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The Evolving Role of Companion Diagnostics for Breast Cancer in an Era of Next-Generation Omics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2185-2198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), as a tumor suppressor, exerts an effective influence on protecting DNA integrity to suppress the development of breast cancer (BC). BRCA1 expression is induced in response to DNA-damaging agents such as etoposide. Germline BRCA1 gene mutations are associated with development of hereditary BC. However, besides BRCA-mutated BCs, some sporadic cancers may also exhibit a BRCA-like phenotype, displaying so-called ‘BRCAness’. This common phenotype may respond to similar therapeutic approaches as BRCA-mutated tumors and may thus have important implications for the clinical management of these cancers. In order to determine whether and how etoposide regulates the protein levels of BRCA1 in BC cells, we exposed a panel of five selected cell lines to etoposide, compared the results to untreated control cells, and then stained the cells with the specific, reliable, and reproducible MS110 antibody directed against phosphorylated Ser1423 BRCA1. By evaluating cytoplasmic BRCA1 protein levels, we were able to distinguish three aggressive BC subtypes with BRCAness characteristics. In addition, determination of early and late apoptosis helped to complete the analysis of BRCA1 functions in the DNA damage pathway of aggressive BC. In conclusion, our study suggested that high cytoplasmic BRCA1 protein levels could be considered as a potential predictive marker for response to chemotherapy in both sporadic and hereditary BC. Tumors with either BRCAness phenotype or germline BRCA1 mutation are both aggressive BCs associated with poor prognosis and could both be subjected to targeted therapies against BRCA1-mutated BC in future clinical management strategies.
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103
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van Gent DC, Kanaar R. Exploiting DNA repair defects for novel cancer therapies. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 27:2145-8. [PMID: 27418635 PMCID: PMC4945134 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human tumors accumulate a multitude of genetic changes due to defects in the DNA damage response. Recently, small-molecule inhibitors have been developed that target cells with specific DNA repair defects, providing hope for precision treatment of such tumors. Here we discuss the rationale behind these therapies and how an important bottleneck—patient selection—can be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik C van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015, Netherlands Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015, Netherlands
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Abstract
Cellular chromosomal DNA is the principal target through which ionising radiation exerts it diverse biological effects. This chapter summarises the relevant DNA damage signalling and repair pathways used by normal and tumour cells in response to irradiation. Strategies for tumour radiosensitisation are reviewed which exploit tumour-specific DNA repair deficiencies or signalling pathway addictions, with a special focus on growth factor signalling, PARP, cancer stem cells, cell cycle checkpoints and DNA replication. This chapter concludes with a discussion of DNA repair-related candidate biomarkers of tumour response which are of crucial importance for implementing precision medicine in radiation oncology.
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105
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Gachechiladze M, Škarda J, Soltermann A, Joerger M. RAD51 as a potential surrogate marker for DNA repair capacity in solid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1286-1294. [PMID: 28477336 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting deficient mechanisms of cellular DNA repair still represents the basis for the treatment of the majority of solid tumors, and increased DNA repair capacity is a hallmark mechanism of resistance not only to DNA-damaging treatments such as cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, but also to small molecule targeted drugs such as inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Hence, there is substantial medical need for potent and convenient biomarkers of individual response to DNA-targeted treatment in personalized cancer care. RAD51 is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes DNA repair via homologous recombination, a major DNA repair pathway which directly modulates cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging treatments. The clinical and biological significance of RAD51 protein expression is still under investigation. Pre-clinical studies consistently show the important role of nuclear RAD51 immunoreactivity in chemo- and radioresistance. Validating data from clinical trials however is limited at present, and some clinical studies show controversial results. This review gives a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge about the prognostic and predictive value of RAD51 protein expression and genetic variability in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Škarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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106
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Talens F, Jalving M, Gietema JA, Van Vugt MA. Therapeutic targeting and patient selection for cancers with homologous recombination defects. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:565-581. [PMID: 28425306 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1322061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic DNA lesions that can be repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Mutations in HR genes elicit a predisposition to cancer; yet, they also result in increased sensitivity to certain DNA damaging agents and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. To optimally implement PARP inhibitor treatment, it is important that patients with HR-deficient tumors are adequately selected. Areas covered: Herein, the authors describe the HR pathway mechanistically and review the treatment of HR-deficient cancers, with a specific focus on PARP inhibition for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, mechanisms of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance are discussed. Furthermore, combination therapies with PARP inhibitors are reviewed, in the context of both HR-deficient and HR-proficient tumors and methods for proper patient selection are also discussed. Expert opinion: Currently, only patients with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations are eligible for PARP inhibitor treatment and only a proportion of patients respond. Patients with HR-deficient tumors caused by other (epi)genetic events may also benefit from PARP inhibitor treatment. Ideally, selection of eligible patients for PARP inhibitor treatment include a functional HR read-out, in which cancer cells are interrogated for their ability to perform HR repair and maintain replication fork stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Ex vivo tumor culture systems for functional drug testing and therapy response prediction. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO190. [PMID: 28670477 PMCID: PMC5481868 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal patient stratification is of utmost importance in the era of personalized medicine. Prediction of individual treatment responses by functional ex vivo assays requires model systems derived from viable tumor samples, which should closely resemble in vivo tumor characteristics and microenvironment. This review discusses a broad spectrum of model systems, ranging from classic 2D monolayer culture techniques to more experimental ‘cancer-on-chip’ procedures. We mainly focus on organotypic tumor slices that take tumor heterogeneity and tumor–stromal interactions into account. These 3D model systems can be exploited for patient selection as well as for fundamental research. Selection of the right model system for each specific research endeavor is crucial and requires careful balancing of the pros and cons of each technology. Selection of the right therapy for individual cancer patients is very important with the expanding number of possible treatments. How tumors respond to a therapy can be tested by treating a sample from the tumor outside the body. Various culture methods can be used to maintain this tumor sample. Each of these model systems has its own benefits and disadvantages. In this review, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the available model systems and how they can be used to guide personalized medicine.
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108
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Predicting and Overcoming Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:59-104. [PMID: 29282680 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of breast cancer and its therapeutic approach has improved greatly due to the advancement of molecular biology in recent years. Clinically, breast cancers are characterized into three basic types based on their immunohistochemical properties. They are triple-negative breast cancer, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive-HR positive breast cancer, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Even though these subtypes have been characterized, assessment of a breast cancer's receptor status is still widely used to determine whether or not a targeted therapy could be applied. Moreover, drug resistance is common in all breast cancer types despite the different treatment modalities applied. The development of resistance to different therapeutics is not mutually exclusive. It seems that tumor could be resistant to multiple treatment strategies, such as being both chemoresistant and monoclonal antibody resistant. However, the underlying mechanisms are complicated and need further investigation. In this chapter, we aim to provide a brief review of the different types of breast cancer and their respective treatment strategies. We also review the possible mechanisms of potential drug resistance associated with each treatment type. We believe that a better understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms can lead to a more effective and efficient therapeutic success.
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109
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de Jonge MM, Mooyaart AL, Vreeswijk MPG, de Kroon CD, van Wezel T, van Asperen CJ, Smit VTHBM, Dekkers OM, Bosse T. Linking uterine serous carcinoma to BRCA1/2-associated cancer syndrome: A meta-analysis and case report. Eur J Cancer 2016; 72:215-225. [PMID: 28049106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) shows greater morphological, clinical and molecular similarities to high-grade ovarian tubal serous carcinoma than to other types of endometrial cancer. As high-grade ovarian tubal serous carcinoma is known to be associated with BRCA1/2 pathogenic germline mutations (PMs), we aimed to explore whether USC is also a constituent of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. METHODS Pubmed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched in July 2016 for articles assessing the association between USC and germline BRCA1/2-PMs. Pooled analysis and comparisons were performed using a random effects logistic model, stratifying for ethnicity (Ashkenazi versus non-Ashkenazi). In addition, tumour tissue from an USC case with a hereditary BRCA1-PM was analysed for loss of heterozygosity at the BRCA1 locus and was functionally analysed for homologous recombination proficiency. RESULTS The search yielded 1893 citations, 10 studies were included describing 345 USC patients. For Ashkenazi Jews, the pooled odds ratio of having a germline BRCA1/2-PM was increased in USC patients compared with the general Ashkenazi population: odds ratio 5.4 (95%confidence interval: 2.2-13.1). In the patient with USC, we identified the known germline BRCA1-PM in the tumour DNA. Furthermore, we showed both loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type allele and a deficiency of homologous recombination. CONCLUSION This study suggests that USC may be an overlooked component of BRCA1/2-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Screening for germline BRCA1/2-PMs should be considered in patients diagnosed with USC, especially in cases with a positive first-degree family history for breast and/or ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M de Jonge
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A L Mooyaart
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M P G Vreeswijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C D de Kroon
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V T H B M Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - O M Dekkers
- Department of Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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110
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PARP1 inhibition radiosensitizes HNSCC cells deficient in homologous recombination by disabling the DNA replication fork elongation response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9732-41. [PMID: 26799421 PMCID: PMC4891080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop new, more efficient therapies for head and neck cancer (HNSCC) patients. It is currently unclear whether defects in DNA repair genes play a role in HNSCCs' resistance to therapy. PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) were found to be “synthetic lethal” in cancers deficient in BRCA1/2 with impaired homologous recombination. Since tumors rarely have these particular mutations, there is considerable interest in finding alternative determinants of PARPi sensitivity. Effectiveness of combined irradiation and PARPi olaparib was evaluated in ten HNSCC cell lines, subdivided into HR-proficient and HR-deficient cell lines using a GFP-based reporter assay. Both groups were equally sensitive to PARPi alone. Combined treatment revealed stronger synergistic interactions in the HR-deficient group. Because HR is mainly active in S-Phase, replication processes were analyzed. A stronger impact of treatment on replication processes (p = 0.04) and an increased number of radial chromosomes (p = 0.003) were observed in the HR-deficient group. We could show that radiosensitization by inhibition of PARP1 strongly correlates with HR competence in a replication-dependent manner. Our observations indicate that PARP1 inhibitors are promising candidates for enhancing the therapeutic ratio achieved by radiotherapy via disabling DNA replication processes in HR-deficient HNSCCs.
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111
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Pesaran T, Karam R, Huether R, Li S, Farber-Katz S, Chamberlin A, Chong H, LaDuca H, Elliott A. Beyond DNA: An Integrated and Functional Approach for Classifying Germline Variants in Breast Cancer Genes. Int J Breast Cancer 2016; 2016:2469523. [PMID: 27822389 PMCID: PMC5086358 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2469523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer is an integral part of individualized care in the new era of precision medicine. The accuracy of an assay is reliant on not only the technology and bioinformatics analysis utilized but also the experience and infrastructure required to correctly classify genetic variants as disease-causing. Interpreting the clinical significance of germline variants identified by hereditary cancer testing is complex and has a significant impact on the management of patients who are at increased cancer risk. In this review we give an overview of our clinical laboratory's integrated approach to variant assessment. We discuss some of the nuances that should be considered in the assessment of genomic variants. In addition, we highlight lines of evidence such as functional assays and structural analysis that can be useful in the assessment of rare and complex variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Pesaran
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - R. Karam
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - R. Huether
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - S. Li
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - S. Farber-Katz
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - A. Chamberlin
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - H. Chong
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - H. LaDuca
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - A. Elliott
- Ambry Genetics Corp., 15 Argonaut, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
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Stover EH, Konstantinopoulos PA, Matulonis UA, Swisher EM. Biomarkers of Response and Resistance to DNA Repair Targeted Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5651-5660. [PMID: 27678458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are exciting new agents in cancer therapy. Many of these drugs exhibit synthetic lethality with defects in DNA repair in cancer cells. For example, ovarian cancers with impaired homologous recombination DNA repair show increased sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Understanding the activity of different DNA repair pathways in individual tumors, and the correlations between DNA repair function and drug response, will be critical to patient selection for DNA repair targeted agents. Genomic and functional assays of DNA repair pathway activity are being investigated as potential biomarkers of response to targeted therapies. Furthermore, alterations in DNA repair function generate resistance to DNA repair targeted agents, and DNA repair states may predict intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA repair targeted agents currently in clinical trials and the emerging biomarkers of response and resistance to these agents: genetic and genomic analysis of DDR pathways, genomic signatures of mutational processes, expression of DNA repair proteins, and functional assays for DNA repair capacity. We review biomarkers that may predict response to selected DNA repair targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, inhibitors of the DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, and inhibitors of nonhomologous end joining. Finally, we introduce emerging categories of drugs targeting DDR and new strategies for integrating DNA repair targeted therapies into clinical practice, including combination regimens. Generating and validating robust biomarkers will optimize the efficacy of DNA repair targeted therapies and maximize their impact on cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5651-60. ©2016 AACR.
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113
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Nielsen FC, van Overeem Hansen T, Sørensen CS. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: new genes in confined pathways. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:599-612. [PMID: 27515922 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities in the DNA repair genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). However, only approximately 25% of cases of HBOC can be ascribed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Recently, exome sequencing has uncovered substantial locus heterogeneity among affected families without BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The new pathogenic variants are rare, posing challenges to estimation of risk attribution through patient cohorts. In this Review article, we examine HBOC genes, focusing on their role in genome maintenance, the possibilities for functional testing of putative causal variants and the clinical application of new HBOC genes in cancer risk management and treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Cilius Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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114
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Delayed DNA double-strand break repair following platin-based chemotherapy predicts treatment response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:825-30. [PMID: 27584664 PMCID: PMC5046213 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate if defective repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) could be used as an early predictor of treatment response. METHODS Tumour biopsy 24-36 h following induction chemotherapy (IC) and pre-treatment biopsies were stained for RAD51 and geminin (S-phase marker) for immunofluorescence in patients with HNSCC. The difference between RAD51 score (percentage of geminin-positive cells that were also positive for RAD51) was calculated for the two specimens. Tumours with a percentage difference of⩽10% were deemed to have repaired IC-induced DSBs, and were classified as 'RAD51 negative'. Response at 3 months post treatment and human papilloma virus (HPV) status were assessed. RESULTS Thirteen pairs of samples were available for analyses. Three samples were classified as RAD51 negative and 10 as RAD51 positive at 24 h post IC. All of the three patients with tumours classified as RAD51 negative had partial response or progressive disease and the 10 patients with tumours deemed RAD51 positive had a complete response. 100% of the HPV-positive tumours were RAD51 positive and had a complete response. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that impaired DSB DNA repair may underlie enhanced treatment sensitivity of HPV-positive HNSCC and repair capacity following platinum-induced DNA damage predicts response in HNSCC. This has potential as a biomarker for patient selection in trials of DNA damage response pathway modulation.
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115
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Deniz M, Kaufmann J, Stahl A, Gundelach T, Janni W, Hoffmann I, Keimling M, Hampp S, Ihle M, Wiesmüller L. In vitro model for DNA double-strand break repair analysis in breast cancer reveals cell type-specific associations with age and prognosis. FASEB J 2016; 30:3786-3799. [PMID: 27494941 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600453r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of homologous recombination is a common denominator of changes associated with breast cancer-predisposing mutations. In our previous work, we identified a functional signature in peripheral blood lymphocytes from women who were predisposed that indicated a shift from homologous recombination to alternative, error-prone DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. To capture both hereditary and nonhereditary factors, we newly established a protocol for isolation and ex vivo analysis of epithelial cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition cells (EMTs), and fibroblasts from breast cancer specimens (147 patients). By applying a fluorescence-based test system, we analyzed the error-prone DSB repair pathway microhomology-mediated end joining in these tumor-derived cell types and peripheral blood lymphocytes. In parallel, we investigated DNA lesion processing by quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of histone H2AX phosphorylated on Ser139 focus after radiomimetic treatment. Our study reveals elevated histone H2AX phosphorylated on Ser139 damage removal in epithelial cells, not EMTs, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor sensitivities, which suggested a DSB repair pathway shift with increasing patient age. Of interest, we found elevated microhomology-mediated end joining in EMTs, not epithelial cells, from patients who received a treatment recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy, that is, those with high-risk tumors. Our discoveries of altered DSB repair activities in cells may serve as a method to further classify breast cancer to predict responsiveness to adjuvant chemotherapy and/or therapeutics that target DSB repair-dysfunctional tumors.-Deniz, M., Kaufmann, J., Stahl, A., Gundelach, T., Janni, W., Hoffmann, I., Keimling, M., Hampp, S., Ihle, M., Wiesmüller, L. In vitro model for DNA double-strand break repair analysis in breast cancer reveals cell type-specific associations with age and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Julia Kaufmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Andreea Stahl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Theresa Gundelach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Janni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Isabell Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Marlen Keimling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Stephanie Hampp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Michaela Ihle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Germany; and
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116
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Veskimäe K, Staff S, Grönholm A, Pesu M, Laaksonen M, Nykter M, Isola J, Mäenpää J. Assessment of PARP protein expression in epithelial ovarian cancer by ELISA pharmacodynamic assay and immunohistochemistry. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11991-11999. [PMID: 27155850 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) involved in base excision repair (BER) has been shown to be a clinically effective treatment strategy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) defective in homologous recombination (HR). The aim of this study was to evaluate fresh EOC tumor tissue in regard to PAR (Poly (ADP-ribose)) concentration as a surrogate marker for PARP activity and PARP protein expression in archival samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prospective study cohort consisted of 57 fresh tumor samples derived from patients undergoing primary (n = 38) or interval debulking surgery (n = 19) for EOC and parallel archival paraffin-embedded tumor samples. PARP activity in fresh frozen tumor tissue was assessed by an enzymatic chemiluminescence assay and PARP protein expression in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue by IHC. No correlation was detected between PARP enzyme activity and PARP staining by IHC (p = 0.82). High PARP activity was associated with platinum sensitivity both in the entire study cohort (p = 0.022) and in the high-grade subgroup (p = 0.017). High PARP activity was also associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) (32 vs 14 months, log-rank p = 0.009). However, PARP immunostaining pattern was not predictive of patient survival. In conclusion, we present a novel finding of high PARP activity associated with platinum sensitivity and improved PFS in EOC. There was no association between PARP IHC and pharmacodynamic assay, and the correlation of PARP IHC with clinico-pathological characteristics and patient survival was poor. Pharmacodynamic assay rather than IHC seems to reflect better biologically significant PARP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veskimäe
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - S Staff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - A Grönholm
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Laaksonen
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Nykter
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Isola
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Mäenpää
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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De Picciotto N, Cacheux W, Roth A, Chappuis PO, Labidi-Galy SI. Ovarian cancer: Status of homologous recombination pathway as a predictor of drug response. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 101:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Morgan MA, Lawrence TS. Molecular Pathways: Overcoming Radiation Resistance by Targeting DNA Damage Response Pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2898-904. [PMID: 26133775 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are the critical lesions responsible for the majority of ionizing radiation-induced cell killing. Thus, the ability of tumor cells to elicit a DNA damage response following radiation, via activation of DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoints, promotes radiation resistance and tumor cell survival. Consequently, agents that target these DNA damage response pathways are being developed to overcome radiation resistance. Overall, these agents are effective radiosensitizers; however, their mechanisms of tumor cell selectivity are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the crucial radiation-induced DNA damage responses as well as clinical and translational advances with agents designed to inhibit these responses. Importantly, we describe how synthetic lethality can provide tumor cell-selective radiosensitization by these agents and expand the therapeutic window for DNA damage response-targeted agents used in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schaaf L, Schwab M, Ulmer C, Heine S, Mürdter TE, Schmid JO, Sauer G, Aulitzky WE, van der Kuip H. Hyperthermia Synergizes with Chemotherapy by Inhibiting PARP1-Dependent DNA Replication Arrest. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2868-75. [PMID: 27013194 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although hyperthermia offers clinical appeal to sensitize cells to chemotherapy, this approach has been limited in terms of long-term outcome as well as economic and technical burden. Thus, a more detailed knowledge about how hyperthermia exerts its effects on chemotherapy may illuminate ways to improve the approach. Here, we asked whether hyperthermia alters the response to chemotherapy-induced DNA damage and whether this mechanism is involved in its sensitizing effect in BRCA-competent models of ovarian and colon cancer. Notably, we found that hyperthermia delayed the repair of DNA damage caused by cisplatin or doxorubicin, acting upstream of different repair pathways to block histone polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation), a known effect of chemotherapy. Furthermore, hyperthermia blocked this histone modification as efficiently as pharmacologic inhibitors of PARP (PARPi), producing comparable delay in DNA repair, induction of double-strand breaks (DSB), and cell cytotoxicity after chemotherapy. Mechanistic investigations indicated that inhibiting PARylation by either hyperthermia or PARPi induced lethal DSB upon chemotherapy treatment not only by reducing DNA repair but also by preventing replication fork slowing. Overall, our work reveals how PARP blockade, either by hyperthermia or small-molecule inhibition, can increase chemotherapy-induced damage in BRCA-competent cells. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2868-75. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schaaf
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Ulmer
- Department of Surgery, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Heine
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas E Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens O Schmid
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Sauer
- Department of Gynaecology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Ganguly B, Dolfi SC, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Ganesan S, Hirshfield KM. Role of Biomarkers in the Development of PARP Inhibitors. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:15-25. [PMID: 26997874 PMCID: PMC4786099 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s36679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair lead to genomic instability and play a critical role in cancer development. Understanding the process by which DNA damage repair is altered or bypassed in cancer may identify novel therapeutic targets and lead to improved patient outcomes. Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has an important role in DNA repair, and novel therapeutics targeting PARP1 have been developed to treat cancers with defective DNA repair pathways. Despite treatment successes with PARP inhibitors (PARPi), intrinsic and acquired resistances have been observed. Preclinical studies and clinical trials in cancer suggest that combination therapy using PARPi and platinating agents is more effective than monotherapy in circumventing drug resistance mechanisms. Additionally, identification of biomarkers in response to PARPi will lead to improved patient selection for targeted cancer treatment. Recent technological advances have provided the necessary tools to examine many potential avenues to develop such biomarkers. This review examines the mechanistic rationale of PARP inhibition and potential biomarkers in their development for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bratati Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia C. Dolfi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kim M. Hirshfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Naipal KAT, Verkaik NS, Sánchez H, van Deurzen CHM, den Bakker MA, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Kanaar R, Vreeswijk MPG, Jager A, van Gent DC. Tumor slice culture system to assess drug response of primary breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:78. [PMID: 26860465 PMCID: PMC4748539 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high incidence of breast cancer has sparked the development of novel targeted and personalized therapies. Personalization of cancer treatment requires reliable prediction of chemotherapy responses in individual patients. Effective selection can prevent unnecessary treatment that would mainly result in the unwanted side effects of the therapy. This selection can be facilitated by characterization of individual tumors using robust and specific functional assays, which requires development of powerful ex vivo culture systems and procedures to analyze the response to treatment. METHODS We optimized culture methods for primary breast tumor samples that allowed propagation of tissue ex vivo. We combined several tissue culture strategies, including defined tissue slicing technology, growth medium optimization and use of a rotating platform to increase nutrient exchange. RESULTS We could maintain tissue cultures for at least 7 days without losing tissue morphology, viability or cell proliferation. We also developed methods to determine the cytotoxic response of individual tumors to the chemotherapeutic treatment FAC (5-FU, Adriamycin [Doxorubicin] and Cyclophosphamide). Using this tool we designated tumors as sensitive or resistant and distinguished a clinically proven resistant tumor from other tumors. CONCLUSION This method defines conditions that allow ex vivo testing of individual tumor responses to anti-cancer drugs and therefore might improve personalization of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan A T Naipal
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole S Verkaik
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Humberto Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolien H M van Deurzen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael A den Bakker
- Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Maasstadweg 21, Rotterdam, 3079 DZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Maaike P G Vreeswijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Dik C van Gent
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000CA, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lord
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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BRCAness revisited. NATURE REVIEWS. CANCER 2016. [PMID: 26775620 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2015.21]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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Ameziane N, May P, Haitjema A, van de Vrugt HJ, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, Ristic D, Williams GJ, Balk J, Rockx D, Li H, Rooimans MA, Oostra AB, Velleuer E, Dietrich R, Bleijerveld OB, Maarten Altelaar AF, Meijers-Heijboer H, Joenje H, Glusman G, Roach J, Hood L, Galas D, Wyman C, Balling R, den Dunnen J, de Winter JP, Kanaar R, Gelinas R, Dorsman JC. A novel Fanconi anaemia subtype associated with a dominant-negative mutation in RAD51. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8829. [PMID: 26681308 PMCID: PMC4703882 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a hereditary disease featuring hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linker-induced chromosomal instability in association with developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure and a strong predisposition to cancer. A total of 17 FA disease genes have been reported, all of which act in a recessive mode of inheritance. Here we report on a de novo g.41022153G>A; p.Ala293Thr (NM_002875) missense mutation in one allele of the homologous recombination DNA repair gene RAD51 in an FA-like patient. This heterozygous mutation causes a novel FA subtype, 'FA-R', which appears to be the first subtype of FA caused by a dominant-negative mutation. The patient, who features microcephaly and mental retardation, has reached adulthood without the typical bone marrow failure and paediatric cancers. Together with the recent reports on RAD51-associated congenital mirror movement disorders, our results point to an important role for RAD51-mediated homologous recombination in neurodevelopment, in addition to DNA repair and cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najim Ameziane
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, House of Biomedicine, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - Anneke Haitjema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Henri J. van de Vrugt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sari E. van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan Ristic
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth J. Williams
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jesper Balk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Davy Rockx
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Li
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - Martin A. Rooimans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke B. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Eunike Velleuer
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Dietrich
- Deutsche Fanconi-Anämie-Hilfe e.V., Böckenweg 4, 59427 Unna, Germany
| | - Onno B. Bleijerveld
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - A. F. Maarten Altelaar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Joenje
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Glusman
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - Jared Roach
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - David Galas
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, House of Biomedicine, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, House of Biomedicine, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Johan den Dunnen
- Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. de Winter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Gelinas
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA
| | - Josephine C. Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
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Savage SA, Ballew BJ, Giri N, Chandrasekharappa SC, Ameziane N, de Winter J, Alter BP. Novel FANCI mutations in Fanconi anemia with VACTERL association. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:386-391. [PMID: 26590883 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome caused by mutations in DNA repair genes; some of these patients may have features of the VACTERL association. Autosomal recessive mutations in FANCI are a rare cause of FA. We identified FANCI mutations by next generation sequencing in three patients in our FA cohort among several whose mutated gene was unknown. Four of the six mutations are novel and all mutations are likely deleterious to protein function. There are now 16 reported cases of FA due to FANCI of whom 7 have at least 3 features of the VACTERL association (44%). This suggests that the VACTERL association in patients with FA may be seen in patients with FANCI mutations more often than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Bari J Ballew
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Neelam Giri
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, NCI-Frederick, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Winter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche P Alter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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Kalimutho M, Parsons K, Mittal D, López JA, Srihari S, Khanna KK. Targeted Therapies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Combating a Stubborn Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:822-846. [PMID: 26538316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) constitute a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancers that have a poor clinical outcome. Although no approved targeted therapy is available for TNBCs, molecular-profiling efforts have revealed promising molecular targets, with several candidate compounds having now entered clinical trials for TNBC patients. However, initial results remain modest, thereby highlighting challenges potentially involving intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity and acquisition of therapy resistance. We present a comprehensive review on emerging targeted therapies for treating TNBCs, including the promising approach of immunotherapy and the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We discuss the impact of pathway rewiring in the acquisition of drug resistance, and the prospect of employing combination therapy strategies to overcome challenges towards identifying clinically-viable targeted treatment options for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Kalimutho
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kate Parsons
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia
| | - Deepak Mittal
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - J Alejandro López
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia; Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia.
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Amin O, Beauchamp MC, Nader PA, Laskov I, Iqbal S, Philip CA, Yasmeen A, Gotlieb WH. Suppression of Homologous Recombination by insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:817. [PMID: 26510816 PMCID: PMC4625613 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impairment of homologous recombination (HR) is found in close to 50 % of ovarian and breast cancer. Tumors with BRCA1 mutations show increased expression of the Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R). We previously have shown that inhibition of IGF-1R results in growth inhibition and apoptosis of ovarian tumor cells. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between HR and sensitivity to IGF-1R inhibition. Further, we hypothesized that IGF-1R inhibition might sensitize HR proficient cancers to Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Methods Using ovarian and breast cancer cellular models with known BRCA1 status, we evaluated their HR functionality by RAD51 foci formation assay. The 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) of Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor kinase inhibitor (IGF-1Rki) in these cells was assessed, and western immunoblotting was performed to determine the expression of proteins involved in the IGF-1R pathway. Moreover, IGF-1R inhibitors were added on HR proficient cell lines to assess mRNA and protein expression of RAD51 by qPCR and western blot. Also, we explored the interaction between RAD51 and Insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS-1) by immunoprecipitation. Next, combination effect of IGF-1R and PARP inhibitors was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Results Cells with mutated/methylated BRCA1 showed an impaired HR function, and had an overactivation of the IGF-1R pathway. These cells were more sensitive to IGF-1R inhibition compared to HR proficient cells. In addition, the IGF-IR inhibitor reduced RAD51 expression at mRNA and protein levels in HR proficient cells, and sensitized these cells to PARP inhibitor. Conclusion Targeting IGF-1R might lead to improved personalized therapeutic approaches in cancer patients with HR deficiency. Targeting both PARP and IGF-1R might increase the clinical efficacy in HR deficient patients and increase the population of patients who may benefit from PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreekha Amin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Paul Abou Nader
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Ido Laskov
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Sanaa Iqbal
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Charles-André Philip
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada.
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Manié E, Popova T, Battistella A, Tarabeux J, Caux-Moncoutier V, Golmard L, Smith NK, Mueller CR, Mariani O, Sigal-Zafrani B, Dubois T, Vincent-Salomon A, Houdayer C, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Stern MH. Genomic hallmarks of homologous recombination deficiency in invasive breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:891-900. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Manié
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Tatiana Popova
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Aude Battistella
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Julien Tarabeux
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
| | | | - Lisa Golmard
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
- Département De Biologie Des Tumeurs; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Nicholas K. Smith
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Christopher R. Mueller
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
- Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston; Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Odette Mariani
- Département De Biologie Des Tumeurs; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- Centre De Ressources Biologiques; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
| | | | - Thierry Dubois
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- Département De Recherche Translationnelle; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
| | | | - Claude Houdayer
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
- Département De Biologie Des Tumeurs; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
- Département De Biologie Des Tumeurs; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris-Descartes; Paris F-75270 France
| | - Marc-Henri Stern
- Centre De Recherche; Institut Curie; Paris F-75248 France
- INSERM U830; Paris F-75248 France
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130
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Menegakis A, De Colle C, Yaromina A, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Scharpf M, Fend F, Noell S, Tatagiba M, Brucker S, Wallwiener D, Boeke S, Ricardi U, Baumann M, Zips D. Residual γH2AX foci after ex vivo irradiation of patient samples with known tumour-type specific differences in radio-responsiveness. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:480-5. [PMID: 26297183 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply our previously published residual ex vivo γH2AX foci method to patient-derived tumour specimens covering a spectrum of tumour-types with known differences in radiation response. In addition, the data were used to simulate different experimental scenarios to simplify the method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation of residual γH2AX foci in well-oxygenated tumour areas of ex vivo irradiated patient-derived tumour specimens with graded single doses was performed. Immediately after surgical resection, the samples were cultivated for 24h in culture medium prior to irradiation and fixed 24h post-irradiation for γH2AX foci evaluation. Specimens from a total of 25 patients (including 7 previously published) with 10 different tumour types were included. RESULTS Linear dose response of residual γH2AX foci was observed in all specimens with highly variable slopes among different tumour types ranging from 0.69 (95% CI: 1.14-0.24) to 3.26 (95% CI: 4.13-2.62) for chondrosarcomas (radioresistant) and classical seminomas (radiosensitive) respectively. Simulations suggest that omitting dose levels might simplify the assay without compromising robustness. CONCLUSION Here we confirm clinical feasibility of the assay. The slopes of the residual foci number are well in line with the expected differences in radio-responsiveness of different tumour types implying that intrinsic radiation sensitivity contributes to tumour radiation response. Thus, this assay has a promising potential for individualized radiation therapy and prospective validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Menegakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chiara De Colle
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Brucker
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Baumann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
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131
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Targeted inhibition of metastatic melanoma through interference with Pin1-FOXM1 signaling. Oncogene 2015; 35:2166-77. [PMID: 26279295 PMCID: PMC4757516 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer and successful treatment of metastatic melanoma remains challenging. BRAF/MEK inhibitors only show a temporary benefit due to rapid occurrence of resistance, whereas immunotherapy is mainly effective in selected subsets of patients. Thus, there is a need to identify new targets to improve treatment of metastatic melanoma. To this extent, we searched for markers that are elevated in melanoma and are under regulation of potentially druggable enzymes. Here, we show that the pro-proliferative transcription factor FOXM1 is elevated and activated in malignant melanoma. FOXM1 activity correlated with expression of the enzyme Pin1, which we found to be indicative of a poor prognosis. In functional experiments, Pin1 proved to be a main regulator of FOXM1 activity through MEK-dependent physical regulation during the cell cycle. The Pin1-FOXM1 interaction was enhanced by BRAF(V600E), the driver oncogene in the majority of melanomas, and in extrapolation of the correlation data, interference with\ Pin1 in BRAF(V600E)-driven metastatic melanoma cells impaired both FOXM1 activity and cell survival. Importantly, cell-permeable Pin1-FOXM1-blocking peptides repressed the proliferation of melanoma cells in freshly isolated human metastatic melanoma ex vivo and in three-dimensional-cultured patient-derived melanoids. When combined with the BRAF(V600E)-inhibitor PLX4032 a robust repression in melanoid viability was obtained, establishing preclinical value of patient-derived melanoids for prognostic use of drug sensitivity and further underscoring the beneficial effect of Pin1-FOXM1 inhibitory peptides as anti-melanoma drugs. These proof-of-concept results provide a starting point for development of therapeutic Pin1-FOXM1 inhibitors to target metastatic melanoma.
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132
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Rothkamm K, Barnard S, Moquet J, Ellender M, Rana Z, Burdak-Rothkamm S. DNA damage foci: Meaning and significance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:491-504. [PMID: 25773265 DOI: 10.1002/em.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of DNA damage response proteins such as γH2AX, ATM, 53BP1, RAD51, and the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, that accumulate and/or are modified in the vicinity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break to form microscopically visible, subnuclear foci, has revolutionized the detection of these lesions and has enabled studies of the cellular machinery that contributes to their repair. Double-strand breaks are induced directly by a number of physical and chemical agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs, but can also arise as secondary lesions during replication and DNA repair following exposure to a wide range of genotoxins. Here we aim to review the biological meaning and significance of DNA damage foci, looking specifically at a range of different settings in which such markers of DNA damage and repair are being studied and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ellender
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Rana
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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133
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Willers H, Gheorghiu L, Liu Q, Efstathiou JA, Wirth LJ, Krause M, von Neubeck C. DNA Damage Response Assessments in Human Tumor Samples Provide Functional Biomarkers of Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:237-50. [PMID: 26384272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for individualization of radiation therapy and treatment with radiosensitizing anticancer agents. Genomic profiling of human cancers provides us with unprecedented insight into the mutational landscape of genes directly or indirectly involved in the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, to what extent this wealth of structural information about the cancer genome produces biomarkers of sensitivity to radiation remains to be seen. Investigators are increasingly studying the subnuclear accumulation (ie, foci) of proteins in the DNA damage response (DDR), such as gamma-H2AX, 53BP1, or RAD51, as a surrogate of treatment sensitivity. Recent findings from preclinical studies have demonstrated the predictive potential of DDR foci by correlating foci with clinically relevant end points such as tumor control probability. Therefore, preclinical investigations of DDR foci responses are increasingly moving into cells and tissues from patients, which is the major focus of this review. The advantage of using DDR foci as functional biomarkers is that they can detect alterations in DNA repair due to various mechanisms. Moreover, they provide a global measurement of DDR network function without needing to know the identities of all the components, many of which remain unknown. Foci assays are thus expected to yield functional insight that may complement or supersede genomic information, thereby giving radiation oncologists unique opportunities to individualize cancer treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Liliana Gheorghiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lori J Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Vetro A, Iascone M, Limongelli I, Ameziane N, Gana S, Della Mina E, Giussani U, Ciccone R, Forlino A, Pezzoli L, Rooimans MA, van Essen AJ, Messa J, Rizzuti T, Bianchi P, Dorsman J, de Winter JP, Lalatta F, Zuffardi O. Loss-of-Function FANCL Mutations Associate with Severe Fanconi Anemia Overlapping the VACTERL Association. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:562-8. [PMID: 25754594 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of VACTERL syndrome can be elusive, especially in the prenatal life, due to the presence of malformations that overlap those present in other genetic conditions, including the Fanconi anemia (FA). We report on three VACTERL cases within two families, where the two who arrived to be born died shortly after birth due to severe organs' malformations. The suspicion of VACTERL association was based on prenatal ultrasound assessment and postnatal features. Subsequent chromosome breakage analysis suggested the diagnosis of FA. Finally, by next-generation sequencing based on the analysis of the exome in one family and of a panel of Fanconi genes in the second one, we identified novel FANCL truncating mutations in both families. We used ectopic expression of wild-type FANCL to functionally correct the cellular FA phenotype for both mutations. Our study emphasizes that the diagnosis of FA should be considered when VACTERL association is suspected. Furthermore, we show that loss-of-function mutations in FANCL result in a severe clinical phenotype characterized by early postnatal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vetro
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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135
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Naipal KA, van Gent DC. PARP inhibitors: the journey from research hypothesis to clinical approval. Per Med 2015; 12:139-154. [PMID: 29754541 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer puts an increasing burden on our healthcare system and is a major cause of death. Therefore, novel approaches are required to improve cancer treatment. Cancer cells have several hallmarks that could be therapeutically targeted. Importantly, every tumor has a different combination of aberrations affecting the different hallmarks. This review focuses on targeting one of these hallmarks, the DNA damage response (DDR). DDR defects can not only cause cancer, but they can also be exploited therapeutically. This plays an important role even in 'classical' (DNA damaging) chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but more precise targeting of specific defects is expected to increase treatment efficacy and decrease normal tissue toxicity. Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are the first clinical example of such synthetic lethality in tumors having specific DDR defects. They are currently under investigation as DDR-targeting anticancer drugs and they progress quickly in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan At Naipal
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dik C van Gent
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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