101
|
Xu K, Wang Z, Copland JA, Chakrabarti R, Florczyk SJ. 3D porous chitosan-chondroitin sulfate scaffolds promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells. Biomaterials 2020; 254:120126. [PMID: 32480094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer in men that is curable prior to metastasis, when its prognosis worsens. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is found in the extracellular matrix of normal prostate tissue and PCa, with greater content in metastatic PCa. Biomaterial scaffolds containing CS have yet to be evaluated for tumor microenvironment applications. Three-dimensional porous chitosan-CS (C-CS) scaffolds were developed and evaluated for PCa culture. Three C-CS scaffold compositions were prepared with 4 w/v% chitosan and 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 w/v% CS and named 4-0.1, 4-0.5, and 4-1, respectively. The C-CS scaffolds had 90-95% porosity, average pore sizes between 143 and 166 μm, and no significant difference in scaffold stiffness. PC-3 and 22Rv1 PCa cells were cultured on the C-CS scaffolds to study the effect of CS on PCa growth and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). All C-CS scaffold compositions supported PCa growth and the 4-1 scaffolds had the greatest cell numbers for both PC-3 and 22Rv1. The C-CS scaffolds promoted upregulated EMT marker expression compared to 2D cultures with the greatest EMT marker expression in 4-1 scaffolds. Increasing CS concentration promoted upregulated vimentin expression in PC-3 cultures and N-cadherin and MMP-2 expression in 22Rv1 cultures. C-CS scaffolds promoted docetaxel drug resistance in PC-3 and 22Rv1 cultures and the 4-1 scaffold cultures had the greatest drug resistance. These results indicate that C-CS scaffolds are a promising in vitro platform for PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ratna Chakrabarti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Stephen J Florczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Vernot JP. Senescence-Associated Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Tumor Cell Plasticity. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:63. [PMID: 32478091 PMCID: PMC7237636 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-recognized cell phenotypic heterogeneity in tumors is a great challenge for cancer treatment. Dynamic interconversion and movement within a spectrum of different cell phenotypes (cellular plasticity) with the acquisition of specific cell functions is a fascinating biological puzzle, that represent an additional difficulty for cancer treatment and novel therapies development. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for moving or stabilizing tumor cells within this spectrum of variable states constitutes a valuable tool to overcome these challenges. In particular, cell transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes (EMT-MET) and de-and trans-differentiation processes are relevant, since it has been shown that they confer invasiveness, drug resistance, and metastatic ability, due to the simultaneous acquisition of stem-like cell properties. Multiple drivers participate in these cell conversions events. In particular, cellular senescence and senescence-associated soluble factors have been shown to unveil stem-like cell properties and cell plasticity. By modulating gradually the composition of their secretome and the time of exposure, senescent cells may have differential effect not only on tumor cells but also on surrounding cells. Intriguingly, tumor cells that scape from senescence acquire stem-like cell properties and aggressiveness. The reinforcement of senescence and inflammation by soluble factors and the participation of immune cells may provide a dynamic milieu having varied effects on cell transitions, reprogramming, plasticity, stemness and therefore heterogeneity. This will confer different epithelial/mesenchymal traits (hybrid phenotype) and stem-like cell properties, combinations of which, in a particular cell context, could be responsible for different cellular functions during cancer progression (survival, migration, invasion, colonization or proliferation). Additionally, cooperative behavior between cell subpopulations with different phenotypes/stemness functions could also modulate their cellular plasticity. Here, we will discuss the role of senescence and senescence-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines on the induction of cellular plasticity, their effect role in establishing particular states within this spectrum of cell phenotypes and how this is accompanied by stem-like cell properties that, as the epithelial transitions, may also have a continuum of characteristics providing tumor cells with functional adaptability specifically useful in the different stages of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Vernot
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
The novel miR-1269b-regulated protein SVEP1 induces hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis likely through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32371982 PMCID: PMC7200779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Decreased intercellular adhesion is a key step in the metastasis and recurrence of many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SVEP1 is an important cell adhesion molecule that plays a key role in regulating intercellular adhesion and embryonic lymphatic development. However, the expression patterns and roles of SVEP1 in HCC are still largely unknown. We identified SVEP1 expression by analyzing 220 HCC samples from our cancer center. TCGA and GEO online-databases were used for data calibration and validation. SVEP1 was differentially expressed in two groups of HCCs with different risks of recurrence and was deemed as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of HCC. The expression of SVEP1 is negatively related to the proliferation and metastasis of HCC. Downregulation of SVEP1 expression promoted in vitro HCC cell migration, chemotaxis, invasion and proliferation, as well as in vivo tumor growth, local invasion and metastasis in a mouse model. Bioinformatic analysis and RT-PCR results showed that miR-1269b expression is negatively correlated with the SVEP1 expression and the prognosis of HCC patients. Further experiments showed that miR-1269b directly targets and downregulates the expression of SVEP1, which further induces the phosphorylation of Akt at thr308. These regulatory effects ultimately mediate the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. SVEP1 could serve as a promising prognostic marker of HCC. MiR-1269b downregulates SVEP1 expression and promotes HCC proliferation and metastasis likely through the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
104
|
Yu H, Jiang X, Jiang L, Zhou H, Bao J, Zhu X, Liu F, Huang J. Protocadherin 8 (PCDH8) Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Angiogenesis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920665. [PMID: 32330123 PMCID: PMC7197227 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocadherin 8 (PCDH8) functions as a tumor-suppressor gene in many types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of PCDH8 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Cell proliferation, apoptosis, transwell assay, tube formation assays, and tumor xenograft experiment were performed to explore the role of PCDH8 in the progression of ESCC. RESULTS PCDH8 was found to be downregulated in ESCC cells. Ectopic expression of PCDH8 blocked proliferation, invasion, and migration and induced apoptosis in ESCC cells. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) secretion and the AKT signaling pathway were also inhibited when PCDH8 was upregulated. PCDH8 overexpression suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and pro-angiogenic activity of ESCC cells. In a mouse model of ESCC xenograft tumors, PCDH8 overexpression remarkably restrained tumor cell growth, with the tumor inhibition rate of 75.2%. PCDH8 was the target of miR-200c and had a negative correlation with miR-200c. CONCLUSIONS PCDH8 exerts a tumor-suppressive effect against ESCC cells. However, further studies are required to elucidate the exact molecular mechanism underlying the antitumor activity of PCDH8 in ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jingjing Bao
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Fuxing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Junxing Huang
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Bhatia S, Wang P, Toh A, Thompson EW. New Insights Into the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity and EMT in Driving Cancer Progression. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:71. [PMID: 32391381 PMCID: PMC7190792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells demonstrate substantial plasticity in their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) can be characterized into dynamic intermediate states and can be orchestrated by many factors, either intercellularly via epigenetic reprograming, or extracellularly via growth factors, inflammation and/or hypoxia generated by the tumor stromal microenvironment. EMP has the capability to alter phenotype and produce heterogeneity, and thus by changing the whole cancer landscape can attenuate oncogenic signaling networks, invoke anti-apoptotic features, defend against chemotherapeutics and reprogram angiogenic and immune recognition functions. We discuss here the role of phenotypic plasticity in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis and provide an update of the modalities utilized for the molecular characterization of the EMT states and attributes of cellular behavior, including cellular metabolism, in the context of EMP. We also summarize recent findings in dynamic EMP studies that provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of EMP flux in cancer and propose therapeutic strategies to impede the metastatic outgrowth of phenotypically heterogeneous tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Bhatia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Toh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Sommariva M, Gagliano N. E-Cadherin in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Multifaceted Actor during EMT. Cells 2020; 9:E1040. [PMID: 32331358 PMCID: PMC7226001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a step-wise process observed in normal and tumor cells leading to a switch from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. In tumors, EMT provides cancer cells with a metastatic phenotype characterized by E-cadherin down-regulation, cytoskeleton reorganization, motile and invasive potential. E-cadherin down-regulation is known as a key event during EMT. However, E-cadherin expression can be influenced by the different experimental settings and environmental stimuli so that the paradigm of EMT based on the loss of E-cadherin determining tumor cell behavior and fate often becomes an open question. In this review, we aimed at focusing on some critical points in order to improve the knowledge of the dynamic role of epithelial cells plasticity in EMT and, specifically, address the role of E-cadherin as a marker for the EMT axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Rizzo MI, Ralli M, Nicolazzo C, Gradilone A, Carletti R, Di Gioia C, De Vincentiis M, Greco A. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with laryngeal cancer using ScreenCell: Comparative pre- and post-operative analysis and association with prognosis. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:4183-4188. [PMID: 32391112 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with metastatic breast, colorectal and prostate cancer have been widely investigated; however, few studies have examined CTCs in patients with laryngeal cancer. The present pilot study aimed to detect pre- and postoperative CTCs in the blood of patients with laryngeal cancer and evaluate the association with prognosis. Eight patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) at stage III were included in the present study and underwent total or subtotal laryngectomy and radical bilateral neck lymph node dissection. Blood samples were collected from all patients before and after surgery at different time-points. The following processing steps were followed; preoperative blood sampling, surgery, postoperative blood sampling at 3, 6 and 12 month follow-ups, and prognostic association analysis. CTCs were retained on ScreenCell filters for cytological characterization. The presence of CTCs was associated with a less favorable prognosis, whereas a decrease of CTCs in the postoperative sampling was observed in patients who exhibited an improved therapeutic response. The results of the present pilot study revealed a possible association between the presence of CTCs and a less favorable prognosis in patients with LSCC; therefore, these preliminary findings may encourage further research into the incorporation of a liquid biopsy in the management of LSCC, as this may help identify patients with occult metastatic disease earlier and in a non-invasive manner. In addition, this approach may represent novel independent prognostic factor for use in the clinical evaluation of patients with LSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ida Rizzo
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy.,Craniofacial Center, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolazzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Circulating Tumor Cells Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Angela Gradilone
- Department of Molecular Medicine-Circulating Tumor Cells Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Cira Di Gioia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Marco De Vincentiis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00186, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Georgakopoulos-Soares I, Chartoumpekis DV, Kyriazopoulou V, Zaravinos A. EMT Factors and Metabolic Pathways in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:499. [PMID: 32318352 PMCID: PMC7154126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a biological program during which epithelial cells lose their cell identity and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EMT is normally observed during organismal development, wound healing and tissue fibrosis. However, this process can be hijacked by cancer cells and is often associated with resistance to apoptosis, acquisition of tissue invasiveness, cancer stem cell characteristics, and cancer treatment resistance. It is becoming evident that EMT is a complex, multifactorial spectrum, often involving episodic, transient or partial events. Multiple factors have been causally implicated in EMT including transcription factors (e.g., SNAIL, TWIST, ZEB), epigenetic modifications, microRNAs (e.g., miR-200 family) and more recently, long non-coding RNAs. However, the relevance of metabolic pathways in EMT is only recently being recognized. Importantly, alterations in key metabolic pathways affect cancer development and progression. In this review, we report the roles of key EMT factors and describe their interactions and interconnectedness. We introduce metabolic pathways that are involved in EMT, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and characterize the relationship between EMT factors and cancer metabolism. Finally, we present therapeutic opportunities involving EMT, with particular focus on cancer metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Venetsana Kyriazopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Life Sciences European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Fu F, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Wen Z, Han H, Li Y, Chen H. Development and validation of a five-gene model to predict postoperative brain metastasis in operable lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:584-592. [PMID: 32181877 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common sites of extra-thoracic distant metastasis of nonsmall-cell lung cancer is the brain. Our study was performed to discover genes associated with postoperative brain metastasis in operable lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). RNA seq was performed in specimens of primary LUAD from seven patients with brain metastases and 45 patients without recurrence. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays of the differentially expressed genes were conducted in 272 surgical-resected LUAD specimens. LASSO Cox regression was used to filter genes related to brain metastasis and construct brain metastasis score (BMS). GSE31210 and GSE50081 were used as validation datasets of the model. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed in patients stratified by risk of brain metastasis in the TCGA database. Through the initial screening, eight genes (CDK1, KPNA2, KIF11, ASPM, CEP55, HJURP, TYMS and TTK) were selected for IHC analyses. The BMS based on protein expression levels of five genes (TYMS, CDK1, HJURP, CEP55 and KIF11) was highly predictive of brain metastasis in our cohort (12-month AUC: 0.791, 36-month AUC: 0.766, 60-month AUC: 0.812). The validation of BMS on overall survival of GSE31210 and GSE50081 also showed excellent predictive value (GSE31210, 12-month AUC: 0.682, 36-month AUC: 0.713, 60-month AUC: 0.762; GSE50081, 12-month AUC: 0.706, 36-month AUC: 0.700, 60-month AUC: 0.724). Further analyses showed high BMS was associated with pathways of cell cycle and DNA repair. A five-gene predictive model exhibits potential clinical utility for the prediction of postoperative brain metastasis and the individual management of patients with LUAD after radical resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiu Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhendong Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhexu Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Woestemeier A, Harms-Effenberger K, Karstens KF, Konczalla L, Ghadban T, Uzunoglu FG, Izbicki JR, Bockhorn M, Pantel K, Reeh M. Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Esophageal Cancer Detected by a Combined MACS Enrichment Method. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E718. [PMID: 32197486 PMCID: PMC7140099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current modalities to predict tumor recurrence and survival in esophageal cancer are insufficient. Even in lymph node-negative patients, a locoregional and distant relapse is common. Hence, more precise staging methods are needed. So far, only the CellSearch system was used to detect circulating tumor cells (CTC) with clinical relevance in esophageal cancer patients. Studies analyzing different CTC detection assays using advanced enrichment techniques to potentially increase the sensitivity are missing. METHODS In this single-center, prospective study, peripheral blood samples from 90 esophageal cancer patients were obtained preoperatively and analyzed for the presence of CTCs by Magnetic Cell Separation (MACS) enrichment (combined anti-cytokeratin and anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM)), with subsequent immunocytochemical staining. Data were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes. RESULTS CTCs were detected in 25.6% (23/90) of the patients by combined cytokeratin/EpCAM enrichment (0-150 CTCs/7.5 mL). No significant correlation between histopathological parameters and CTC detection was found. Survival analysis revealed that the presence of more than two CTCs correlated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). CONCLUSION With the use of cytokeratin as an additional enrichment target, the CTC detection rate in esophageal cancer patients can be elevated and displays the heterogeneity of cytokeratin (CK) and EpCAM expression. The presence of >2CTCs correlated with a shorter relapse-free and overall survival in a univariate analysis, but not in a multivariate setting. Moreover, our results suggest that the CK7/8+/EpCAM+ or CK7/8+/EpCAM- CTC subtype does not lead to an advanced tumor staging tool in non-metastatic esophageal cancer (EC) patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Woestemeier
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Katharina Harms-Effenberger
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.H.-E.); (K.P.)
| | - Karl-F. Karstens
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Leonie Konczalla
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Tarik Ghadban
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Faik G. Uzunoglu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Jakob R. Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.H.-E.); (K.P.)
| | - Matthias Reeh
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (A.W.); (K.-F.K.); (L.K.); (T.G.); (F.G.U.); (J.R.I.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Zhu X, Yu M, Wang K, Zou W, Zhu L. FoxM1 affects adhesive, migratory, and invasive abilities of human retinoblastoma Y-79 cells by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 2. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:294-301. [PMID: 32152631 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1) is an important transcription factor involved in various pathological processes including tumor metastasis. The changes of adhesive, migratory, and invasive abilities are considered as crucial events in tumor metastasis progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between FoxM1 and retinoblastoma (Rb) metastasis and to explore the detailed mechanism. Wound healing, cell adhesion, and invasion assays showed that FoxM1 overexpression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Y-79 cells and inhibited adhesion and subsequently promoted metastasis of Y-79 cells, while FoxM1 knockdown showed the opposite effects. A luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay provided evidence that FoxM1 promoted matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) transcription by directly binding to and promoting MMP2 promoter. MMP2 knockdown by siRNA transfection attenuated cell metastasis of Y-79 cells induced by FoxM1 overexpression. Furthermore, the FoxM1-binding site mapped between -1167 and -1161 bp of the MMP2 promoter was identified. Our results suggested that the FoxM1-MMP2 axis plays an important role in Rb metastasis, which may be a novel target for designing therapeutic regimen to control Rb metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Mengxi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Wang H, Ma N, Li W, Wang Z. MicroRNA-96-5p promotes proliferation, invasion and EMT of oral carcinoma cells by directly targeting FOXF2. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049478. [PMID: 32014885 PMCID: PMC7075044 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, microRNA-96-5p (miR-96-5p) has been reported to function as both a tumor suppressor and oncogene in several cancer types, including gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer and lung cancer. However, the biological function of miR-96-5p and its precise mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have not been well clarified. The aim of this study was to study the roles of miR-96-5p/FOXF2 axis in OSCC. In this study, the miR-96-5p level was dramatically enhanced in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and the FOXF2 expression was significantly reduced. In addition, the FOXF2 expression was negatively related to the miR-96-5p level in OSCC tissues. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-96-5p obviously restrained OSCC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT. We confirmed that miR-96-5p could directly target FOXF2 by luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, knockdown of FOXF2 also could markedly promote the proliferation, invasion and EMT of OSCC cells. Finally, overexpression of FOXF2 in OSCC cells partially reversed the promoted effects of miR-96-5p mimic. Knockdown of miR-96-5p restrained OSCC cells proliferation, invasion and EMT via regulation of FOXF2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Orenstein JM. An ultrastructural pathologist's views on fibroblasts, modified smooth muscle cells, wound healing, stenosing arteriopathies, Kawasaki disease, Dupuytren's contracture, and the stroma of carcinomas. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:2-14. [PMID: 32154752 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1704332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It wasn't until 1960 that the dense bodies of the peripheral actin arrays of fibroblasts were finally visualized, i.e., stress fibers (SFs). Mistakenly assumed that its SFs turned the fibroblast into a unique cell situated somewhere in a continuum between it and a smooth muscle cell (SMC), it was descriptively named a "myofibroblast" (MF). Automatically, spindle cells with SFs and/or smooth muscle actin by SMA IHC-staining, became MFs, although endothelial cells, pericytes, modified SMCs (mSMC), and myoepithelial cells all contain SFs. An invisible "intermediate" cell was hypothesized to exist somewhere between SMA-negative and positive fibroblasts, and named a "proto-myofibroblast". The sub-epithelial spindle cells of normal and malignant tumors of the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts are all fibroblasts with SFs. The second erroneous myofibroblast came from a 1971 rat wound healing study and its 1974 human counterpart. Updated analysis of the papers' TEMs proved that the cells are mSMCs and not fibroblasts (AKA: MFs). The pathognomonic cells of Dupuytren's contracture are mSMCs and fibroblasts and that of the stenosing arteriopathy of Kawasaki Disease and other similar arteriopathies are mSMCs. TEM remains a powerful tool.
Collapse
|
114
|
Fan Y, Hou T, Dan W, Liu T, Luan J, Liu B, Li L, Zeng J. Silibinin inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma through autophagy‑dependent Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1341-1350. [PMID: 32323735 PMCID: PMC7138295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin is a flavonoid extracted from milk thistle seeds which has been widely used as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the anti-cancer effects of silibinin in various cancer models. It was previously reported that silibinin induced apoptosis and decreased metastasis by activating autophagy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which silibinin regulates autophagy remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of silibinin on RCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on autophagy-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Human RCC 786-O and ACHN cell lines were used as the model system in vitro and RCC xenografts of nude mice were used for in vivo studies. Silibinin inhibited metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of RCC in vitro and in vivo, by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, silibinin inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in an autophagy-dependent manner. Autophagic degradation of β-catenin induced by silibinin was associated with the anti-metastatic effects of silibinin against RCC. These findings identify a novel mechanism by which silibinin inhibits EMT and metastasis of RCC, highlighting a potential novel strategy for treating metastatic RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Dan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Luan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
The Role of Carcinogenesis-Related Biomarkers in the Wnt Pathway and Their Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030555. [PMID: 32121061 PMCID: PMC7139589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can develop from potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), it is critical to develop methods for early detection to improve the prognosis of patients. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role during tumor progression and metastasis. The Wnt signaling pathway is an intercellular pathway in animals that also plays a fundamental role in cell proliferation and regeneration, and in the function of many cell or tissue types. Specific components of master regulators such as epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), Vimentin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Snail, and neural cadherin (N-cadherin), which are known to control the EMT process, have also been implicated in the Wnt cascade. Here, we review recent findings on the Wnt signaling pathway and the expression mechanism. These regulators are known to play roles in EMT and tumor progression, especially in OSCC. Characterizing the mechanisms through which both EMT and the Wnt pathway play a role in these cellular pathways could increase our understanding of the tumor genesis process and may allow for the development of improved therapeutics for OSCC.
Collapse
|
116
|
Lu L, Li H, Wu X, Rao J, Zhou J, Fan S, Shen Q. HJC0152 suppresses human non-small-cell lung cancer by inhibiting STAT3 and modulating metabolism. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12777. [PMID: 32022328 PMCID: PMC7106968 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated and overexpressed in many cancers, including non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We recently developed HJC0152 as an orally active STAT3 inhibitor. This study focused on investigating HJC0152's effect and mechanism of action in NSCLC. Materials and methods We analysed cell proliferation by MTT assays, cell migration by wound healing and transwell assays, protein levels by Western blot, and apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by flow cytometry. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was established for in vivo experiment. UHPLC‐QTOF/MS was used for untargeted metabolomic relative quantitation analysis. Results We found that HJC0152 exhibited activity against human NSCLC cells in vitro and NSCLC xenograft tumours in vivo via regulating STAT3 signalling and metabolism. HJC0152 efficiently reduced NSCLC cell proliferation, promoted ROS generation, induced apoptosis, triggered DNA damage and reduced motility in A549 and H460 NSCLC cells. Moreover, HJC0152 significantly inhibited the growth of A549 xenograft tumours in vivo. HJC0152 also affected metabolism, significantly decreasing and perturbating levels of several metabolites in the purine, glutathione and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. Conclusions HJC0152 reduces cellular capacity to scavenge free radicals, leading to ROS generation and accumulation and apoptosis. This study provides a rationale for further developing HJC0152 as a potential therapy for NSCLC and provides insights into the mechanisms by which HJC0152 exerts its anti‐cancer effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Chen Y, Shao Z, Jiang E, Zhou X, Wang L, Wang H, Luo X, Chen Q, Liu K, Shang Z. CCL21/CCR7 interaction promotes EMT and enhances the stemness of OSCC via a JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5995-6009. [PMID: 32017846 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors show a strong relationship with poor clinical outcomes in various cancers. However, their underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In our research, we found C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and its ligand chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) were abnormally abundant in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues, and CCR7 expression was correlated with poor prognosis of OSCC. After exogenous CCL21 stimulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was promoted in OSCC cells, and cancer stem cell-related markers CD133, CD44, BMI1, ALDH1A1, and OCT4 increased. The migration, invasion, tumorsphere formation, and colony formation abilities of OSCC cells were enhanced, indicating that the stemness of OSCC cells was also improved. The knockdown and overexpression of CCR7 efficiently affected the CCL21-induced EMT and stemness of OSCC cells. When treated with CCL21, the phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3 markedly increased. The inhibitor of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) significantly suppressed CCL21-induced EMT and stemness of OSCC cells. In conclusion, CCL21/CCR7 axis regulated EMT progress and promoted the stemness of OSCC by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. CCL21/CCR7 might be an effective target for OSCC prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Shao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erhui Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyue Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Qingli Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengjun Shang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hubei Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Liu H, Lu T, Kremers GJ, Seynhaeve ALB, Ten Hagen TLM. A microcarrier-based spheroid 3D invasion assay to monitor dynamic cell movement in extracellular matrix. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:3. [PMID: 32021568 PMCID: PMC6995242 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell invasion through extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical step in tumor metastasis. To study cell invasion in vitro, the internal microenvironment can be simulated via the application of 3D models. Results This study presents a method for 3D invasion examination using microcarrier-based spheroids. Cell invasiveness can be evaluated by quantifying cell dispersion in matrices or tracking cell movement through time-lapse imaging. It allows measuring of cell invasion and monitoring of dynamic cell behavior in three dimensions. Here we show different invasive capacities of several cell types using this method. The content and concentration of matrices can influence cell invasion, which should be optimized before large scale experiments. We also introduce further analysis methods of this 3D invasion assay, including manual measurements and homemade semi-automatic quantification. Finally, our results indicate that the position of spheroids in a matrix has a strong impact on cell moving paths, which may be easily overlooked by researchers and may generate false invasion results. Conclusions In all, the microcarrier-based spheroids 3D model allows exploration of adherent cell invasion in a fast and highly reproducible way, and provides informative results on dynamic cell behavior in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- 1Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tao Lu
- 1Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Kremers
- 2Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ann L B Seynhaeve
- 1Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- 1Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Tao D, Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Zhang P, Yuan H, Liu L, Cheng J, Jiang H. LncRNA HOTAIR promotes the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma through metastasis-associated gene 2. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:353-364. [PMID: 31995261 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advancements, there has been little improvement in the survival status of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) has been shown to be dysregulated in several cancer types. However, the roles of HOTAIR in OSCC remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the association of HOTAIR expression with clinicopathological features in OSCC patients and the crucial roles of HOTAIR in the modulation of tumor progression. Our results showed that HOTAIR was highly expressed both in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines compared with corresponding normal oral mucosa tissues and human oral keratinocytes. Its overexpression was positively correlated with TNM (tumor-node-metastases) stage, histological grade, and regional lymph node metastasis. The knockdown of HOTAIR by short hairpin RNA significantly decreased the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of OSCC cells in vitro. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between HOTAIR and microRNA-326 expression in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines. Luciferase reporter and loss-of-function assays revealed that HOTAIR acted as a competitive endogenous RNA effectively sponging miR-326, thereby regulating the derepression of metastasis-associated gene 2 (MTA2). Finally, the expression and clinical significance of MTA2 were analyzed in another cohort of OSCC tissue samples. High MTA2 expression was significantly correlated with clinicopathological features of advanced OSCC and poor prognosis for patients with OSCC. Collectively, HOTAIR overexpression promoted the progression of OSCC. The HOTAIR-miR-326-MTA2 axis may contribute to a better understanding of OSCC pathogenesis and be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laikui Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Kim DH, Kim EJ, Kim DH, Park SW. Dact2 is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:190-197. [PMID: 31983425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled-associated antagonist of beta-catenin 2 (Dact2) is involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways during development. It negatively regulates the Nodal signaling pathway, possibly by promoting lysosomal degradation of Nodal receptors such as TGFBR1, and plays an inhibitory role during the re-epithelialization of skin wounds by attenuating transforming growth factor-β signaling. Dact2 is known to act as a functional tumor suppressor in colon cancer; reduced Dact2 can promote liver cancer progression and suppress gastric cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Zebrafish is used as a model of cancer biology because it shows similar tumorigenesis and morphogenesis as in humans and gene manipulation in this organism is possible. This study was performed to explore phenotypic changes in Dact2 knockout zebrafish and investigate the function of Dact2. A 10-base pair deletion Dact2 knockout zebrafish was prepared using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system. Dact2 knockout enhanced the expression of the MMP2 and MMP9 genes, which are related to tumor invasion and migration, and the Snail, VEGF, and ZEB genes, which are related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The absence of Dact2 also resulted in hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal epithelium, fibrosis in the pancreas and liver, increased proliferation of the pancreatic and hepatic bile ducts, and invasive proliferation into the pancreas. A wound healing assay confirmed that the absence of Dact2 enhanced EMT, thus accelerating wound healing. This study suggests that a loss of function of Dact2 impacts EMT-related gene regulation and tumor generation in a zebrafish knockout model, which is a useful model for exploring the mechanisms of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kim
- Postgraduate School of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Postgraduate School of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Postgraduate School of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Graduate Program of Nanoscience and Technology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Kim JH, Pegoraro AF, Das A, Koehler SA, Ujwary SA, Lan B, Mitchel JA, Atia L, He S, Wang K, Bi D, Zaman MH, Park JA, Butler JP, Lee KH, Starr JR, Fredberg JJ. Unjamming and collective migration in MCF10A breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:706-715. [PMID: 31699371 PMCID: PMC6937379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Each cell comprising an intact, healthy, confluent epithelial layer ordinarily remains sedentary, firmly adherent to and caged by its neighbors, and thus defines an elemental constituent of a solid-like cellular collective [1,2]. After malignant transformation, however, the cellular collective can become fluid-like and migratory, as evidenced by collective motions that arise in characteristic swirls, strands, ducts, sheets, or clusters [3,4]. To transition from a solid-like to a fluid-like phase and thereafter to migrate collectively, it has been recently argued that cells comprising the disordered but confluent epithelial collective can undergo changes of cell shape so as to overcome geometric constraints attributable to the newly discovered phenomenon of cell jamming and the associated unjamming transition (UJT) [1,2,5-9]. Relevance of the jamming concept to carcinoma cells lines of graded degrees of invasive potential has never been investigated, however. Using classical in vitro cultures of six breast cancer model systems, here we investigate structural and dynamical signatures of cell jamming, and the relationship between them [1,2,10,11]. In order of roughly increasing invasive potential as previously reported, model systems examined included MCF10A, MCF10A.Vector; MCF10A.14-3-3ζ; MCF10.ErbB2, MCF10AT; and MCF10CA1a [12-15]. Migratory speed depended on the particular cell line. Unsurprisingly, for example, the MCF10CA1a cell line exhibited much faster migratory speed relative to the others. But unexpectedly, across different cell lines higher speeds were associated with enhanced size of cooperative cell packs in a manner reminiscent of a peloton [9]. Nevertheless, within each of the cell lines evaluated, cell shape and shape variability from cell-to-cell conformed with predicted structural signatures of cell layer unjamming [1]. Moreover, both structure and migratory dynamics were compatible with previous theoretical descriptions of the cell jamming mechanism [2,10,11,16,17]. As such, these findings demonstrate the richness of the cell jamming mechanism, which is now seen to apply across these cancer cell lines but remains poorly understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit Das
- Northeastern University, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Bo Lan
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | | | - Lior Atia
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Shijie He
- Mass General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James P Butler
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyu Ha Lee
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Jiménez-Zenteno AK, Cerf A. Liquid Biopsy Based on Circulating Cancer-Associated Cells: Bridging the Gap from an Emerging Concept to a Mainstream Tool in Precision Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e1900164. [PMID: 32293131 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept of liquid biopsy and the isolation and analysis of circulating biomarkers from blood samples is proposed as a surrogate to solid biopsies and can have the potential to revolutionize the management of patients with cancer. The relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the importance of the information they carry is acknowledged by the medical community. But what are the barriers to clinical adoption? This review draws a panorama of the biological implications of CTCs, their physical and biochemical properties, and the current technological bottlenecks for their analysis in relation with the medical needs. Keys and considerations to bridge the technological and clinical gaps that still need to be overcome to be able to introduce CTCs in clinical routine are finally synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Cerf
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31400, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Liu R, Song K, Hu Z, Cao W, Shuai J, Chen S, Nan H, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Zhang H, Han W, Liao Y, Qu J, Jiao Y, Liu L. Diversity of collective migration patterns of invasive breast cancer cells emerging during microtrack invasion. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062403. [PMID: 31330694 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the diversity of tumor invasion dynamics, including single-cell migration, multicellular streaming, and the emergence of various collective migration patterns, is a long-standing problem in cancer research. Here we have designed and fabricated a series of microchips containing high-throughput microscale tracks using protein repelling coating technology, which were then covered with a thin Matrigel layer. By varying the geometrical confinement (track width) and microenvironment factors (Matrigel concentration), we have reproduced a diversity of collective migration patterns in the chips, which were also observed in vivo. We have further classified the collective patterns and quantified the emergence probability of each class of patterns as a function of microtrack width and Matrigel concentration to devise a quantitive "collective pattern diagram." To elucidate the mechanisms behind the emergence of various collective patterns, we employed cellular automaton simulations, incorporating the effects of both direct cell-cell interactions and microenvironment factors (e.g., chemical gradient and extracellular matrix degradation). Our simulations suggest that tumor cell phenotype heterogeneity, and the associated dynamic selection of a favorable phenotype via cell-microenivronment interactions, are key to the emergence of the observed collective patterns in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Kena Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Hanqing Nan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Hygeia International Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Hygeia International Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weijing Han
- Shenzhen Shengyuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yong Liao
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400331, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.,Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Liyu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Jalaleddine N, El-Hajjar L, Dakik H, Shaito A, Saliba J, Safi R, Zibara K, El-Sabban M. Pannexin1 Is Associated with Enhanced Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Patient Breast Cancer Tissues and in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121967. [PMID: 31817827 PMCID: PMC6966616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of connexin-mediated cell-cell communication is a hallmark of breast cancer progression. Pannexin1 (PANX1), a glycoprotein that shares structural and functional features with connexins and engages in cell communication with its environment, is highly expressed in breast cancer metastatic foci; however, PANX1 contribution to metastatic progression is still obscure. Here we report elevated expression of PANX1 in different breast cancer (BRCA) subtypes using RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The elevated PANX1 expression correlated with poorer outcomes in TCGA BRCA patients. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway genes correlated positively with PANX1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of PANX1, in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, or genetic ablation of PANX1, in MDA-MB-231 cells, reverted the EMT phenotype, as evidenced by decreased expression of EMT markers. In addition, PANX1 inhibition or genetic ablation decreased the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results suggest PANX1 overexpression in breast cancer is associated with a shift towards an EMT phenotype, in silico and in vitro, attributing to it a tumor-promoting effect, with poorer clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. This association offers a novel target for breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Jalaleddine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 1107-2809, Lebanon;
| | - Layal El-Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon;
| | - Hassan Dakik
- University of Tours, EA 7501 GICC, CNRS ERL 7001 LNOx, CEDEX 01, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut 1105, Lebanon;
| | - Jessica Saliba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut 1003, Lebanon;
| | - Rémi Safi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon;
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045-Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut 1003, Lebanon;
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +961-1-350000 (ext. 4765-4766)
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Antioxidation and Antiapoptosis Characteristics of Heme Oxygenase-1 Enhance Tumorigenesis of Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:102-112. [PMID: 31810001 PMCID: PMC6909070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties and is deemed as a tissue protector. However, effects of HO-1 in prostate cancer remain in controversy. We evaluated the role of HO-1 in prostate carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of HO-1 did not affect prostate cell proliferation in the normal condition but enhanced cell proliferation under serum starvation. HO-1 overexpression enhanced cell invasion of PC-3 cells through epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction, which was supported by increased Slug, N-cadherin, and vimentin expressions. In the xenograft animal study, HO-1 overexpression enhanced PC-3 cell tumor growth in vivo. HO-1 attenuated reactive oxygen species induced by H2O2 or pyocyanin treatment in PC-3 and DU145 cells. HO-1 further reduced PC-3 and DU145 cell apoptosis induced by H2O2 or serum starvation. Our results suggested that HO-1 was able to increase prostate carcinoma cell invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. The EMT induction and antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of HO-1 in the prostate carcinoma cells may be responsible for these findings.
Collapse
|
126
|
Williams ED, Gao D, Redfern A, Thompson EW. Controversies around epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:716-732. [PMID: 31666716 PMCID: PMC7055151 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence accumulated over decades has implicated epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which collectively encompasses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition, in tumour metastasis, cancer stem cell generation and maintenance, and therapeutic resistance. However, the dynamic nature of EMP processes, the apparent need to reverse mesenchymal changes for the development of macrometastases and the likelihood that only minor cancer cell subpopulations exhibit EMP at any one time have made such evidence difficult to accrue in the clinical setting. In this Perspectives article, we outline the existing preclinical and clinical evidence for EMP and reflect on recent controversies, including the failure of initial lineage-tracing experiments to confirm a major role for EMP in dissemination, and discuss accumulating data suggesting that epithelial features and/or a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype are important in metastasis. We also highlight strategies to address the complexities of therapeutically targeting the EMP process that give consideration to its spatially and temporally divergent roles in metastasis, with the view that this will yield a potent and broad class of therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Tan J, Zhang X, Xiao W, Liu X, Li C, Guo Y, Xiong W, Li Y. N3ICD with the transmembrane domain can effectively inhibit EMT by correcting the position of tight/adherens junctions. Cell Adh Migr 2019; 13:203-218. [PMID: 31096822 PMCID: PMC6550553 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1619958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EMT allows a polarized epithelium to lose epithelial integrity and acquire mesenchymal characteristics. Previously, we found that overexpression of the intracellular domain of Notch3 (N3ICD) can inhibit EMT in breast cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the influence of N3ICD or N3ICD combined with the transmembrane domain (TD+N3ICD) on the expression and distribution of TJs/AJs and polar molecules. We found that although N3ICD can upregulate the expression levels of the above-mentioned molecules, TD+N3ICD can inhibit EMT more effectively than N3ICD alone. TD+N3ICD overexpression upregulated the expression of endogenous full-length Notch3 and contributed to correcting the position of TJs/AJs molecules and better acinar structures formation. Co-immunoprecipitation results showed that the upregulated endogenous full-length Notch3 could physically interact with E-ca in MDA-MB-231/pCMV-(TD+N3ICD) cells. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of TD+N3ICD can effectively inhibit EMT, resulting in better positioning of TJs/AJs molecules and cell-cell adhesion in breast cancer cells. Abbreviations: EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; TJs: Tight junctions; AJs: Adherens junctions; aPKC: Atypical protein kinase C; Crb: Crumbs; Lgl: Lethal (2) giant larvae; LLGL2: lethal giant larvae homolog 2; PAR: Partitioning defective; PATJ: Pals1-associated TJ protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Tan
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xixun Zhang
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chun Li
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuxian Guo
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yaochen Li
- The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- CONTACT Yaochen Li The central laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Xiao T, Jie Z. MiR-21 Promotes the Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Cells by Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Eur Surg Res 2019; 60:208-218. [PMID: 31722341 DOI: 10.1159/000504133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. It is likely to occur in lymph nodes and is prone to distant metastasis in its early stages, which portends a poor prognosis. Previous studies have shown that miRNA-21 was abnormally highly expressed and associated with early metastasis in GC, but the mechanism by which it regulates the invasion and metastasis of GC has not been elucidated. METHODS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important pathologic basis of tumor invasion and metastasis, and in this study, the relationship between miRNA-21 and EMT in GC invasion and metastasis was investigated using RT-qPCR, Western blot, and wound scratch and transwell assays. RESULTS We found that miRNA-21 expression in GC cell lines was higher than in a gastric mucosal epithelial cell line. After transfection with an miRNA-21 mimic, the upregulation of EMT was found to promote migration and invasion of MGC-803 cells. However, the downregulation of EMT was found to accompany the inhibition of invasion and migration of GC cells after downregulation of miRNA-21 expression due to the transfection of an miRNA-21 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that miRNA-21 might promote the invasion and metastasis of GC by upregulating EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
| | - Zhigang Jie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Huang W, Shi Y, Han B, Wang Q, Zhang B, Qi C, Liu F. miR-802 inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma multiforme cells by directly targeting SIX4. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:66-76. [PMID: 31702057 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the sine oculis homeobox 4 (SIX4) expression is very relevant to the progression of multiple cancers. Moreover, we found that miR-802 could directly target the SIX4. However, the precise mechanism of miR-802 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is still unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of miR-802/SIX4 axis in GBM. Here, our results showed that the SIX4 expression was obviously increased in GBM tissues and cell lines, and the miR-802 level was distinctly decreased. What is more, the SIX4 expression was negatively related to the miR-802 level in GBM tissues. Furthermore, increased miR-802 level evidently restrained the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GBM cells. Next, we confirmed that miR-802 could directly target SIX4 by using luciferase reporter assay. Besides, the knockdown of SIX4 had the similar effects with miR-802 overexpression on GBM cells. The inhibitory effects of miR-802 mimic were partially blocked by SIX4 overexpression. Altogether, the overexpression of miR-802 restrained cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT of GBM cells via the regulation of SIX4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: An elevated expression of SIX4 has been observed in colorectal cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, the precise roles of SIX4 in GBM have not been elucidated. Our study for the first time demonstrated that SIX4 level was significantly upregulated in GBM. Additionally, the knockdown of SIX4 inhibited cell growth, invasion, and the EMT of GBM. Moreover, our data suggested a significant negative correlation between miR-802 and SIX4 expression in GBM. MiR-802 suppressed GBM cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT by directly targeting SIX4, which suggested important roles for miR-802/SIX4 axis in the GBM pathogenesis and its potential application in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, JinTan People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Chunjian Qi
- Department of Central Lab, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Wang Z, Sun N, Liu H, Chen C, Ding P, Yue X, Zou H, Xing C, Pei R. High-Efficiency Isolation and Rapid Identification of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) Using Dual-Antibody-Modified Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39586-39593. [PMID: 31577122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extreme rarity and inherent heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) result in a tremendous challenge for the CTC isolation from patient blood samples with high efficiency and purity. Current CTC isolation approaches mainly rely on the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which may significantly reduce the ability to capture CTCs when the expression of EpCAM is lost or down-regulated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, a rapid and highly efficient method is developed to isolate and identify heterogeneous CTCs with high efficiency from patient blood samples using the fluorescent-magnetic nanoparticles (F-MNPs). A dual-antibody interface targeting EpCAM and N-cadherin is fabricated onto the F-MNPs to capture epithelial CTCs as well as mesenchymal CTCs from whole blood samples. The poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) brushes of excellent antifouling properties are employed to decrease nonspecific cell adhesion. Moreover, the F-MNPs provide a prompt identification strategy for heterogeneous CTCs (F-MNPs+, Hoechst 33342+, and CD45-) that can directly identify CTCs in a gentle one-step processing within 1 h after isolation from patient blood samples. This has been demonstrated through artificial samples as well as patient samples in details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Na Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Changchong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Pi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xinmin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China
| | - Hanqing Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215008 , China
| | - Chungen Xing
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215008 , China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Morphological quantification of proliferation-to-invasion transition in tumor spheroids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129460. [PMID: 31672655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis determines the lethality of cancer. In most clinical cases, patients are able to live with tumor proliferation before metastasis. Thus, the transition from tumor proliferation to metastasis/invasion is essential. However, the mechanism is still unclear and especially, the proliferation-to-metastasis/invasion transition point has not been well defined. Therefore, quantitative characterization of this transition is urgently needed. METHODS We have successfully developed a home-built living-cell incubation system combined with an inverted optical microscope, and a systematic, quantitative approach to describing the major characteristic morphological parameters for the identification of the critical transition points for tumor-cell spheroids in a collagen fiber scaffold. RESULTS The system focuses on in vitro tumor modeling, e.g. the development of tumor-cell spheroids in a collagen fiber scaffold and the monitoring of cell transition from proliferation to invasion. By applying this approach to multiple tumor spheroid models, such as U87 (glioma tumor), H1299 (lung cancer), and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cells, we have obtained quantitative morphological references to evaluate the proliferation-to-invasion transition time, as well as differentiating the invasion potential of tumor cells upon environmental changes, i.e. drug application. CONCLUSIONS Our quantitative approach provides a feasible clarification for the proliferation-to-invasion transition of in vitro tumor models (spheroids). Moreover, the transition time is a useful reference for the invasive potential of tumor cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This quantitative approach is potentially applicable to primary tumor cells, and thus has potential applications in the fields of cancer metastasis investigations and clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
|
132
|
Shi Q, Xu R, Song G, Lu H, Xue D, He X, Xia Y. GATA3 suppresses human fibroblasts-induced metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via an anti-IL6/STAT3 mechanism. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:726-738. [PMID: 31636361 PMCID: PMC7492134 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis and metastasis depend on intricate interactions between genetically altered tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. It is, however, unclear regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the progress and metastasis of human clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in the microenvironment with fibroblasts. In this work, we investigated the effect of normal fibroblasts on the metastasis of renal cancer and the relevant signaling pathways. We isolated normal fibroblasts from normal renal tissues and used normal fibroblast-conditioned medium culture renal cancer cells. The CCK-8 and transwell assays showed that normal fibroblasts conditioned medium significantly enhanced ccRCC cell migration. IL6 mediated the cross talk between normal fibroblasts and the cancer cells, and promoted tumor cell migration through the STAT3 pathway. In contrast, GATA3 was downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in the normal fibroblast-conditioned medium treated with renal cancer cells, but upregulated in adjacent normal tissues. GATA3 overexpression significantly reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and attenuated the migration in both renal cancer cell and IL6-stimulated renal cancer cell. Taken together, our findings suggest that the IL6/STAT3 pathway plays a crucial role in the normal fibroblast-enhanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis, while GATA3 may mitigate this effect by inhibiting IL6/STAT3 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Guanglai Song
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Hao Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Dong Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Ying Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Guo YX, Zhang ZZ, Zhao G, Zhao EH. Prognostic and pathological impact of tumor budding in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:898-908. [PMID: 31662828 PMCID: PMC6815922 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i10.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor budding, is a promising prognostic hallmark in many cancers, and can help us better assess the degree of malignancy in gastric cancer (GC) and in colorectal cancer. In the past few years, several articles on the relationship between tumor budding and GC have been published, but different results have been observed. As the relationship between tumor budding and GC remains controversial, we integrated the data from 7 eligible studies to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AIM To systematically evaluate the prognostic and pathological impact of tumor budding in GC.
METHODS Literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science databases, and 7 cohort studies involving 2178 patients met our criteria and included in the analysis. The patients were divided into those with high-grade tumor budding and those with low-grade tumor budding, and the cut-off values for tumor budding varied across the included studies. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the impact of tumor budding on overall survival (OS) in GC patients. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95%CIs were used to determine the correlation between tumor budding and pathological parameters (tumor stage, tumor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis) of GC.
RESULTS Seven studies involving 2178 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The combined ORs suggested that high-grade tumor budding was significantly associated with tumor stage (OR = 6.63, 95%CI: 4.01-10.98, P < 0.01), tumor differentiation (OR = 3.74, 95%CI: 2.68-5.22, P < 0.01), lymphovascular invasion (OR = 7.85, 95%CI: 5.04-12.21, P < 0.01), and lymph node metastasis (OR = 5.75, 95%CI: 3.20-10.32, P < 0.01). Moreover, high-grade tumor budding predicted a poor 5-year OS (HR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.53-2.05, P < 0.01) in patients with GC and an adverse 5-year OS (HR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.45-2.42, P < 0.01) in patients with intestinal-type GC.
CONCLUSION High-grade tumor budding suggested a poor prognosis in patients with GC or intestinal-type GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xian Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zi-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - En-Hao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Small molecule FAK activator promotes human intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure and mouse ulcer healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14669. [PMID: 31604999 PMCID: PMC6789032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GI mucosal healing requires epithelial sheet migration. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) stimulates epithelial motility. A virtual screen identified the small drug-like FAK mimic ZINC40099027, which activates FAK. We assessed whether ZINC40099027 promotes FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation and wound healing in Caco-2 monolayers and two mouse intestinal injury models. Murine small bowel ulcers were generated by topical serosal acetic acid or subcutaneous indomethacin in C57BL/6J mice. One day later, we began treatment with ZINC40099027 or DMSO, staining the mucosa for phosphorylated FAK and Ki-67 and measuring mucosal ulcer area, serum creatinine, ALT, and body weight at day 4. ZINC40099027 (10–1000 nM) dose-dependently activated FAK phosphorylation, without activating Pyk2-Tyr-402 or Src-Tyr-419. ZINC40099027 did not stimulate proliferation, and stimulated wound closure independently of proliferation. The FAK inhibitor PF-573228 prevented ZINC40099027-stimulated wound closure. In both mouse ulcer models, ZINC40099027accelerated mucosal wound healing. FAK phosphorylation was increased in jejunal epithelium at the ulcer edge, and Ki-67 staining was unchanged in jejunal mucosa. ZINC40099027 serum concentration at sacrifice resembled the effective concentration in vitro. Weight, creatinine and ALT did not differ between groups. Small molecule FAK activators can specifically promote epithelial restitution and mucosal healing and may be useful to treat gut mucosal injury.
Collapse
|
135
|
Chin VL, Lim CL. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity-engaging stemness in an interplay of phenotypes. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 31559312 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease which results in a functional imbalance between tumour-repressive and oncogenic signals. The WHO highlights the burden of this indomitable disease, listing it as the second leading cause of death globally. The major cause of cancer-related death is rarely the effect of the primary tumour itself, but rather, the devastating spread of cancer cells in metastases. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP)-termed as the ability of cells to maintain its plasticity and transit between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) states-plays a fundamental role in cancer metastasis. These cell transitions allow them migrate from the primary tumour and invade the secondary site. EMP is associated with migration, invasion, colonisation, self-renewal and drug resistance. This review briefly elucidates the mechanism of EMP and the association between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), biomarkers and signalling pathways involved in EMP as well as drug resistance and therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vi Ley Chin
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chooi Ling Lim
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Wu Z, Wu J, Zhao Q, Fu S, Jin J. Emerging roles of aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:631-646. [PMID: 31359335 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered aerobic glycolysis is a well-recognized characteristic of cancer cell energy metabolism, known as the Warburg effect. Even in the presence of abundant oxygen, a majority of tumor cells produce substantial amounts of energy through a high glycolytic metabolism, and breast cancer (BC) is no exception. Breast cancer continues to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. However, the precise role of aerobic glycolysis in the development of BC remains elusive. Therefore, the present review attempts to address the implication of key enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway including hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose transporters (GLUTs), together with related signaling pathways including protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and transcription factors (c-myc, p53 and HIF-1) in the research of BC. Thus, the review of aerobic glycolysis in BC may evoke novel ideas for the BC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - J Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - S Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| | - J Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Harris K, Gelberg HB, Kiupel M, Helfand SC. Immunohistochemical Features of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:826-839. [PMID: 31331247 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819859873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with invasive and metastatic behavior. It is poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Neoplastic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) portends highly malignant behavior and enhances resistance to therapy. In transitioning to a more malignant phenotype, carcinoma stem cells undergo transformation mediated by expression of proteins, endowing them with mesenchymal properties advantageous to cell survival. The goal of the current study was to identify proteins associated with EMT in FOSCC. This study documents protein expression patterns in 10 FOSCC biopsies and 3 FOSCC cell lines (SCCF1, SCCF2, SCCF3), compatible with an EMT phenotype. As markers of EMT, P-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, nuclear transcription factors Twist and Snail, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), programmed death ligand 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor D, as well as E-cadherin, were examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P-cadherin, Twist, HIF-1α, and programmed death ligand 1 were commonly expressed in biopsies and cell lines. N-cadherin, classically associated with EMT, was not highly expressed, and E-cadherin was coexpressed along with proteins characteristic of EMT in all specimens. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor A by cell lines, a process regulated by HIF-1α expression, was suppressed by the small-molecule inhibitor dasatinib. These data are consistent with EMT in FOSCC and shed light on cellular changes that could contribute to the aggressive behavior of FOSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Howard B Gelberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stuart C Helfand
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Nakayama H, Ohuchida K, Yonenaga A, Sagara A, Ando Y, Kibe S, Takesue S, Abe T, Endo S, Koikawa K, Okumura T, Shido K, Miyoshi K, Nakata K, Moriyama T, Miyasaka Y, Inoue S, Ohtsuka T, Mizumoto K, Nakamura M. S100P regulates the collective invasion of pancreatic cancer cells into the lymphatic endothelial monolayer. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:211-222. [PMID: 31180531 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanisms of lymph node colonization are unknown. As a mechanism of lymphatic metastasis, it has been reported for other types of cancer that spheroids from tumor cells cause circular chemorepellent‑induced defects (CCIDs) in lymphatic endothelial monolayers. In pancreatic cancer, such mechanisms of metastasis have not been elucidated. The present study evaluated the involvement of this new mechanism of metastasis in pancreatic cancer and investigated the associated factors. In human pancreatic cancer tissue, it was observed that clusters of cancer cells penetrated the wall of lymphatic ducts around the primary tumor. An in vitro co‑culture system was then used to analyze the mechanisms of tumor cell‑mediated disruption of lymphatic vessels. Time‑lapse microscopic imaging revealed that spheroids from pancreatic cancer cells caused circular defects in lymphatic endothelial monolayers. CCID formation ability differed depending on the cell line. Neither aggregation of spheroids nor adhesion to lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) exhibited a significant correlation with this phenomenon. The addition of supernatant from cultured cancer cells enhanced CCID formation. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of S100 calcium binding protein P (S100P) was significantly increased when LECs were treated with supernatant from cultured cancer cells. Addition of a S100P antagonist significantly suppressed the migration of LECs and CCID formation. The present findings demonstrated that spheroids from pancreatic cancer cells caused circular defects in lymphatic endothelial monolayers. These CCIDs in pancreatic cancer were partly regulated by S100P, suggesting that S100P may be a promising target to inhibit lymph node metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Nakayama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Yonenaga
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Sagara
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Ando
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Kibe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Takesue
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiya Abe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Endo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Koikawa
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Shido
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Miyoshi
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taiki Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Inoue
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mizumoto
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
The Yin and Yang of cancer genes. Gene 2019; 704:121-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
140
|
Chen L, Xu X, Wen X, Xu S, Wang L, Lu W, Jiang M, Huang J, Yang D, Wang J, Zheng M, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, Liu H. Targeting PIN1 exerts potent antitumor activity in pancreatic ductal carcinoma via inhibiting tumor metastasis. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2442-2455. [PMID: 31148345 PMCID: PMC6676117 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human prolyl isomerase PIN1, best known for its association with carcinogenesis, has recently been indicated in the disease of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the functions of PIN1 and the feasibility of targeting PIN1 in PDAC remain elusive. For this purpose, we examined the expression of PIN1 in cancer, related paracarcinoma and metastatic cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the associations with the pathogenesis of PDAC in 173 patients. The functional roles of PIN1 in PDAC were explored in vitro and in vivo using both genetic and chemical PIN1 inhibition. We showed that PIN1 was upregulated in pancreatic cancer and metastatic tissues. High PIN1 expression is significantly association with poor clinicopathological features and shorter overall survival and disease‐free survival. Further stratified analysis showed that PIN1 phenotypes refined prognostication in PDAC. Inhibition of PIN1 expression with RNA interference or with all trans retinoic acid decreased not only the growth but also the migration and invasion of PDAC cells through regulating the key molecules of multiple cancer‐driving pathways, simultaneously resulting in cell cycle arrest and mesenchymal‐epithelial transition in vitro. Furthermore, genetic and chemical PIN1 ablation showed dramatic inhibition of the tumorigenesis and metastatic spread and then reduced the tumor burden in vivo. We provided further evidence for the use of PIN1 as a promising therapeutic target in PDAC. Genetic and chemical PIN1 ablation exerted potent antitumor effects through blocking multiple cancer‐driving pathways in PDAC. More potent and specific PIN1 targeted inhibitors could be exploited to treat this aggressive cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linying Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Wen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shenmin Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingting Jiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dayun Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jichuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hekun Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Chen BJ, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH. What makes cells move: Requirements and obstacles for leader cells in collective invasion. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111481. [PMID: 31247191 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Most recently, mounting evidence has shown that cancer cells can invade as a cohesive and multicellular group with coordinated movement, which is called collective invasion. In this cohesive cancer cell group, cancer cells at the front of collective invasion are defined as leader cell that are responsible for many aspects of collective invasion, including sensing the microenvironment, determining the invasion direction, modifying the path of invasion and transmitting information to other cells. To fulfill their dispensable roles, leader cells are required to embark on some specific phenotypes with unusual expression of some proteins and it's very important to investigate into these proteins as they may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Here, in this review we will summarize current knowledge on four emerging proteins highly expressed in leader cells including K14, ΔNp63α, Dll4 and cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB), with a focus on their important roles in collective invasion and special mechanisms by which they promote collective invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University.China.
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Bure IV, Nemtsova MV, Zaletaev DV. Roles of E-cadherin and Noncoding RNAs in the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Progression in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122870. [PMID: 31212809 PMCID: PMC6627057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be at the root of invasive and metastatic cancer cell spreading. E-cadherin is an important player in this process, which forms the structures that establish and maintain cell–cell interactions. A partial or complete loss of E-cadherin expression in the EMT is presumably mediated by mechanisms that block the expression of E-cadherin regulators and involve the E-cadherin-associated transcription factors. The protein is involved in several oncogenic signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Rho GTPase, and EGF/EGFR, whereby it plays a role in many tumors, including gastric cancer. Such noncoding transcripts as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs—critical components of epigenetic control of gene expression in carcinogenesis—contribute to regulation of the E-cadherin function by acting directly or through numerous factors controlling transcription of its gene, and thus affecting not only cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, but also the EMT. This review focuses on the role of E-cadherin and the non-coding RNAs-mediated mechanisms of its expressional control in the EMT during stomach carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Bure
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Marina V Nemtsova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie st., 1, Moscow 115522, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Zaletaev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie st., 1, Moscow 115522, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Insights on CTC Biology and Clinical Impact Emerging from Advances in Capture Technology. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060553. [PMID: 31174404 PMCID: PMC6627072 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) have been shown to correlate negatively with patient survival. Actual CTC counts before and after treatment can be used to aid in the prognosis of patient outcomes. The presence of circulating tumor materials (CTMat) can advertise the presence of metastasis before clinical presentation, enabling the early detection of relapse. Importantly, emerging evidence is indicating that cancer treatments can actually increase the incidence of CTCs and metastasis in pre-clinical models. Subsequently, the study of CTCs, their biology and function are of vital importance. Emerging technologies for the capture of CTC/CTMs and CTMat are elucidating vitally important biological and functional information that can lead to important alterations in how therapies are administered. This paves the way for the development of a "liquid biopsy" where treatment decisions can be informed by information gleaned from tumor cells and tumor cell debris in the blood.
Collapse
|
144
|
Nan X, Wang J, Liu HN, Wong STC, Zhao H. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Organotropism Metastasis and Tumor Immune Escape. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050747. [PMID: 31130637 PMCID: PMC6571585 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to metastasis, and almost all cancers have their preferential metastatic organs, known as “organotropism metastasis”. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity has been described as heterogeneous and dynamic cellular differentiation states, supported by emerging experimental evidence from both molecular and morphological levels. Many molecular factors regulating epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity have tissue-specific and non-redundant properties. Reciprocally, cellular epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity contributes to shaping organ-specific pre-metastatic niche (PMN) including distinct local immune landscapes, mainly through secreted bioactive molecular factors. Here, we summarize recent progress on the involvement of tumor epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in driving organotropic metastasis and regulating the function of different immune cells in organ-specific metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Nan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230052, China.
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430050, China.
| | - Haowen Nikola Liu
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Spatarelu CP, Zhang H, Trung Nguyen D, Han X, Liu R, Guo Q, Notbohm J, Fan J, Liu L, Chen Z. Biomechanics of Collective Cell Migration in Cancer Progression: Experimental and Computational Methods. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3766-3787. [PMID: 32953985 PMCID: PMC7500334 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for regulating many biological processes in physiological or pathological conditions, including embryonic development and cancer invasion. In vitro and in silico studies suggest that collective cell migration is associated with some biomechanical particularities such as restructuring of extracellular matrix (ECM), stress and force distribution profiles, and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Therefore, the phenomenon could be understood by an in-depth study of cells' behavior determinants, including but not limited to mechanical cues from the environment and from fellow "travelers". This review article aims to cover the recent development of experimental and computational methods for studying the biomechanics of collective cell migration during cancer progression and invasion. We also summarized the tested hypotheses regarding the mechanism underlying collective cell migration enabled by these methods. Together, the paper enables a broad overview on the methods and tools currently available to unravel the biophysical mechanisms pertinent to cell collective migration as well as providing perspectives on future development toward eventually deciphering the key mechanisms behind the most lethal feature of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Dung Trung Nguyen
- Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington 98119,
United States
| | - Xinyue Han
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ruchuan Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400032, China
| | - Qiaohang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350014,
China
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, United
States
| | - Liyu Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400032, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Hsieh SL, Hsieh S, Lai PY, Wang JJ, Li CC, Wu CC. Carnosine Suppresses Human Colorectal Cell Migration and Intravasation by Regulating EMT and MMP Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:477-494. [PMID: 30909731 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide found in the vertebrate skeletal muscles that is usually obtained through the diet. To investigate the mechanism by which carnosine regulates the migration and intravasation of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, we used cultured HCT-116 cells as an experimental model in this study. We examined HCT-116 cell migratory and intravasive abilities and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated molecules and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after carnosine treatment. The results showed that both migration and invasion were inhibited in cells treated with carnosine. We found significant decreases in Twist-1 protein levels and increases in E-cadherin protein levels in HCT-116 cells after carnosine exposure. Although plasminogen activator (uPA) and MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were decreased, TIMP-1 mRNA and protein levels were increased. Furthermore, the cytosolic levels of phosphorylated I κ B (p-I κ B) and NF- κ B DNA-binding activity were reduced after carnosine treatment. These results indicate that carnosine inhibits the migration and intravasation of human CRC cells. The regulatory mechanism may occur by suppressing NF- κ B activity and modulating MMP and EMT-related gene expression in HCT-116 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- * Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - ShuChen Hsieh
- † Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Lai
- * Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Jye Wang
- ‡ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- § Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- ¶ Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Gao W, Zhang X, Yuan H, Wang Y, Zhou H, Jin H, Jia C, Jin Q, Cong H, Zhao J. EGFR point mutation detection of single circulating tumor cells for lung cancer using a micro-well array. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 139:111326. [PMID: 31129389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of their critical function in metastasis, characterization of single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide important clinical information to monitor tumor progression and guide personal therapy. Single-cell genetic analysis methods based on microfluidics have some inherent shortcomings such as complicated operation, low throughput, and expensive equipment requirements. To overcome these barriers, we developed a simple and open micro-well array containing 26,208 units for either nuclear acids or single-cell genetic analysis. Through modification of the polydimethylsiloxane surface and optimization of chip packaging, we addressed protein adsorption and solution evaporation for PCR amplification on a chip. In the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon gene 21, this micro-well array demonstrated good linear correlation at a DNA concentration from 1 × 101 to 1 × 105 copies/μL (R2 = 0.9877). We then successfully integrated cell capture, lysis, PCR amplification, and signal read-out on the micro-well array, enabling the rapid and simple genetic analysis of single cells. This device was used to detect duplex EGFR mutation genes of lung cancer cell lines (H1975 and A549 cells) and normal leukocytes, demonstrating the ability to perform high-throughput, massively parallel duplex gene analysis at the single-cell level. Different types of point mutations (EGFR-L858R mutation or EGFR-T790M mutation) were detected in single H1975 cells, further validating the significance of single-cell level gene detection. In addition, this method showed a good performance in the heterogeneity detection of individual CTCs from lung cancer patients, required for micro-invasive cancer monitoring and treatment selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlei Gao
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Haojun Yuan
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Han Jin
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Qinghui Jin
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Hui Cong
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Antony J, Thiery JP, Huang RYJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: lessons from development, insights into cancer and the potential of EMT-subtype based therapeutic intervention. Phys Biol 2019; 16:041004. [PMID: 30939460 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental developmental process wherein polarized epithelial cells lose their junctional architecture and apical-basal polarity to become motile mesenchymal cells, and there is emerging evidence for its role in propagating tumor dissemination. While many multifaceted nodules converge onto the EMT program, in this review we will highlight the fundamental biology of the signaling schemas that enable EMT. In many cancers, the property of tumor dissemination and metastasis is closely associated with re-enabling developmental properties such as EMT. We discuss the molecular complexity of the tumor heterogeneity in terms of EMT-based gene expression molecular subtypes, and the rewiring of critical signaling nodules in the subtypes displaying higher degrees of EMT can be therapeutically exploited. Specifically in the context of a deadly malignancy such as ovarian cancer where there are no defined mutations or limited biomarkers for developing targeted therapy or personalized medicine, we highlight the importance of identifying EMT-based subtypes that will improve therapeutic intervention. In ovarian cancer, the poor prognosis mesenchymal 'Mes' subtype presents with amplified signaling of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL, extensive crosstalk with other RTKs such as cMET, EGFR and HER2, and sustained temporal activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) leading to induction of EMT transcription factor Slug, underscoring a pathway addiction in Mes that can be therapeutically targeted. We will further examine the emergence of therapeutic modalities in these EMT subtypes and finally conclude with potential interdisciplinary biophysical methodologies to provide additional insights in deciphering the mechanistic and biochemical aspects of EMT. This review intends to provide an overview of the cellular and molecular changes accompanying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in development and the requisition of this evolutionarily conserved pathway in cancer progression and metastatic disease. Specifically, in a heterogeneous disease such as ovarian cancer lacking defined targetable mutations, the identification of EMT-based subtypes has opened avenues to tailor precision personalized medicine. In particular, using the oncogenic RTK AXL as an example, we will highlight how this classification enables EMT-subtype specific identification of targets that could improve treatment options for patients and how there is a growing need for biophysical approaches to model dynamic processes such as EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Antony
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Dieterly AM, Uzunalli G, Kemet CM, Soepriatna AH, Goergen CJ, Lyle LT. Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Phenotypes in Vertebral Metastases of Lung Cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:515-527. [PMID: 31064271 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319838491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral metastases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently diagnosed in the metastatic setting and are commonly identified in the thoracic vertebrae in patients. Treatment of NSCLC bone metastases, which are often multiple, is palliative, and the median survival times are 3 to 6 months. We have characterized spontaneous vertebral metastases in a brain metastases model of NSCLC and correlated these findings with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Brain metastases were established in athymic nude mice following intracardiac injection of brain-seeking adenocarcinoma NSCLC cells. Thirty-nine percent of mice (14/36) developed spontaneous vertebral metastases, spinal cord compression, and hind-limb paralysis. Vertebral metastases consisted of an adenocarcinoma phenotype with neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in cords or acini and a mesenchymal phenotype with spindloid neoplastic cells arranged in bundles and streams. Quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated an increase in vimentin expression compared to cytokeratin expression in vertebral metastases. A correlation with EMT was supported by an increase in CD44 in vertebral metastases and parenchymal metastases. These data demonstrate a translational lung cancer metastasis model with spontaneous vertebral metastasis. The mesenchymal and epithelial phenotype of these spontaneous metastases coupled with EMT provide a conduit to improve drug delivery and overall patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Dieterly
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gozde Uzunalli
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chinyere M Kemet
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- 2 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University College of Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- 2 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University College of Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,3 Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,3 Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,4 Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Inhibition of LONP1 Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Progression Via c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway-Meditated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Pancreas 2019; 48:629-635. [PMID: 31091208 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of LONP1 in the progression of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Lentivirus was used to silence LONP1 in PANC-1 cells. Colony formation assay, cell counting kit (CCK8) assay, cell scratch-wound assay, and transwell assay were used to assess the effects of our strategy on inhibiting cancer growth, migration, and invasion. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The expression of LONP1 in pancreatic carcinoma tissues was higher than that in adjacent normal pancreatic tissues. Downregulation of LONP1 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PANC-1 cells. Knockdown of LONP1 in PANC-1 cells inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloprotein (MMP) 2/9 by downregulation of vimentin, snail, slug, MMP2, and MMP9 and upregulation of claudin-1. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway was inactivated in LONP1 knockdown PANC-1 cells. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway by anisomycin treatment significantly reversed the changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and MMP2/9 induced by ablation of LONP1 in PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS LONP1 plays a vital role in the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, which provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|