101
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Lozada-Delgado EL, Grafals-Ruiz N, Vivas-Mejía PE. RNA interference for glioblastoma therapy: Innovation ladder from the bench to clinical trials. Life Sci 2017; 188:26-36. [PMID: 28864225 PMCID: PMC5617340 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest type of primary brain tumor with a prognosis of 14months after diagnosis. Current treatment for GBM patients includes "total" tumor resection, temozolomide-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of these options. Although, several targeted therapies, gene therapy, and immunotherapy are currently in the clinic and/or in clinical trials, the overall survival of GBM patients has hardly improved over the last two decades. Therefore, novel multitarget modalities are urgently needed. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel strategy for the treatment of most cancers, including GBM. RNAi-based therapies consist of using small RNA oligonucleotides to regulate protein expression at the post-transcriptional level. Despite the therapeutic potential of RNAi molecules, systemic limitations including short circulatory stability and low release into the tumor tissue have halted their progress to the clinic. The effective delivery of RNAi molecules through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an additional challenge. This review focuses on connecting the translational process of RNAi-based therapies from in vitro evidence to pre-clinical studies. We delineate the effect of RNAi in GBM cell lines, describe their effectiveness in glioma mouse models, and compare the proposed drug carriers for the effective transport of RNAi molecules through the BBB to reach the tumor in the brain. Furthermore, we summarize the most important obstacles to overcome before RNAi-based therapy becomes a reality for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L Lozada-Delgado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00927, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States
| | - Nilmary Grafals-Ruiz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States.
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102
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Kim MA, Yoon HS, Park SH, Kim DY, Pyo A, Kim HS, Min JJ, Hong Y. Engineering of monobody conjugates for human EphA2-specific optical imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180786. [PMID: 28686661 PMCID: PMC5501600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we developed an E1 monobody specific for the tumor biomarker hEphA2 [PLoS ONE (2015) 10(7): e0132976]. E1 showed potential as a molecular probe for in vitro and in vivo targeting of cancers overexpressing hEphA2. In the present study, we constructed expression vectors for E1 conjugated to optical reporters such as Renilla luciferase variant 8 (Rluc8) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and purified such recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography in E. coli. E1-Rluc8 and E1-EGFP specifically bound to hEphA2 in human prostate cancer PC3 cells but not in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, which express hEphA2 at high and low levels, respectively. These recombinant proteins maintained >40% activity in mouse serum at 24 h. In vivo optical imaging for 24 h did not detect E1-EGFP signals, whereas E1-Rluc8 showed tumor-specific luminescence signals in PC3 but not in HeLa xenograft mice. E1-Rluc8 signals were detected at 4 h, peaked at 12 h, and were undetectable at 24 h. These results suggest the potential of E1-Rluc8 as an EphA2-specific optical imaging agent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Optical Imaging
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Engineering
- Receptor, EphA2/analysis
- Receptor, EphA2/genetics
- Receptor, EphA2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-A Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21Plus), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21Plus), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Pyo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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103
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Cuyàs E, Queralt B, Martin-Castillo B, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. EphA2 receptor activation with ephrin-A1 ligand restores cetuximab efficacy in NRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:263-270. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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104
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Jacobson O, Li Q, Chen H, Niu G, Kiesewetter DO, Xu L, Cook K, Yang G, Dall'Acqua W, Tsui P, Peng L, Chen X. PET-Guided Evaluation and Optimization of Internalized Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting Erythropoietin-Producing Hepatoma A2 Receptor. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1838-1844. [PMID: 28546337 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.192245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatoma A2 receptor (EphA2) is a tyrosine kinase overexpressed by tumor stroma and cancer cells. A high expression level of EphA2 predicts poor prognosis, correlating with disease progression and metastasis. Therefore, EphA2 is a relevant therapeutic target for human cancer. Antibodies, selectively bound to EphA2, can induce rapid receptor phosphorylation that results in antibody internalization and degradation. This internalization mechanism has been exploited with the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we used PET imaging to study the pharmacokinetics and tumor delivery of a panel of anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with and without drug conjugates. Methods: A library of human anti-EphA2 mAbs were screened and evaluated for EphA2 internalization rate, binding affinity, epitope binding, and hydrophobicity. We chose 3 of these antibodies, denoted as 1C1, 3B10, and 2H7, which recognize different epitopes, for further evaluation. ADCs were generated by S239C mutation to give a ratio of 2 drug molecules per antibody. Native mAbs and ADCs were characterized, after conjugation to a DFO chelator and 89Zr radiolabeling, in assays including cell uptake, internalization, hydrophobicity, and in vivo imaging using PET. Results: All 3 mAbs had high affinities for EphA2 but exhibited different internalization rates following the order of 1C1 > 3B10 > 2H7. Internalization rate is only 1 factor that affects in vitro cell uptake and in vivo tumor accumulation. Interestingly, the hydrophobicity of the mAbs, which followed the order of 2H7 > 1C1 > 3B10, had a strong correlation with in vivo tumor uptake measured by PET, with the least hydrophobic antibody, 3B10, showing the highest tumor uptake. ADC significantly reduced the in vivo uptake of all 3 mAbs. Conclusion: Tumor uptake of mAb is a complex process that is affected by multiple parameters, including internalization, hydrophobicity, and chemical modification. Our results suggest that the addition of drug molecules to mAb increases the clearance of the mAb presumably due to the increased hydrophobicity. Understanding the complexity of antibody-based tumor delivery may help improve ADC engineering for better tumor targeting and reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Haojun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Gengcheng Yang
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - William Dall'Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ping Tsui
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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105
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Incerti M, Russo S, Callegari D, Pala D, Giorgio C, Zanotti I, Barocelli E, Vicini P, Vacondio F, Rivara S, Castelli R, Tognolini M, Lodola A. Metadynamics for Perspective Drug Design: Computationally Driven Synthesis of New Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors Targeting the EphA2 Receptor. J Med Chem 2017; 60:787-796. [PMID: 28005388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metadynamics (META-D) is emerging as a powerful method for the computation of the multidimensional free-energy surface (FES) describing the protein-ligand binding process. Herein, the FES of unbinding of the antagonist N-(3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oyl)-l-β-homotryptophan (UniPR129) from its EphA2 receptor was reconstructed by META-D simulations. The characterization of the free-energy minima identified on this FES proposes a binding mode fully consistent with previously reported and new structure-activity relationship data. To validate this binding mode, new N-(3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oyl)-l-β-homotryptophan derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to displace ephrin-A1 from the EphA2 receptor. Among them, two antagonists, namely compounds 21 and 22, displayed high affinity versus the EphA2 receptor and resulted endowed with better physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties than the parent compound. These findings highlight the importance of free-energy calculations in drug design, confirming that META-D simulations can be used to successfully design novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Russo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Donatella Callegari
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barocelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Vicini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tognolini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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106
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Rudno-Rudzińska J, Kielan W, Frejlich E, Kotulski K, Hap W, Kurnol K, Dzierżek P, Zawadzki M, Hałoń A. A review on Eph/ephrin, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Chin J Cancer Res 2017; 29:303-312. [PMID: 28947862 PMCID: PMC5592818 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythroprotein-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma receptors (Eph receptors) compose a subfamily of transmembrane protein-tyrosine kinases receptors that takes part in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Eph family receptor-interacting proteins (Ephrins) are ligands for those receptors. Eph/ephrin system is responsible for the cytoskeleton activity, cell adhesion, intercellular connection, cellular shape as well as cell motility. It affects neuron development and functioning, bone and glucose homeostasis, immune system and correct function of enterocytes. Moreover Eph/ephrin system is one of the crucial ones in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. With such a wide range of impact it is clear that disturbed function of this system leads to pathology. Eph/ephrin system is involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Although the idea of participation of ephrin in carcinogenesis is obvious, the exact way remains unclear because of complex bi-directional signaling and cross-talks with other pathways. Further studies are necessary to find a new target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wojciech Hap
- 2-nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery
| | | | | | - Marcin Zawadzki
- 2-nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery.,Pathology Department, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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107
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Li M, Yang C, Liu X, Yuan L, Zhang F, Wang M, Miao D, Gu X, Jiang S, Cui B, Tong J, Yu Z. EphA3 promotes malignant transformation of colorectal epithelial cells by upregulating oncogenic pathways. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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108
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Goyal A, Sharpe C, Natkanski E, Schaefer L, Morrione A, Iozzo RV. EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:687-703. [PMID: 27903606 PMCID: PMC5146997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the growth factor progranulin has remained unclear. Neill et al. show that the Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin and mediates its effects in capillary morphogenesis and autoregulation. Although the growth factor progranulin was discovered more than two decades ago, the functional receptor remains elusive. Here, we discovered that EphA2, a member of the large family of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin. Recombinant progranulin bound with high affinity to EphA2 in both solid phase and solution. Interaction of progranulin with EphA2 caused prolonged activation of the receptor, downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt, and promotion of capillary morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found an autoregulatory mechanism of progranulin whereby a feed-forward loop occurred in an EphA2-dependent manner that was independent of the endocytic receptor sortilin. The discovery of a functional signaling receptor for progranulin offers a new avenue for understanding the underlying mode of action of progranulin in cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis, and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Atul Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elizabeth Natkanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 .,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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109
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Chitramuthu B, Bateman A. Progranulin and the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2, partners in crime? J Cell Biol 2016; 215:603-605. [PMID: 27903608 PMCID: PMC5147006 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitramuthu and Bateman highlight recent work proposing that the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 functions as receptor for the growth factor progranulin. Progranulin is a secreted protein with roles in tumorigenesis, inflammation, and neurobiology, but its signaling receptors have remained unclear. In this issue, Neill et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603079) identify the tyrosine kinase EphA2 as a strong candidate for such a receptor, providing insight into progranulin and EphA2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari Chitramuthu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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110
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Singh DR, Ahmed F, Paul MD, Gedam M, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. The SAM domain inhibits EphA2 interactions in the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:31-38. [PMID: 27776928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
All members of the Eph receptor family of tyrosine kinases contain a SAM domain near the C terminus, which has been proposed to play a role in receptor homotypic interactions and/or interactions with binding partners. The SAM domain of EphA2 is known to be important for receptor function, but its contribution to EphA2 lateral interactions in the plasma membrane has not been determined. Here we use a FRET-based approach to directly measure the effect of the SAM domain on the stability of EphA2 dimers on the cell surface in the absence of ligand binding. We also investigate the functional consequences of EphA2 SAM domain deletion. Surprisingly, we find that the EphA2 SAM domain inhibits receptor dimerization and decreases EphA2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This role is dramatically different from the role of the SAM domain of the related EphA3 receptor, which we previously found to stabilize EphA3 dimers and increase EphA3 tyrosine phosphorylation in cells in the absence of ligand. Thus, the EphA2 SAM domain likely contributes to a unique mode of EphA2 interaction that leads to distinct signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael D Paul
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Manasee Gedam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
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111
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Ferluga S, Tomé CML, Herpai DM, D'Agostino R, Debinski W. Simultaneous targeting of Eph receptors in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59860-59876. [PMID: 27494882 PMCID: PMC5312354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph tyrosine kinase receptors are frequently overexpressed and functional in many cancers, and they are attractive candidates for targeted therapy. Here, we analyzed the expression of Eph receptor A3, one of the most up-regulated factors in glioblastoma cells cultured under tumorsphere-forming conditions, together with EphA2 and EphB2 receptors. EphA3 was overexpressed in up to 60% of glioblastoma tumors tested, but not in normal brain. EphA3 was localized in scattered areas of the tumor, the invasive ring, and niches near tumor vessels. EphA3 co-localized with macrophage/leukocyte markers, suggesting EphA3 expression on tumor-infiltrating cells of bone marrow origin. We took advantage of the fact that ephrinA5 (eA5) is a ligand that binds EphA3, EphA2 and EphB2 receptors, and used it to construct a novel targeted anti-glioblastoma cytotoxin. The eA5-based cytotoxin potently and specifically killed glioblastoma cells with an IC50 of at least 10-11 M. This and similar cytotoxins will simultaneously target different compartments of glioblastoma tumors while mitigating tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Carla Maria Lema Tomé
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Denise Mazess Herpai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ralph D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Section on Biostatistics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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112
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Singh DR, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. A small peptide promotes EphA2 kinase-dependent signaling by stabilizing EphA2 dimers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1922-8. [PMID: 27281300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is known to promote cancer cell malignancy in the absence of activation by ephrin ligands. This behavior depends on high EphA2 phosphorylation on Ser897 and low tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in increased cell migration and invasiveness. We have previously shown that EphA2 forms dimers in the absence of ephrin ligand binding, and that dimerization of unliganded EphA2 can decrease EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation. We have also identified a small peptide called YSA, which binds EphA2 and competes with the naturally occurring ephrin ligands. METHODS Here, we investigate the effect of YSA on EphA2 dimer stability and EphA2 function using quantitative FRET techniques, Western blotting, and cell motility assays. RESULTS We find that the YSA peptide stabilizes the EphA2 dimer, increases EphA2 Tyr phosphorylation, and decreases both Ser897 phosphorylation and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS The experiments demonstrate that the small peptide ligand YSA reduces EphA2 Ser897 pro-tumorigenic signaling by stabilizing the EphA2 dimer. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work is a proof-of-principle demonstration that EphA2 homointeractions in the plasma membrane can be pharmacologically modulated to decrease the pro-tumorigenic signaling of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
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113
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Hamaoka Y, Negishi M, Katoh H. EphA2 is a key effector of the MEK/ERK/RSK pathway regulating glioblastoma cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2016; 28:937-45. [PMID: 27132626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EphA2, a member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in a variety of malignancies, including glioblastoma, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. EphA2 acts as a tumor promoter through a ligand ephrin-independent mechanism, which requires phosphorylation of EphA2 on serine 897 (S897), leading to increased cell migration and invasion. In this study, we show that ligand-independent EphA2 signaling occurs downstream of the MEK/ERK/RSK pathway and mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell proliferation in glioblastoma cells. Suppression of EphA2 expression by long-term exposure to ligand ephrinA1 or EphA2-targeted shRNA inhibited EGF-induced cell proliferation. Stimulation of the cells with EGF induced EphA2 S897 phosphorylation, which was suppressed by MEK and RSK inhibitors, but not by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt inhibitors. The RSK inhibitor or RSK2-targeted shRNA also suppressed EGF-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type EphA2 promoted cell proliferation without EGF stimulation, whereas overexpression of EphA2-S897A mutant suppressed EGF- or RSK2-induced proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that EphA2 is a key downstream target of the MEK/ERK/RSK signaling pathway in the regulation of glioblastoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Hamaoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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114
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Tatsukawa R, Koga K, Aoki M, Koshikawa N, Imafuku S, Nakayama J, Nabeshima K. Immunohistochemical demonstration of EphA2 processing by MT1-MMP in invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:25-34. [PMID: 27056569 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor-2 (EphA2) overexpression is prevalent in many types of human cancers, and it has been reported that high EphA2 expression is correlated with malignancy. Recent studies revealed that processing of EphA2 by cleaving off the N-terminal portion by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) promotes invasion via stimulation of Ras in cancer cells in vitro. The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence and role of EphA2 processing in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues. EphA2 (C-terminal and N-terminal) and MT1-MMP expression patterns and levels were analyzed immunohistochemically in SCC (n = 70) and Bowen disease (BD; n = 20). Levels of MT1-MMP and EphA2 expression were evaluated using digital image analysis. Proximity between MT1-MMP and EphA2 in cancer cells and its effect on EphA2 processing were investigated using a combination of in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) and Western blotting. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that levels of EphA2 N-terminal expression were significantly lower than those of EphA2 C-terminal expression in SCC, whereas levels of EphA2 C- and N-terminal expression were similar in BD. Western blotting showed processed EphA2 fragments in human SCC tissues. Expression levels of MT1-MMP, EphA2, and processed EphA2 fragments were higher in SCC than BD. Proximity between MT1-MMP and EphA2 in SCC was demonstrated by in situ PLA. Our results suggest possible involvement of MT1-MMP processing of EphA2 in invasiveness of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Tatsukawa
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital and School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital and School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital and School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Naohiko Koshikawa
- Research Institute, Kanagawa Cancer Center, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Shinichi Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Juichiro Nakayama
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital and School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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115
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Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is the neoplastic invasion of nerves. PNI is widely recognized as an important adverse pathological feature of many malignancies, including pancreatic, prostate, and head and neck cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite widespread acknowledgment of the clinical significance of PNI, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Recent theories of PNI pathogenesis have placed a significant emphasis on the active role of the nerve microenvironment, with PNI resulting from well-orchestrated reciprocal interactions between cancer and host. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in PNI may translate into targeted therapies for this ominous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Bakst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, United States
| | - Richard J. Wong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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116
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Wang M, Zhao XP, Xu Z, Yan TL, Song Y, Song K, Huang CM, Wang L, Zhou XC, Jiang EH, Shao Z, Shang ZJ. EphA2 silencing promotes growth, migration, and metastasis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo study. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1518-1529. [PMID: 27186278 PMCID: PMC4859637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
EphA2 is associated with tumor growth and distant metastasis in numerous human tumors. Considering the controversial effects of EphA2 in different tumors and the lack of reports in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), we evaluated the effects of EphA2 inhibition by short hairpin RNA on SACC through in vivo and in vitro researches for the first time. Real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blot analysis were conducted to verify the interference effect on SACC cells. Using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing, Transwell and Matrigel adhesion assays, we confirm that inhibition of EphA2 promotes the migration, invasion and adhesion ability of SACC cells. In vivo research, we prove that silencing of EphA2 significantly accelerates tumor growth and lung metastasis ability by establishing xenograft models in mice, including subcutaneous inoculation and tail vein injection. In addition, immunostaining of EphA2, E-cadherin and Slug from 40 specimens and in vitro simulation of perineural invasion (PNI) assay imply that suppression of EphA2 partially contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhancement of PNI in SACC. In conclusion, all the data suggest that EphA2 may act as a tumor suppressor in SACC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ting-Lin Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Stomatology, Liuzhou People’s HospitalGuangxi, China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Er-Hui Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhe Shao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Shang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
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117
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Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors of the central nervous system, and carry a grim prognosis. Novel approaches utilizing the immune system as adjuvant therapy are quickly emerging as viable and effective options. Immunotherapeutic strategies being investigated to treat glioblastoma include: vaccination therapy targeted against either specific tumor antigens or whole tumor lysate, adoptive cellular therapy with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptors and bi-specific T-cell engaging antibodies allowing circumvention of major histocompatibility complex restriction, aptamer therapy with aims for more efficient target delivery, and checkpoint blockade in order to release the tumor-mediated inhibition of the immune system. Given the heterogeneity of glioblastoma and its ability to gain mutations throughout the disease course, multifaceted treatment strategies utilizing multiple forms of immunotherapy in combination with conventional therapy will be most likely to succeed moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Liebelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Department of Neuro-oncology, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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118
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Abstract
Overexpressed tumor-self antigens represent the largest group of candidate vaccine targets. Those exhibiting a role in oncogenesis may be some of the least studied but perhaps most promising. This review considers this subset of self antigens by highlighting vaccine efforts for some of the better known members and focusing on TPD52, a new promising vaccine target. We shed light on the importance of both preclinical and clinical vaccine studies demonstrating that tolerance and autoimmunity (presumed to preclude this class of antigens from vaccine development) can be overcome and do not present the obstacle that might have been expected. The potential of this class of antigens for broad application is considered, possibly in the context of low tumor burden or adjuvant therapy, as is the need to understand mechanisms of tolerance that are relatively understudied.
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Key Words
- ALK, Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AR, androgen receptor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- Her-2/neu, human epithelial growth factor receptor 2
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide
- Overexpressed tumor-self antigen
- TAA, tumor associated antigen
- TPD52
- TRAMP, Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate
- Treg, T regulatory cell
- VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- WT-1, Wilms tumor-1
- hD52
- hD52, human TPD52
- mD52
- mD52, murine TPD52
- oncogenic
- shared
- tumor protein D52
- universal
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Bright
- a Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and the TTUHSC Cancer Center ; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center ; Lubbock , TX USA
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119
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Yang PW, Chiang TH, Hsieh CY, Huang YC, Wong LF, Hung MC, Tsai JC, Lee JM. The effect of ephrin-A1 on resistance to Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2353-61. [PMID: 26450615 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most prevalent cell type of esophageal cancer, remains a dismal disease with poor prognosis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment option for early esophageal cancer. To explore possible factors involved in resistance to PDT in esophageal cancer cells, we selected PDT-resistant subcell lines by repeated treatment of CE48T/VGH (CE48T) ESCC cells with Photofrin-PDT and then analyzed the global gene modulations in the PDT-resistant cells by whole-genome microarray. More than 700 genes reached a fold change greater than 1.5 in each of the PDT-resistant cells compared to parental cells. Among these genes, both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and EFNA1 genes were significantly upregulated in resistant cell lines. However, they were significantly downregulated in Photofrin-PDT-treated cells compared to untreated cells. The observations made in the microarray analysis were further confirmed by quantitative PCR. We observed that recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) activated the gene expression of EFNA1 at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and the protein level in CE48T cells. Functional analysis showed that when incubated with oligomeric and monomeric ephrin-A1 simultaneously, ESCC cells became significantly resistant to Photofrin-PDT. Functional analysis further suggested that transmembrane and soluble ephrin-A1 may cooperate to enhance resistance to Photofrin-PDT in ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yueh Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Wong
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chang Tsai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.
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120
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Callegari D, Pala D, Scalvini L, Tognolini M, Incerti M, Rivara S, Mor M, Lodola A. Comparative Analysis of Virtual Screening Approaches in the Search for Novel EphA2 Receptor Antagonists. Molecules 2015; 20:17132-51. [PMID: 26393553 PMCID: PMC6331951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor and its ephrin-A1 ligand form a key cell communication system, which has been found overexpressed in many cancer types and involved in tumor growth. Recent medicinal chemistry efforts have identified bile acid derivatives as low micromolar binders of the EphA2 receptor. However, these compounds suffer from poor physicochemical properties, hampering their use in vivo. The identification of compounds able to disrupt the EphA2-ephrin-A1 complex lacking the bile acid scaffold may lead to new pharmacological tools suitable for in vivo studies. To identify the most promising virtual screening (VS) protocol aimed at finding novel EphA2 antagonists, we investigated the ability of both ligand-based and structure-based approaches to retrieve known EphA2 antagonists from libraries of decoys with similar molecular properties. While ligand-based VSs were conducted using UniPR129 and ephrin-A1 ligand as reference structures, structure-based VSs were performed with Glide, using the X-ray structure of the EphA2 receptor/ephrin-A1 complex. A comparison of enrichment factors showed that ligand-based approaches outperformed the structure-based ones, suggesting ligand-based methods using the G-H loop of ephrin-A1 ligand as template as the most promising protocols to search for novel EphA2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Callegari
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | | | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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121
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Singh DR, Ahmed F, King C, Gupta N, Salotto M, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. EphA2 Receptor Unliganded Dimers Suppress EphA2 Pro-tumorigenic Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27271-27279. [PMID: 26363067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase promotes cell migration and cancer malignancy through a ligand- and kinase-independent distinctive mechanism that has been linked to high Ser-897 phosphorylation and low tyrosine phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that EphA2 forms dimers in the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells in the absence of ephrin ligand binding, suggesting that the current seeding mechanism model of EphA2 activation is incomplete. We also characterize a dimerization-deficient EphA2 mutant that shows enhanced ability to promote cell migration, concomitant with increased Ser-897 phosphorylation and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation compared with EphA2 wild type. Our data reveal a correlation between unliganded dimerization and tumorigenic signaling and suggest that EphA2 pro-tumorigenic activity is mediated by the EphA2 monomer. Thus, a therapeutic strategy that aims at the stabilization of EphA2 dimers may be beneficial for the treatment of cancers linked to EphA2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christopher King
- Department of Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 and
| | - Nisha Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Matt Salotto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218; Department of Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 and.
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122
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Δ(5)-Cholenoyl-amino acids as selective and orally available antagonists of the Eph-ephrin system. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:312-24. [PMID: 26363867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Eph receptor-ephrin system is an emerging target for the development of novel anti-angiogenic therapies. Research programs aimed at developing small-molecule antagonists of the Eph receptors are still in their initial stage as available compounds suffer from pharmacological drawbacks, limiting their application in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of structure-activity relationships of a class of Δ(5)-cholenoyl-amino acid conjugates as Eph-ephrin antagonists. As a major achievement of our exploration, we identified N-(3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-cholen-24-oyl)-L-tryptophan (UniPR1331) as the first small molecule antagonist of the Eph-ephrin system effective as an anti-angiogenic agent in endothelial cells, bioavailable in mice by the oral route and devoid of biological activity on G protein-coupled and nuclear receptors targeted by bile acid derivatives.
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123
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Wu B, Wang S, De SK, Barile E, Quinn BA, Zharkikh I, Purves A, Stebbins JL, Oshima RG, Fisher PB, Pellecchia M. Design and Characterization of Novel EphA2 Agonists for Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy to Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:876-887. [PMID: 26165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel, targeted delivery agents for anti-cancer therapies requires the design and optimization of potent and selective tumor-targeting agents that are stable and amenable to conjugation with chemotherapeutic drugs. While short peptides represent potentially an excellent platform for these purposes, they often get degraded and are eliminated too rapidly in vivo. In this study, we used a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance-guided structure-activity relationships along with biochemical and cellular studies to derive a novel tumor-homing agent, named 123B9, targeting the EphA2 tyrosine kinase receptor ligand-binding domain. Conjugating 123B9 to the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX) via a stable linker results in an agent that is significantly more effective than the unconjugated drug in both a pancreatic cancer xenograft model and a melanoma lung colonization and metastases model. Hence, 123B9 could represent a promising strategy for the development of novel targeted therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bainan Wu
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Si Wang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Surya K De
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elisa Barile
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bridget A Quinn
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Irina Zharkikh
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angela Purves
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John L Stebbins
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert G Oshima
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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124
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Lee JH, Kim Y, Choi JW, Kim YS. Genetic variants and risk of gastric cancer: a pathway analysis of a genome-wide association study. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:215. [PMID: 25992311 PMCID: PMC4431986 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to discover candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for hypothesizing significant biological pathways of gastric cancer (GC). We performed an Identify Candidate Causal SNPs and Pathways (ICSNPathway) analysis using a GC genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset, including 472,342 SNPs in 2,240 GC cases and 3,302 controls of Asian ethnicity. By integrating linkage disequilibrium analysis, functional SNP annotation, and pathway-based analysis, seven candidate SNPs, four genes and 12 pathways were selected. The ICSNPathway analysis produced 4 hypothetical mechanisms of GC: (1) rs4745 and rs12904 → EFNA1 → ephrin receptor binding; (2) rs1801019 → UMPS → drug and pyrimidine metabolism; (3) rs364897 → GBA → cyanoamino acid metabolism; and (4) rs11187870, rs2274223, and rs3765524 → PLCE1 → lipid biosynthetic process, regulation of cell growth, and cation homeostasis. This pathway analysis using GWAS dataset suggests that the 4 hypothetical biological mechanisms might contribute to GC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-Ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 425-707 Republic of Korea
| | - Younghye Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-Ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 425-707 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-Ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 425-707 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-Ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 425-707 Republic of Korea
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EphB2 Promotes Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1882-1892. [PMID: 25789706 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte-derived skin cancer, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), is the most common metastatic skin cancer. We have examined the role of Eph/ephrin signaling in the progression of cSCC. Analysis of the expression of EPH and EFN families in cSCC cells and normal epidermal keratinocytes revealed overexpression of EPHB2 mRNA in cSCC cells and cSCC tumors in vivo. Tumor cell-specific overexpression of EphB2 was detected in human cSCCs and in chemically induced mouse cSCCs with immunohistochemistry, whereas the expression of EphB2 was low in premalignant lesions and normal skin. Knockdown of EphB2 expression in cSCC cells suppressed growth and vascularization of cSCC xenografts in vivo and inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of cSCC cells in culture. EphB2 knockdown downregulated expression of genes associated with biofunctions cell viability, migration of tumor cells, and invasion of tumor cells. Among the genes most downregulated by EphB2 knockdown were MMP1 and MMP13. Moreover, activation of EphB2 signaling by ephrin-B2-Fc enhanced production of invasion proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) and MMP1, and invasion of cSCC cells. These findings provide mechanistic evidence for the role of EphB2 in the early progression of cSCC to the invasive stage and identify EphB2 as a putative therapeutic target in this invasive skin cancer.
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Miao H, Gale NW, Guo H, Qian J, Petty A, Kaspar J, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos G, Hambardzumyan D, Lathia JD, Rich JN, Lee J, Wang B. EphA2 promotes infiltrative invasion of glioma stem cells in vivo through cross-talk with Akt and regulates stem cell properties. Oncogene 2015; 34:558-67. [PMID: 24488013 PMCID: PMC4119862 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse infiltrative invasion is a major cause for the dismal prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Using human glioma stem cells (GSCs) that recapitulate the invasive propensity of primary GBM, we find that EphA2 critically regulates GBM invasion in vivo. EphA2 was expressed in all seven GSC lines examined, and overexpression of EphA2 enhanced intracranial invasion. The effects required Akt-mediated phosphorylation of EphA2 on serine 897. In vitro the Akt-EphA2 signaling axis is maintained in the absence of ephrin-A ligands and is disrupted upon ligand stimulation. To test whether ephrin-As in tumor microenvironment can regulate GSC invasion, the newly established Efna1;Efna3;Efna4 triple knockout mice (TKO) were used in an ex vivo brain slice invasion assay. We observed significantly increased GSC invasion through the brain slices of TKO mice relative to wild-type (WT) littermates. Mechanistically EphA2 knockdown suppressed stem cell properties of GSCs, causing diminished self-renewal, reduced stem marker expression and decreased tumorigenicity. In a subset of GSCs, the reduced stem cell properties were associated with lower Sox2 expression. Overexpression of EphA2 promoted stem cell properties in a kinase-independent manner and increased Sox2 expression. Disruption of Akt-EphA2 cross-talk attenuated stem cell marker expression and neurosphere formation while having minimal effects on tumorigenesis. Taken together, the results show that EphA2 endows invasiveness of GSCs in vivo in cooperation with Akt and regulates glioma stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Miao
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Hong Guo
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Juan Qian
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Aaron Petty
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - James Kaspar
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Campus, and Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland Ohio, 44106, USA
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Stivarou T, Patsavoudi E. Extracellular molecules involved in cancer cell invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:238-65. [PMID: 25629807 PMCID: PMC4381257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is perfectly clear that understanding and eradicating cancer cell invasion and metastasis represent the crucial, definitive points in cancer therapeutics. During the last two decades there has been a great interest in the understanding of the extracellular molecular mechanisms involved in cancer cell invasion. In this review, we highlight the findings concerning these processes, focusing in particular on extracellular molecules, including extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors, growth factors and their receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular chaperones. We report the molecular mechanisms underlying the important contribution of this pool of molecules to the complex, multi-step phenomenon of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and the corresponding ephrin ligands play a pivotal role in the glioma development and progression. Aberrant protein expression levels of the Eph receptors and ephrins are often associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Their function in tumorigenesis is complex due to the intricate network of possible co-occurring interactions between neighboring tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Both Ephs and ephrins localize on the surface of tumor cells, tumor vasculature, glioma stem cells, tumor cells infiltrating brain, and immune cells infiltrating tumors. They can both promote and inhibit tumorigenicity depending on the downstream forward and reverse signalling generated. All the above-mentioned features make the Ephs/ephrins system an intriguing candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma treatment. This review will give a general overview on the structure and the function of Ephs and ephrins, with a particular emphasis on the state of the knowledge of their role in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waldemar Debinski, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Thomas K. Hearn Jr. Brain Tumor Research Center, Professor of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, Phone: (336) 716-9712, Fax: (336) 713-7639,
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Wei Q, Liu J, Wang N, Zhang X, Jin J, Chin-Sang I, Zheng J, Jia Z. Structures of an Eph receptor tyrosine kinase and its potential activation mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:3135-43. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714021944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their ephrin ligands play a crucial role in both physiological and pathophysiological processes, including tumourigenesis. A previous study of Eph RTKs established a regulatory role for the juxtamembrane segment (JMS) in kinase activation through the phosphorylation of two tyrosines within the JMS. Here, structures of EphA2 representing various activation states are presented. By determining the unphosphorylated inactive and phosphorylated active structures as well as an alternative conformation, conformational changes during kinase activation have been revealed. It is shown that phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue (Tyr772) in the activation loop without direct involvement of the JMS is sufficient to activate the EphA2 kinase. This mechanistic finding is in contrast to the mechanism of other Eph RTKs, such as EphB2, in which phosphorylation of the two JMS tyrosines initiates the dissociation of the JMS and triggers activation-loop phosphorylation for kinase activation. Furthermore, experiments demonstrate that the EphA2 substrate PTEN, a phosphatase that has been implicated in tumour suppression, acts to regulate the phosphorylation states of EphA2, exemplifying a unique reciprocal enzyme–substrate system. Based on these studies, it is therefore suggested that EphA2 may possess an alternate activation mechanism distinct from other Eph RTKs.
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Su Z, Ren S, Tan P, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Tian Y. Ephrin type‑A receptor 2 regulates sensitivity to paclitaxel in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:924-30. [PMID: 25351620 PMCID: PMC4262504 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is associated with cancer cell metastasis. There has been little investigation into its impact on the regulation of sensitivity to paclitaxel in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present study, upregulation of EphA2 expression enhanced the survival of NPC 5-8F cells, compared with control cells exposed to the same concentrations of paclitaxel. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis demonstrated that over-expression of EphA2 decreased NPC cancer cell sensitivity to paclitaxel by regulating paclitaxel-mediated cell cycle progression but not apoptosis in vitro. This was accompanied by alterations in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, and of inactive phosphorylated-retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, paclitaxel stimulation and EphA2 over-expression resulted in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway in NPC cells. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway restored sensitivity to paclitaxel in 5-8F cells over-expressing EphA2, which indicated that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in EphA2-mediated paclitaxel sensitivity. The current study demonstrated that EphA2 mediates sensitivity to paclitaxel via the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pingqing Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Shang X, Lin X, Howell SB. Claudin-4 controls the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 pro-oncogenic switch through β-catenin. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:59. [PMID: 25344320 PMCID: PMC4212103 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The EphA2 receptor, which is expressed in many types of cancer, is activated by two different mechanisms. Activation by engagement with one of its ephrin ligands is anti-oncogenic whereas phosphorylation of S897 by AKT increases migration, invasion and metastasis. Down-regulation of claudin-4 (CLDN4) produces a loss of E-cadherin and increased β-catenin signaling and a phenotype similar to that produced by oncogenic activation of EphA2, suggesting that CLDN4 may serve to restrain the pro-oncogenic signaling of EphA2. Results We found that constitutive knockdown of CLDN4 was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in EphA2 mRNA and a 2.5-fold increase in EphA2 protein which was reversible by re-expression of CLDN4. Knockdown of EphA2 blocked the migratory phenotype induced by loss of CLDN4. Knockdown of CLDN4 resulted in a 5.8-fold increase in pEphA(S897), the oncogenic form of the receptor, as well as partial mislocalization of the excess EphA2 to the interior of the cell. Forced expression of E-cadherin did not reduce total EphA2 or pEphA(S897) whereas re-expression of CLDN4 restored localization and reduced EphA2 and pEphA(S897) even in cells not expressing E-cadherin. Transient siRNA-mediated knockdown of EphA2 and β-catenin, and inhibition of PI3K by LY294002, demonstrated that increased pEphA(S897) in the CLDN4 knockdown cells was attributable to an increase in the level of active dephospho-β-catenin upstream of PI3K and AKT. Conclusions We conclude that CLDN4 serves to restrain pro-oncogenic signaling from EphA2 by limiting the activity of β-catenin and PI3K and preventing phosphorylation of EphA2 on S897 by AKT. This suggests that interventions directed at enhancing the level or functional activity of CLDN4 may be of therapeutic interest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-014-0059-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Shang
- Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Xinjian Lin
- Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Department of Medicine and the Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
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Rhoda K, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Potential nanotechnologies and molecular targets in the quest for efficient chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:613-34. [PMID: 25300775 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.970162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer, considered one of the most fatal gynecological cancers, goes largely undiagnosed until metastasis presents itself, usually once the patient is in the final stages and thus, too late for worthwhile therapy. Targeting this elusive disease in its early stages would improve the outcome for most patients, while the information generated thereof would increase the possibility of preventative mechanisms of therapy. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various molecular targets as possible moieties to be incorporated in a holistic drug delivery system or the more aptly termed 'theranostic' system. These molecular targets can be used for targeting, visualizing, diagnosing, and ultimately, treating ovarian cancer in its entirety. Currently implemented nanoframeworks, such as nanomicelles and nanoliposomes, are described and the effectiveness of nanostructures in tumor targeting, treatment functions, and overcoming the drug resistance challenge is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel nanotechnology strategies such as the development of nanoframeworks decorated with targeted ligands of a molecular nature may provide an efficient chemotherapy, especially when instituted in combination with imaging, diagnostic, and ultimately, therapeutic moieties. An imperative aspect of utilizing nanotechnology in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the flexibility of the drug delivery system and its ability to overcome standard obstacles such as: i) successfully treating the desired cells through direct targeting; ii) reducing toxicity levels of treatment by achieving direct targeting; and iii) delivery of targeted therapy using an efficient vehicle that is exceptionally degradable in response to a particular stimulus. The targeting of ovarian cancer in its early stages using imaging and diagnostic nanotechnology is an area that can be improved upon by combining therapeutic moieties with molecular biomarkers. The nanotechnology and molecular markers mentioned in this review have generally been used for either imaging or diagnostics, and have not yet been successfully implemented into bi-functional tools, which it is hoped, should eventually include a therapeutic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Rhoda
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 , South Africa
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Pala D, Castelli R, Incerti M, Russo S, Tognolini M, Giorgio C, Hassan-Mohamed I, Zanotti I, Vacondio F, Rivara S, Mor M, Lodola A. Combining ligand- and structure-based approaches for the discovery of new inhibitors of the EPHA2-ephrin-A1 interaction. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2621-6. [PMID: 25289483 DOI: 10.1021/ci5004619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2) represents an attractive anticancer target. With the aim to identify novel EPHA2 receptor antagonists, a virtual screening campaign, combining shape-similarity and docking calculations, was conducted on a set of commercially available compounds. A combined score, taking into account both ligand- and structure-based results, was then used to identify the most promising candidates. Two compounds, selected among the best-ranked ones, were identified as EPHA2 receptor antagonists with micromolar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinase family plays important roles in developmental processes, adult tissue homeostasis, and various diseases. Interaction with Eph receptor-interacting protein (ephrin) ligands on the surface of neighboring cells triggers Eph receptor kinase-dependent signaling. The ephrins can also transmit signals, leading to bidirectional cell contact-dependent communication. Moreover, Eph receptors and ephrins can function independently of each other through interplay with other signaling systems. Given their involvement in many pathological conditions ranging from neurological disorders to cancer and viral infections, Eph receptors and ephrins are increasingly recognized as attractive therapeutic targets, and various strategies are being explored to modulate their expression and function. Eph receptor/ephrin upregulation in cancer cells, the angiogenic vasculature, and injured or diseased tissues also offer opportunities for Eph/ephrin-based targeted drug delivery and imaging. Thus, despite the challenges presented by the complex biology of the Eph receptor/ephrin system, exciting possibilities exist for therapies exploiting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barquilla
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; ,
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135
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Gucciardo E, Sugiyama N, Lehti K. Eph- and ephrin-dependent mechanisms in tumor and stem cell dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3685-710. [PMID: 24794629 PMCID: PMC11113620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors comprise the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Initially regarded as axon-guidance and tissue-patterning molecules, Eph receptors have now been attributed with various functions during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. Their ligands, ephrins, are synthesized as membrane-associated molecules. At least two properties make this signaling system unique: (1) the signal can be simultaneously transduced in the receptor- and the ligand-expressing cell, (2) the signaling outcome through the same molecules can be opposite depending on cellular context. Moreover, shedding of Eph and ephrin ectodomains as well as ligand-dependent and -independent receptor crosstalk with other RTKs, proteases, and adhesion molecules broadens the repertoire of Eph/ephrin functions. These integrated pathways provide plasticity to cell-microenvironment communication in varying tissue contexts. The complex molecular networks and dynamic cellular outcomes connected to the Eph/ephrin signaling in tumor-host communication and stem cell niche are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nami Sugiyama
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Pretze M, Mosch B, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Mamat C. Radiofluorination and first radiopharmacological characterization of a SWLAY peptide-based ligand targeting EphA2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:660-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pretze
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Birgit Mosch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Bautzner Landstraße 400 D-01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; D-01062 Dresden Germany
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Akada M, Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. EphB6 promotes anoikis by modulating EphA2 signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2879-84. [PMID: 25239188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is a specific type of apoptosis induced by detachment of epithelial cells from extracellular matrix, and acquiring resistance to anoikis is an important step that enables cancer cells to metastasize. EphA2, which is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, is phosphorylated by Akt on serine 897 and mediates ligand ephrin-independent promotion of anoikis resistance through the RhoG activator Ephexin4. EphB6 is frequently silenced in invasive and metastatic cancers; however, its role in cancer progression is poorly understood. Here we show that EphB6 interacts with EphA2 and suppresses EphA2-mediated promotion of anoikis resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells. On the other hand, knockdown of EphB6 promotes anoikis resistance. We further show that expression of EphB6 decreases serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2 and suppresses EphA2-Ephexin4 interaction and the RhoG activation. These findings implicate EphB6 as a negative regulator of EphA2 oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Akada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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138
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Ha KD, Bidlingmaier SM, Zhang Y, Su Y, Liu B. High-content analysis of antibody phage-display library selection outputs identifies tumor selective macropinocytosis-dependent rapidly internalizing antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3320-31. [PMID: 25149096 PMCID: PMC4256486 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forms of antibody-based targeted therapeutics, including antibody drug conjugates, utilize the internalizing function of the targeting antibody to gain intracellular entry into tumor cells. Ideal antibodies for developing such therapeutics should be capable of both tumor-selective binding and efficient endocytosis. The macropinocytosis pathway is capable of both rapid and bulk endocytosis, and recent studies have demonstrated that it is selectively up-regulated by cancer cells. We hypothesize that receptor-dependent macropinocytosis can be achieved using tumor-targeting antibodies that internalize via the macropinocytosis pathway, improving potency and selectivity of the antibody-based targeted therapeutic. Although phage antibody display libraries have been utilized to find antibodies that bind and internalize to target cells, no methods have been described to screen for antibodies that internalize specifically via macropinocytosis. We hereby describe a novel screening strategy to identify phage antibodies that bind and rapidly enter tumor cells via macropinocytosis. We utilized an automated microscopic imaging-based, High Content Analysis platform to identify novel internalizing phage antibodies that colocalize with macropinocytic markers from antibody libraries that we have generated previously by laser capture microdissection-based selection, which are enriched for internalizing antibodies binding to tumor cells in situ residing in their tissue microenvironment (Ruan, W., Sassoon, A., An, F., Simko, J. P., and Liu, B. (2006) Identification of clinically significant tumor antigens by selecting phage antibody library on tumor cells in situ using laser capture microdissection. Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 5, 2364–2373). Full-length human IgG molecules derived from macropinocytosing phage antibodies retained the ability to internalize via macropinocytosis, validating our screening strategy. The target antigen for a cross-species binding antibody with a highly active macropinocytosis activity was identified as ephrin type-A receptor 2. Antibody-toxin conjugates created using this macropinocytosing IgG were capable of potent and receptor-dependent killing of a panel of EphA2-positive tumor cell lines in vitro. These studies identify novel methods to screen for and validate antibodies capable of receptor-dependent macropinocytosis, allowing further exploration of this highly efficient and tumor-selective internalization pathway for targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Ha
- From the ‡Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-1305
| | - Scott M Bidlingmaier
- From the ‡Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-1305
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-1305
| | - Yang Su
- From the ‡Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-1305
| | - Bin Liu
- From the ‡Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-1305
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139
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Iwahori K, Kakarla S, Velasquez MP, Yu F, Yi Z, Gerken C, Song XT, Gottschalk S. Engager T cells: a new class of antigen-specific T cells that redirect bystander T cells. Mol Ther 2014; 23:171-8. [PMID: 25142939 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells has shown promise for the treatment of malignancies. However, infused T cells are unable to redirect resident T cells, limiting potential benefit. While the infusion of bispecific T-cell engagers can redirect resident T cells to tumors, these molecules have a short half-life, and do not self amplify. To overcome these limitations, we generated T cells expressing a secretable T-cell engager specific for CD3 and EphA2, an antigen expressed on a broad range of human tumors (EphA2-ENG T cells). EphA2-ENG T cells were activated and recognized tumor cells in an antigen-dependent manner, redirected bystander T cells to tumor cells, and had potent antitumor activity in glioma and lung cancer severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) xenograft models associated with a significant survival benefit. This new class of tumor-specific T cells, with the unique ability to redirect bystander T cells, may be a promising alternative to current immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Iwahori
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunitha Kakarla
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mireya P Velasquez
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Yu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zongzhen Yi
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Gerken
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Song
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- 1] Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [2] Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [3] Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [4] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA [5] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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140
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Olbryt M, Habryka A, Student S, Jarząb M, Tyszkiewicz T, Lisowska KM. Global gene expression profiling in three tumor cell lines subjected to experimental cycling and chronic hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105104. [PMID: 25122487 PMCID: PMC4133353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most important features of the tumor microenvironment, exerting an adverse effect on tumor aggressiveness and patient prognosis. Two types of hypoxia may occur within the tumor mass, chronic (prolonged) and cycling (transient, intermittent) hypoxia. Cycling hypoxia has been shown to induce aggressive tumor cell phenotype and radioresistance more significantly than chronic hypoxia, though little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to delineate the molecular response to both types of hypoxia induced experimentally in tumor cells, with a focus on cycling hypoxia. We analyzed in vitro gene expression profile in three human cancer cell lines (melanoma, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer) exposed to experimental chronic or transient hypoxia conditions. As expected, the cell-type specific variability in response to hypoxia was significant. However, the expression of 240 probe sets was altered in all 3 cell lines. We found that gene expression profiles induced by both types of hypoxia were qualitatively similar and strongly depend on the cell type. Cycling hypoxia altered the expression of fewer genes than chronic hypoxia (6,132 vs. 8,635 probe sets, FDR adjusted p<0.05), and with lower fold changes. However, the expression of some of these genes was significantly more affected by cycling hypoxia than by prolonged hypoxia, such as IL8, PLAU, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway-related genes (AREG, HBEGF, and EPHA2). These transcripts were, in most cases, validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our results indicate that experimental cycling hypoxia exerts similar, although less intense effects, on the examined cancer cell lines than its chronic counterpart. Nonetheless, we identified genes and molecular pathways that seem to be preferentially regulated by cyclic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Olbryt
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Habryka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michał Jarząb
- III Department of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tyszkiewicz
- Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marta Lisowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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141
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DuSablon A, Kent S, Coburn A, Virag J. EphA2-receptor deficiency exacerbates myocardial infarction and reduces survival in hyperglycemic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:114. [PMID: 25166508 PMCID: PMC4147179 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that EphrinA1/EphA expression profile changes in response to myocardial infarction (MI), exogenous EphrinA1-Fc administration following MI positively influences wound healing, and that deletion of the EphA2 Receptor (EphA2-R) exacerbates injury and remodeling. To determine whether or not ephrinA1-Fc would be of therapeutic value in the hyperglycemic infarcted heart, it is critical to evaluate how ephrinA1/EphA signaling changes in the hyperglycemic myocardium in response to MI. Methods Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia in wild type (WT) and EphA2-receptor mutant (EphA2-R-M) mice was initiated by an intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg) 10 days before surgery. MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and analyses were performed at 4 days post-MI. ANOVAs with Student-Newman Keuls multiple comparison post-hoc analysis illustrated which groups were significantly different, with significance of at least p < 0.05. Results Both WT and EphA2-R-M mice responded adversely to STZ, but only hyperglycemic EphA2-R-M mice had lower ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS). At 4 days post-MI, we observed greater post-MI mortality in EphA2-R-M mice compared with WT and this was greater still in the EphA2-R-M hyperglycemic mice. Although infarct size was greater in hyperglycemic WT mice vs normoglycemic mice, there was no difference between hyperglycemic EphA2-R-M mice and normoglycemic EphA2-R-M mice. The hypertrophic response that normally occurs in viable myocardium remote to the infarct was noticeably absent in epicardial cardiomyocytes and cardiac dysfunction worsened in hyperglycemic EphA2-R-M hearts post-MI. The characteristic interstitial fibrotic response in the compensating myocardium remote to the infarct also did not occur in hyperglycemic EphA2-R-M mouse hearts to the same extent as that observed in the hyperglycemic WT mouse hearts. Differences in neutrophil and pan-leukocyte infiltration and serum cytokines implicate EphA2-R in modulation of injury and the differences in ephrinA1 and EphA6-R expression in governing this are discussed. Conclusions We conclude that EphA2-mutant mice are more prone to hyperglycemia-induced increased injury, decreased survival, and worsened LV remodeling due to impaired wound healing.
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142
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Lennon FE, Mirzapoiazova T, Mambetsariev N, Mambetsariev B, Salgia R, Singleton PA. Transactivation of the receptor-tyrosine kinase ephrin receptor A2 is required for the low molecular weight hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis that is implicated in tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24043-58. [PMID: 25023279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis or the formation of new blood vessels is important in the growth and metastatic potential of various cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) by which angiogenesis occurs can have important therapeutic implications in numerous malignancies. We and others have demonstrated that low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA, ∼2500 Da) promotes endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption and angiogenesis. However, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is poorly defined. Our data indicate that treatment of human EC with LMW-HA induced CD44v10 association with the receptor-tyrosine kinase, EphA2, transactivation (tyrosine phosphorylation) of EphA2, and recruitment of the PDZ domain scaffolding protein, PATJ, to the cell periphery. Silencing (siRNA) CD44, EphA2, PATJ, or Dbs (RhoGEF) expression blocked LMW-HA-mediated angiogenesis (EC proliferation, migration, and tubule formation). In addition, silencing EphA2, PATJ, Src, or Dbs expression blocked LMW-HA-mediated RhoA activation. To translate our in vitro findings, we utilized a novel anginex/liposomal targeting of murine angiogenic endothelium with either CD44 or EphA2 siRNA and observed inhibition of LMW-HA-induced angiogenesis in implanted Matrigel plugs. Taken together, these results indicate LMW-HA-mediated transactivation of EphA2 is required for PATJ and Dbs membrane recruitment and subsequent RhoA activation required for angiogenesis. These results suggest that targeting downstream effectors of LMW-HA could be a useful therapeutic intervention for angiogenesis-associated diseases including tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Lennon
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | | | | | - Bolot Mambetsariev
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Section of Hematology and Oncology University of Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60637
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143
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Barile E, Wang S, Das SK, Noberini R, Dahl R, Stebbins JL, Pasquale EB, Fisher PB, Pellecchia M. Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of an EphA2 receptor-based targeted delivery system. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1403-12. [PMID: 24677792 PMCID: PMC4082471 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of its overexpression in a range of solid tumors, the EphA2 receptor is a validated target for cancer therapeutics. We recently described a new targeted delivery system based on specific EphA2-targeting peptides conjugated with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel. Here, we investigate the chemical determinants responsible for the stability and degradation of these agents in plasma. Introducing modifications in both the peptide and the linker between the peptide and paclitaxel resulted in drug conjugates that are both long-lived in rat plasma and that markedly decrease tumor size in a prostate cancer xenograft model compared with paclitaxel alone treatment. These studies identify critical rate-limiting degradation sites on the peptide-drug conjugates, enabling the design of agents with increased stability and efficacy. These results provide support for our central hypothesis that peptide-drug conjugates targeting EphA2 represent an innovative and potentially effective strategy to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barile
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Si Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Swadesh K. Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall Building, Room 11-015, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Roberta Noberini
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Russell Dahl
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, Chicago Medical School, Building: IPEC, Room: 2.80, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Il 60064-3095
| | - John L. Stebbins
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall Building, Room 11-015, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Binding of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to the ephrin binding surface of the EphA2 receptor and its inhibition by a small molecule. J Virol 2014; 88:8724-34. [PMID: 24899181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01392-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) is an entry receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) that is engaged by the virus through its gH/gL glycoprotein complex. We describe here that natural ephrin ligands inhibit the gH/gL-EphA2 interaction. The effects of point mutations within EphA2 demonstrated that KSHV gH/gL interacts with EphA2 through a restricted set of the same residues that mediate binding of A-type ephrins. Two previously described inhibitors of the EphA2 interaction with ephrin A5 also inhibited binding of KSHV gH/gL to EphA2. The more potent of the two compounds inhibited KSHV infection of blood vessel and lymphatic endothelial cells in the micromolar concentration range. Our results demonstrate that interaction of KSHV with EphA2 occurs in a fashion similar to that of the natural ephrin ligands. Our data further indicate a new avenue for drug development against KSHV. IMPORTANCE Our study reports two important findings. First, we show that KSHV engages its receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2, at a site that overlaps the binding site of the natural ephrin ligands. Second, we demonstrate that KSHV infection of target cells can be blocked by a small-molecule inhibitor of the viral glycoprotein-EphA2 interaction. These findings represent a novel avenue for the development of strategies to treat KSHV-associated diseases.
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145
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Alkilany AM, Boulos SP, Lohse SE, Thompson LB, Murphy CJ. Homing Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanorods: The Effect of Amino Acid Sequence Display on Nanorod Uptake and Cellular Proliferation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1162-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaaldin M. Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Stefano P. Boulos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Samuel E. Lohse
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lucas B. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, United States
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Cadinu D, Hooda J, Alam MM, Balamurugan P, Henke RM, Zhang L. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals characteristic molecular changes accompanying the transformation of nonmalignant to cancer lung cells. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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147
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Greene AC, Lord SJ, Tian A, Rhodes C, Kai H, Groves JT. Spatial organization of EphA2 at the cell-cell interface modulates trans-endocytosis of ephrinA1. Biophys J 2014; 106:2196-205. [PMID: 24853748 PMCID: PMC4052362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EphA2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is sensitive to spatial and mechanical aspects of the cell's microenvironment. Misregulation of EphA2 occurs in many aggressive cancers. Although its juxtacrine signaling geometry (EphA2's cognate ligand ephrinA1 is expressed on the surface of an apposing cell) provides a mechanism by which the receptor may experience extracellular forces, this also renders the system challenging to decode. By depositing living cells on synthetic supported lipid membranes displaying ephrinA1, we have reconstituted key features of the juxtacrine EphA2-ephrinA1 signaling system while maintaining the ability to perturb the spatial and mechanical properties of the membrane-cell interface with precision. In addition, we developed a trans-endocytosis assay to monitor internalization of ephrinA1 from a supported membrane into the apposing cell using a quantitative three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy assay. Using this experimental platform to mimic a cell-cell junction, we found that the signaling complex is not efficiently internalized when lateral reorganization at the membrane-cell contact sites is physically hindered. This suggests that EphA2-ephrinA1 trans-endocytosis is sensitive to the mechanical properties of a cell's microenvironment and may have implications in physical aspects of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Greene
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Aiwei Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Hiroyuki Kai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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148
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Fauvel B, Yasri A. Antibodies directed against receptor tyrosine kinases: current and future strategies to fight cancer. MAbs 2014; 6:838-51. [PMID: 24859229 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have already been approved for cancers and inflammatory diseases, and monoclonal antibodies continue to be one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Because aberrant signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a commonly observed factor in cancer, most of the subclasses of RTKs are being extensively studied as potential targets for treating malignancies. The first two RTKs that have been targeted by antibody therapy, with five currently marketed antibodies, are the growth factor receptors EGFR and HER2. However, due to systemic side effects, refractory patients and the development of drug resistance, these treatments are being challenged by emerging therapeutics. This review examines current monoclonal antibody therapies against RTKs. After an analysis of agents that have already been approved, we present an analysis of antibodies in clinical development that target RTKs. Finally, we highlight promising RTKs that are emerging as new oncological targets for antibody-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma; Cap Gamma; Parc Euromédecine; Montpellier, France
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149
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Hance MW, Nolan KD, Isaacs JS. The double-edged sword: conserved functions of extracellular hsp90 in wound healing and cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1065-97. [PMID: 24805867 PMCID: PMC4074817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) represent a diverse group of chaperones that play a vital role in the protection of cells against numerous environmental stresses. Although our understanding of chaperone biology has deepened over the last decade, the “atypical” extracellular functions of Hsps have remained somewhat enigmatic and comparatively understudied. The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone is a prototypic model for an Hsp family member exhibiting a duality of intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellular Hsp90 is best known as a master regulator of protein folding. Cancers are particularly adept at exploiting this function of Hsp90, providing the impetus for the robust clinical development of small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors. However, in addition to its maintenance of protein homeostasis, Hsp90 has also been identified as an extracellular protein. Although early reports ascribed immunoregulatory functions to extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90), recent studies have illuminated expanded functions for eHsp90 in wound healing and cancer. While the intended physiological role of eHsp90 remains enigmatic, its evolutionarily conserved functions in wound healing are easily co-opted during malignancy, a pathology sharing many properties of wounded tissue. This review will highlight the emerging functions of eHsp90 and shed light on its seemingly dichotomous roles as a benevolent facilitator of wound healing and as a sinister effector of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hance
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Krystal D Nolan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Batson J, Maccarthy-Morrogh L, Archer A, Tanton H, Nobes CD. EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination through Vav2-RhoA mediated cell-cell repulsion. Biol Open 2014; 3:453-62. [PMID: 24795148 PMCID: PMC4058079 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer cells display EphB receptor-mediated attraction when they contact stromal fibroblasts but EphA-driven repulsion when they contact one another. The impact of these ‘social’ interactions between cells during cancer cell invasion and the signalling mechanisms downstream of Eph receptors are unclear. Here we show that EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination in a 2D dispersal assay and in a 3D cancer cell spheroid assay. We show that EphA receptors signal via the exchange factor Vav2 to activate RhoA and that both Vav2 and RhoA are required for prostate cancer cell–cell repulsion. Furthermore, we find that in EphA2/EphA4, Vav2 or RhoA siRNA-treated cells, contact repulsion can be restored by partial microtubule destabilisation. We propose that EphA–Vav2–RhoA-mediated repulsion between contacting cancer cells at the tumour edge could enhance their local invasion away from the primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Batson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucy Maccarthy-Morrogh
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Amy Archer
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen Tanton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Catherine D Nobes
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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