical to the normal development of host defense. Disrupted colonization (dysbiosis) due to maternal dysbiosis, cesarean section delivery, use of perinatal antibiotics, or premature delivery may adversely affect the gut development of host defense and predispose to inflammation rather than to homeostasis, leading to increased susceptibility to disease later in life. Babies born by cesarean section have a higher incidence of allergy, type 1 diabetes, and obesity. Infants given repeated antibiotic regimens during the first year of life are more likely to have asthma as adolescents. This research breakthrough helps to explain the shift in disease paradigms from infections to immune-mediated in children from developed countries. This review will develop this research breakthrough.
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Peng Z, Vogel RF, Ehrmann MA, Xiong T. Identification and characterization of adhesion proteins in lactobacilli targeting actin as receptor. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 37:60-63. [PMID: 28823562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Actin as the main constitution of cytoskeleton in host cells plays an important role in mediating bacterial colonization. To identify the actin-binding proteins in Lactobacillus (L.) paracasei, L. plantarum, and L. brevis, actin immobilized to 24-well plate was used to probe adhesion proteins. Five adhesion proteins were identified and characterized by electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS: pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), chaperonin GroEL, and EF-Tu, all of which could display on the cell surface, indicating their possible role in mediating bacterial adhesion to host. This is in accordance with previous studies, which reported that these five proteins participated in and promoted the adhesion of pathogen or lactic acid bacteria to host. Moreover, PGK-actin binding domain analysis reveals that lysine (K) at amino acid position 127 in PGK might play a key role in mediating bacterial attachment to actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China; Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
| | - Matthias A Ehrmann
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tao Xiong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
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Innovative Solutions to Sticky Situations: Antiadhesive Strategies for Treating Bacterial Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227305 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0023-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adherence to host tissue is an essential process in pathogenesis, necessary for invasion and colonization and often required for the efficient delivery of toxins and other bacterial effectors. As existing treatment options for common bacterial infections dwindle, we find ourselves rapidly approaching a tipping point in our confrontation with antibiotic-resistant strains and in desperate need of new treatment options. Bacterial strains defective in adherence are typically avirulent and unable to cause infection in animal models. The importance of this initial binding event in the pathogenic cascade highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target. This article seeks to highlight a variety of strategies being employed to treat and prevent infection by targeting the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion. Advancements in this area include the development of novel antivirulence therapies using small molecules, vaccines, and peptides to target a variety of bacterial infections. These therapies target bacterial adhesion through a number of mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen receptor biogenesis, competition-based strategies with receptor and adhesin analogs, and the inhibition of binding through neutralizing antibodies. While this article is not an exhaustive description of every advancement in the field, we hope it will highlight several promising examples of the therapeutic potential of antiadhesive strategies.
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Feng JR, Wang F, Qiu X, McFarland LV, Chen PF, Zhou R, Liu J, Zhao Q, Li J. Efficacy and safety of probiotic-supplemented triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:1199-1208. [PMID: 28681177 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to identify the best probiotic supplementation in triple therapy for pediatric population with Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS Eligible trials were identified by comprehensive searches. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals and relative ranks with P scores were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-nine trials (3122 participants) involving 17 probiotic regimens were identified. Compared with placebo, probiotic-supplemented triple therapy significantly increased H. pylori eradication rates (relative ratio (RR) 1.19, 95% CI 1.13-1.25) and reduced the incidence of total side effects (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.38-0.65). Furthermore, to supplemented triple therapy, Lactobacillus casei was identified the best for H. pylori eradication rates (P score = 0.84), and multi-strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for total side effects (P score = 0.93). As for the subtypes of side effects, multi-strain of Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, L. acidophilus, L. casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, L. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus sporogenes, and Streptococcus thermophilus was the best to reduce the incidence of diarrhea; multi-strain of Bacillus mesentericus, Clostridium butyricum, and Streptococcus faecalis for loss of appetite; multi-strain of B. longum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus for constipation; multi-strain of Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. reuteri, and Streptococcus for taste disturbance; Saccharomyces boulardii for bloating; and multi-strain of Bifidobacterium breve, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, and S. thermophilus for nausea/vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics are recommended to supplement triple therapy in pediatrics, and the effectiveness of triple therapy is associated with specific probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Rong Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Lynne V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Peng-Fei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, China.
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Sokolova EV, Kuz'mich AS, Byankina AO, Yermak IM. Effect of carrageenans alone and in combination with casein or lipopolysaccharide on human epithelial intestinal HT-29 cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2843-2850. [PMID: 28589676 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research described here was focused on the effect on human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers of sulfated red algal polysaccharides (κ-, λ-, and κ/β-carrageenans) alone and in combination with casein or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HT-29 cells were investigated under normal and stress conditions; stress was induced by exposure to ethanol. Cell viability was monitored with a real-time system. The change in binding properties of negatively sulfated red algal polysaccharides assessed by the measurement of free carrageenans in mixtures with casein or McCoy's 5 A culture medium by means of toluidine blue O. Low sulfate content and the presence of 3,6-anhydogalactose are prerequisites for the recovery of ethanol-exposed HT-29 cells by carrageenans. Analysis of carrageenan binding ability confirmed that casein and LPS should affect carrageenan activity. Whether the combined action of the mucin-containing layer and carrageenans or the action of carrageenans alone was responsible for enhanced cell viability under stress conditions induced by ethanol is a subject for further research. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2843-2850, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sokolova
- Molecular Immunology Department, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - A S Kuz'mich
- Molecular Immunology Department, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - A O Byankina
- Molecular Immunology Department, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - I M Yermak
- Molecular Immunology Department, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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do Carmo FLR, Rabah H, Huang S, Gaucher F, Deplanche M, Dutertre S, Jardin J, Le Loir Y, Azevedo V, Jan G. Propionibacterium freudenreichii Surface Protein SlpB Is Involved in Adhesion to Intestinal HT-29 Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28642747 PMCID: PMC5462946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial bacterium traditionally used as a cheese ripening starter and more recently for its probiotic abilities based on the release of beneficial metabolites. In addition to these metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, and bifidogenic factor), P. freudenreichii revealed an immunomodulatory effect confirmed in vivo by the ability to protect mice from induced acute colitis. This effect is, however, highly strain-dependent. Local action of metabolites and of immunomodulatory molecules is favored by the ability of probiotics to adhere to the host cells. This property depends on key surface compounds, still poorly characterized in propionibacteria. In the present study, we showed different adhesion rates to cultured human intestinal cells, among strains of P. freudenreichii. The most adhesive one was P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129, which is known to expose surface-layer proteins. We evidenced here the involvement of these proteins in adhesion to cultured human colon cells. We then aimed at deciphering the mechanisms involved in adhesion. Adhesion was inhibited by antibodies raised against SlpB, one of the surface-layer proteins in P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129. Inactivation of the corresponding gene suppressed adhesion, further evidencing the key role of slpB product in cell adhesion. This work confirms the various functions fulfilled by surface-layer proteins, including probiotic/host interactions. It opens new perspectives for the understanding of probiotic determinants in propionibacteria, and for the selection of the most efficient strains within the P. freudenreichii species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe L R do Carmo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais - Instituto de Ciências BiológicasBelo Horizonte, Brazil
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
| | - Houem Rabah
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
- Pôle Agronomique OuestRennes, France
| | - Song Huang
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Floriane Gaucher
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
| | - Martine Deplanche
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Dutertre
- Microscopy Rennes Imaging Center, Biosit - UMS CNRS 3480/US, INSERM 018, University of Rennes 1Rennes, France
| | - Julien Jardin
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais - Instituto de Ciências BiológicasBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gwénaël Jan
- Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Agrocampus OuestRennes, France
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Guan X, Xu Q, Zheng Y, Qian L, Lin B. Screening and characterization of lactic acid bacterial strains that produce fermented milk and reduce cholesterol levels. Braz J Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28625768 PMCID: PMC5628300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen for and characterize lactic acid bacteria strains with the ability to produce fermented milk and reduce cholesterol levels. METHODS The strains were isolated from traditional fermented milk in China. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cholesterol-reduction were used to identify and verify strains of interest. Characteristics were analyzed using spectrophotometry and plate counting assays. RESULTS The isolate HLX37 consistently produced fermented milk with strong cholesterol-reducing properties was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (accession number: KR105940) and was thus selected for further study. The cholesterol reduction by strain HLX37 was 45.84%. The isolates were acid-tolerant at pH 2.5 and bile-tolerant at 0.5% (w/v) in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.5) for 2h and in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 8.0) for 3h. The auto-aggregation rate increased to 87.74% after 24h, while the co-aggregation with Escherichia coli DH5 was 27.76%. Strain HLX37 was intrinsically resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin and amikacin. Compared with rats in the model hyperlipidemia group, the total cholesterol content in the serum and the liver as well as the atherogenic index of rats in the viable fermented milk group significantly decreased by 23.33%, 32.37% and 40.23%, respectively. Fewer fat vacuoles and other lesions in liver tissue were present in both the inactivated and viable fermented milk groups compared to the model group. CONCLUSION These studies indicate that strain HLX37 of L. plantarum demonstrates probiotic potential, potential for use as a candidate for commercial use for promoting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Guan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxian Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qian
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Oral administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 alleviates rotavirus gastroenteritis through regulation of intestinal homeostasis by inducing mucosal protective factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173979. [PMID: 28346473 PMCID: PMC5367788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (RV) infection is a leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Since therapeutic approaches to RV gastroenteritis are limited to alleviation of dehydration with oral rehydration solutions, more direct approaches to palliate symptoms of RV gastroenteritis are required. Treatments with probiotics have been increasingly recognized as alternative safe and low cost treatments for moderate infectious diarrhea. In this study, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1), which has been used as an intestinal drug for several decades, was shown to have a remarkable protective effect against RV gastroenteritis in a suckling mice model. As well as prophylactic oral administration of BBG9-1 from 2 days before RV infection, therapeutic oral administration of BBG9-1 from 1 day after RV infection significantly alleviated RV-induced diarrhea. Therapeutic administration of BBG9-1 reduced various types of damage in the small intestine, such as epithelial vacuolization and villous shortening, and significantly diminished the infectious RV titer in mixtures of cecal contents and feces. It was also shown that therapeutic administration of BBG9-1 significantly increased the number of acidic mucin-positive goblet cells and the gene expression of mucosal protective factors including MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, TGFβ1 and TFF3 in the small intestine. This led to alleviation of low gut permeability shown as decreased gene expression levels of occludin, claudin-1 and villin-1 after RV infection. Furthermore, in the small intestine, therapeutic administration of BBG9-1 significantly palliated the decreased gene expression of SGLT-1, which plays an important role in water absorption. In the large intestine, administered BBG9-1 was shown to replicate to assimilate undigested nutrients, resulting in normalization of the abnormally high osmotic pressure. These results suggested that water malabsorption caused by RV infection was alleviated in mice administered BBG9-1. Thus, the present study showed that oral administration of BBG9-1 palliated diarrhea partly through protection against RV-induced lesions by inducing mucosal protective factors. Oral administration of BBG9-1 is thought to be an efficient method for management of an RV epidemic for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
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Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Brummer RJ, Cani PD, Mercenier A, MacDonald TT, Garcia-Ródenas CL, Wells JM. Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function? Br J Nutr 2017; 117:93-107. [PMID: 28102115 PMCID: PMC5297585 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity is a prerequisite for homeostasis of mucosal function, which is balanced to maximise absorptive capacity, while maintaining efficient defensive reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. Evidence is mounting that disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is one of the major aetiological factors associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including infection by pathogens, obesity and diabetes, necrotising enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. The notion that specific probiotic bacterial strains can affect barrier integrity fuelled research in which in vitro cell lines, animal models and clinical trials are used to assess whether probiotics can revert the diseased state back to homeostasis and health. This review catalogues and categorises the lines of evidence available in literature for the role of probiotics in epithelial integrity and, consequently, their beneficial effect for the reduction of gastrointestinal disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bron
- NIZO Food Research and BE-Basic Foundation, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718ZB Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Brummer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annick Mercenier
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Thomas T. MacDonald
- Barts and The London school of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Clara L. Garcia-Ródenas
- Nestlé Research Center, Nutrition and Health Research, route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Wageningen University, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hesselager MO, Codrea MC, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Bennike TB, Stensballe A, Bundgaard L, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Pig PeptideAtlas: A resource for systems biology in animal production and biomedicine. Proteomics 2016; 16:634-44. [PMID: 26699206 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological research of Sus scrofa, the domestic pig, is of immediate relevance for food production sciences, and for developing pig as a model organism for human biomedical research. Publicly available data repositories play a fundamental role for all biological sciences, and protein data repositories are in particular essential for the successful development of new proteomic methods. Cumulative proteome data repositories, including the PeptideAtlas, provide the means for targeted proteomics, system-wide observations, and cross-species observational studies, but pigs have so far been underrepresented in existing repositories. We here present a significantly improved build of the Pig PeptideAtlas, which includes pig proteome data from 25 tissues and three body fluid types mapped to 7139 canonical proteins. The content of the Pig PeptideAtlas reflects actively ongoing research within the veterinary proteomics domain, and this article demonstrates how the expression of isoform-unique peptides can be observed across distinct tissues and body fluids. The Pig PeptideAtlas is a unique resource for use in animal proteome research, particularly biomarker discovery and for preliminary design of SRM assays, which are equally important for progress in research that supports farm animal production and veterinary health, as for developing pig models with relevance to human health research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius C Codrea
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tue B Bennike
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Louise Bundgaard
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emøke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yu Y, Lu L, Sun J, Petrof EO, Claud EC. Preterm infant gut microbiota affects intestinal epithelial development in a humanized microbiome gnotobiotic mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G521-32. [PMID: 27492329 PMCID: PMC5076002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00022.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of the infant small intestine is influenced by bacterial colonization. To promote establishment of optimal microbial communities in preterm infants, knowledge of the beneficial functions of the early gut microbiota on intestinal development is needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of early preterm infant microbiota on host gut development using a gnotobiotic mouse model. Histological assessment of intestinal development was performed. The differentiation of four epithelial cell lineages (enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells) and tight junction (TJ) formation was examined. Using weight gain as a surrogate marker for health, we found that early microbiota from a preterm infant with normal weight gain (MPI-H) induced increased villus height and crypt depth, increased cell proliferation, increased numbers of goblet cells and Paneth cells, and enhanced TJs compared with the changes induced by early microbiota from a poor weight gain preterm infant (MPI-L). Laser capture microdissection (LCM) plus qRT-PCR further revealed, in MPI-H mice, a higher expression of stem cell marker Lgr5 and Paneth cell markers Lyz1 and Cryptdin5 in crypt populations, along with higher expression of the goblet cell and mature enterocyte marker Muc3 in villus populations. In contrast, MPI-L microbiota failed to induce the aforementioned changes and presented intestinal characteristics comparable to a germ-free host. Our data demonstrate that microbial communities have differential effects on intestinal development. Future studies to identify pioneer settlers in neonatal microbial communities necessary to induce maturation may provide new insights for preterm infant microbial ecosystem therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Yu
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elaine O Petrof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Erika C Claud
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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127
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Kinoshita H, Ohuchi S, Arakawa K, Watanabe M, Kitazawa H, Saito T. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria bound to the porcine intestinal mucosa and an analysis of their moonlighting adhesins. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 35:185-196. [PMID: 27867805 PMCID: PMC5107636 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the intestinal mucosa is one of the criteria in selecting for probiotics. Eighteen LAB were isolated from porcine
intestinal mucin (PIM): ten strains of Lactobacillus, six strains of Weissella, and two strains of
Streptococcus. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extracts from
the LAB, many bands were detected in half of the samples, while a few and/or no clear bands were detected in the other half. All six of the selected LAB showed
adhesion to PIM. L. johnsonii MYU 214 and MYU 221 showed adhesion at more than 10%. W. viridescens MYU 208, L.
reuteri MYU 213, L. mucosae MYU 225, and L. agilis MYU 227 showed medium levels of adhesion at 5.9–8.3%. In a
comprehensive analysis for the adhesins in the PBS extracts using a receptor overlay analysis, many moonlighting proteins were detected and identified as
candidates for adhesins: GroEL, enolase, and elongation factor Tu in MYU 208; peptidase C1, enolase, formyl-CoA transferase, phosphoglyceromutase,
triosephosphate isomerase, and phosphofructokinase in MYU 221; and DnaK, enolase, and phosphoglycerate kinase in MYU 227. These proteins in the PBS extracts,
which included such things as molecular chaperones and glycolytic enzymes, may play important roles as adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayo, Minami Aso-mura, Aso-gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Ohuchi
- Department of Food Management, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kensuke Arakawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masamichi Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tadao Saito
- Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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128
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Pathogen-induced secretory diarrhea and its prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1721-1739. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Allam B, Pales Espinosa E. Bivalve immunity and response to infections: Are we looking at the right place? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:4-12. [PMID: 27004953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the understanding of cellular and molecular mediators of immunity in invertebrates in general and bivalve mollusks in particular. Despite this information, there is a lack of understanding of factors affecting animal resistance and specific responses to infections. This in part results from limited consideration of the spatial (and to some extent temporal) heterogeneity of immune responses and very limited information on host-pathogen (and microbes in general) interactions at initial encounter/colonization sites. Of great concern is the fact that most studies on molluscan immunity focus on the circulating hemocytes and the humoral defense factors in the plasma while most relevant host-microbe interactions occur at mucosal interfaces. This paper summarizes information available on the contrasting value of information available on focal and systemic immune responses in infected bivalves, and highlights the role of mucosal immune factors in host-pathogen interactions. Available information underlines the diversity of immune effectors at molluscan mucosal interfaces and highlights the tailored immune response to pathogen stimuli. This context raises fascinating basic research questions around host-microbe crosstalk and feedback controls of these interactions and may lead to novel disease mitigation strategies and improve the assessment of resistant crops or the screening of probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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130
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Munoz S, Guzman-Rodriguez M, Sun J, Zhang YG, Noordhof C, He SM, Allen-Vercoe E, Claud EC, Petrof EO. Rebooting the microbiome. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:353-363. [PMID: 27176179 PMCID: PMC4988458 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1188248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a murine Salmonella model of colitis, we recently reported that mice receiving a community of defined gut microbiota (MET-1) lost less weight, had reduced systemic inflammation and splenic S. typhimurium infection, and decreased neutrophil infiltration in the cecum, compared to vehicle controls. In addition, animals receiving MET-1 exhibited preserved tight junction protein expression (Zonula occludens-1, claudin-1), suggesting important effects on barrier function. In this addendum, we describe additional in vitro experiments examining effects of MET-1, as well as in vivo experiments demonstrating that MET-1 is protective in a DSS model of colitis after administration of antibiotics. Placed in the context of our findings and those of others, we discuss differences in our findings between the Salmonella colitis and DSS colitis models, provide speculation as to which bacteria may be important in the protective effects of MET-1, and discuss potential implications for other GI diseases such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Munoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mabel Guzman-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yong-guo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Curtis Noordhof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Shu-Mei He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Erika C. Claud
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elaine O. Petrof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases/GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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131
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Anti-infective activities of lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:167-99. [PMID: 24696432 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast and diverse array of microbial species displaying great phylogenic, genomic, and metabolic diversity have colonized the gastrointestinal tract. Resident microbes play a beneficial role by regulating the intestinal immune system, stimulating the maturation of host tissues, and playing a variety of roles in nutrition and in host resistance to gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms by which the resident microbial species combat gastrointestinal pathogens are complex and include competitive metabolic interactions and the production of antimicrobial molecules. The human intestinal microbiota is a source from which Lactobacillus probiotic strains have often been isolated. Only six probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from human intestinal microbiota, i.e., L. rhamnosus GG, L. casei Shirota YIT9029, L. casei DN-114 001, L. johnsonii NCC 533, L. acidophilus LB, and L. reuteri DSM 17938, have been well characterized with regard to their potential antimicrobial effects against the major gastric and enteric bacterial pathogens and rotavirus. In this review, we describe the current knowledge concerning the experimental antibacterial activities, including antibiotic-like and cell-regulating activities, and therapeutic effects demonstrated in well-conducted, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of these probiotic Lactobacillus strains. What is known about the antimicrobial activities supported by the molecules secreted by such probiotic Lactobacillus strains suggests that they constitute a promising new source for the development of innovative anti-infectious agents that act luminally and intracellularly in the gastrointestinal tract.
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132
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Enteric Pathogens Exploit the Microbiota-generated Nutritional Environment of the Gut. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 3. [PMID: 26185079 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mbp-0001-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host bacterial associations have a profound impact on health and disease. The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria that aid in the digestion of food and vitamin production and play crucial roles in human physiology. Disruption of these relationships and the structure of the bacterial communities that inhabit the gut can contribute to dysbiosis, leading to disease. This fundamental relationship between the host and microbiota relies on chemical signaling and nutrient availability and exchange. GI pathogens compete with the endogenous microbiota for a colonization niche (1, 2). The ability to monitor nutrients and combine this information with the host physiological state is important for the pathogen to precisely program the expression of its virulence repertoire. A major nutrient source is carbon, and although the impact of carbon nutrition on the colonization of the gut by the microbiota has been extensively studied, the extent to which carbon sources affect the regulation of virulence factors by invading pathogens has not been fully defined. The GI pathogen enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) gages sugar sources as an important cue to regulate expression of its virulence genes. EHEC senses whether it is in a gluconeogenic versus a glycolytic environment, as well as fluctuations of fucose levels to fine tune regulation of its virulence repertoire.
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133
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Functional Analysis of an S-Layer-Associated Fibronectin-Binding Protein in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2676-2685. [PMID: 26921419 PMCID: PMC4836419 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00024-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface layers (S-layers) are crystalline arrays of self-assembling proteinaceous subunits called S-layer proteins (Slps) that comprise the outermost layer of the cell envelope. Many additional proteins that are associated with or embedded within the S-layer have been identified in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, an S-layer-forming bacterium that is widely used in fermented dairy products and probiotic supplements. One putative S-layer-associated protein (SLAP), LBA0191, was predicted to mediate adhesion to fibronectin based on the in silico detection of a fibronectin-binding domain. Fibronectin is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of intestinal epithelial cells. Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells is considered an important trait for probiotic microorganisms during transit and potential association with the intestinal mucosa. To investigate the functional role of LBA0191 (designated FbpB) in L. acidophilus NCFM, an fbpB-deficient strain was constructed. The L. acidophilus mutant with a deletion off bpB lost the ability to adhere to mucin and fibronectin in vitro Homologues off bpB were identified in five additional putative S-layer-forming species, but no homologues were detected in species outside theL. acidophilus homology group.
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134
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Probiotic supplementation does not improve eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection compared to placebo based on standard therapy: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23522. [PMID: 26997149 PMCID: PMC4800733 DOI: 10.1038/srep23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis included eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with the aim of determining whether probiotic supplementation can improve H. pylori eradication rates. PUBMED, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Ovid databases were searched. We included RCTs that investigated the effect of combining probiotics, with or without a placebo, with standard therapy. A total of 21 RCTs that reported standard therapy plus probiotics were included. Compared to the placebo group, the probiotics group was 1.21(OR 1.21, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.69) and 1.28 (OR 1.28, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.86) times more likely to achieve eradication of H. pylori infection in intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis and per protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. Probiotics with triple therapy plus a 14-day course of treatment did not improve the eradication of H. pylori infection (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 0.87, 2.39) compared to the placebo. Moreover, the placebo plus standard therapy did not improve eradication rates compared to standard therapy alone (P = 0.816). However, probiotics did improve the adverse effects of diarrhea and nausea. These pooled data suggest that the use of probiotics plus standard therapy does not improve the eradication rate of H. pylori infection compared to the placebo.
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135
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Greer R, Dong X, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Investigating a holobiont: Microbiota perturbations and transkingdom networks. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:126-35. [PMID: 26979110 PMCID: PMC4856449 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1128625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has recently come to appreciate that, rather than existing as independent organisms, multicellular hosts and their microbiota comprise a complex evolving superorganism or metaorganism, termed a holobiont. This point of view leads to a re-evaluation of our understanding of different physiological processes and diseases. In this paper we focus on experimental and computational approaches which, when combined in one study, allowed us to dissect mechanisms (traditionally named host-microbiota interactions) regulating holobiont physiology. Specifically, we discuss several approaches for microbiota perturbation, such as use of antibiotics and germ-free animals, including advantages and potential caveats of their usage. We briefly review computational approaches to characterize the microbiota and, more importantly, methods to infer specific components of microbiota (such as microbes or their genes) affecting host functions. One such approach called transkingdom network analysis has been recently developed and applied in our study. (1) Finally, we also discuss common methods used to validate the computational predictions of host-microbiota interactions using in vitro and in vivo experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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136
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Zhang GQ, Hu HJ, Liu CY, Shakya S, Li ZY. Probiotics for Preventing Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Neonates: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2581. [PMID: 26937897 PMCID: PMC4778994 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of probiotics on late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm neonates remains controversial. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether enteral probiotic supplementation reduced the risk of LOS in preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care units.PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effect of probiotics in preterm neonates. The primary outcome was culture-proven bacterial and/or fungal sepsis. The Mantel-Haenszel method with random-effects model was used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Twenty-seven trials were included in our review, and 25 trials involving 6104 preterm neonates were statistically analyzed. Pooled analysis indicated that enteral probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the risk of any sepsis (25 RCTs; RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73-0.94; I = 26%), bacterial sepsis (11 RCTs; RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.95; I = 0%), and fungal sepsis (6 RCTs; RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41-0.78; I = 0%). This beneficial effect remains in very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) (19 RCTs; RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.97; I = 18%), but not in extremely low birth weight infants (<1000 g) (3 RCTs; RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45-1.19; I = 53%). All the included trials reported no systemic infection caused by the supplemental probiotic organisms.Current evidence indicates that probiotic supplementation is safe, and effective in reducing the risk of LOS in preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care units. Further studies are needed to address the optimal probiotic organism, dosing, timing, and duration. High-quality and adequately powered RCTs regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of probiotics in extremely low birth weight infants are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- From the Department of Gastroenterology (G-QZ, H-JH, SS, Z-YL) and Department of Nephrology (C-YL), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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137
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Abstract
Probiotics are live nonpathogenic microorganisms. Many of these microorganisms are part of the normal human gut flora, where they live in a symbiotic relationship. Probiotics have been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI medical conditions. However, the data supporting their use are often conflicting, especially for non-GI-associated illnesses. The strongest evidence supporting the use of probiotics is related to the treatment of acute diarrhea and pouchitis. Atopic eczema in children and genitourinary infections are the only non-GI-related medical conditions where probiotics may have some beneficial effects. Product selection and dosing are not the same in all conditions, and the beneficial effects of each probiotic strain cannot be generalized.The purpose of this article is to provide most recent information about probiotics and its uses. In contrast with previously published reviews on probiotics, we also discuss the composition of various products (Table 1), indications for their use (Table 2), product selection, and dosing of probiotics.Probiotics are safe and appear to exert some beneficial effects in GI-related illnesses. The use of probiotics in non-GI illnesses is not sufficiently supported by current data.
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138
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Dykstra NS, Hyde L, MacKenzie A, Mack DR. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Prevents Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis In Vitro. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 3:21-6. [PMID: 26781496 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-011-9066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective microbes used as probiotics can enhance epithelial cell protection. We have previously shown that a Lactobacillus plantarum strain 299v (Lp299v) has the ability to induce mucin genes. In the current study, we utilized a cytokine model of inflammation in cell culture to study the modulation of apoptosis by this probiotic. HT-29 cells were pre-incubated with the Lp299v or L. plantarum strain adh- (Lpadh-), a non-adherent derivative of Lp299v. Cells were challenged with a mixture of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1a) to imitate conditions of inflammation. To assess for cell death, we evaluated TUNEL, multi-caspase, and caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity assays. There was a marked decrease in apoptosis as measured by TUNEL(+) cells in samples pre-treated with Lp299v (18.7 ± 4.1%, p < 0.01) and Lpadh- (16.6 ± 3.2%, p < 0.05) prior to cytokine exposure when compared to cells (43.6 ± 6.2%) exposed to the cytokine mixture. Lp299v pre-incubation with HT-29 cells reduced caspase(+) cells in the multi-caspase activity assay (3.6 ± 0.6%, p < 0.05) compared to cells exposed to cytokines (68.9 ± 5.1%) whereas Lpadh- did not (46.8 ± 17.5%, p > 0.05). Similarly, caspase-3, caspase-7 activity was also reduced by Lp299v. Selected probiotics may confer an exogenous protective effect at the mucosal-luminal interface for intestinal epithelial cells via alteration of caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Dykstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Lucie Hyde
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Alexander MacKenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David R Mack
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
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139
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Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Comparison of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria effects, immune responses and rotavirus vaccines and infection in different host species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:72-84. [PMID: 26809484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera possess significant and widely acknowledged health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. They also provide an affordable means for prevention and treatment of various infectious, allergic and inflammatory conditions as demonstrated in numerous human and animal studies. Despite the ample evidence of protective effects of these probiotics against rotavirus (RV) infection and disease, the precise immune mechanisms of this protection remain largely undefined, because of limited mechanistic research possible in humans and investigated in the majority of animal models. Additionally, while most human clinical probiotic trials are well-standardized using the same strains, uniform dosages, regimens of the probiotic treatments and similar host age, animal studies often lack standardization, have variable experimental designs, and non-uniform and sometime limited selection of experimental variables or observational parameters. This review presents selected data on different probiotic strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and summarizes the knowledge of their immunomodulatory properties and the associated protection against RV disease in diverse host species including neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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140
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Beltran S, Munoz-Bergmann CA, Elola-Lopez A, Quintana J, Segovia C, Trombert AN. The expression of heterologous MAM-7 in Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces its intrinsic capacity to inhibit colonization of pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus in vitro. Biol Res 2016; 49:2. [PMID: 26739707 PMCID: PMC4704428 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. When ingested, V. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (Vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. Treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. Since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. Thus, the design of new strategies for pathogen control and illness prevention is necessary. Lactobacillus sp. grouped Gram positive innocuous bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota and usually used as oral vaccines for several diarrheic diseases. Recombinants strains of Lactobacillus (RL) expressing pathogen antigens can be used as part of an anti-adhesion strategy where RL block the pathogen union sites in host cells. Thus, we aimed to express MAM-7 V. parahaemolyticus adhesion protein in Lactobacillus sp. to generate an RL that prevents pathogen colonization. RESULTS We cloned the MAM-7 gene from V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 in Lactobacillus expression vectors. Recombinant strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus pSEC-MAM7 and L. rhamnosus pCWA-MAM7) adhered to CaCo-2 cells and competed with the pathogen. However, the L. rhamnosus wild type strain showed the best capacity to inhibit pathogen colonization in vitro. In addition, LDH-assay showed that recombinant strains were cytotoxic compared with the wild type isogenic strain. CONCLUSIONS MAM-7 expression in lactobacilli reduces the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of L. rhamnosus against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beltran
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Cristian A Munoz-Bergmann
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Ana Elola-Lopez
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Javiera Quintana
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Annette N Trombert
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
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141
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The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on the Incidence of Clostridium difficile Infection in High Risk Patients Treated with Antibiotics. Nutrients 2015; 7:10179-88. [PMID: 26690209 PMCID: PMC4690078 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (LP299v) has been used in order to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms during antibiotic exposure. However, it remains controversial whether or not probiotics are effective in the prevention of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) among patients receiving antibiotics. The aim of this study was to analyze the CDI among patients receiving antibiotics and hospitalized in the period before and after starting routine use of LP299v as a prevention of this infection. Methods: Among 3533 patients hospitalized in the nephrology and transplantation ward during a two-year period, 23 patients with CDI were diagnosed and enrolled in this retrospective study. Since November 2013, prevention of CDI with oral use of LP299v was performed in all patients treated with antibiotics and who were at a high risk of developing CDI. The observation period was divided into two twelve-month intervals before and after initiation of the use of LP299v as a prophylactic against CDI. Results: A significant (p = 0.0001) reduction of the number of cases of CDI was found after routinely using LP299v (n = 2; 0.11% of all hospitalized patients) compared with the previous twelve-month period of observation (n = 21; 1.21% of all hospitalized patients). Conclusions: Routine use of LP299v during treatment with antibiotics may prevent C. difficile infection in the nephrology and transplantation ward.
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142
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Ganesh BP, Versalovic J. Luminal Conversion and Immunoregulation by Probiotics. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:269. [PMID: 26617521 PMCID: PMC4641912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microbes are responsible for the synthesis of nutrients and metabolites that are likely important for the maintenance of mammalian health. Many nutrients and metabolites derived from the gut microbiota by luminal conversion have been implicated in the development, homeostasis and function of innate and adaptive immunity. These factors clearly suggest that intestinal microbiota may influence host immunity via microbial metabolite-dependent mechanisms. We describe how intestinal microbes including probiotics generate microbial metabolites that modulate mucosal and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA ; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA ; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX, USA
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143
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New Role of Nod Proteins in Regulation of Intestinal Goblet Cell Response in the Context of Innate Host Defense in an Enteric Parasite Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:275-85. [PMID: 26527214 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01187-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins secreted by intestinal goblet cells are considered an important component of innate defense in a number of enteric infections, including many parasitic infections, but also likely provide protection against the gut microbiota. Nod proteins are intracellular receptors that play key roles in innate immune response and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Nod proteins in regulation of intestinal goblet cell response in naive mice and mice infected with the enteric parasite Trichuris muris. We observed significantly fewer periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained intestinal goblet cells and less mucin (Muc2) in Nod1 and Nod2 double-knockout (Nod DKO) mice after T. muris infection than in wild-type (WT) mice. Expulsion of parasites from the intestine was significantly delayed in Nod DKO mice. Treatment of naive WT mice with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists simultaneously increased numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2-expressing cells, whereas treatment with Nod1 or Nod2 separately had no significant effect. Stimulation of mucin-secreting LS174T cells with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists upregulated core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT; an important enzyme in mucin synthesis) and MUC2. We also observed lower numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and less Muc2 in germfree mice. Treatment with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists enhanced the production of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2 in germfree mice. These data provide novel information on the role of Nod proteins in goblet cell response and Muc2 production in relation to intestinal innate defense.
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144
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Abriouel H, Lerma LL, Casado Muñoz MDC, Montoro BP, Kabisch J, Pichner R, Cho GS, Neve H, Fusco V, Franz CMAP, Gálvez A, Benomar N. The controversial nature of the Weissella genus: technological and functional aspects versus whole genome analysis-based pathogenic potential for their application in food and health. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1197. [PMID: 26579103 PMCID: PMC4621295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of several Weissella (W.) strains for biotechnological and probiotic purposes, certain species of this genus were found to act as opportunistic pathogens, while strains of W. ceti were recognized to be pathogenic for farmed rainbow trout. Herein, we investigated the pathogenic potential of weissellas based on in silico analyses of the 13 whole genome sequences available to date in the NCBI database. Our screening allowed us to find several virulence determinants such as collagen adhesins, aggregation substances, mucus-binding proteins, and hemolysins in some species. Moreover, we detected several antibiotic resistance-encoding genes, whose presence could increase the potential pathogenicity of some strains, but should not be regarded as an excluding trait for beneficial weissellas, as long as these genes are not present on mobile genetic elements. Thus, selection of weissellas intended to be used as starters or for biotechnological or probiotic purposes should be investigated regarding their safety aspects on a strain to strain basis, preferably also by genome sequencing, since nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in virulence and antibiotic resistance genes makes PCR-based screening unreliable for safety assessments. In this sense, the application of W. confusa and W. cibaria strains as starter cultures or as probiotics should be approached with caution, by carefully selecting strains that lack pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Casado Muñoz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez Montoro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Rohtraud Pichner
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy , Bari, Italy
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut , Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , Jaén, Spain
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145
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Cameron EA, Sperandio V. Frenemies: Signaling and Nutritional Integration in Pathogen-Microbiota-Host Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:275-84. [PMID: 26355214 PMCID: PMC4567707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is highly adapted to thrive in the GI environment and performs key functions related to host nutrition, physiology, development, immunity, and behavior. Successful host-bacterial associations require chemical signaling and optimal nutrient utilization and exchange. However, this important balance can be severely disrupted by environmental stimuli, with one of the most common insults upon the microbiota being infectious diseases. Although the microbiota acts as a barrier toward enteric pathogens, many enteric pathogens exploit signals and nutrients derived from both the microbiota and host to regulate their virulence programs. Here we review several signaling and nutrient recognition systems employed by GI pathogens to regulate growth and virulence. We discuss how shifts in the microbiota composition change host susceptibility to infection and how dietary changes or manipulation of the microbiota could potentially prevent and/or ameliorate GI infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cameron
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA.
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146
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Monitoring of Water Spectral Pattern Reveals Differences in Probiotics Growth When Used for Rapid Bacteria Selection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130698. [PMID: 26133176 PMCID: PMC4489812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of efficient screening method coupled with cell functionality evaluation is highly needed in contemporary microbiology. The presented novel concept and fast non-destructive method brings in to play the water spectral pattern of the solution as a molecular fingerprint of the cell culture system. To elucidate the concept, NIR spectroscopy with Aquaphotomics were applied to monitor the growth of sixteen Lactobacillus bulgaricus one Lactobacillus pentosus and one Lactobacillus gasseri bacteria strains. Their growth rate, maximal optical density, low pH and bile tolerances were measured and further used as a reference data for analysis of the simultaneously acquired spectral data. The acquired spectral data in the region of 1100-1850nm was subjected to various multivariate data analyses - PCA, OPLS-DA, PLSR. The results showed high accuracy of bacteria strains classification according to their probiotic strength. Most informative spectral fingerprints covered the first overtone of water, emphasizing the relation of water molecular system to cell functionality.
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147
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Interactions between Innate Immunity, Microbiota, and Probiotics. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:501361. [PMID: 26090492 PMCID: PMC4451779 DOI: 10.1155/2015/501361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “microbiota” means genetic inheritance associated with microbiota, which is about 100 times larger than the guest. The tolerance of the resident bacterial flora is an important key element of immune cell function. A key role in the interaction between the host and the microbiota is played by Paneth cell, which is able to synthesize and secrete proteins and antimicrobial peptides, such as α/β defensins, cathelicidin, 14 β-glycosidases, C-type lectins, and ribonuclease, in response to various stimuli. Recent studies found probiotics able to preserve intestinal homeostasis by downmodulating the immune response and inducing the development of T regulatory cells. Specific probiotic strain, as well as probiotic-driven metabolic products called “postbiotics,” has been recently recognized and it is able to influence innate immunity. New therapeutic approaches based on probiotics are now available, and further treatments based on postbiotics will come in the future.
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148
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Capability of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11 and its non-producing isogenic strain NB1, to counteract the effect of enteropathogens upon the epithelial cell line HT29-MTX. Food Res Int 2015; 74:199-207. [PMID: 28411984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The putative protective role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11, and its non-EPS-producing isogenic strain NB1, was tested upon HT29-MTX monolayers challenged with seven opportunistic pathogens. The probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus LMG18243 (GG) was used as a reference bacterium. Tested lactobacilli were able to efficiently reduce the attachment to HT29-MTX of most pathogens. Lb. paraplantarum NB1 and Lb. rhamnosus GG were more efficient reducing the adhesion of Clostridium difficile or Yersinia enterocolitica than Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11, while strain BGCG11 reduced, to a greater extent, the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The detachment and cell lysis of HT29-MTX monolayers in the presence of pathogens alone and co-incubated with lactobacilli or purified EPS was followed. L. monocytogenes induced the strongest cell detachment among the seven tested pathogens and this effect was prevented by addition of purified EPS-CG11. The results suggest that this EPS could be an effective macromolecule in protection of HT29-MTX cells from the pathogen-induced lysis. Regarding innate intestinal barrier, the presence of C. difficile induced the highest IL-8 production in HT29-MTX cells and this capability was reinforced by the co-incubation with Lb. paraplantarum NB1 and Lb. rhamnosus GG. However, the increase in IL-8 production was not noticed when C. difficile was co-incubated with EPS-producing Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11 strain or its purified EPS-CG11 polymer, thus indicating that the polymer could hinder the contact of bacteria with the intestinal epithelium. The measurement of mucus secreted by HT29-MTX and the expression of muc1, muc2, muc3B and muc5AC genes in the presence of pathogens and lactobacilli suggested that all lactobacilli strains are weak "co-adjuvants" helping some pathogens to slightly increase the secretion of mucus by HT29-MTX, while purified EPS-CG11 did not induce mucus secretion. Taking altogether, Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11 could act towards the reinforcement of the innate mucosal barrier through the synthesis of a physical-protective EPS layer which could make difficult the contact of the pathogens with the epithelial cells.
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149
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Pei R, Martin DA, DiMarco DM, Bolling BW. Evidence for the effects of yogurt on gut health and obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1569-1583. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.883356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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150
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Cornick S, Tawiah A, Chadee K. Roles and regulation of the mucus barrier in the gut. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e982426. [PMID: 25838985 PMCID: PMC4372027 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.982426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is coated by a thick layer of mucus that forms the front line of innate host defense. Mucus consists of high molecular weight glycoproteins called mucins that are synthesized and secreted by goblet cells and functions primarily to lubricate the epithelium and protect it from damage by noxious substances. Recent studies have also suggested the involvement of goblet cells and mucins in complex immune functions such as antigen presentation and tolerance. Under normal physiological conditions, goblet cells continually produce mucins to replenish and maintain the mucus barrier; however, goblet cell function can be disrupted by various factors that can affect the integrity of the mucus barrier. Some of these factors such as microbes, microbial toxins and cytokines can stimulate or inhibit mucin production and secretion, alter the chemical composition of mucins or degrade the mucus layer. This can lead to a compromised mucus barrier and subsequently to various pathological conditions like chronic inflammatory diseases. Insight into how these factors modulate the mucus barrier in the gut is necessary in order to develop strategies to combat these disorders.
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Key Words
- Barrier function
- CD, Crohns disease
- ER stress
- ERAD, ER-associated protein degradation
- EhCP5, Entamoeba histolytica cysteine protease 5
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GalNAc, N-Acetylgalactosamine
- Goblet cell
- IBD
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease
- Innate defense
- LLO, Listeriolysin O
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- MUC2
- MucBP, Mucin binding proteins
- Mucin
- SCFA, short chain fatty acids
- Secretory response
- UC, Ulcerative colitis
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Cornick
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adelaide Tawiah
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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